Radio Wave Propagation and Wireless Channel Modeling
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Radio Communications in the Digital Age
Radio Communications In the Digital Age Volume 1 HF TECHNOLOGY Edition 2 First Edition: September 1996 Second Edition: October 2005 © Harris Corporation 2005 All rights reserved Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 96-94476 Harris Corporation, RF Communications Division Radio Communications in the Digital Age Volume One: HF Technology, Edition 2 Printed in USA © 10/05 R.O. 10K B1006A All Harris RF Communications products and systems included herein are registered trademarks of the Harris Corporation. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION...............................................................................1 CHAPTER 1 PRINCIPLES OF RADIO COMMUNICATIONS .....................................6 CHAPTER 2 THE IONOSPHERE AND HF RADIO PROPAGATION..........................16 CHAPTER 3 ELEMENTS IN AN HF RADIO ..........................................................24 CHAPTER 4 NOISE AND INTERFERENCE............................................................36 CHAPTER 5 HF MODEMS .................................................................................40 CHAPTER 6 AUTOMATIC LINK ESTABLISHMENT (ALE) TECHNOLOGY...............48 CHAPTER 7 DIGITAL VOICE ..............................................................................55 CHAPTER 8 DATA SYSTEMS .............................................................................59 CHAPTER 9 SECURING COMMUNICATIONS.....................................................71 CHAPTER 10 FUTURE DIRECTIONS .....................................................................77 APPENDIX A STANDARDS -
Analysis of Outdoor and Indoor Propagation at 15 Ghz and Millimeter Wave Frequencies in Microcellular Environment
Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal Vol. 3, No. 1, 160-167 (2018) ASTESJ www.astesj.com ISSN: 2415-6698 Special issue on Advancement in Engineering Technology Analysis of Outdoor and Indoor Propagation at 15 GHz and Millimeter Wave Frequencies in Microcellular Environment Muhammad Usman Sheikh*, Jukka Lempiainen Tampere University of Technology, Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Finland. A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: The main target of this article is to perform the multidimensional analysis of multipath Received: 26 November, 2017 propagation in an indoor and outdoor environment at higher frequencies i.e. 15 GHz, 28 Accepted: 07 January, 2018 GHz and 60 GHz, using “sAGA” a 3D ray tracing tool. A real world outdoor Line of Sight Online: 30 January, 2018 (LOS) microcellular environment from the Yokusuka city of Japan is considered for the analysis. The simulation data acquired from the 3D ray tracing tool includes the received Keywords: signal strength, power angular spectrum and the power delay profile. The different Multipath propagation propagation mechanisms were closely analyzed. The simulation results show the difference Microcellular of propagation in indoor and outdoor environment at higher frequencies and draw a special 3D ray tracing attention on the impact of diffuse scattering at 28 GHz and 60 GHz. In a simple outdoor System performance microcellular environment with a valid LOS link between the transmitter and a receiver, 5G the mean received signal at 28 GHz and 60 GHz was found around 5.7 dB and 13 dB Millimeter wave frequencies inferior in comparison with signal level at 15 GHz. -
Numerical Modelling of VLF Radio Wave Propagation Through Earth-Ionosphere Waveguide and Its Application to Sudden Ionospheric Disturbances
Numerical Modelling of VLF Radio Wave Propagation through Earth-Ionosphere Waveguide and its application to Sudden Ionospheric istur!ances Thesis submitted for the degree of octor of Philosoph# (Science% in Ph#sics (Theoretical) of the &niversity of 'alcutta Su(a# Pal Ma#8, )*+, CERTIFICATE FROM THE SUPERVISOR This is to certify that the thesis entitled "Numerical Modelling of VLF Radio Wave Propagation through Earth-Ionosphere waveguide and its application to !udden Ionospheric Distur#ances", submitted by Mr. Sujay Pal who got his name registered on $%&$'&%$(( for the award of Ph.D. )!cience* degree of the Universit, of Calcutta. absolutely based upon his own work under the supervision of Professor !andip K. Cha0ra#arti and that neither this thesis nor any part of it has been submitted for any degree/diploma or any other academic award anywhere before. Prof. !andip K. -ha0ra#arti Senior Professor & Head Department of #strophysics & Cosmology S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences JD Block, Sector())), Salt *ake, +olkata 7---./, India TO My PARENTS i ABSTRACT Very Low Frequency (VLF) radio waves with frequency in the range 3 30 kHz ∼ propagate within the Earth-ionosphere waveguide (EIWG) for#ed $y the Earth as the %ower $oundary and the %ower ionosphere (50 100 k#) as the upper $oundary ∼ of the waveguide. These waves are generated from #an-#ade transmitters as wel% as fro# lightnings or other natura% sources( *tudy of these waves is very i#portant since they are the only tool to diagnose the %ower ionosphere( Lower part of the Earth+s ionosphere ranging &0 90 km is known as the -- ∼ region of the ionosphere( *olar Lyman-α radiation at '.'./ n# and EUV radiation in 80 '''.& n# are #ain%y responsib%e for for#ing the --region through the ∼ ionization of 123N 23O 2 during day time( The VLF propagation takes p%ace $etween the Earth+s surface and the --region at the day time. -
Noise and Multipath Characteristics of Power Line Communication Channels
University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 3-30-2010 Noise and Multipath Characteristics of Power Line Communication Channels Hasan Basri Çelebi University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons Scholar Commons Citation Çelebi, Hasan Basri, "Noise and Multipath Characteristics of Power Line Communication Channels" (2010). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1594 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Noise and Multipath Characteristics of Power Line Communication Channels by Hasan Basri C»elebi A thesis submitted in partial ful¯llment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering College of Engineering University of South Florida Major Professor: HÄuseyinArslan, Ph.D. Chris Ferekides, Ph.D. Paris Wiley, Ph.D. Date of Approval: Mar 30, 2010 Keywords: Power line communication, noise, cyclostationarity, multipath, impedance, attenuation °c Copyright 2010, Hasan Basri C»elebi DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my fianc¶eeand my parents for their constant love and support. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I would like to thank my advisor Dr. HÄuseyinArslan for his guidance, encour- agement, and continuous support throughout my M.Sc. studies. It has been a privilege to have the opportunity to do research as a member of Dr. Arslan's research group. -
Propagation Analysis of a 900 Mhz Spread Spectrum Centralized Traffic Signal Control System
PROPAGATION ANALYSIS OF A 900 MH Z SPREAD SPECTRUM CENTRALIZED TRAFFIC SIGNAL CONTROL SYSTEM Brian L. Urban, AS, BS, EIT Thesis Prepared for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS May 2006 APPROVED: Perry McNeill, Major Professor Michael Kozak, Committee Member Shuping Wang, Committee Member Bernard Vokoun, Committee Member Vijay Vaidyanathan, Departmental Program Coordinator Albert B. Grubbs, Chair of the Department of Engineering Technology Oscar Garcia, Dean of the College of Engineering Sandra L. Terrell, Dean of the Robert B. Toulouse School of Graduate Studies Urban, Brian L., Propagation analysis of a 900 MHz spread spectrum centralized traffic signal control system. Master of Science (Engineering Technology), May 2006, 88 pp., 20 tables, 27 illustrations, references, 25 titles. The objective of this research is to investigate different propagation models to determine if specified models accurately predict received signal levels for short path 900 MHz spread spectrum radio systems. The City of Denton, Texas provided data and physical facilities used in the course of this study. The literature review indicates that propagation models have not been studied specifically for short path spread spectrum radio systems. This work should provide guidelines and be a useful example for planning and implementing such radio systems. The propagation model involves the following considerations: analysis of intervening terrain, path length, and fixed system gains and losses. Copyright 2006 by Brian L. Urban ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I acknowledge the following people for their efforts and contributions to my thesis. It would not have been completed without them. Special thanks to the author’s thesis advisor, Dr. -
VLF Radio Observations and Modeling
INDIAN CENTRE FOR SPACE PHYSICS ANNUAL REPORT (2013-2014) TABLE OF CONTENTS Report of the Governing Body 3 Governing Body of the Centre 4 Members of the Research Advisory Council 4 Academic Council Members 4 In-Charge, Academic Affairs 4 Dean (Academic) and Finance Officer 4 Administrative Officer 4 Public Information Officer 5 In Charge of the Departments 5 Faculty Members 5 Honorary Faculty Members 5 Project Scientists 5 Post-Doctoral Fellows 5 Senior Research Fellows 5 Junior Research Fellows 6 ICTP Senior Research Fellow 6 Visiting Research Scholars 6 Engineers / Laboratory Staff 6 Office Staff 6 Security Staff 6 Research Facilities at the Head Quarter 7 Facilities at other branches of the Centre 7 Brief Profiles of the Scientists of the Centre 7 Research Work Published or Accepted for Publication 10 Books and In Books 14 Members of Scientific Societies/Committees 15 Ph.D. degree Received 15 Ph.D. Thesis Submitted 15 Course of lectures offered by ICSP members 15 Participation in National/International Conferences & Symposia 16 Workshops / Seminars / Conferences etc. organized 17 Visits abroad from the Centre 17 Major Visitors to the Centre 17 Collaborative Research and Project Work 17 M.Sc. projects guided by ICSP members 18 Summary of the Research Activities of the Scientists at the Centre 19 The ionospheric and earthquake research centre (IERC) 38 Activities of the Indian Centre for Space Physics, Malda Branch 40 Auditors Report to the Members 42 Published by: Indian Centre for Space Physics, Chalantika 43, Garia Station Road, Garia, Kolkata 700084 EPABX +91-33-2436-6003 and +91-33-2462-2153 Extension Numbers: Department of Ionospheric Science: 21 Department of Astrochemistry/Astrobiology: 22 Accounts: 23 Seminar Room: 24 Computer room: 25 Department of High Energy Radiation: 26 X-ray Laboratory: 27 Fax: +91-33-2462-2153 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://csp.res.in Front Cover: Superposed photos of the earth taken from a camera on board a balloon borne mission and the sky at Ionospheric and Earthquake Research Center of ICSP taken by Mr. -
Influence of Terrain on Multipath Propagation of Fm Signal
Journal of ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, VOL. 56, NO. 5-6, 2005, 113–120 INFLUENCE OF TERRAIN ON MULTIPATH PROPAGATION OF FM SIGNAL J´an Klima ∗ — Mari´an Moˇzucha ∗∗ FM signal propagating through the troposphere interacts with the terrain as a reflecting plane. These reflected signals are not included into calculations and predictions of the field strength. The reason is simple — it is too difficult for processing, and demanding high quality data. For recent capabilities of computers and resolution level of digital terrain models this is not an irresolvable problem. In the report the authors show a practical demonstration how to include the reflected FM signals into the field strength calculations as well as the comparison with standard methods of field strength predictions. K e y w o r d s: digital terrain model (DTM), reflections, diffraction, multipath propagation 1 INTRODUCTION Here GRF represents a set of points of the terrain, z is the height in a point located in coordinates [x,y], A digital terrain model, as a discrete field of repre- KN F M is the curvature of the terrain as it is seen from sentative and positionally expressed points of the terrain the transmitter, FF M is the form, γF M is the slope, AF M and its approximation equations securing its continuity is the aspect, and δexp F M is irradiation — all from the [8] can serve, besides many other tasks, as a tool for lo- direction of the transmitter. cating, testing and calculating the reflecting planes for We will come from the known fact that the received propagating FM signals. -
HF Radio Propagation
Introduction to HF Radio Propagation 1. The Ionosphere 1.1 The Regions of the Ionosphere In a region extending from a height of about 50 km to over 500 km, most of the molecules of the atmosphere are ionised by radiation from the Sun. This region is called the ionosphere (see Figure 1.1). Ionisation is the process in which electrons, which are negatively charged, are removed from neutral atoms or molecules to leave positively charged ions and free electrons. It is the ions that give their name to the ionosphere, but it is the much lighter and more freely moving electrons which are important in terms of HF (high frequency) radio propagation. The free electrons in the ionosphere cause HF radio waves to be refracted (bent) and eventually reflected back to earth. The greater the density of electrons, the higher the frequencies that can be reflected. During the day there may be four regions present called the D, E, F1 and F2 regions. Their approximate height ranges are: • D region 50 to 90 km; • E region 90 to 140 km; • F1 region 140 to 210 km; • F2 region over 210 km. At certain times during the solar cycle the F1 region may not be distinct from the F2 region with the two merging to form an F region. At night the D, E and F1 regions become very much depleted of free electrons, leaving only the F2 region available for communications. Only the E, F1 and F2 regions refract HF waves. The D region is very important though, because while it does not refract HF radio waves, it does absorb or attenuate them (see Section 1.5). -
Time and Frequency Users' Manual
,>'.)*• r>rJfl HKra mitt* >\ « i If I * I IT I . Ip I * .aference nbs Publi- cations / % ^m \ NBS TECHNICAL NOTE 695 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE/National Bureau of Standards Time and Frequency Users' Manual 100 .U5753 No. 695 1977 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS 1 The National Bureau of Standards was established by an act of Congress March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit To this end, the Bureau conducts research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, a technical (3) basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to pro- mote public safety. The Bureau consists of the Institute for Basic Standards, the Institute for Materials Research the Institute for Applied Technology, the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, the Office for Information Programs, and the Office of Experimental Technology Incentives Program. THE INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS provides the central basis within the United States of a complete and consist- ent system of physical measurement; coordinates that system with measurement systems of other nations; and furnishes essen- tial services leading to accurate and uniform physical measurements throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and commerce. The Institute consists of the Office of Measurement Services, and the following center and divisions: Applied Mathematics -
IJEST Template
Research & Reviews: Journal of Space Science & Technology ISSN: 2321-2837 (Online), ISSN: 2321-6506 V(Print) Volume 6, Issue 2 www.stmjournals.com Diurnal Variation of VLF Radio Wave Signal Strength at 19.8 and 24 kHz Received at Khatav India (16o46ʹN, 75o53ʹE) A.K. Sharma1, C.T. More2,* 1Department of Physics, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India 2Department of Physics, Miraj Mahavidyalaya, Miraj, Maharashtra, India Abstract The period from August 2009 to July 2010 was considered as a solar minimum period. In this period, solar activity like solar X-ray flares, solar wind, coronal mass ejections were at minimum level. In this research, it is focused on detailed study of diurnal behavior of VLF field strength of the waves transmitted by VLF station NWC Australia (19.8 kHz) and VLF station NAA, America (24 kHz). This research was carried out by using VLF Field strength Monitoring System located at Khatav India (16o46ʹN, 75o53ʹE) during the period August 2009 to July 2010. This study explores how the ionosphere and VLF radio waves react to the solar radiation. In case of NWC (19.8 kHz), the signal strength recording shows diurnal variation which depends on illumination of the propagation path by the sunlight. This also shows that the signal strength varies according to the solar zenith angle during daytime. In case of VLF signal transmitted by NAA at 24 kHz, the number of sunrises and sunsets are observed in VLF signal strength due to the variations of illumination of the D-region during daytime. In both the cases, the signal strength is more stable during daytime and fluctuating during nighttime due to the presence and absence of D-region during daytime and nighttime respectively. -
Mobile Tv: a Technical and Economic Comparison Of
MOBILE TV: A TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC COMPARISON OF BROADCAST, MULTICAST AND UNICAST ALTERNATIVES AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR CABLE Michael Eagles, UPC Broadband Tim Burke, Liberty Global Inc. Abstract We provide a toolkit for the MSO to assess the technical options and the economics of each. The growth of mobile user terminals suitable for multi-media consumption, combined Mobile TV is not a "one-size-fits-all" with emerging mobile multi-media applications opportunity; the implications for cable depend on and the increasing capacities of wireless several factors including regional and regulatory technology, provide a case for understanding variations and the competitive situation. facilities-based mobile broadcast, multicast and unicast technologies as a complement to fixed In this paper, we consider the drivers for mobile line broadcast video. TV, compare the mobile TV alternatives and assess the mobile TV business model. In developing a view of mobile TV as a compliment to cable broadcast video; this paper EVALUATING THE DRIVERS FOR MOBILE considers the drivers for future facilities-based TV mobile TV technology, alternative mobile TV distribution platforms, and, compares the Technology drivers for adoption of facilities- economics for the delivery of mobile TV based mobile TV that will be considered include: services. Innovation in mobile TV user terminals - the We develop a taxonomy to compare the feature evolution and growth in mobile TV alternatives, and explore broadcast technologies user terminals, availability of chipsets and such as DVB-H, DVH-SH and MediaFLO, handsets, and compression algorithms, multicast technologies such as out-of-band and Availability of spectrum - the state of mobile in-band MBMS, and unicast or streaming broadcast standardization, licensing and platforms. -
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IEICE Communications Express, Vol.6, No.6, 405–410 Performance enhancement by beam tilting in SD transmission utilizing two-ray fading Tomohiro Seki1a), Ken Hiraga2, Kazumitsu Sakamoto2, and Maki Arai2 1 College of Industrial Technology, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nihon University, 1–2–1 Izumicho, Narashino 275–8575, Japan 2 NTT Network Innovation Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 1–1 Hikarinooka, Yokosuka 239–0847, Japan a) [email protected] Abstract: A method is proposed for enhancing the transmission perform- ance in a spatial division transmission system that utilizes the fading characteristics of two-ray ground reflection propagation. The method is tilting the elevation angle of antenna beams purposely towards out of the communicating peer. Using ray-tracing simulation, it is shown that the performance of the system is significantly improved when high-gain anten- nas with narrow beamwidth are used. Keywords: two-ray fading, parallel transmission Classification: Antennas and Propagation References [1] K. Hiraga, K. Sakamoto, M. Arai, T. Seki, T. Nakagawa, and K. Uehara, “Spatial division transmission without signal processing for MIMO detection utilizing two-ray fading,” IEICE Trans. Commun., vol. E97.B, no. 11, pp. 2491–2501, 2014. DOI:10.1587/transcom.E97.B.2491 [2] C. Cordeiro, “IEEE doc.:802.11-09/1153r2,” p. 4, 2009. [3] Wilocity: Wil6200 Chipset Datasheet. [Online]. http://wilocity.com/resources/ Wil6200-Brief.pdf. [4] W. L. Stutzman, “Estimating directivity and gain of antennas,” IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag., vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 7–11, Aug. 1998. DOI:10.1109/74.730532 [5] D. Parsons, The Mobile Radio Propagation Channel, ch.