Activin Receptors in Gonadotrope Cells: New Tricks for Old Dogs

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Activin Receptors in Gonadotrope Cells: New Tricks for Old Dogs Activin receptors in gonadotrope cells: new tricks for old dogs By Carlis Rejón G. Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics McGill University Montréal, Canada June, 2012 A thesis submitted to McGill in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of philosophy Copyright ©Carlis Rejón G., 2012 Dedication I have had many role models during my life: Mother Teresa, a little woman with a huge spirit, who created a worldwide institution destined to assist the poorest people, regardless of their beliefs. Marie Curie an example of perseverance and dedication towards science, she was the first person to win two Nobel prizes (in Physics and Chemistry). However, my closest source of inspiration comes from a strong woman whom, with a lot of effort was able to raise four children alone. She taught me to be perseverant, honest and humble in the pursuit of my dreams. I dedicate this manuscript to her, Carmen Gonzalez, my mom. 2 Abstract Activins are members of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily. Though originally identified as stimulators of pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) synthesis and secretion, they also play diverse biological roles, ranging from control of cellular differentiation to regulation of immune responses. To exert their biological effects, activins and other TGFβ family members signal through a heterotetrameric complex composed of two type I (also called activin receptor-like kinases or ALKs) and two type II transmembrane serine/threonine kinase receptors. Within the superfamily, ligands greatly outnumber receptors, hence multiple ligands share receptors and individual ligands can bind various receptors. For instance, activins bind to type II receptors ACVR2 and ACVR2B, leading to recruitment, phosphorylation, and activation of type I receptors (predominantly ALK4 for activins), which in turn phosphorylate downstream effectors. In my research I am particularly interested in activin stimulation of FSHβ subunit gene (Fshb) expression, the rate- limiting step in production of mature FSH. Here, I used the immortalized murine gonadotrope-like cell line LβT2 to study regulation of activin signaling at the receptor level in the context of Fshb transcription. Activins induce a rapid increase in Fshb mRNA levels and FSH release from pituitary gonadotrope cells, whereas the structurally-related inhibins suppress Fshb transcription by competitively antagonizing activin binding to type II receptors. Interestingly, treating pituitary cells with the translational inhibitor cycloheximide (CHX) produces an inhibin-like effect on Fshb expression. This suggests that one of the components of the activin pathway is labile and requires continued synthesis to regulate Fshb transcription. I established that ACVR2, the main type II activin receptor in gonadotropes, is rapidly turned over in a ligand-independent fashion. My data also suggest that lysosomal and proteasomal pathways are likely not involved in the initial steps of receptor degradation, and that the ectodomain of ACVR2 might be shed at the plasma membrane. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP), a sub-family of TGFβ ligands that regulates Fshb transcription along with activins, can also signal through ACVR2 in addition to the BMP type II receptor (BMPR2). I investigated whether activin A could similarly signal 3 via BMPR2. I showed that activin binds BMPR2 with low affinity. Moreover, modulation of BMPR2 expression levels in LβT2 cells, by overexpression or knockdown of the receptor, affected activin-stimulated Fshb transcription. These results indicate that BMPR2 is indeed a functional activin type II receptor in gonadotropes in vitro. Activin receptor promiscuity is not limited to type II receptors. In fact, different activin subtypes (e.g., activin B) can bind at least two other type I receptors (ALK2 and ALK7) with differing affinities. Receptor heterodimerization has been described as a mechanism to generate signaling diversity. However, no heterodimers of activin type I receptors have been described to date. I studied possible combinatorial associations among various TGFβ type I receptors, using a biophysical approach. I showed that ALK4 can form potential heterodimers with ALK2 and ALK5. Overall, my thesis work described novel mechanisms whereby activin signaling can be rapidly modulated in cellulo: variations in amount of available intact ACVR2 at the plasma membrane and signaling via BMPR2, a type II receptor not previously associated with the activin pathway. Dissection of the mechanisms that govern activin function will help us to understand how alterations in these signaling systems lead to pathological conditions such as inflammatory disease, infertility, cancer and cardiovascular disease. This knowledge may, in turn, provide insight for development of newer therapeutic strategies. 4 Résumé Les activines sont membres de la superfamille du facteur de croissance transformant β (TGFβ). Initialement identifés comme étant stimulateurs de la synthèse et sécrétion de l’hormone folliculo-stimulante (FSH) dans l’hypophyse, elles jouent également divers rôles biologiques, allant du contrôle de la différenciation cellulaire à la régulation des réponses immunitaires. Pour exercer leurs effets biologiques, les activines, tout comme d’autres membres de la super-famille TGFβ, débutent la cascade de signalisation cellulaire par interaction avec un complexe hétérotétramérique composé de deux récepteurs de type I (également appelé activine receptor-like kinases ou ALK) et deux récepteurs de type II, les quatre étant des récepteurs transmembranaires à activité sérine/thréonine kinase. Au cœur de cette superfamille, les ligands sont beaucoup plus nombreux que les récepteurs, ce qui explique qu’une multitude de ligands partagent certains récepteurs et que des ligands spécifiques peuvent se lier à des récepteurs différents. Par exemple, les activines se lient à des récepteurs de type II appelés ACVR2 et ACVR2B, conduisant au recrutement, à la phosphorylation et à l'activation de récepteurs de type I (principalement ALK4 pour les activines), ce qui à leur tour induisent la phosphorylation d’effecteurs en aval de cette cascade. Dans le cadre de mes projets de recherche, je suis particulièrement intéressée à la stimulation par les activines de la transcription de la sous-unité β du gène FSH (Fshb), l'étape limitante dans la production de la FSH bioactive. Pour ce faire, j'ai utilisé la lignée de cellules murines immortalisées modélisant les gonadotropes, appelée LβT2, pour étudier la régulation de la signalisation par les activines au niveau des récepteurs dans le contexte de la transcription du gène Fshb. Chez les cellules gonadotropes hypophysaires, les activines peuvent induire une augmentation rapide des niveaux d'ARN messager Fshb et de la sécrétion de FSH. Au contraire, les inhibines, possédant une structure apparentée, suppriment la transcription de Fshb induite par les activines, et ce par antagonisme compétitif en se liant aux récepteurs de type II. Fait intéressant, le traitement des cellules hypophysaires avec l’inhibiteur de translation cycloheximide (CHX) produit un effet similaire à l'inhibine sur l'expression du gène Fshb. Ces résultats suggèrent que l'une des composantes de la voie de signalisation des activines est labile et nécessite d’être continuellement synthétisée afin réguler la transcription de Fshb. J'ai établi que ACVR2, le principal récepteur de type II pour l’activine dans les cellules gonadotropes, est en constante et rapide regénération (turn over) d’une manière 5 indépendante du ligand. Mes données suggèrent également que les voies lysosomales et du protéasome ne sont probablement pas impliquées dans les étapes initiales de la dégradation du récepteur, et que l'ectodomaine de ACVR2 pourrait être sectionné à la membrane plasmique. Les protéines morphogénétiques osseuses (bone morphogenetic proteins ou BMP), une sous-famille des ligands TGFβ qui sont capables de réguler la transcription de Fshb comme les activines, peuvent également signaler par le biais du récepteur ACVR2, en plus du récepteur BMP de type II (BMPR2). J’ai cherché à savoir si l'activine A peut aussi communiquer via le récepteur BMPR2. J'ai démontré que l'activine se lie à BMPR2 avec faible affinité. De plus, la modulation des niveaux d'expression de BMPR2 dans les cellules LβT2, par sa surexpression ou suppression, affecte l’activité stimulatrice de l’activine sur la transcription du gène Fshb. Ces résultats indiquent que BMPR2 est en effet un récepteur de type II fonctionnel pour les ligands activines dans les cellules gonadotropes in vitro. La promiscuité des activines pour ses récepteurs ne se limite pas au type II. En effet, différents sous-types d’activines (par exemple l'activine B) peuvent se lier à pas moins de deux autres récepteurs de type I (ALK2 et ALK7) avec des affinités différentes. D’autre part, l’hétérodimérisation des récepteurs a souvent été décrite comme étant un mécanisme permettant de générer de la diversité dans la signalisation cellulaire. Cependant, aucun hétérodimère de récepteurs de l'activine de type I n’ont été rapportés à ce jour. En utilisant une approche biophysique, j'ai étudié les associations possibles entre différentes combinaisons de récepteurs TGFβ de type I. J'ai aussi démontré que ALK4 possède le potentiel de former des hétérodimères avec ALK2 et ALK5. Dans l'ensemble, cette thèse décrit de nouveaux mécanismes de signalisation des activines, lesquels peuvent être rapidement modulés in cellulo: par variation dans
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