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Notes on the Birds of the States of Pernambuco and Paraiba, Brazil

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Notes on the Birds of the States of Pernambuco and Paraiba, Brazil Vol.1948 651.[ LAMM,Birds of Pernambuco andParaiba, Brazil 261 NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF THE STATES OF PERNAMBUCO AND PARAIBA, BRAZIL BY DONALD W. LAM•I Is their 'Birds of Lower Amazonia,' Griscomand Greenway (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo61.,88, 1941) refer to this regionas a "neglectedcorner of Brazil," a statement borne out by the number of new forms and ex- tensionsof range in the small collectionmade by the author.z It is for this reasonthat the writer ventures to submit the following field notes and observations on birds encountered in the area. The city of Recife,where the writer was located,is in the state of Pernambuco,on the coast,about eight degreesbelow the equator, and almost at the apex of the 'bulge' of northeasternBrazil. The rainy seasonin this region commencesabout March and lasts until the end of August. The climate is moderatethroughout the year, but some- what coolerduring the rainy season. Mean temperature is 82 de- greesFahrenheit. The lowestrecorded temperature is 52 degreesand the highest 103 degrees,but the normal variation is between 70 and 95 degrees. This region offers a number of varied habitats within closeprox- imity to one another. Of these, the ocean and beach are the least profitable for the bird observer. Pelagic speciesare rarely seen,and their appearancesare almost exclusivelyconfined to the months of April and May whenoccasional birds are blownin by storms. Frigate Birds, Brown Boobies and Brazilian Cormorants have been noted, as well as a petrel tentatively identifiedas the Trinidad Petrel (not in- cluded in the following list). Shore birds are fairly commonon the beach in season. Immediatelybehind the beachis a fringe of coconutpalms, stretch- ing inland for about half a mile. Most of this regionis inhabited, and there is somecultivation, principally of mandioca. Certain tanagers, flycatchers,the bananaquit, hummingbirds,parrakeets and the house wren are most common in this section. Severalsmall rivers empty into the oceanin the vicinity of Recife, usually borderedby fairly extensivemangrove swamps. There are also a number of small fresh-water marshes. The latter particularly supportan abundanceof aquaticspecies, including rails, herons,king- fishers,ducks, gallinules, a grebeand numerousmigrant shorebirds. Further inland there is a large area of semi-opencountry, someof which is planted with mandioca and other crops. Seedeaters,fly- • Two new forms described by Dr. J. T. Zimmer in the Proceedings of the Biological SOciety of Washington, 60: 99-10•. 1947. 262 L•, Birdsof Pernambuco andParaiba, Brazil tApril[Auk catchers,anis, guiras, tanagers and doves are the most conspicuous birds of this section. Isolated wooded patches are scattered about this semi-opencountry, usually on the tops of small hills. They sup- port an entirely different type of bird life, includingnumerous small jungle flycatchers, honey-creepers,antbirds, manakins, tinamous and woodhewers. A number of trips have been made to a jungle area near the town of Goiana, about forty miles north of Recife. Such species as cotingasand ara•aris were found primarily in this area. The interior of the statesof Pernambucoand Paraiba is usually arid, and is known as the Sert5o. The terrain is frequently rocky and the flora consistslargely of cactus and low brush with some densehigh thickets and occasionallight woods. This regionsupports a number of speciesnot found on the coast, such as the rico-ricoand the seriema. The most prevalent Sert5o birds include Brazilian Cardinals, several speciesof doves, mockingbirds,orioles and the omnipresentvultures and caracaras. Over a period of more than four years, the writer has spent approxi- mately 450 hours in the field. At various times he has been accom- paniedby LieutenantE. Pfeiffer(U.S. Marine Corps),Lieutena•t DonaldAlexander (U.S. Army), CaptainFrank Connor(U.S. Army), LieutenantGeorge Cummings (Brazilian Air Force) and Mark Taylor (Rubber DevelopmentCorporation), whose able assistancehas made this paper possible. Much welcomeaid and encouragementhas also been supplied by Dr. Herbert Friedmann, Curator of Birds at the U.S. National Museum, who has struggled with poorly worded de- scriptionsand badly damagedspecimens. The followinglist is by no meanscomplete for the region, as only those speciesobserved and definitely identified by the writer are in- cluded. Data for the coastalregion are fairly representative,although somespecies, such as Trogonvariegatus, which are known to occur in this part of Brazil, have not been seen. Material on the interior is necessarilyvery incomplete,since it is basedprincipally on occasional trips. The rltea,for example,is not uncommonin centralPernambuco, but I have never encountered it. Certain material has also been de- leted from the paper becauseof lack of corroborative specimens. TINAMIDAE. Tinamous. Crypturellussoul albigularis(Brabourne and Chubb).--Fairly com- mon in heavy jungle at Goiana. Also at S5o Caetano in high brush country about 100 miles inland. Crypturellusparvirostris (Wagler).--One was shot in rolling grass- lands at S5o Lorenzo, about fifteen miles west of Recife. The species was later found to be fairly common in this section. Vol.1948 65]I LAam,Birds of Pernambuco andParaiba, Brazil 268 Rhynchotusrufescens rufescens (Temminek).--Oeeasionally seen in open fields around Recife. Not uncommon in the grasslandsat S•o Lorenzo,where it is usuallyhunted with dogs. Nothura maculosacearensis Naumburg.--One was collected near Campina Grande, Paraiba, at an elevationof about 2,000 feet. Italf- grown birds were found near S•o Lorenzoon August 4, 1945. COLYMBIDAE. Grebes. Podilymbuspodiceps antarcticus (Lesson).--Fairly commonon fresh- water lakes throughout both states. Su•mAE. Boobies $ula leucogaslerle•cogasler (Boddaert).--Uncommon. Two were seenoff the reef at Recife in March, 1943. Any other appearancesof this conspicuousspecies could hardly have been overlooked.' PHALACROCORACIDAE. Cormorants _Phalacrocoraxolivace•s oilyace,s (Humboldt).--Not common. Sev- eral were seen about a mile offshore in March, 1943. FREGA•rm•E. Frigate Birds Fregatamagnificens rothschildi Mathews.--Frigate Birds, presuma- bly of this species,were seenin April, 1943, and severaltimes in May, 1944, always moving southward. ARDEIDAE. Herons Ardea cocoiLinnaeus.--Apparently rather uncommon near Recife. One was seen at a distance deep in a brackish marsh on October 15, 1944; another at closerange in a mangrove swamp, December, 1945. Butoridesstriatus stria•us (Linnaeus).--Very commonin both man- grove and fresh-water swamps. One was seen carrying nesting ma- terial on April 23, 1944. It was also observed at Patos, Paraiba, at a small lake about 160miles inland, and at other interior lakes and ponds. Florida caerulea'(Linnaeus).--Fairly common in both fresh-water and mangrove swamps. One was seen at Patos, Paraiba. Casmerodiusalbus egretta(Gmelin).--Common, principally in the mangrove swamps. A small flock was found at Patos, Paraiba. Nycticorax nycticoraxhoactli (Gmelin).--A roost of five birds was found on the wooded shore of a large pond 200 miles inland, near Pombal, Paraiba. Ixobrychusexilis erythromelas(Vieillot).--Only seentwice, on both occasions in a fresh-water marsh close to Recife. 264 LA•, BirdsofPernambuco andParaiba, Brazil [AprilfAuk Botauruspinnatus (Wagler).--Fairly common,and noted regularly in one large brackish swamp. Some of these occurrences,however, doubtlessrepresent repeats. ANATIDAE. Ducks Dendrocygnaviduata (Linnaeus).--Large flocksare to be seenin the brackish marshes from the middle of September to April. These flocksbreak up and the birdsbecome more widespread during the rainy season. A nest containingeleven eggsin a fairly advancedstage of incubationwas found at the edgeof the swampon September17, 1944. These duckswere fairly commonat Paros, Paraiba, on August 13, 1944. Dendrocygnaautumnalis discolorSclater and Salvin.--Uncommon near the coast, but about 4,000 were seen at the lake at Candado in western Paraiba, October, 1945. Sarkidiornis carunculata(Lichtenstein).--About 40 or 50 were seen amongsome thousands of tree duckson alarge artificiallake (Candado) in western Paraiba near Pombal. Anas brasiliensis(Gmelin).--Common in both fresh and brackish marshes,usually in small flocks and normally not dosely associated with other species. Noraonyxdominicus (Linnaeus).--This species was f6und to be fairly common in a fresh-water swamp, heavily overgrown with weeds, at Campo Grande, about 40 miles west of Recife, in June, 1944. CarltaRrIDa•. American Vultures Coragyps atratus foetens (Lichtenstein).--The Black Vulture is abundant and very tame. It is the principal scavengerin the city of Recife and throughoutthe coastalarea, but is somewhatless common in the interior. Cathartesaura ruficollisSpix.--Very commonthroughout the region, but somewhat less so than the Black Vulture, which, however, it out- numbers in the interior. ACCIPITRIDAE. Hawks, Kites, etc. Elanus leucurusleucurus (Vieillot).--Seen on four or five occasions, usually over semi-opencountry. Harpagus bidentatusbidentatus (Latham).--One was shot in dense jungle at Goiana in October, 1945. Apparently not common. I-Ieterospiziasraeridionalis raeridionalis (Latham).--Noted on several occasionsin the interior in rolling country which was well watered. Vol.191a 65]I LAMM,Birds of Pernambuco andParaiba, Braail 265 Buteo magnirostrisnattereri (Sclater and Salvin).--Common and widely distributed throughout the coastal area, but principally in the palm fringe near the ocean. Also fairly common in the
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