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Hamid Et Al.: Chemical Constituents, Antibacterial, Antifungal and Antioxidant Activities
Ife Journal of Science vol. 18, no. 2 (2016) 561 CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS, ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTIFUNGAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF THE AERIAL PARTS OF Cnidoscolus aconitifolius Hamid, Abdulmumeen A.1*, Oguntoye, Stephen O.1, Negi, Arvind S.2, Ajao, Ajibola1, Owolabi, Nurudeen O.1. 1Department of Chemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria 2Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow, India *Corresponding Author: Tel No: +2347035931646 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] (Received: 3th March, 2016; Accepted: 8th June, 2016) ABSTRACT Preliminary phytochemical investigation of crude n-Hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of the aerial parts of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius revealed the presence of anthraquinones, glycosides, steroids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and terpenoids. All the crude extracts gave a clear zone of inhibition against the growth of the test bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiellae pneumonae) and fungi (Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, penicillium notatum and Rhizopus stolonifer) at different concentrations, except ethyl acetate extract which showed no antifungal property on Rhizopus stolonifer. Ethyl acetate and methanol extracts exhibited significant antioxidant activities by scavenging DPPH free radicals with IC50 of 12.14 and 93.85 µg/ml respectively. GC-MS analysis of n-hexane and methanol extracts showed nine compounds each, while ethyl acetate extracts afforded ten compounds. Phytol is the most abundant constituent in n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts with their corresponding percentage of abundance of 41.07%, 35.42% and 35.07%. Keywords: Cnidoscolus aconitifolius, Antioxidant activity, GC-MS analysis, Phytochemicals, Phytol. INTRODUCTION acne, and eye problems (Diaz-Bolio, 1975). -
First Record of Cnidoscolus Obtusifolius Pohl (Euphorbiaceae) for Paraíba State, Northeastern Brazil
Acta Brasiliensis 4(3): 187-190, 2020 Note http://revistas.ufcg.edu.br/ActaBra http://dx.doi.org/10.22571/2526-4338378 First record of Cnidoscolus obtusifolius Pohl (Euphorbiaceae) for Paraíba State, northeastern Brazil a i b i Maiara Bezerra Ramos h , Maria Gracielle Rodrigues Maciel h , José Iranildo Miranda de c i a,c i Melo h , Sérgio de Faria Lopes a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Etnobiologia e Conservação da Natureza, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande, 58429-500, Paraíba, Brasil. *[email protected] b Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande, 58429-500, Paraíba, Brasil. c Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande, 58429-500, Paraíba, Brasil. Received: April 29, 2020 / Acepted: June 26, 2020/ Published online: September 28, 2020 Abstract Cnidoscolus obtusifolius Pohl (Euphorbiaceae), species so far known from Minas Gerais, Bahia, Alagoas and Pernambuco States in Brazil is reported for the first time for the State of Paraíba, in the northeastern region of the country. Specimens of this taxon were collected in a fragmented area considered a Caatinga vegetation relict, where total annual precipitation is 700 mm on average and elevation of 644 m a.s.l. The records were made in September and October 2019, when the species was in fertile stage as it bore flowers and fruits. Here we provide a description of its morphology along with taxonomic comments, data on the geographical range and detailed images of the species. Keywords: Caatinga; diversity; floristics; Malpighiales. Primeiro registro de Cnidoscolus obtusifolius Pohl (Euphorbiaceae) no estado da Paraíba, nordeste do Brasil Resumo Cnidoscolus obtusifolius Pohl (Euphorbiaceae) espécie até então conhecida para os Estados de Minas Gerais (Sudeste), Bahia, Alagoas e Pernambuco (Nordeste), Brasil, está sendo registrada pela primeira vez no Estado da Paraíba, nordeste do Brasil. -
Photosynthesis and Antioxidant Activity in Jatropha Curcas L. Under Salt Stress
2012 BRAZILIAN SOCIETY OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY RESEARCH ARTICLE Photosynthesis and antioxidant activity in Jatropha curcas L. under salt stress Mariana Lins de Oliveira Campos1, Bety Shiue de Hsie1, João Antônio de Almeida Granja1, Rafaela Moura Correia1, Jarcilene Silva de Almeida-Cortez1, Marcelo Francisco Pompelli1* 1Plant Ecophysiology Laboratory, Federal University of Pernambuco, Department of Botany, Recife, PE, Brazil. *Corresponding author: [email protected] Received: 11 August 2011; Accepted: 10 May 2012 ABSTRACT Biodiesel is an alternative to petroleum diesel fuel. It is a renewable, biodegradable, and nontoxic biofuel. Interest in the production of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas L. seeds has increased in recent years, but the ability of J. curcas to grow in salt-prone areas, such as the Caatinga semiarid region, has received considerably meager attention. The aim of this study was to identify the main physiological processes that can elucidate the pattern of responses of J. curcas irrigated with saline water, which commonly occurs in the semiarid Caatinga region. This study measured the activity of the antioxidant enzymes involved in the scavenging of reactive oxygen species, which include catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. The levels of chlorophyll (Chl), carotenoids, amino acids, proline, and soluble proteins were also analyzed. The net carbon assimilation rate (PN), stomata conductance (gs), and transpiration rate (E) decreased with salt stress. The activities of CAT and APX were decreased, while H2O2 and MDA levels as well as electrolyte leakage were significantly increased in salt-stressed plants compared to the untreated ones. These observations suggest that the ability of J. -
Lyonia Preserve Plant Checklist
Lyonia Preserve Plant Checklist Volusia County, Florida Aceraceae (Maple) Asteraceae (Aster) Red Maple Acer rubrum Bitterweed Helenium amarum Blackroot Pterocaulon virgatum Agavaceae (Yucca) Blazing Star Liatris sp. Adam's Needle Yucca filamentosa Blazing Star Liatris tenuifolia Nolina Nolina brittoniana Camphorweed Heterotheca subaxillaris Spanish Bayonet Yucca aloifolia Cudweed Gnaphalium falcatum Dog Fennel Eupatorium capillifolium Amaranthaceae (Amaranth) Dwarf Horseweed Conyza candensis Cottonweed Froelichia floridana False Dandelion Pyrrhopappus carolinianus Fireweed Erechtites hieracifolia Anacardiaceae (Cashew) Garberia Garberia heterophylla Winged Sumac Rhus copallina Goldenaster Pityopsis graminifolia Goldenrod Solidago chapmanii Annonaceae (Custard Apple) Goldenrod Solidago fistulosa Flag Paw paw Asimina obovata Goldenrod Solidago spp. Mohr's Throughwort Eupatorium mohrii Apiaceae (Celery) Ragweed Ambrosia artemisiifolia Dollarweed Hydrocotyle sp. Saltbush Baccharis halimifolia Spanish Needles Bidens alba Apocynaceae (Dogbane) Wild Lettuce Lactuca graminifolia Periwinkle Catharathus roseus Brassicaceae (Mustard) Aquifoliaceae (Holly) Poorman's Pepper Lepidium virginicum Gallberry Ilex glabra Sand Holly Ilex ambigua Bromeliaceae (Airplant) Scrub Holly Ilex opaca var. arenicola Ball Moss Tillandsia recurvata Spanish Moss Tillandsia usneoides Arecaceae (Palm) Saw Palmetto Serenoa repens Cactaceae (Cactus) Scrub Palmetto Sabal etonia Prickly Pear Opuntia humifusa Asclepiadaceae (Milkweed) Caesalpinceae Butterfly Weed Asclepias -
Pollination and Breeding System of Melochia Tomentosa L
ARTICLE IN PRESS Flora ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]] www.elsevier.de/flora Pollination and breeding system of Melochia tomentosa L. (Malvaceae), a keystone floral resource in the Brazilian Caatinga Isabel Cristina Machadoa,Ã, Marlies Sazimab aDepartamento de Botaˆnica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50232-970 Recife, PE, Brazil bDepartamento de Botaˆnica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13.081-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil Received 10 August 2007; accepted 25 September 2007 Abstract The main goals of the present paper were to investigate the floral biology and the breeding system of Melochia tomentosa in a semi-arid region in Brazil, comparing the role of Apis mellifera with other native pollinators, and to discuss the importance of this plant species as a floral resource for the local fauna in maintaining different guilds of specialized pollinators in the Caatinga. M. tomentosa is very common in Caatinga areas and blooms year-round with two flowering peaks, one in the wet and another in the dry period. The pink, bright-colored flowers are distylous and both morphs are homogamous. The trichomatic nectary is located on the inner surface of the connate sepals, and the nectar (ca. 7 ml) is accumulated in the space between the corolla and the calyx. Nectar sugar concentration reaches an average of 28%. The results of controlled pollination experiments show that M. tomentosa is self-incompatible. Pollen viability varies from 94% to 98%. In spite of being visited by several pollen vectors, flower attributes of M. tomentosa point to melittophily, and A. mellifera was the most frequent visitor and the principal pollinator. Although honeybees are exotic, severely competing with native pollinators, they are important together with other native bees, like Centris and Xylocopa species, for the fruit set of M. -
Insetos Produzem Mangabas / Reisla Oliveira
Editor: Fundo Brasileiro para Biodiversidade - FUNBIO Este material foi produzido por Reisla Oliveira, Clemens Schlindwein, Celso Fei- tosa Martins, Fernando Zanella e José Araújo Duarte Junior como parte do Projeto “Conservação e Manejo de Polinizadores para uma Agricultura Sustentável, através de uma Abordagem Ecossistêmica”. Este Projeto é apoiado pelo Fundo Global para o Meio Ambiente (GEF), sendo implementado em sete países, Brasil, África do Sul, Índia, Paquistão, Nepal, Gana e Quênia. O Projeto é coordenado em nível global pela Organização das Nações Unidas para Alimentação e Agricultura (FAO), com apoio do Programa das Nações Unidas para o Meio Ambiente (PNUMA). No Brasil, é coordena- do pelo Ministério do Meio Ambiente (MMA), com apoio do Fundo Brasileiro para a Biodiversidade (FUNBIO). FICHA TÉCNICA Autores: • Reisla Oliveira, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto - UFOP, Departamento de Evolução, Biodi- versidade e Meio Ambiente, Ouro Preto, ; e-mail: [email protected] • Celso Feitosa Martins, Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, João Pessoa; e-mail: [email protected] • Fernando Zanella, Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana - UNILA, Curso de Biologia; [email protected] • José Araújo Duarte Junior, Secretaria de Estado da Educação e da Cultura, Natal; josejunior_ [email protected] • Clemens Schlindwein, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Departamento de Bo- tânica, Belo Horizonte; [email protected] Revisão: Ceres Belchior; Comitê Editorial do Ministério do Meio Ambiente Projeto gráfico e diagramação: I Graficci Comunicação e Design Tiragem: 1.000 Editor: Fundo Brasileiro para Biodiversidade - FUNBIO Catalogação na Fonte Fundo Brasileiro para a Biodiversidade - Funbio I46 Insetos produzem mangabas / Reisla Oliveira .. -
Illustrated Flora of East Texas Illustrated Flora of East Texas
ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS IS PUBLISHED WITH THE SUPPORT OF: MAJOR BENEFACTORS: DAVID GIBSON AND WILL CRENSHAW DISCOVERY FUND U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE FOUNDATION (NATIONAL PARK SERVICE, USDA FOREST SERVICE) TEXAS PARKS AND WILDLIFE DEPARTMENT SCOTT AND STUART GENTLING BENEFACTORS: NEW DOROTHEA L. LEONHARDT FOUNDATION (ANDREA C. HARKINS) TEMPLE-INLAND FOUNDATION SUMMERLEE FOUNDATION AMON G. CARTER FOUNDATION ROBERT J. O’KENNON PEG & BEN KEITH DORA & GORDON SYLVESTER DAVID & SUE NIVENS NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY OF TEXAS DAVID & MARGARET BAMBERGER GORDON MAY & KAREN WILLIAMSON JACOB & TERESE HERSHEY FOUNDATION INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT: AUSTIN COLLEGE BOTANICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF TEXAS SID RICHARDSON CAREER DEVELOPMENT FUND OF AUSTIN COLLEGE II OTHER CONTRIBUTORS: ALLDREDGE, LINDA & JACK HOLLEMAN, W.B. PETRUS, ELAINE J. BATTERBAE, SUSAN ROBERTS HOLT, JEAN & DUNCAN PRITCHETT, MARY H. BECK, NELL HUBER, MARY MAUD PRICE, DIANE BECKELMAN, SARA HUDSON, JIM & YONIE PRUESS, WARREN W. BENDER, LYNNE HULTMARK, GORDON & SARAH ROACH, ELIZABETH M. & ALLEN BIBB, NATHAN & BETTIE HUSTON, MELIA ROEBUCK, RICK & VICKI BOSWORTH, TONY JACOBS, BONNIE & LOUIS ROGNLIE, GLORIA & ERIC BOTTONE, LAURA BURKS JAMES, ROI & DEANNA ROUSH, LUCY BROWN, LARRY E. JEFFORDS, RUSSELL M. ROWE, BRIAN BRUSER, III, MR. & MRS. HENRY JOHN, SUE & PHIL ROZELL, JIMMY BURT, HELEN W. JONES, MARY LOU SANDLIN, MIKE CAMPBELL, KATHERINE & CHARLES KAHLE, GAIL SANDLIN, MR. & MRS. WILLIAM CARR, WILLIAM R. KARGES, JOANN SATTERWHITE, BEN CLARY, KAREN KEITH, ELIZABETH & ERIC SCHOENFELD, CARL COCHRAN, JOYCE LANEY, ELEANOR W. SCHULTZE, BETTY DAHLBERG, WALTER G. LAUGHLIN, DR. JAMES E. SCHULZE, PETER & HELEN DALLAS CHAPTER-NPSOT LECHE, BEVERLY SENNHAUSER, KELLY S. DAMEWOOD, LOGAN & ELEANOR LEWIS, PATRICIA SERLING, STEVEN DAMUTH, STEVEN LIGGIO, JOE SHANNON, LEILA HOUSEMAN DAVIS, ELLEN D. -
Wildflowers and Other Herbaceous Plants at LLELA
Wildflowers and other herbaceous plants at LLELA Common Name Scientific Name Observed Abundance Yarrow Achillea millefolium C Prairie Agalinis Agalinis heterophylla C Mud Plaintain Alisma subcordatum U Wild Onion Allium canadense A Amaranth Amaranthus rudis U Western Ragweed Ambrosia psilostachya C Giant Ragweed Ambrosia trifida A Valley Redstem Ammannia coccinea C Broomweed Amphiachyris dracunculoides C Texas Bluestar Amsonia tabernaemontana U Tenpetal Thimbleweed Anemone berlandieri C Prickly Poppy Argemone polyanthemos R Green‐Dragon Arisaema dracontium R Texas Milkweed Asclepias texana C Butterfly Milkweed Asclepias tuberose R Green Milkweed Asclepias viridis C Drummond’s Aster Aster drummondii U Heath Aster Aster ericoides C Annual Aster Aster subulatus C Western Daisy Astranthium integrifolium R Water Fern Azolla caroliniana C Water Hyssop Bacopa monnieri U India Mustard Brassica juncea U* False Boneset Brickellia eupatorioides U Corn Gromwell Buglossoides arvensis C* Wine Cup Callirheo involucrate C Square‐bud Sundrops Calylophus berlandieri R Shepherd’s Purse Capsella bursa‐pastoris U* Nodding Thistle Carduus nutans U* Indian Paintbrush Castilleja indivisa C Basket Flower Centaurea americana C Ladybird’s Centaury Centaurium texense C Sticky Chickweed Cerastium glomeratum C Partridge Pea Chamaecrista fasciculata A Spotted Sandmat Chamaescyce maculata R Small Matted Sandmat Chamaesyce serpens U Hairy Golden Aster Chrysopsis pilosa U Horrid Thistle Cirsium horridulum U Texas Thistle Cirsium texanum C Bull Nettle Cnidoscolus texanus -
The Following PLANTS Are Representative of the Many Species Found in the Woods
The following PLANTS are representative of the many species found in the Woods: Trees Muscadine (Vitis rotundifolia) Poison Ivy (Rhus radicans) Black Gum (Nyssa sylvatica) Wisteria* (Wisteria sinensis) Black Jack Oak (Q. marilandica) Yellow Jessamine (Gelsimium sempervirens) Blue Jack Oak (Q. incana) Dogwood (Cornus florida) Herbs Loblolly Pine (P. taeda) Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris) Blazing Star (Liatris spp.) Magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora) Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis) Red Bay (Persea borbonia) Blue‐Eyed Grass (Sisyrinchium arenicola) Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana) Blue Star (Amsonia spp.) Red Maple (Acer Rubrum) Butterfly Weed (Asclepias tuberosa) Redbud (Cercis canadensis) Crane‐Fly Orchid (Tipularia discolor) Short‐Leaf Pine (P. echinata) Dwarf Iris (Iris verna) Scrub Pine (P. virginiana) Green‐and‐Gold (Chrysogonum virginianum) Sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum) Henbit (Lamium amplexicaule) Sweet Bay (M. virginiana) Hepatica (Hepatica americana) Tulip Tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) Jack‐In‐The‐Pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum) Turkey Oak (Q. laevis) Jointweed (Polygonum spp.) White Oak (Quercus alba) Lizard’s Tail (Saururus cernuus) Lupine (Lupinus spp.) Shrubs Mistletoe (Phoradendron serotinum) Partridge Berry (Mitchella repens) Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Pipsissewa (Chimaphila maculate) French Mulberry (Callicarpa americana) Pucoon (Lithospermum caroliniense) Hearts‐A’Burstin With Love (Euonymus americanus) Spanish Moss (Tillandsia usneoides) Holly (Ilex spp.) Spiderwort (Tradescantia spp.) Horse Sugar (Symplocos tinctoria) Sticky -
Understory Plant Community Response to Season of Burn in Natural Longleaf Pine Forests
UNDERSTORY PLANT COMMUNITY RESPONSE TO SEASON OF BURN IN NATURAL LONGLEAF PINE FORESTS John S. Kush and Ralph S. Meldahl School of Forestry, 108 M. White Smith Hall, Auburn University, AL 36849 William D. Boyer U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 520 Devall Street, Auburn, AL 36849 ABSTRACT A season of burn study· was initiated in 1973 on the EscambiaExperimental Forest, near Brewton, Alabama. All study plots were established in l4-year-old longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) stands. Treatments conSisted of biennial burns in winter, spring, and summer, plus a no-burn check. Objectives of the current study were to determine composition and structure of understory plant communities after 22 years of seasonal burning, identify changes since last sampling in 1982, arid assess the structure of the communities that stabilized under each treatment regime. There were 114 species on biennial winter~burned plots, compared to 104 on spring- and summer-burned and 84 with no burning. The woody understory biomass «1 centimeter diameter at breast height) increased with all treatments compared with 1982. Grass and legume biomass increased with winter and spring burning. Forb biomass decreased across treatments. keywords: biomass, longleaf pine, Pinus palustris, plant response, prescribed fire, south Alabama, understory. Citation: Kush, 1.S., R$. Meldahl, and W.D. Boyer. 2000. Understory plant community response to season of burn in natural longleaf pine forests. Pages 32-39 inW Keith Moser and Cynthia F. Moser (eds.). Fire and forest ecology: innovative silviculture and vegetation management. Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference Proceedings, No. 21. Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee, FL. -
Cnidoscolus Aconitifolius: Therapeutic Use and Phytochemical Properties
446 Rev. Fac. Med. 2020 Vol. 68 No. 3: 446-52 REVIEW ARTICLE DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/revfacmed.v68n3.75184 Received: 20/10/2018 Accepted: 21/03/2019 Revista de la Facultad de Medicina Cnidoscolus aconitifolius: therapeutic use and phytochemical properties. Literature review Cnidoscolus aconitifolius: usos terapéuticos y propiedades fitoquímicas. Revisión de la literatura Verónica Bautista-Robles1, Gabriel Guerrero-Reyes1, Gabriel Isaac Sánchez-Torres1, Felipe de Jesús Parada-Luna1, Juan José Barrios-Gutiérrez1, Dehuí Vázquez-Cerero1, Gudelia Martínez-Sala1, José Isaías Siliceo-Murrieta1, Ruth Ana María González-Villoria1, Hady Keita1 . 1 Universidad de la Sierra Sur - Postgraduate Studies Division - Master’s in Public Health - Miahuatlán de Porfirio Díaz - Oaxaca - México. Corresponding autor: Hady Keita. Maestría en Salud Pública, División de Estudios de Postgrado, Universidad de la Sierra Sur. Guillermo Rojas Mijangos S/N Esquina Avenida Universidad, Col. Ciudad Universitaria, División de Estudios de Postgrado, oficina de la Maestría en Salud Pública. Telephone number: +52 1 5513658712. Miahuatlán de Porfirio Díaz, Oaxaca. México. Email: [email protected]. Abstract Introduction: Medicinal plants have been traditionally used to cure or alleviate infectious Bautista-Robles V, Guerrero-Reyes G, and non-infectious diseases. They are widely accepted due to their low cost and low toxicity Sánchez-Torres GI, Parada-Luna FJ, Barrios-Gutiérrez JJ, Vázquez-Cerero indexes. These plants are frequently used in cases involving skin irritation, superficial wounds, D, et al. Cnidoscolus aconitifolius: the- insect bites, and snake bites. rapeutic use and phytochemical pro- Objective: To compile available evidence on the main therapeutic uses and phytochemical perties. Literature review. Rev. -
Lyonia Preserve Plant Checklist
I -1 Lyonia Preserve Plant Checklist Volusia County, Florida I, I Aceraceae (Maple) Asteraceae (Aster) Red Maple Acer rubrum • Bitterweed Helenium amarum • Blackroot Pterocaulon virgatum Agavaceae (Yucca) Blazing Star Liatris sp. B Adam's Needle Yucca filamentosa Blazing Star Liatris tenuifolia BNolina Nolina brittoniana Camphorweed Heterotheca subaxillaris Spanish Bayonet Yucca aloifolia § Cudweed Gnaphalium falcatum • Dog Fennel Eupatorium capillifolium Amaranthaceae (Amaranth) Dwarf Horseweed Conyza candensis B Cottonweed Froelichia floridana False Dandelion Pyrrhopappus carolinianus • Fireweed Erechtites hieracifolia B Anacardiaceae (Cashew) Garberia Garberia heterophylla Winged Sumac Rhus copallina Goldenaster Pityopsis graminifolia • § Goldenrod Solidago chapmanii Annonaceae (Custard Apple) Goldenrod Solidago fistulosa Flag Paw paw Asimina obovata Goldenrod Solidago spp. B • Mohr's Throughwort Eupatorium mohrii Apiaceae (Celery) BRa gweed Ambrosia artemisiifolia • Dollarweed Hydrocotyle sp. Saltbush Baccharis halimifolia BSpanish Needles Bidens alba Apocynaceae (Dogbane) Wild Lettuce Lactuca graminifolia Periwinkle Catharathus roseus • • Brassicaceae (Mustard) Aquifoliaceae (Holly) Poorman's Pepper Lepidium virginicum Gallberry Ilex glabra • Sand Holly Ilex ambigua Bromeliaceae (Airplant) § Scrub Holly Ilex opaca var. arenicola Ball Moss Tillandsia recurvata • Spanish Moss Tillandsia usneoides Arecaceae (Palm) • Saw Palmetto Serenoa repens Cactaceae (Cactus) BScrub Palmetto Sabal etonia • Prickly Pear Opuntia humifusa Asclepiadaceae