The Merovingian Dynasty Solved
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Catalonia, Spain and Europe on the Brink: Background, Facts, And
Catalonia, Spain and Europe on the brink: background, facts, and consequences of the failed independence referendum, the Declaration of Independence, the arrest and jailing of Catalan leaders, the application of art 155 of the Spanish Constitution and the calling for elections on December 21 A series of first in history. Examples of “what is news” • On Sunday, October 1, Football Club Barcelona, world-known as “Barça”, multiple champion in Spanish, European and world competitions in the last decade, played for the first time since its foundation in 1899 at its Camp Nou stadium, • Catalan independence leaders were taken into custody in “sedition and rebellion” probe • Heads of grassroots pro-secession groups ANC and Omnium were investigated over September incidents Results • Imprisonment of Catalan independence leaders gives movement new momentum: • Asamblea Nacional Catalana (Jordi Sànchez) and • Òmnium Cultural (Jordi Cuixart), • Thousands march against decision to jail them • Spain’s Constitutional Court strikes down Catalan referendum law • Key background: • The Catalan Parliament had passed two laws • One would attempt to “disengage” the Catalan political system from Spain’s constitutional order • The second would outline the bases for a “Republican Constitution” of an independent Catalonia The Catalan Parliament factions • In the Parliament of Catalonia, parties explicitly supporting independence are: • Partit Demòcrata Europeu Català (Catalan European Democratic Party; PDeCAT), formerly named Convergència Democràtica de Catalunya -
Nerthus, That Is, Mother Earth
Odin’s Wife: Mother Earth in Germanic Mythology SAMPLE CHAPTER © 2018 William P. Reaves II. Nerthus, that is, Mother Earth “Tacitus’ much-quoted account in Germania ch. 40 of the ceremonies related to the goddess Nerthus in the area around Schleswig-Holstein or Jylland is of particular interest here for several reasons. First of all, it suggests that the images of the Bronze Age petroglyphs depicting the hieros gamos and processions related to a fertility deity had parallels in southern Scandinavia as late as AD 100, when Tacitus wrote his account. Secondly, it provides the first reliable evidence that the ceremonies were now associated with a named goddess, who must therefore have had her own mythology and background. This in turn implies that enacted rituals to do with the goddess probably had a mythological parallel.” —Terry Gunnell, The Origins of Drama in Scandinavia, (1995), p.53. In literature, Terra Mater (Mother Earth) first appears as a distinct figure of the old heathen religion in the Germania. Despite intense scholarly debate over the motivations of its author, Germania, written by the Roman historian Tacitus around 98 AD, was probably intended as an accurate account of the customs and conditions of the Germanic tribes who posed a threat on the northern border of the Roman Empire for several hundred years. While his moral observations of the Germanic tribes in contrast to the Roman way of life have led some scholars to propose that this was his chief aim in writing it, this is not sufficient as a general interpretation of the text.1 Not only does Tacitus criticize the Germanic way of life almost as often as he praises it, but much of the material has nothing to do with moral issues and cannot be explained simply as filler. -
Minotaurquarterly
Legendary Games Publishing proudly presents MMININOOTTAUAURRMINOTAUR QQuuaarrtteerrllyyQuarterly The Official WebzWebzineine of the MAZES & MINOTAURS Revival ––– nn°°n° 111 --- FaFallllFall 220000772007 WONDERS & PERILS OF THE SEA SPECIAL DOUBLEDOUBLE----SIZEDSIZED FIRST ISSUE !!! New Creatures & Mythic Items, OOffffiicciiaallOfficial BBBackgroundBackground Material, OOppttiioonnaallOptional RRuulleess,,Rules, IInnssppiirraattiioonnInspiration for Maze MastersMasters,, Griffin Archives aannddand TTwwooTwo CCoommpplleetteeComplete AAddvevennttuurreeAdventuresAdventuresss !!! 1 MINOTAUR QUARTERLY Issue 1 – Fall 2007 A Word from the Editor Greetings, fellow Minotaurians and welcome to the very first issue of the official and 100% free webzine of the Revised Mazes & Minotaurs Revival ! Each issue of the Minotaur Quarterly webzine will contain a complete adventure and at least one feature article focusing on a specific theme, such as this issue’s Wonders & Perils of the Sea ! The theme of each issue will also be explored in the zine’s regular columns : Pandora’s Box : New mythic items for M&M ! Maze Master’s Lore : This column explores a specific aspect of Greek mythology… reconstructed and revisited for the Mazes & Minotaurs universe. Mythika Gazetteer : Background information on the world of Mythika. We start this issue with the island of Tritonis and its decadent Sea Princes… A Twist in the Maze : Back in the old days, Luke G. Reynard’s A Twist in the Maze was one of the most regular columns of Griffin magazine. Well, guess Ship’s Manifesto what ? We’ve tracked Luke G. Reynard down (yes, he is still alive !) and persuaded him to resurrect his column for Minotaur Quarterly, bringing the old Grizzled Captain : Olivier Legrand. school wisdom of his critical eye to a new Hearty Sailors : Luigi Castellani, Darren Peech, generation of M&M gamers ! Andrew Trent. -
Francia. Forschungen Zur Westeuropäischen Geschichte
&ƌĂŶĐŝĂ͘&ŽƌƐĐŚƵŶŐĞŶnjƵƌǁĞƐƚĞƵƌŽƉćŝƐĐŚĞŶ'ĞƐĐŚŝĐŚƚĞ ,ĞƌĂƵƐŐĞŐĞďĞŶǀŽŵĞƵƚƐĐŚĞŶ,ŝƐƚŽƌŝƐĐŚĞŶ/ŶƐƚŝƚƵƚWĂƌŝƐ ;/ŶƐƚŝƚƵƚŚŝƐƚŽƌŝƋƵĞĂůůĞŵĂŶĚͿ ĂŶĚϭϰ;ϭϵϴϲͿ K/͗10.11588/fr.1986.0.52621 ZĞĐŚƚƐŚŝŶǁĞŝƐ ŝƚƚĞ ďĞĂĐŚƚĞŶ ^ŝĞ͕ ĚĂƐƐ ĚĂƐ ŝŐŝƚĂůŝƐĂƚ ƵƌŚĞďĞƌƌĞĐŚƚůŝĐŚ ŐĞƐĐŚƺƚnjƚ ŝƐƚ͘ ƌůĂƵďƚ ŝƐƚ ĂďĞƌ ĚĂƐ >ĞƐĞŶ͕ ĚĂƐ ƵƐĚƌƵĐŬĞŶ ĚĞƐ dĞdžƚĞƐ͕ ĚĂƐ ,ĞƌƵŶƚĞƌůĂĚĞŶ͕ ĚĂƐ ^ƉĞŝĐŚĞƌŶ ĚĞƌ ĂƚĞŶ ĂƵĨ ĞŝŶĞŵ ĞŝŐĞŶĞŶ ĂƚĞŶƚƌćŐĞƌ ƐŽǁĞŝƚ ĚŝĞ ǀŽƌŐĞŶĂŶŶƚĞŶ ,ĂŶĚůƵŶŐĞŶ ĂƵƐƐĐŚůŝĞƘůŝĐŚ njƵ ƉƌŝǀĂƚĞŶ ƵŶĚ ŶŝĐŚƚͲ ŬŽŵŵĞƌnjŝĞůůĞŶ ǁĞĐŬĞŶ ĞƌĨŽůŐĞŶ͘ ŝŶĞ ĚĂƌƺďĞƌ ŚŝŶĂƵƐŐĞŚĞŶĚĞ ƵŶĞƌůĂƵďƚĞ sĞƌǁĞŶĚƵŶŐ͕ ZĞƉƌŽĚƵŬƚŝŽŶ ŽĚĞƌ tĞŝƚĞƌŐĂďĞ ĞŝŶnjĞůŶĞƌ /ŶŚĂůƚĞ ŽĚĞƌ ŝůĚĞƌ ŬƂŶŶĞŶ ƐŽǁŽŚů njŝǀŝůͲ ĂůƐ ĂƵĐŚ ƐƚƌĂĨƌĞĐŚƚůŝĐŚ ǀĞƌĨŽůŐƚǁĞƌĚĞŶ͘ Prosopographica VII Constance B. Bouchard FAMILY STRUCTURE AND FAMILY CONSCIOUSNESS AMONG THE ARISTOCRACY IN THE NINTH TO ELEVENTH CENTURIES* There can be no question that the period from the ninth to eleventh centuries in westem Europe was one of political upheaval and change for the aristocracy. Charlemagne’s empire was invaded, fought over, divided into new kingdoms and principalities. Fief-holding, vassalage, and castles first became widespread. Even the sorts of men who wielded power changed as new lineages first of counts and then of castellans appeared and married into previously established lines1. This political change, it is generally agreed, was accompanied by some sort of change in the family structure of the aristocracy, but there has been a good deal of debate over exactly what this change entailed. In this paper, I shall reexamine the question of noble family structure in this period, trying first to define some of the parameters of the discussion and then making suggestions on the nature of the changes in family consciousness, suggestions quite different from the conclusions many have drawn in the last twenty-five years. I shall do so using concrete examples drawn from three different lineages or family groups. -
Al-Andalus' Lessons for Contemporary European
IMMIGRATION, JUSTICE AND SOCIETY AL-ANDALUS’ LESSONS FOR CONTEMPORARY EUROPEAN MODELS OF INTEGRATION MYRIAM FRANÇOIS • BETHSABÉE SOURIS www.europeanreform.org @europeanreform Established by Margaret Thatcher, New Direction is Europe’s leading free market political foundation & publisher with offices in Brussels, London, Rome & Warsaw. New Direction is registered in Belgium as a not-for-profit organisation and is partly funded by the European Parliament. REGISTERED OFFICE: Rue du Trône, 4, 1000 Brussels, Belgium. EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Naweed Khan. www.europeanreform.org @europeanreform The European Parliament and New Direction assume no responsibility for the opinions expressed in this publication. Sole liability rests with the author. AUTHORS TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 6 2 AL-ANDALUS’ MODEL OF INTEGRATION 8 2.1 THE IBERIAN HISTORY FROM THE MUSLIM CONQUEST TO THE RECONQUISTA 10 2.1.1 Visigoth Spain 11 2.1.2 The Muslim advance in Arabia and Northern Africa 11 2.1.3 The conquest of Spain 12 2.1.4 The unstable first years of the Umayyad dynasty 14 2.1.5 The golden ages of the Caliphate of Cordoba 14 2.1.6 The fall of the Caliphate of Cordoba 16 2.1.7 The end of Al-Andalus and the Reconquista 16 2.2 2.2 THE SOCIAL MODEL OF INTEGRATION OF AL-ANDALUS 18 2.2.1 The social and religious landscape 19 2.2.2 Controversy over the meaning of ‘convivencia’ 19 2.2.3 Protection of religious’ communities boundaries 21 2.2.4 Towards an increased integration and acculturation: The Arabization of the non-Muslim communities 22 2.2.5 The cultural impact of the convivencia 25 Myriam François Bethsabée Souris 2.2.6 Limits of coexistence 26 Dr Myiam Francois is a journalist and academic with a Bethsabée Souris is a PhD candidate in Political Science at 3 TODAY’S EUROPEAN MODELS OF MUSLIM INTEGRATION 28 focus on France and the Middle East. -
André Bonnery, La Septimanie Au Regard De L'histoire
Francia-Recensio 2008/2 Mittelalter – Moyen Âge (500–1500) André Bonnery, La Septimanie au regard de l’histoire, Portet-sur-Garonne (Éditions Loubatières) 2005, 208 p., ISBN 2-86266-462-6, EUR 20,00. rezensiert von/compte rendu rédigé par Alberto Ferreiro, Seattle The study of the Visigoths in Gaul and Iberia has in the last twenty years or so reached a stage of maturing. This development in large part is due mainly to the indefatigable labors of Spanish scholars, but it is also because of the contributions of German, French, and English scholars, with very modest contributions by North Americans. In the area of archaeology as one would expect the Spanish and their northern European colleagues have dominated. Moreover, we are only beginning to enter a phase in Visigothic-Germanic studies where the local history is becoming clearer for this crucial transitional period of Late Antiquity in the far western areas that make up the Iberian Peninsula and Gaul. In the case of southern Gaul Septimania has received significant attention in large measure because the province reflects a highly multicultural society. Specialists of Septimania will of course be very familiar with what this book has to offer, but even the specialist who studies the Germanic settlement of the West will find much useful information regarding Septimania. Even though it was part of the larger Kingdom of the Visigoths in Iberia, as the book demonstrates so clearly, Septimania had a rather unique development that continued into the Muslim Invasions and the Carolingian era when it was incorporated into Charlemagne’s expanding empire. -
Early Medieval Muslim Graves in France: First Archaeological, Anthropological and Palaeogenomic Evidence
RESEARCH ARTICLE Early Medieval Muslim Graves in France: First Archaeological, Anthropological and Palaeogenomic Evidence Yves Gleize1,2☯*, Fanny Mendisco2☯*, Marie-Hélène Pemonge2, Christophe Hubert3, Alexis Groppi4, Bertrand Houix5,6, Marie-France Deguilloux2, Jean-Yves Breuil5,6 1 French National Institute for Preventive Archaeological Research (INRAP), Bron, France, 2 University of Bordeaux, UMR 5199 PACEA, Equipe Anthropologie des Populations Passées et Présentes, Allée Geoffroy ST Hilaire, Pessac Cedex, France, 3 University of Bordeaux, Plateforme Génome Transcriptome, Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Bordeaux, Bordeaux Cedex, France, 4 University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux Bioinformatics Center (CBiB), Bordeaux Cedex, France, 5 French National Institute for Preventive Archaeological Research (INRAP), Nîmes, France, 6 UMR 5140, Archéologie des Sociétés Méditerranéennes, Lattes, France ☯ These authors contributed equally to this work. * [email protected]; [email protected] (YG); [email protected] (FM) OPEN ACCESS Abstract Citation: Gleize Y, Mendisco F, Pemonge M-H, Hubert C, Groppi A, Houix B, et al. (2016) Early The rapid Arab-Islamic conquest during the early Middle Ages led to major political and cul- Medieval Muslim Graves in France: First tural changes in the Mediterranean world. Although the early medieval Muslim presence in Archaeological, Anthropological and Palaeogenomic Evidence. PLoS ONE 11(2): e0148583. doi:10.1371/ the Iberian Peninsula is now well documented, based in the evaluation of archeological and journal.pone.0148583 historical sources, the Muslim expansion in the area north of the Pyrenees has only been Editor: Luca Bondioli, Museo Nazionale Preistorico documented so far through textual sources or rare archaeological data. Our study provides Etnografico 'L. Pigorini', ITALY the first archaeo-anthropological testimony of the Muslim establishment in South of France Received: June 26, 2015 through the multidisciplinary analysis of three graves excavated at Nimes. -
Law, Liturgy, and Sacred Space in Medieval Catalonia and Southern France, 800-1100
Law, Liturgy, and Sacred Space in Medieval Catalonia and Southern France, 800-1100 Adam Christopher Matthews Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the Executive Committee of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2021 1 ©2021 Adam Christopher Matthews All Rights Reserved 2 Abstract Law, Liturgy, and Sacred Space in Medieval Catalonia and Southern France, 800-1100 Adam Christopher Matthews With the collapse of the Visigothic kingdom, the judges of Catalonia and southern France worked to keep the region‘s traditional judicial system operable. Drawing on records of judicial proceedings and church dedications from the ninth century to the end of the eleventh, this dissertation explores how judges devised a liturgically-influenced court strategy to invigorate rulings. They transformed churches into courtrooms. In these spaces, changed by merit of the consecration rite, community awe for the power infused within sacred space could be utilized to achieve consensus around the legitimacy of dispute outcomes. At the height of a tribunal, judges brought litigants and witnesses to altars, believed to be thresholds of Heaven, and compelled them to authenticate their testimony before God and his saints. Thus, officials supplemented human means of enforcement with the supernatural powers permeating sanctuaries. This strategy constitutes a hybridization of codified law and the belief in churches as real sacred spaces, a conception that emerged from the Carolingian liturgical reforms of the ninth century. In practice, it provided courts with a means to enact the mandates from the Visigothic Code and to foster stability. The result was a flexible synthesis of law, liturgy, and sacred space that was in many cases capable of harnessing spiritual and community pressure in legal proceedings. -
Gender and Moral Authority in the Carolingian Age (2016)
NOTICE: The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of reproductions of copyrighted material. One specified condition is that the reproduction is not to be "used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research." If a user makes a request for, or later uses a reproduction for purposes in excess of "fair use," that user may be liable for copyright infringement. RESTRICTIONS: This student work may be read, quoted from, cited, for purposes of research. It may not be published in full except by permission of the author. 1 INTRODUCTION The common people call the place, both the spring and the village, Fontenoy, Where that massacre and bloody downfall of the Franks [took place]: The fields tremble, the woods tremble, the very swamp trembles… Let not that accursed day be counted in the calendar of the year, Rather let it be erased from all memory, May the sun’s rays never fall there, may no dawn ever come to [end its endless] twilight. -Englebert, 8411 The Battle of Fontenoy in 841 left the Carolingian Empire devastated. It was the only battle of a three-year civil war that left too many dead and the survivors, shattered. During this period of unrest, from 840-843, an aristocratic woman, Dhuoda, endured the most difficult years of her life. The loyalty of her absentee husband, Bernard of Septimania, was being questioned by one of the three kings fighting for an upper-hand in this bloody civil war. To ensure his loyalty, his and Dhuoda’s 14-year old son, William, was to be sent to King Charles the Bald as a hostage. -
'Immersed in the Snares of Apostasy:' Martyrdom and Dissent in Early Al
‘Immersed in the Snares of Apostasy:’ Martyrdom and Dissent in Early al-Andalus _________________________________ A Thesis Presented to The Honors Tutorial College Ohio University _________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for Graduation From the Honors Tutorial College With a degree of Bachelor of Arts in History _________________________________ Written by Francisco Cintron April 2018 This thesis has been approved by The Honors Tutorial College and the Department of History _________________________ Dr. Kevin Uhalde Associate Professor, History Thesis Adviser ___________________________ Dr. Miriam Shadis Associate Professor, History Director of Studies ___________________________ Cary Roberts Frith Interim Dean Honors Tutorial College Table of Contents Introduction....................................................................................................1 Chapter One....................................................................................................8 Constructing a Sociopolitical Order Chapter Two.................................................................................................32 Eulogius’ Martyrs & Córdoba’s Response Chapter Three...............................................................................................60 Christian Martyrs of the Umayyad Regime Conclusion....................................................................................................86 Bibliography.................................................................................................92 -
Carolingian Propaganda: Kingship by the Hand of God
Isak M. C. Sexson Hist. 495 Senior Thesis Thesis Advisor: Martha Rampton April 24, 2000 Carolingian Propaganda: Kingship by the Hand of God Introduction and Thesis Topic: The Carolingians laid the foundation for their successful coup in 751 very carefully, using not only political and religious alliances, but also the written word to ensure a usurpation of Merovingian power. Up until, and even decades after Pippin III’s coup, the Carolingians used a written form of propaganda to solidify their claims to the throne and reinforce their already existent power base. One of the most successful, powerful and prominent features of the Carolingians’ propaganda campaign was their use of God and divine support. By divine support, I mean the Carolingians stressed their rightful place as rulers of Christiandom and were portrayed as both being aided in their actions by God and being virtuous and pious rulers. This strategy of claiming to fulfill Augustine’s vision of a “city of God” politically would eventually force the Carolingians into a tight corner during the troubled times of Louis the Pious. The Word Propaganda and Historiography: The word propaganda is a modern word which did not exist in Carolingian Europe. It carries powerful modern connotations and should not be applied lightly when discussing past documents without keeping its modern usage in mind at all times. As Hummel and Huntress note in their book The Analysis of Propaganda, “‘Propaganda’ is a 1 word of evil connotation . [and] the word has become a synonym for a lie.”1 In order to avoid the ‘evil connotations’ of modern propaganda in this paper I will limit my definition of propaganda to the intentional reproduction, distribution and exaggeration or fabrication of events in order to gain support. -
The Growth of Gothic Identity in Visigothic Spain: the Evidence of Textual Sources
University of Texas Rio Grande Valley ScholarWorks @ UTRGV History Faculty Publications and Presentations College of Liberal Arts 2015 The Growth of Gothic Identity in Visigothic Spain: The Evidence of Textual Sources Erica Buchberger The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.utrgv.edu/hist_fac Part of the European Languages and Societies Commons, History Commons, and the Medieval Studies Commons Recommended Citation Buchberger, Erica. 2015 “The Growth of Gothic Identity in Visigothic Spain: The Evidence of Textual Sources.” In Identidad y Etnicidad En Hispania. Propuestas Teóricas y Cultura Material En Los Siglos V- VIII, by Juan Antonio Quirós Castillo and Santiago Castellanos García, 1st ed., 87–100. Bilbao: Universidad del País Vasco. This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Liberal Arts at ScholarWorks @ UTRGV. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ UTRGV. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. The Growth of Gothic Identity in Visigothic Spain: The Evidence of Textual Sources Introduction In recent years, scholars have made significant progress in understanding the transition from a Roman world to a medieval world in Spain. New archaeological excavations have added to our knowledge of the early medieval landscape, and increasingly analytical discussions of the labels used to describe people and objects have brought new depth to both historical and archaeological studies. In place of black and white visions of Goth vs. Roman and continuity vs.