Proceedings ofthe Danish Institute at Athens • II

Edited by Seven Dietz & Signe Isager

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Proceedings of the Danish Institute at Athens

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The drawing reproduced as cover illustration represents Kristian Jeppesen's proposal for the restoration of the Maussolleion, in particular of the colonnade (PTERON) in which portrait statues of members of the Hecatomnid dynasty said to have been carved by the famous artists Scopas, Bryaxis,Timotheos, and Leochares were exhibited. Drawing by the author, see p. 173, Abb. 5, C. The Cyclades and the Mainland in the Shaft Grave Period - a summary

Soren Dietz Abstract sophistication in metalwork and otherfields of handicraft. In the years before the volcanic de It is usual to consider the main economic, social struction ofThera, Mainland influences arefelt and artistic trends in early Mycenaean society as strongly onThera. It should be emphasized, demonstrated in the Shaft Graves of Mycenae however, that the new preeminent objects in to be derived more orless directly from Crete. In Mycenae, in a newstyle, were most probably this scenario, societies on the Cycladic islands produced by Mainland craftsmen, inspiredfrom fulfil the role ofsailors and ship owners procu Crete, working in a technology and tradition ring the one-sided delivery of ideas and goods established 150 to 200 years earlier when Crete, from Crete to the Mainland. It is the claim of the Cyclades and the Mainland enjoyed a flo the present article that the development ofearly wering commercial and ideological (?) intercourse. Mycenaean culture and society can only be ex Modes of exchange during the years of the later plained as a rather long-termed process. It is Shaft Graves and the "international spirit"pre shown that relations with the Cyclades, both in vailing the Aegean area during the mostflouris theArgolid and inAttica, were substantial du hing years of the New Palaces in Crete, cannot ring theformative phase of the Mycenaean soci be explained by simple models. The Cyclades, ety—during MHIII in Mainland terminology. however, hardly ever regained the political During this time, when thefirst rich graves are strength they enjoyed during the period of the found in Mycenae, Cretan influence is either earlier Shaft Graves. non-existant orinsignificant, on the Mainland as in the Cycladic islands. The suggested expla nation is that Cretan societies had notyet reco Mainland Chronology and vered andMinoanforeign relations were not re Cycladic Pottery Imports established after the destruction of the Old Pala ces. Cycladic ships, predominantlyfrom Phyla- The Grave Circle B at Mycenae kopi in Melos, ensured the important supply of The excavation ofthe grave circle B at metals —probably from the lands of the Eastern Mycenae in the 1950's established possibi Mediterranean. lities for a more careful evaluation ofCyc ladic relations with the Mainland during Minoan influences are discernible again infull the shaft grave period. In contrast to the strength during the early part ofLMIA and finds from Schliemann's grave circle the early LCI in the Cyclades. It was not until new graves contained a considerable NOTE 1 then that well known Minoan features within amount ofimported Cycladic pottery in This contribution is based thefields of architecture, wall-painting, pottery dicating that there might have been more on a lecture given at the Goulandris Museum of and communication systems were introduced on than two actors involved in the history of Cycladic Art in Athens, the islands. Akrotiri on Thera - as the island early Mycenaean development. In addition November 7, 1994. I am under strongest influencefrom Crete (perhaps the epoch-making excavations ofthe town grateful for comments and even a "colony") - became the leading Cycladic ofAkrotiri on Thera in the sixties and later reactions especially from island in trade relations with the surrounding provided important new information Professor Christos Dou- mas, Dr. Marissa Marthari world. On the Mainland this new trend was felt about Cycladic/Mainland relations in the and Dr. Kathie Demako- through import ofTheran pottery alongside period. In order to give a reliable picture poulou. Minoan —butfirst ofall through an increasing ofthe character ofCycladic influences at Mycenae it was, however, necessary to stinction divides the phases MHIIIB and NOTE 2 establish a safe local chronological frame LHIA while it corresponds to the division For instance Kilian-Dirl- meier 1986, 177, n. 8 and work for the period in Mycenae and the between Late Phase I and Late Phase II in Graziado 1988, 344. Dietz Northeastern Peloponnese. IfMinoan and Graziadio's chronology (1988). 1991,23-26. Cycladic influences were shown to be contemporary it would support the idea of Figure 1 compares the two chronological NOTE 3 the Cyclades as a transit area probably systems Dietz 1991,252, Fig. 79. acting as part ofa Minoan Thalassocracy; if NOTE 4 not, other explanations had to be found. Graziadio Early Phase/Dietz MHIIIB Dickinson 1977, Dietz (earlyf.The associations classified by Grazi 1980 and 1991, Graziadio It seems generally accepted that the chro adio fall predominantly within an earlier 1988 and Kilian-Dirlmeier nology of the Shaft Graves should be based part of Dietz MHIIIB.This phase was not 1986. on local pottery sequences.2 The problem explicitly defined by Dietz (1991). It was NOTE 5 with using sequences from the Shaft Graves suggested however that graves in the Argo- Compare Graziadio 1988, mainly derives from the fact that associati lid with shallow rounded kantharoi (type 346-350 with Dietz 1991, ons in most cases, and certainly the most AA-1) should probably be arranged in an 106-132 and 243-246. In important ones, are dependant on inter earlier subphase of MHIIIB.7 The diver Dietz 1991 also "non-pot pretations. This goes for both grave circles, gences concerning graves Zeta, Iota, tery" groups are defined. even if the situation for the Circle A is of Lambda28 and Xi are not important as NOTE 6 course the more difficult. As a control, they are placed within the general MHIII Graziadio 1988, 344 fol however, it is possible, to a certain degree, phase. Divergences derive from different lowing Dietz 1980,80-81 to test the reliability ofthe chronological analytical concepts ofthe local pottery de and 141-144. reconstructions against chronological uni velopment. It should be emphasized that ties from other parts ofthe Argive plain. As the development in the local pottery is NOTE 7 Dietz 1991, Fig. 77.The for settlement material the situation is gradual with several typological overlap- painted kantharoi type even worse as hitherto only one stratified pings.The definition ofphases depends on AA-1 are first of all sequence has been published.3 available associations.The phase MHIIIA is characteristic for Zerners first ofall defined on the stratigraphical phase V:7 in Lerna=Dietz It should be emphasized that a three phase settlement deposits from Asine Lower phase MHIIIA. Town. Joseph Maran is undoubtedly cor division ofthe transitional period MH/LH NOTE 8 has been suggested recently by most scho rect when he suggests that there might not Graziadio did not define a lars occupied with analytical studies ofthe be exact correspondance between the phase corresponding to Shaft Grave chronology.4 There are, how MHIIIA settlement and the MHIIIA Dietz MHIIIA. ever, significant differences concerning the phase defined by the grave associations. In NOTE 9 definitions ofthe various phases. In this my opinion, however, this does not mean Maran in a review of Dietz connection I should like to comment on that the difference between MHIIIA and 1991, PZ 68, 1993, 159. the controversy existing between systems MHIIIB might depend on social criteria.9 developed by Graziadio (1988) and Dietz The task is to divide a continuum, and NOTE 10 (1991) relating to the classification ofthe from this point ofview there are no great Graziadio 1988,348. graves in the Circle B. First ofall it should differences between Dietz and Graziadio as be pointed out that there is consensus on to the dating ofthe Circle B graves. More certain important points.Thus there are primary material is needed in order to sett not many important differences between le the details.A major discrepancy, how the contextual groupings ofthe pottery ever, is that grave Lambda 1 was attributed (though there are some).5There is on the to the Late Phase II (=LHIB) by Grazia other hand general agreement concerning dio.There does not seem to be sufficient the suggestion that "Yellow Minyan" gob information on the stratigraphy for dating lets with concentric incised rings around this grave later than grave Lambda.10 The the stem and lower body (group 1) be Cycladic jug in "Black and Red" style longs to an earlier phase than goblets (Lambda 1, 114) was found with a local without this characteristic feature (group kantharos type AA-1 and the context 2).6 In Dietzs terminology (1991) this di should thus be dated early in MHIIIB.We

10 POTTERY • • • • • • LDW Argive • * * <*> * * * * 1 Minoan

9 Cycladic later types - ♦ Cycladic early types A B F A E Z HI K A Al A2 M N O n p YO

MH IIIA

Early Phase

MH IIIB (early)

Late Phase I

• MH IIIB (late)

LH IA ?

Late Phase II

LH IB

Fig. i.The Chronology of Dietz Graziadio graves in Mycenae, Circle B. A Comparison between systems developed by Graziadio 1988 and Dietz 1991. should like to add that "Black and Red" Graziadio s argument is that the Cycladic style pottery in the Cyclades is found only vases from the epichosis should be dated to in the early phase ofLCI, not in the ma the latest phase.13 The epichosis, however, ture LCI phase, contemporary with LHIB should in general be considered older than on the Mainland.11 the objects in the grave.The same problem exists in grave Delta where Graziadio con Late Phase I/MHIIIB (late): The informa siders the Cycladic jar Delta-65 (shape tion concerning grave A is insufficient. For LD-2) (probably) from the epichosis to be the published pottery, I find no evidence dated in the final phase.The disagreement for a date in the latest phase.The discre concerning grave Lambda derives from pancy mainly derives from the fact that different interpretations ofthe association Graziadio does not define the LHIA phase, in the grave. It is remarkable, however, that much easier to achieve when material Graziadio considers the imported Cycladic NOTE 11 from settlements is available.As for graves jars to be Late Phase in date.14 Here evi see below p. 17. Gamma and grave Epsilon, Graziadio him dently he follows strictly the division be

note 12 self expresses serious doubt about the attri tween group 1 and group 2 goblets. In Graziadio 1988,370. bution to Late Phase I.12That there are grave N the majority ofthe imported many older features in the earlier parts of Cycladic vessels (from the roof) are consi note 13 Grave Gamma can be observed on the dia dered to be Late Phase I/MHIIIB in date. Graziadio 1988,354. gram, Dietz 1991, Fig. 77 (context 14). It The same date should be assigned to the should be noted that there is disagreement rest of the grave with the Mainland MH NOTE 14 in spite ofthe statements concerning the attribution ofobjects from IIIB pottery N-157, 159 and 160. As for p. 354. grave Gamma to Late Phase II/LHIB. this phase we should emphasize that the

II local pottery develops gradually and that The definition of LHIA. The period is defi NOTE 15 even within phase MHIIIB (late) earlier ned in the settlement material from the Graziadio 1988. and later typological elements are found. It lower town ofAsine and is characterized NOTE 16 is thus probably correct to say that for in by a series of changes in shapes and deco Graziadio 1988,352. stance the rich finds from grave N are rations from the previous phase and an ad found in a rather late MHIIIB (late) grave dition ofa number ofnew shapes and mo NOTE 17 context. tifs painted according to a new decorative Graziadio 1988,360. syntax . In addition a number of graves NOTE 18 The arguments for defining Graziadio's have been attributed to this phase.19 The see below p. 17. Late Phase I are found on p. 361.15 "It is period was tentatively defined as phase clear, therefore, that pottery groups inclu MHIIIB in 1980, but at that time it was NOTE 19 ding Group 1 goblets and vases of LMIA not possible to separate it safely from the Summarized in Dietz date can be considered earlier than groups phase with typical LHI lustrous decora 1991,255-257. containing goblets ofthe other type (i.e. tion.20 Graziadio's chronology is partly NOTE 20 Dietz Group 2), LMIA pottery, and/or derived from this early version and a fair Dietz 1980,143. diagnostically LHI specimens. On this ba number ofthe graves from the Circle B sis,an earlier subphase within the circle B dated in LHIA are in fact placed in Grazi NOTE 21 Late Phase, corresponding to the very end adio's Late Phase II (fig. 1). LMIA dark on Rutter 1989. ofthe MH period (Late Phase I), can be light pottery found in associations in the NOTE 22 distinguished from a later subphase coinci Circle B includes one jug from grave Dietz 1991,228-235. ding with LHI (Late Phase II)." Gamma and four askoi from grave Mu. From the contexts we consider them to be The main reason for the discrepancy be imports in phase LHIA - i.e. earlier than tween the two systems is the statement the beginning ofthe main production of that the local chronology could be based the LHI type dark on light pottery.Two on the principle expressed in the phrase: other LMIA vessels ofthis type in the A- "Pottery produced during LML4.This section circle are considered LHIB in dating. Lu includes various mainland and/or Cycladic strous decorated Argive pottery is found in vases presumably produced during LMIA" three graves in the Circle B (Gamma, (Category A),16 because this is not a chro Delta and Omicron). One straight sided nological homogeneous group. Graziadio keftiu cup with tortoise shell ripple deco is well aware that Mainland lustrous deco ration from the epichosis ofgrave Gamma rated pottery ofLHI type must be produ (shape EB-2) was dated in the LHIA ced during a phase contemporary with a phase, while the rest, a semi-globular cup, later part of LMIA only,17 but not for in an alabastron shaped jar from grave Delta stance that Cycladic "Black and Red" and (shape EC-1), an alabastron shaped jug pottery in "Naturalistic Style" is not pro (shape ED-1)( Gamma-19) and the brid duced after the early LCI phase contem ge-spouted hole-mouth jar from grave porary with a later part ofLMA in Crete.18 Omicron are placed in phase LHIB.The Graziadio's chronology is thus not entirely discrepancies thus mainly derive from the based on the development ofthe local fact that LMIA pottery has a much longer pottery but only on the division between lifespan than typical LHI lustrous painted group 1 and group 2 goblets. It seems to pottery. The phase LHIA is represented in be a principle that Cycladic pottery ("Pro a well stratified deposit from Tzoungiza in duced during the LMIA period") is early Corinthia.21 when it is found with group 1 goblets, la ter if not. The details in the chronological Concerning the Theran pottery in the picture derive from the inclusion ofall ty Circle B, period LHIA, we should like to pes oflocal pottery in the chronological add the following comments to the previ estimate, and thus the definition ofphase ous results.22 LHIA. The two jugs decorated with swallows

12 NOTE 23 from grave Gamma (-27 and -28) are con Kiapha Thiti Marthari 1993, 252. Dietz sidered to represent an intermediate type in - a Fortified Site in Attica type LB-3. the evolution oftheTheran swallow jug.23 Kiapha Thiti is situated on the top ofa note 24 Further two "eyed globular jugs" from the small knoll betweenVari and Koropi in At Marthari 1990,252. filling ofthe same grave are considered tica, some 5-6 km from the coast atVarkiza Theran imports.24 NoTheran jugs are on the Saronic golf. The site was excavated NOTE 25 from the earlier phase in the Shaft-Gra by a German/Canadian expedition in the One much earlier jug from ves.25 years 1982-1988. Substantial material of Lerna is from the transi tion EC/MC on Thera. Late MH and Early Mycenaean date was Marthari 1993,252-253. We should finally comment briefly on the recovered from the trenches cut in the presence of "tortoise shell ripple decoration" Oberburg, Mittelburg and the Unterburg NOTE 26 from the Mainland in the Shaft Grave pe as defined at the site. Ofspecific impor Dietz 1991, no. 124. riod, as this type ofdecoration is a text tance was the excavation of a huge fortifi

NOTE 27 book example ofthe way an original cation wall protecting and defining the Dietz 1991,160. Minoan pattern is gradually adopted into Western and Northern borders of the Un the local pottery tradition:The most anci terburg. Towards the East parts ofthe forti NOTE 28 ent piece was found in a MHIIIA associa fication were destroyed by landslide in the neither from Asine, Dietz tion in Asine —probably deriving from a period LHIIA or later.29 The dating ofthe 1980 nor from Korakou, MMIIIB/early LMIA semi-globular cup.26 Davis 1979. wall to MHIII attributes an extraordinary In phase MHIIIB there is a sherd from a importance to the site.The geographical NOTE 29 rounded or semiglobular cup from the position opposite Aigina, on the road be Lauter 1989. Lauter 1996. same site - in Lustrous decorated ware, tween Athens and Laurion,Thorikos and probably imported from the southern Pel- Ayia Irini in Kea, is thus near the terminus NOTE 30 oponnese (no.242). In the Circle B the see below p. 30. ofthe socalled "Western String", a suppo pattern, painted in matt, in two horisontal sed main trade route between Crete/the NOTE 31 zones are found on a keftiu cup (without Cyclades and the Greek Mainland.30 Statistical evaluations in bulb) in the epichosis ofgrave Lambda Maran 1992, p. 218 and (Lambda-122).The cup is produced in the Pottery and small finds from the 2nd Mil chronology Tf 35a. Argolid,27 but clearly imitates Minoan lenium at Kiapha Thiti were exhaustively

NOTE 32 cups ofMMIIIB/early LMIA type. Finally published by Joseph Maran in 1992.The In contrast to the situation in LHIA the decoration is added to a se main deposits covered the timespan in Early Mycenaean times. miglobular cup produced in the Argolid MHIII-LHI (?) - LHIIA/ IIB/LHIIIA1. See also Maran 1993,157. with the pattern in Lustrous paint found in The majority ofthe MHIII material deri Asine (no. 283). From the Circle B in ves from the stratigraphical unit 7, section Mycenae, a keftiu cup with bulb and rip 153 (153,SE7) and stratigraphical unit 5, ple decoration was found in the same wa- section 154 (154,SE5), both found near regroup and with decoration in lustrous the wall in the Unterburg, and the strati paint in grave Gamma (-54), a semiglobu graphical unit 4, section 59 in the Mittel lar cup in lustrous painted ware imported burg.31 As in neighbouring Boiotia, Grey from the southern Peloponnese was found Minyan and "Dark burnished" dominate in grave Gamma (-55) and a genuine the local pottery production - estimated to Minoan cup was found among vessels make up between 40 and 50 % ("Minde- without provenance (no. 555).Thus the stenindividuenzahl") ofthe total amount "tortoise shell ripple" decoration is not of pottery. Local coarse ware vessels still by found abundantly, but it is an important far outnumber the imported Aigina coarse feature as it is typical for the period MM- ware.32 "White on (unburnished) dark" is IIIB/LMIA-early LMIA in Crete from likewise at hand. Matt painted Aigina wa where the pattern is derived and from the res amount to a considerable percentage late MC/early LCI in the Cyclades (see (8.8/11.3 %) and Cycladic imports are below).The pattern is not found in the considerable (5.9/5.7 %). Neither "Yellow mature LMA/LCI and it is not found in Minyan" (NE-Peloponnesian pottery) nor LHIB on the Mainland28. Minoan pottery is attested in this phase.

13 Five smaller deposits are placed stratigra- Maran.34 The dating is based mainly on the NOTE 33 phically higher than the above mentioned presence ofAiginetan red (/black) slipped Maran 1992, C5 "Bemalte Keramik kykladischen but are still dated within the MHIII period goblets (6689-693). In Asine these fabrics Charakters". (153/SE4/SE5 and 154,SE2/SE3/SE4). are already attested in MHIIIB35 and as a

Parallels for no. 950 (154/SE3) are found superposed stratum in Kiapha Thiti, se NOTE 34 in the Argolid, phase MHIIIB.Two sherds ction 1,SE2 is probably rather of MHIII Maran 1992, 79 and 204. from these deposits were classified as "Be- date than ofLHI date36 - we might sug malte Keramik kykladischen Charakters", gest this unit (101,SE3) to be of MHIII NOTE 35 Dietz 1991,223-227. "Black and Red Style" (861 and 942). Fi date as well.37 LHIIA/B-LHIIIA1 pottery nally a series ofsmaller deposits is placed is abundantly to hand. It was mainly found NOTE 36 in MHIII in general —perhaps with earlier on the Acropolis/Oberburg. The five sherds from the (MHI) intrusions (4,SE4/ 6,SE3/ deposit cannot be dated with great certainty. Maran 5,SE4/SE5/ 6,SE4/SE5/SE6/ 59,SE3/ The succeeding phase in the Argolid, 1992,80-81. 102,SE4).A few Cycladic sherds are from LHIA with Cycladic pottery, probably im these levels but also some LHI/II intrusi ported from Akrotiri,Thera is not repres NOTE 37 ons were found. There is much more ma ented in Kiapha Thiti —neither is the Ar The problem concerning terial in Kiapha Thiti dated to MHIII but give LHIB phase safely attested at the site. the presence of LHI in Kiapha Thiti is dealt with the contextual situation is not safe. For the time beeing, we are not able to re in details by Maran 1992 late the younger phases ofKiapha Thiti p. 204-207. Cycladic pottery ofthe phase defined by with subphases in the Argive sequences. the three deposits (and the smaller depo NOTE 38 sits) is all ofthe type "Cycladic White" of Cycladic and Minoan Pottery Following Dietz 1991. Melian origin, including the Cycladic on the Mainland from the Shaft "Black and Red Style" - all dated in Phyl- Grave Period akopi II-iii.33 Even if there is only a little The following conclusions could thus be evidence of direct contact, there is no drawn concerning the relations between doubt that this phase is approximately Crete, the Cyclades and the Mainland in contemporary with MHIIIB in the Argo the Shaft Grave period.38 lid. In the Argolid the transition between MHIII nd LHI was defined by the change 1) The majority of Cycladic pottery found oflarge goblets from group 1 to group 2 in Circle B is imported in the phase (see above).These goblets, however, are not MHIIIB.The provenance is probably found in Attica.The same type ofCycladic Melos/Phylakopi.The production oflo pottery was exported from the town of cal Argive pottery with polychrome, Phylakopi to the Argolid. The fact that it black and red decoration is probably was never found in settlement contexts in due to this influence. In contrast, pot the Argolid —only in the rich graves ofthe tery ofLMIA manufacture is not found Circle B —might suggest that inhabitants in the earlier Shaft Graves. In the settle in Attica during the MHIII period were ment deposits ofAsine no Cycladic pot more familiar with Cycladic pottery and tery was found while only extremely imports than people in the Argolid. This small quantities of Minoan pottery were statement combined with the fact that to hand. Cycladic pottery imports are communication (as inferred from the pot well represented in undisturbed MHIII tery) between the NE Peloponnese and settlement layers in Kiapha Thiti in At Attica was insignificant seems to show that tica.The pottery likewise was probably Cycladic goods and communication went produced in Phylakopi, Melos and is directly to the Peloponnese (eventually via most abundantly found in the oldest, Aigina) - not via Attica and "the Western lower strata.These deposits are contem String". porary with or at least partly contem porary with MHIIIB in the Argolid. No Section 101, SE3 from the gate in the for Minoan pottery was found in the tification wall was dated in LHI by MHIII layers ofKiapha Thiti. This con-

14 NOTE 39 firms the thesis that Cycladic relations take place somewhat later, at the very Also Maran 1993,206. with Mainland Greece in the Shaft transition to the LCI period, in the slip Grave period precedes the Cretan influ stream of the restoration of the palaces af NOTE 40 Dr. Marissa Marthari in ences,y) a fact which is of crucial im ter the destruction towards the end of forms me that the cup, A- portance for our understanding ofthe MMIIIB. circleVI 953 could not origin ofMycenaean civilization in possibly be from Akrotiri, economic, political, religious as well as The "minoanization" ofthe Cycladic soci estimated from the clay. in social aspects. eties is reflected in several important Also Marthari 1993,255, n.ll. aspects oflife on the islands.41 Minoan 2) Minoan pottery was found in the taste, techniques and life style have been NOTE 41 Middle phase ofthe Shaft Grave period, traced in Late Cycladic architecture, wall Good summaries in Wie Dietz s LHIA period, as was Cycladic and -floor paintings and in pottery ner 1990 and Wiener pottery —now probably imported from production.That Minoan life style per 1991. Akrotiri on Thera. meated common life has been detected by

NOTE 42 the influence on everyday necessities such On the earlier relations see 3) In Circle B Minoan pottery is found in as braziers, "firepots", lamps, loomweights, Barber 1984. graves from phase LHIB.There is no conical cups and stone cutting and stone evidence, however, in the pottery reper vases. That Minoan administration was NOTE 43 toire for relations with the Cyclades du MacGillevray 1984, 156. used on the islands is attested by the pres ring the later Shaft Graves, Dietz's phase ence oflinear A on tablets and containers

NOTE 44 LHIB.40 Nore were Cycladic imports and the introduction of a standardized Watrous 1993, 81. Betan- registered from settlement deposits.The weightsystem ofMinoan standards. Only court 1984, 92 and Fig. 2. Mainland relations with Akrotiri will be on the three major sites,Akrotiri, Phyla dealt with in some more detail below. kopi and Ayia Irini do we have enough in NOTE 45 MacGillevray 1984,156. formation for an evaluation of the evi dence. The Cyclades between Crete and the Mainland Further support for the view that substan tial Minoan influence, a proper "minoani There is a general consensus that Minoan zation" ofthe Cyclades did not take place influence in the Cyclades reached its cul before the transition to the Late Bronze mination at the transition to the Late Age might be inferred from the pattern of Bronze Age or LCI. It has often been no Cycladic pottery imports to Crete after ted that the changes to be observed in the construction ofthe New Palaces.42 J.A. Cycladic societies are not just a question MacGillivray counted over forty pottery ofan increasing quantity ofimports (an imports from the Cyclades at Knossos " intensification of trade relations), but dated by Evans to MMIII before or at rather a fundamental change in the social, the time ofthe destruction in MMIIIB".43 economic, political, cultural/artistic and In addition a few contemporary pieces are religious character ofCycladic societies, a known from Kommos.44 It is possible to "minoanization" ofthe islands, a change recognize imports from Melos, Thera and eventually related to the historical events probably from Naxos. Nothing could be described by Herodotus andThucydides as attributed to Kea. It is offurther signifi the "Thalassocracy of Minos". In order to cance that" The Cycladic imports to put the Cycladic relations with the Main Knossos cease abrutly at the end ofMM land into relevant frames we should like to IIIB or very early in LMIA".45 MacGille offer a briefsummary ofthe evidence sup vray states that"... the Cycladic jars are porting the idea ofa "minoanization" and late Middle Bronze Age types and precede a comment on the question ofdating. Or the greatest period ofMinoan influence in to put it in another way: are the changes the Cyclades " .We should like related directly to the construction ofthe furthermore to cite A. Papagiannopoulou New Palaces in Crete or did they rather for the view that the local imitation of

15 Minoan pottery in phase II-iii in Phyla early LCI period when houses in the re kopi (=MMIIIB) derives from a reaction cently founded large town suffered great to the fact that genuine Minoan pottery damage.54 When the town was rebuilt im was not imported in this period.46 It mediately afterwards, the new houses, to a should be added, however, that many de large extent, used the walls ofthe previous tails in Minoan chronology are still far houses, but the rubble from the destruc from safe. tion was scattered in the streets, resulting in a considerable raising ofthe level.The Thera is the island closest to Crete and the doorways and windows in the former site ofAkrotiri at the same time is by far ground floor were usually blocked with the largest.The whole site has been esti stone and new openings were constructed mated to cover some 20 hectares ofwhich in a level approximately corresponding to just sligthly more than 1 hectare has been the old 1st floor while the ground floor le excavated.47 The architecture is extraordi vels were altered to basements.55 Even if in narily well preserved and shows more general the plan of the town was kept, Minoan features in both technique, mate many new architectural features were rials, architectural design and planning introduced in the new town which was than the other two sites. Features such as finally destroyed by the volcanic eruption the use ofashlar masonry for corners and —the volcanic destruction level,VDL — facades48 and timber reinforcements in the slightly before the end ofthe pottery phase unworked stone walls, wooden doors and LCI.56 Wall paintings were used on walls in windows and the whole concept ofroom the pre-SDL town as fragments were arrangements and lustral basins, pillar found in the destruction layer and among rooms, pier and —door partitions for doors the material reused for the reconstruction and windows (polythyra and polypara- of the new houses where frecoes were thyra) and the creation of effective sewers sometimes found in situ. As traces ofwall and lavatories are all considered to be of paintings have not been found in deposits Minoan origin.49 from before the "pre-SDL town", it is possible to state that the practice and tech While the main architectural features at nique of painting the walls in the houses Akrotiri are undoubtedly derived directly was introduced simultaneously with the from Crete, some adaptations to local style and previous habitation can also be recog nized. The town planning for instance is note 46 NOTE 52 evidently not copied from Cretan prototy Papagianopoulou 1991, 119 ff. Davis 1990, Morgan 1990,Televantou pes.50 Local features are likewise clearly re 1992. cognizable in the famous wall paintings.51 NOTE 47 The technique is derived from Crete and Doumas 1983,45. NOTE 53 there are many similarities between moti For the "The Theran Workshop" see NOTE 48 Televantou 1997. ves, composition and iconography in Crete Especially in Xeste 4 with mason's and on Thera. It is quite clear, however, marks, Palyvou 1990, 55, Hood 1987, NOTE 54 that the wall paintings in Akrotiri, Phyla 33-37. This seismic destruction level is abbre kopi and Ayia Irini are executed in a speci viated SDL. More ancient walls were fic Cycladic style depicting specific Cycla NOTE 49 found sporadically below this level, Shaw 1978, Hood 1990 and Palyvou Marthari 1990,61. dic themes and use a characteristic "Island 1997. Iconography".52 It has been suggested that NOTE 55 specific "workshops" could be defined.53 NOTE 50 Doumas 1978, Palyvou 1984, Marthari Shaw 1978,432. 1984 and 1990,Televantou 1992. The general development in Akrotiri is NOTE 51 NOTE 56 well known.The town was inhabited in In general Hood 1978, 47-87, Morgan And sligthly before the end ofthe EC and MOThe first serious destruction 1988, Immerwahr 1990 and Doumas LMIA phase. - by an earthquake - appeared early in the 1992.

16 construction and introduction ofnew In the next and final phase, mature LCI, architectural features of the new town in the old Naturalistic style and Black and mature MC/ early LCI - both in all prob Red style were not found any more. The ability introduced from Crete.57 LMIA imported pottery makes up the lar gest group ofimported wares to Akrotiri, The dating ofthe construction phases in followed by imported Cycladic and Main Akrotiri is mainly dependant on the pot land groups.60 The imported LMIA pot tery present in the destruction level partly tery from the West House excavation of ofthe pre-SDL town and partly ofthe 1984 is an extraordinarily rich group61 more recent pre-VDL town. There is still with many semi-globular cups, few Va one more stratigraphic level consisting of pheio cups, askoi, bridge-spouted jugs and fill from pits cut in the bed rock.58 Pottery jars, whole-mouth jugs, piriform jars and from the pre-SDL levels contained a small many different rhyta et al.The most popu number of Minoan wares," .... some shiny lar motifis the running spiral followed by LMIA sherds including pieces ofVapheio foliate band. Rosettes and leaf-like tendrils and semi-globular cups decorated with are common as well and "There are just a tortoise-shell ripple pattern and spirals ",59 few examples oftortoise-shell ripple and Cycladic wares in Naturalistic and Dark reed pattern ...".62The groups ofpottery and Red styles are found in limited quan from the pre-VDL are convincingly com tities with Red Painted ware, Matt Painted pared with mature LMIA pottery from and Polychrome. Among the local imitati Knossos and East Crete.63 ons of LMIA pottery, sherds with tortoise- shell ripple dominates, followed by circles It is significant that, in contrast to the situ with in-filled disks in the interior. ation at Phylakopi and Ayia Irini, neither Mainland pottery nor imitations ofMain land pottery, were found at Akrotiri in the MC period.64 The character ofMainland pottery from the MC/LC transition was

NOTE 57 NOTE 63 treated by Marissa Marthari.65 As for the Palyvou 1984, Marthari 1984, 119, Te Marthari 1990,61-63. older phase MCIII/early LCI, it has been levantou 1992, 145-147, and PI. stated that "Mainland wares are represen XXXVII, Palyvou 1997, 65, n.3. C. NOTE 64 ted by hydrias and jars in MH style".66 As Palyvou in a comment to Hood 1990, Papagiannopoulou 1990,61. for the last phase before the VDL, informa 123 suggests that the features appear in Crete and Akrotiri at almost the same NOTE 65 tion is far more abundantly at hand. 10-15 time. Doumas 1992, 17 for the opi Marthari 1982 (1980) and 1993,249- % in general ofallAkrotiri pottery from nion that the practice of wall-painting 50. this phase are imported.67 Ofthese, 13 % could have been introduced direcdy come from the Mainland. 70 % is LHI from the east. NOTE 66 Mainland lustrous painted pottery, predo Not depicted, however, Marthari NOTE 58 1990,66. minantly keftiu cups and semi-globular Marthari 1984 and 1990. Papagiann- cups.The majority are considered to deri opoulou 1990. NOTE 67 ve from Northeast Peloponnese, one could Marthari 1993, 249. 10 % in the West be from the southern Peloponnese (Ky- NOTE 59 House groups, Marthari 1990, 61. thera), one might be from Messenia.68 Marthari 1990, 66 for the West House excavations in 1984. NOTE 68 Marthari 1993,249. 30 % of the imported Mainland pottery NOTE 60 groups are defined as " .. wares in the MH Marthari 1993,249. NOTE 69 tradition .." .69The following groups could Marthari 1982(1980), 1993,249 and be distinquished: NOTE 61 Dietz 1991,310-311. Marthari 1990, 6Iff. NOTE 70 - Matt painted monochrome. Hydriae and NOTE 62 Dietz 1991,310, Marthari 1993, 149 stamnoi decorated with double circles. Marthari 1990. and n. 17. Probably Aiginetan70

*7 - Polychrome Aigina kraters71 the excavations in 1896 to 189983 were -A bridge-spouted jar and two amphorae produced by the new excavations of The could likewise be aiginetan72 British School at Athens and Professor Co - Polychrome Mainland type. Probably of lin Renfrew in 1974 to 1977.84 As for the Central Greek provenance73 historical interpretation, Renfrew espe - One jug could be classified as"fine cially emphasizes the importance of the re- orange", likewise a Central Greek dating and re-assessment ofthe stratigra- production74. phic succession oftwo features : that the fortification system, dated by Mackenzie to "Mycenaeans in Thera": It has been sugge the mature second city, is in fact construc sted, that Mycenaeans are represented on ted during the LCI phase of the third city the miniature friezes from room 5 in the and that the famous wall paintings from West House ofAkrotiri. On the south wall the pillar crypt should be dated in the paintings ofthe "flotilla", seated persons same period. During the new excavations with boar's tusk helmets placed above their numerous fragments offrescoes were heads and the landing party ofpanoplied found with Renfrew's phase D pottery warriors with boar's tusk helmet, large (=early third city ofMackenzie), while no rectangular shield, long spear and sword traces could be associated with the pre from the coastal town II area are conside vious phase C (MC). During the new ex red to represent Mycenaean warriors.7'' cavations a large rectangular mansion (12 X Furthermore a considerable amount of 20 m) was found below the later Myce iconographic details can be compared naean megaron.The mansion was built convincingly with iconographic details early in LCI/period III, considerably ear from the "Art of the Shaft Graves".76 It has lier than the construction ofthe fortifica been claimed, however, that the relevant tion wall. Fragments ofan inscribed tablet elements can also ultimately be derived in Minoan linear A script (the fact that it is from Crete77.To the present author the ar guments for the presence ofMycenaeans in the Akrotiri frescoes seem convincing78. We should like to point out that the wall paintings were probably painted immedi note 71 NOTE 78 ately after the SDL "or a little later",79 a Marthari 1993, 249, Dietz 1991,310. The use ofboar tusks helmets on the period which is probably contemporary Mainland for instance is an old tradi NOTE 72 tion, see Kilian-Dirlmeier 1997,35-50. with phase LHIA in the Argolid where Dietz 1991,311. pottery ofTheran origin was found in the NOTE 79 Shaft Graves.This should thus be earlier NOTE 73 Televantou 1992,146. than the Mainland pottery mentioned Dietz 1991, 311, Marthari 1993, 149. above from Akrotiri which derives from NOTE 80 NOTE 74 Wagstaff and Cherry in Renfrew and LHIB Mainland contacts. Dietz 1991,31 1 and Marthari 1993, Wagstaff 1982, 139-140. 249, n. 10.The panelled cups mentio The site of Phylakopi in Melos, estimated to ned by Dietz 1991, 311 could not be NOTE 81 cover some 2 ha,80 was much smaller than Cycladic. Marissa Marthari personal For human agency as cause see for in Akrotiri.The Second City was destroyed, information and Marthari 1993,249, stance Macgillevray 1983, 157. Useful probably by an earthquake.81 The Third n. 11. reflections in Barber 1987, 160.

City was built on top ofthe second. This NOTE 75 NOTE 82 event, defining the transition to LCI in Doumas 1992, 35-48 and 2-29. Only very little was found towards the Melos, took place when Minoan pottery Immerwahr 1977 and Iakovidis 1979. end ofthe Second City, Barber 1987. of LMIA type was in use.82 NOTE 76 NOTE 83 Laffineur 1984. Atkinson et al. 1904. The situation in Phylakopi has been clari

fied and important new interpretation and NOTE 77 NOTE 84 adjustments of Mackenzie's results from Niemeier 1990. Renfrew 1978. oflocal clay indicates that it was inscribed motifs with MC affinity, were restricted to at Phylakopi) could be dated in the same the period before the construction of the phase but it is not directly associated with fortificaton wall. The differences between the mansion. With good reason Renfrew motifs on sherds from before the erection considers it possible that the mansion was ofthe fortification walls and from layers the administrative and organising centre after this construction "... are precisely for Phylakopi at the time, and that it em the characteristics which chiefly differen ployed scribes and an archive, much as did tiate the earlier and later LCI pottery at contemporary palaces in Crete.85 Except Akrotiri also".89 for the existence ofa pillar crypt and the wall paintings, the architectural expression The amount ofimported Mainland pot ofthe LCI town of Phylakopi is by no tery is modest but does appear during the means as "minoanized" as Akrotiri, even if whole period MC/early LCI to mature the many features are in general, unmista LCI.There seems to be a considerable in kably inspired from Crete.86 crease in imports from the Mainland around the time of the construction of The documentation for the relative order fortification wall.90 This fact corresponds ofevents and construction in Phylakopi is well with the situation in Akrotiri. From based on statistical studies of30.000 sherds the published information, it is not pos from the 9 trenches excavated in various sible to compare in detail the amount of parts ofthe town during the campaigns in Mainland pottery from Phylakopi with the 1974 to 1977.87 From these analyses it amount of pottery from Akrotiri. The total seems well established that the mansion amount ofimported Mainland pottery was erected in the very early part ofphase from both before and after the construc D, corresponding to the very early part of tion of the fortification wall in Phylakopi Mackenzie's town III and well before the is 1.1 % (number ofsherds), in Akrotiri the construction of the fortification wall. The imported Mainland pottery during the contextual information did not allow with mature LCI phase is between 1.3 and 1.5 certainty the precise dating ofthe wall % —there might, however, not be a great paintings from the Pillar Crypt within the difference in the amount ofthis type of LCI period.88 The studies showed that lo imported pottery from the two sites.91 In cal painted pottery with Black and Red the strata from after the construction of design motifs, together with several other the fortification wall in Phylakopi, im ported Mainland pottery in LHI lustrous painted style and Mainland Polychrome ware was found for the first time.92 In con trast to Akrotiri, Mainland pottery was im ported in Phylakopi during the earlier note 85 NOTE 90 phases ofMC (see below). Renfrew 1978,412 and 1982,39-40. Davis and Cherry 1984. Compare Fi gure 1 with Figure 4. NOTE 86 From Ayia Irini on Kea only a smaller part The "flying fish fresco" was probably NOTE 91 ofthe relevant strata and material (KeaVI) painted by a Cycladic artisan (from Compare Cherry and Davis 1982, 337 have been published.93 The beginning of Thera?). Davis 1990, 222 and Hood with Marthari 1993,249. periodVI, or the LCI period in Ayia Irini, 1978,53-54. NOTE 92 is marked by the first appearence ofthe NOTE 87 Davis 1979,258. LMIA style,its end by the first appearence Davis and Cherry 1984. of the LMIB style. Recent studies have NOTE 93 elucidated, that periodVI should be di NOTE 88 Cummer and Schofield 1984, Davis vided into two sub-phases: an early phase Davis and Cherry 1984, 154. 1986. An updated summary and bib liography is found in Davis 1992, 708- where LMIA pottery is found but without NOTE 89 712 and n. 39. Mainland LHI style and a later sub-phase Davis and Cherry 1984, 158. where mainland LHI style is found with

19 LMIA pottery94The later phase is well re The Shaft Grave from note 94 presented in deposit A from room 18 in Davis and Cherry 1990, house A.95 The following waregroups Kolonna IX in Aigina and 193 ff.and Davis 1992, 710. should be mentioned: LMIA, LHI, Poly Mainland/Aegean relations chrome Mainland, Grey Minyan, red before the Shaft Grave NOTE 95 slipped Aigina (?)(no. 825). All typical of Period Cummer and Schofield our LHIB in the Argolid. Only very little 1984,82-87, Fls. 61-65. material, however, has been published from Imma Kilian-Dirlmeier recently expressed the early phase VI.96 Two pieces of LMIA NOTE 96 the opinion that the Greek Mainland from Davis and Cherry 1990, pottery were illustrated, one import from the beginning ofMiddle Helladic times figs. 2-4. Melos, a local panelled cup with spirals,97 a was characterized by socially stratified so locally produced keftiu cup98 and a Grey cieties with well defined groups of high NOTE 97 Minyan goblet ofCentral Greek shape social rank and power at the head oflocal Compare the Cycladic jug, Mycenae Circle B, N-166, (MHIII)99.Thus the phase "early VI" evi societies.The picture is clearest in Messe- MHIIIB in the Argolid dently starts earlier than LCI at Akrotiri nia but even the development in the town (Dietz 1991). and Phylakopi - approximately contem of Kolonna at Aigina and elsewhere seems porary with MMIIIB/LMIA at Knossos to support this view.104 It follows that the NOTE 98 and MHIIIB in the Argolid. PeriodV ends, introduction of hierarchical social struc Probably MHIIIB in ar give terminology, type A13- with a destruction, at the transition to pe tures with characteristic social, economic 9/10 (with somewhat hig riod MMIIIB/LMIA at Knossos. It is cha and religious orders was probably not the her handle) Dietz 1991, racteristic that the Mainland connections result ofcontacts with the Aegean area and no. 138. with Ayia Irini V are few in contrast to especially with the Old Palaces in Crete. many Minoan imports and imports from The considerable communication between NOTE 99 Melos.100 Grey Minyan is more usual than the Aegean area and the Mainland visible The outfalling rim is not found in NE Peloponnese. matt-and lustrous painted.The relations are especially in the middle part ofthe Middle rather with Central Greece than with NE Helladic phase should rather be considered NOTE 100 Peloponnese.101 The import ofMainland an expression ofexchanges between elite Davis 1986,81-85. pottery was much more important during groups.Thus the establishing ofearly states period IV as was the case in Phylakopi (see and Princely Societies in the Shaft Grave NOTE 101 See also Dietz 1991,311. below p. 22). period should primarily be the result ofa

gradual development on the Mainland it NOTE 102 As at Phylakopi, the new plan and new self, though this is not to say that the For the dating ofthe fre architectural features ofthe periodVI actual presentation, the form ofsocieties in scoes see Davis E. 1990, town ofAyia Irini do not show much Mycenae and elsewhere on the Mainland 225-226. Minoan influence.The ancient (period V) is not dependant on communication with note 103 fortification wall was probably reinforced the Aegean area and especially with Caskey 1986. in periodVI. Painted plaster is reported Minoan Crete. from period V and figural frescoes decora NOTE 104 ted the walls in periodsVI andVII. It is not The site of Kolonna in Aigina and especi Kilian-Dirlmeier 1997, possible, from the information available, to ally the recently published "Shaft Grave" 120ff. state how early it starts,but at least during from town IX supports the view that elite NOTE 105 the late phaseVI wall painting is a well es groups were already at the head ofMain Kilian-Dirlmeier 1997. tablished feature at Ayia Irini.102 Among land societies 150 to 200 years before the other important Minoan features are the culmination of affluence and Minoan rela large terracotta figurines ofclear Minoan tions during the period of the later Shaft inspiration.103 Graves in Mycenae, and that furthermore many technical skills and features ofcraft- manship and social habits later to be seen in the Shaft Graves were already at hand in the middle part ofthe Middle Bronze Age.

The grave105 was placed near the fortifica-

20 NOTE 106 tion wall oftown IX in the level ofthe fo mica ware with burnished surface and Kilian-Dirlmeier 1997, undation. The stone built chamber measu white, creamy paint (n. 17), a fragment ofa 123-154. red lm X 2.6m and was 0.8m high. A Cycladic jug in Cycladic White (Phylakopi

NOTE 107 wooden roof, placed on a shelf, probably II-ii)(no. 18), three Aiginetan amphorae Already G.Welter. Kilian- covered the chamber.The shaft itself ex (no. 19). From the grave or the filling deri Dirlmeier 1997,110-111 tended approximately 0.8m above the ves an Aiginetan kitchen ware cup with and Hiller 1993. roof. The skeleton ofa fairly tall younger pot marks (no. 20). Numerous sherds, pre man between 22 and 26 years old was dominantly from open shaped vessels, were NOTE 108 Zerner 1990. placed in the Northern part ofthe grave found in the grave filling. All are safely on its back with the arms on its chest with dated within Town IX or MHII. NOTE 109 the legs bent and turned to the right. A Nordquist 1987, 62 ff. and broken gold diadem was placed across the It is evident that the Aigina Shaft Grave Rutter & Zerner 1984. skeleton at the collarbones. A long sword points forward towards the later Shaft Gra (79,2 cm) was placed West ofthe skeleton. ves in Mycenae: the construction ofthe Five silverplated bronze nails were placed grave itself (but not its situation inside the on the upper part ofthe blade, three in the fortification wall), the position ofthe ske short tang. A rhomboid gold foil was leton, the burial equipment with a long found where the midrib begins and gold sword, helmet, spearhead, dagger, knives, foil was placed on the mushroom shaped razor, arrow heads and gold diadem. In ad ivory pommel with a gold nail. With the dition there is the locally made pottery, sword was found boar tusks and an ivory much Cycladic pottery and one Minoan disc from a helmet. Further to the West lay jar, all in an unambigous MHII entourage. 6 arrow heads ofobsidian. In the North The fact that there are no exact parallels western corner ofthe grave were found a for most of the weapons and implements socketed spearhead, a dagger with three points to local manufacture in an environ nails, a knife with straight back and three ment with strong relations with both the nails in a triangular position, one smaller Cyclades and Minoan Crete. knife with a nail in the tang, a tongue sha ped razor with gold plated boars heads at In addition Imma Kilian-Dirlmeier publis the shoulders. In the southern part ofthe hed several hundred pieces of pottery im grave, the bottoms offive vessels were re ported from the Cyclades and Crete and ported. Kilian-Dirlmeier catalogues the local pottery imitating Minoan Kamares following pieces from the grave itself: an wares.The pottery derives from the old MHII matt painted kantharos with cari- excavations and there is no information of nated section and high swung band shaped its contexts.106 Cycladic pottery evidently handles (no. 10), an MHII black burnished, derives mainly from Phylakopi, but im carinated bowl with two handles at the ports from Kea IV have also been traced. shoulder (no. 11), an ovoid beak-spouted The quantity oflocal imitation leads to the jug with white, creamy bands around the reasonable proposal that imigrant Minoan neck, on the spout and down the body at potters had established a workshop at Ko the handle; the red silver mica fabric might lonna.107 On the Mainland both Cycladic indicate a Cycladic origin (?)(no. 12), a and Minoan pottery in MHII contexts was Cycladic beak-spouted jug with burnished found abundantly at Lerna, both in graves surface and white, creamy painted decora and especially in settlement deposits.108 In tion (no. 13), another, smaller Cycladic jug the Argolid both Cycladic and Minoan with carinations on the upper body and pottery was found at Asine andTiryns.109 white, creamy decoration on a burnished surface (no. 14), a flat Cycladic decorated That the communication went the other plate in Cycladic White with two opposed way as well is demonstrated by the pre ring handles on the rim (no. 15), a classical sence of Grey Minyan pottery in the Kamares bridge-spouted jar (no. 16), frag Cyclades. In Phylakopi, Grey Minyan is ments ofanother Cycladic jug, red silver found quite abundantly in contrast to Matt

21 Painted.110As in Kea the Mainland import nae from abroad. As stated by Laffineur it is note 110 during the succeeding period MCIII neccessary in the case of every single Scholes 1956, 15-16. Bar (Phylakopi II-iii) before the MCIII/early group ofobjects to estimate whether tech ber 1974,30,1978,377 and 1987, 145. Overbeck LCI transition is probably insignificant. In nique, shape, decoration and style is de 1982, 39.The dating of Kea, more than 10% ofthe pottery could pendant on local know-how, when succes this import in Minoan ter have been imported from the Mainland, sive stages in development are attested lo minology is MMIB to II. mainly Grey Minyan; less common are cally in earlier phases, or initiated by fo Matt Painted fabrics. In the beginning of reign craftsmen, whether travelling or NOTE 1 1 1 Overbeck 1982, 40 ff. Also period IV, Minoan imports are few, but the brought by force, when equally or less de Kilian-Dirlmeier 1997, situation evidently changes towards the veloped antecedents are missing in the lo 109. end ofthe period when there is an in cal documentation."4 crease in imported Minoan waregroups. NOTE 1 12 This tendency continues in periodV The The development ofsocial stratification - Latest Kilian-Dirlmeier 1997, 157 and Fig. 64. Mainland connections in period IV are as reflected in the grave types and the va

mainly with Central Greece/Euboia and rious groups ofgravegoods —in the Shaft NOTE 1 13 with Aigina.111 In the Cyclades, Grey Mi Graves ofMycenae has been treated by Laffineur 1990-1991. nyan pottery is furthermore attested on Kilian-Dirlmeier and Graziadio within the Thera, Naxos, Paros, Syros, Mykonos, general chronological frames outlined NOTE 1 14 Laffineurs "models" are Tenos and Siphnos while it is only excep above."5 In the following we should like fully developed in Laffi tionally found on Crete.112 to treat some general trends in the pattern neur 1990-1991,247-248. oflocal innovations as opposed to imports - ideological, stylistic as well as material- NOTE 1 1 5 in the period within the chronological fra Kilian-Dirlmeer 1986 and Innovations and Foreign in Graziadio 1991. fluences in the Shaft Graves — mes outlined (Fig. 2) NOTE 116 a comment The Early Graves (MHIIIB): Laffineur 1990-1991,254 In a recent article Robert Laffineur discus Local tradition and local innovations:Takmg ff. Dietz 1991,262-263. sed and summarized the classical question the Shaft Grave in Aigina and the "inter concerning imports versus local produc national spirit" during the MHII as descri tion in the Shaft Graves.113 In a closely rea bed by Imma Kilian-Dirlmeier (1997) as a soned way Laffineur in his article separated point of departure, it appears that the fol the problems concerning the actual im lowing skills and main cultural features ports from the related questions of"for were already practised and existing in the eign" elements ofstyle etc. in the Shaft middle part ofthe Middle Bronze Age — Graves. As for the first matter it is obvious probably at least 2 to 4 generations or 50 to state that early Mycenaean societies, at to 100 years before the construction ofthe least in Mycenae itself, were heavily de first Shaft Graves in the Circle B of Myce pendant on imports ofbasic raw materials. nae: the skill to forge bronze swords, dag Societies and especially the ruling class, the gers, knives, spearheads; the art ofplating elite ofthe society buried in the Shaft bronze with silver and gold foil; the tech Graves, however, were not dependant on nique neccesary to produce gold foil and the imports for exotic objects themselves, the technique ofhammering decoration as imported "prestige goods".The obvious on gold diadems; and the ability to pro conclusion is that early Mycenaean society duce boars tusks helmets. as reflected in the Shaft Graves employed a staff ofskilled craftsmen for the local pro An example is the gold sheet jewellery from duction ofadvanced objects ofart in tech the Shaft Graves in Mycenae, for instance niques which must ultimately have been diadems decorated with bosses and dots in developed outside the Mycenaean area it a local style with local predecessors."6 As selfand that, as well as advanced technical pointed out a gold diadem was found in innovations, iconography and basic ele the MHII Shaft Grave in Kolonna, Aigina ments in style were introduced to Myce and a gold diadem from Asine might brid-

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XX XX X X C. Greece

X X X Local-LDW

r- 2 X te- -^ *~ X ~« • w ^ • to to OJ to ge the gap between this diadem and the a testimony to the eastern influences in the NOTE 1 17 first diadems from the period of the earlier early Shaft Graves. Besides this technical For instance from Argos Shaft Graves.117 In the same group ofgold innovation, imports in the older Shaft Gra and Corinth. Kilian-Dirl meier 1997, 54 ff. sheet jewellery a development within the ves (MHIIIB) are restricted to raw materi

Shaft Grave period itself can be attested for als: copper, tin, gold, silver, alabaster, ivory NOTE 1 18 the gold stars from early female graves.118 and obsidian for arrow heads. Faience Dietz 1991,263. A very clear development is attested could be produced at the Mainland or in NOTE 1 19 within the group ofgold cups from male Crete. The existence ofone bead ofamber Dietz 1991,262. graves,from simple technique and simple (Iota-331) with a somewhat doubtfull find boss and dot decoration to more advanced spot might not with certainty attest the NOTE 120 technique and more advanced arcade pat import ofbaltic amber in the period. The word "context" refers terns in the later phases.119 Finally the to Dietz 1991,243-246. technique ofthe socalled "Metalmalerei" Circle A and the later Shaft Graves: was introduced in MHIIIB, probably from The chronology ofthe graves in Circle A note 121 Kilian-Dirlmeier 1997,27 North Syria but developed locally through is debated. According to the traditional and 53 f Dietz 1971 and phases LHIA and LHIB with a decoration chronology, graveVI followed by grave II Branigan 1974. in a significant Aegean style (see below). are the earliest. This view, however, was ba sed on the presence ofPolychrome Main NOTE 122 A long sword was found in the Shaft land pottery in graveVI and Matt painted Avila 1983, Dickinson 1977,70 (for a Cretan ori Grave in Kolonna. The long swords from pottery in grave II. As we know today the gin)- phase MHIIIB in the Circle B are all of polychrome pottery is characteristic* of the Karo's type A120 (graves Zeta, Iota (context latest phase ofLHI (LHIB) and the Matt NOTE 123 3) and Nu (contexts 5 and 6)).This type is Painted beak-spouted jug from grave II Kilian-Dirlmeier 1997, 50- probably of Minoan origin, and the inspi could well be from the same phase. From 53. ration probably came from Crete, even the point ofview of the pottery found in NOTE 124 though the actual swords might well have the Circle A, burials in grave IV should Dietz 1991, 316 ff. been produced in the Mainland. Daggers start earliest.This is supported by the pres and razors (graves Beta, Iota (context 3) and ence ofa spearhead ofSesklo type (Avila Nu (contexts 5 and 6)) on the other hand type I), not found in later contexts than have a long history on the Mainland and a MHIII - but also in the MHII Shaft Grave local production is likely.121 Spearheads from Aigina. The lack ofinformation con (grave Nu (context 6)) ofAvila tp. II are cerning the position ofthe burials in the only found in the Argolid and are probably Circle A make an estimate ofthe chrono produced on the Mainland.122 Knives (gra logy difficult and we cannot be sure that ves Lambda,2 (context 8) and Nu,2 (con the published pottery presents the whole text 6)) show a local development and are truth. It is thus not easy to say which parts probably locally produced.123 Tweezers are ofgrave IV should be dated to LHIA and found in graves Iota (context 3) and Nu which to LHIB, but it is probably correct (context 5).Tweezers were already used on to say that the other graves more or less the Mainland in the early Bronze Age. totally should be dated to LHIB and that the same could be said about the majority It is important to emphasize that the de ofthe grave goods from grave IV. This si velopment oftechniques and artistic ex tuation makes it difficult to get a full im pressions in the Shaft Graves is a process pression ofthe LHIA period in the grave which took a considerable time. I have circles ofMycenae. We should like to myselfsuggested 125 years for the whole comment on a few ofthe more elaborate Shaft Grave period.124 features found in the phase LHIA and LHIB. Imports: The dagger Nu-304 with silver nails is the first object in the Shaft Graves The earliest richly ornamented sword in showing damascening. The technique is the Circle B is the A-sword Delta-277 undoubtedly ofNear Eastern origin and is with griffins in flying gallop incised on the

24 NOTE 125 blade and lion heads on the gold handle Diadems were used in male's as in female's Dickinson 1997,45. with an ivory mushroom pommel.The da graves. Ornaments, often in gold, consist of ting is probably LHIA. As for the swords armring, necklace, fingerring and girdle. note 126 On this topic only a few with elaborate decoration we can agree Female equipment includes oval diadem standard works should be with Oliver Dickinson that "..., a taste for and gold stars,armring, necklace, ear rings, cited. Mycenaean origin ornate weapons may be considered a typi pins, various goldfoil ornaments and fin for instanceVermeule cally mainland feature, established in the gerring. 1975,Immerwahr 1977, period ofthe Shaft Graves".125 SakeUariou 1989 and Laffi neur 1984. Minoan origin Besides basic metals such as copper, tin, for instance Davis 1977 The famous inlaid daggers from graves IV gold, silver and lead, amber, probably from and Hood 1978, 178 ff. andV are standard topics for controversy the Baltic was found abundantly as in the concerning Mycenaean or Minoan.126 The previous phase (LHIA) while ostrich egg NOTE 127 technique has not yet been found in Crete shells ultimately deriving from Nubia/ N. Davis 1976,5. but was in use in the early horizon ofthe Africa were not imported before this time.

NOTE 128 Shaft Graves. It is thus most reasonable to Objects in faience came from Crete or For instance Immerwahr believe that the technique developed in were locally produced. 1977 and Morgan 1988. the Mainland.The interesting thing is that the motives on the lion hunt dagger from Vessels in bronze were found earlier but it NOTE 129 grave IV are considered typically Mainland Dickinson 1997,46. is not until the late 17th century that large in character - Ellen Davis characteristically containers, hydriae, cauldrons, kraters and considered the dagger produced by ".. .a two-handled basins were deposited in the Minoan artist as commissioner for the graves.They are probably made in local Mycenaeans"127 and that the motifon the workshops and are closely related to dagger from graveV (765) with wildlife Cretan products. Whether the manufacture around a stream is best compared with the in Crete is earlier than the production on scenes from the miniature frescoes in the the Mainland is, however, uncertain and West house ofAkrotiri (room 5).128 Oliver we would rather prefer to consider the Dickinson considered the inlaid dagger large containers as an expression of a joint from Thera with axes was produced in Aegean taste and productivity. Mycenae. I am inclined to agree with Dickinson that "...in the Aegean this tech- Within the large category ofgold foil or nigue was developed at Mycenae rather naments - originally placed on cloth or el than in Crete".129 It is,however, important sewhere - some clearly reflect Cretan taste: to state that the scenes depicted and the dogs, stags, leopards, lions and imaginary iconographic accomplishment is unthin sphinxes and griffins - and also octopuses, kable without the acceptance ofan inten birds, butterflies and flowers and plaques in sive communication and exchange ofideas the shape ofshrines, women, probably in the Aegean area as a whole, the estab goddesses, one with birds on her head and lishment ofan Aegean koine, a movement shoulders.The themes and the icono which, on the Mainland, can be traced graphy are Minoan but they are undoubtly back to the beginnng ofLHI, to the pe locally produced. In the same category riod called LHIA and which peaks in the should be classified the inlaid daggers. Si LHIB period. milarly comparable with scenes from the miniature wall paintings is the siege scene The intensified communication in the from the silver rhyton in grave IVWe Aegean in the late 17th century B.C. should like to emphasize that some ofthe (LHIB) is reflected in the Shaft Graves. items from the Circle A graves should pro Standard equipment in male graves is bably be dated in LHIA. At the present we sword, short sword/dagger, spear, arrows, are however not able to distinguish which helmet, knive, tweezer and razor, the face and in this study we keep them together in was often covered with a golden mask and phase LHIB where the main part undoub goldfoil was used to decorate the cloth. tedly belongs.

25 On the Supply of Raw Materials in Laffineur considered the raw materials and NOTE 130 the Shaft Graves of Mycenae: craftsmanship ofthe "non-pottery" objects For instance Pollard (ed.) 1992,63-108. The provenance of copper has been treated and reached the conclusion that: "Raw by means oflead isotope analysis by N.H. materials such as gold, tin, ivory, amber, NOTE 131 Gale and Z.A. Stos-Gale in various some semi-precious stones, ostrich eggs Heltzer 1989.This brief studies.13" Unfortunately no analysis from and perhaps glass, were certainly being tra summary ofthe tin and Mycenae itself is available. Evidence from ded from the Eastern Mediterranean, as is gold import is based on Crete however, taken on LMI oxhide in evidenced for later phases, and such a de Laffineur 1990-1991. gots from AghiaTriada, Kato Zakro pendence is no doubt a major one, especi NOTE 132 (LMIA), Gournia andTyhssos (LMIB) ally for metal supply - which could pos The author has not been showed that the copper came neither from sibly also originate in the Balkan and Pon able to include the re Cyprus, Lavrion nor Kythnos, but most tic areas" and " Imported objects, however, cently published volume probably from Syria or Mesopotamia. In are remarkably few, since the only sure for by Marazzi M. the succeeding LMII period results from eign item to have reached Mycenae during note 133 the Unexplored Mansion at Knossos and the Shaft Grave period is the alabaster vase Davis 1983, 32-38. A more Western Crete (LMIA-LMIIIB) showed 829 ...".134 balanced view in Dickin that by then copper probably came from son 1997, 47 ff. Lavrion and Cyprus, Lavrion beeing the note 134 major source.Tests on material from Akro Conclusions Laffineur 1990-1991,288. tiri on the other hand indicates that cop per from Lavrion and Cyprus might have The Chronological Framework been provided earlier to Thera than to (Fig. 3): Crete. The same analysis indicate that silver Phase 1 - 1725 to 1675 B.C.This period is smelting was practised in Ayia Irini, Akro approximately contemporary with the tiri and Phylakopi using Lavrion ores, alre transitional MMIIIB/LMIA period in ady exploited during the Early Helladic Knossos and the earlier part of early period LMIA. At Akrotiri a new town was foun ded.The walls of the houses were for the With tin and gold, however, the situation first time provided with frescoes probably was different, as neither of these two me showing a most direct influence from tals was available in the Aegean. Tin might Crete. Imported Minoan lustrous dark on have been exported from the Near East. light pottery was primarily decorated with The material is mentioned in the archives tortoise shell ripple pattern and spirals cor from Mari131 where it was exchanged for responding to a very early phase of LMIA gold. Several hundred years later tin was or MMIIIB/LMIA. Decoration on local traded from the East to the Aegean as indi pottery imitated Cretan style.The presence cated by the tin ingots found in the Ulu ofcontainers decorated in Mainland style Burun ship wreck. Sources might have indicate Mainland connections for the first been Afghanistan (where even gold was time in the history ofAkrotiri. found) and/or Elam. Other possible sour ces for tin are Tuscany and Sardinia. It Slightly earlier than the seismic destruction should be noted that early Mycenaean ofAkrotiri, another destruction ruined the pottery was found on the aeolian islands second city ofPhylakopi. It is ofsignifi and atVivara in the gulf of Naples.132 As cance that Cycladic pottery was imported for gold the theories ofprovenance are quite abundantly in Crete, especially in many. Candidates have been Anatolia and Knossos.The imported pottery was pro Central Rumania, the latter supported by bably mainly ofMelian origin. Genuine typological affinities between style and Minoan pottery on the other hand was execution ofTransylvanian gold items and not imported to Phylakopi in this period — those from Mycenae.133 Egyptian deliveries in contrast to the situation earlier in the might have functioned later. history oftown II and later in town III. It is tempting to interpret this situation as the

26 NE Peloponnese Attica/ Aegina/ Kea/ Melos/ Thera/ Crete/ Years B.C. Kiapha Th. Kolonna Ayia Irini Phylakopi Akrotiri Knossos

1800 on (XIII DYN) Lerna V, 5 — MHII IX IV II-ii MMIIB o Lerna V, 6 1775

FORT. FORT. FORT. «((((((())))))). 1750

MHIIIA Lerna V, 7 V MMIIIA X .(((((((')))))))) 1725 MHIIIB MHIII Il-ni MMIIIB/ LMIA (((((((())))))) MCIII/ 1700 Mansion early LCI VI early early (LMIa) III-i LMIA 1675 LHIA early LCI SDL

mature

- FORT. - LCI 1650 VI late House A

LHIB Lerna VI (LMIA + late LCI — VDL- mature 1625 LHIB style) LMIA

1600

LHIIA LHIIA LCII

Vila/ 1575 Vllb LMIB 1550 (XVIII DYN)

Fig. 3. Relative Chronology result ofa period ofcrisis in Crete in the tery in this period.This group of pottery in theAegean Area from the wake ofthe destruction of the Old Pala evidently was used in daily life on the site. Middle BronzeAge to the ces. Mainland pottery was imported to On the other hand no Minoan pottery beginning of the Late Bronze Phylakopi in this period but not abun was found in Kiapha Thiti.This fact clearly Age. Sites dealt with in the article. The Absolute Chrono dantly. As phase earlyVI in Ayia Irini in supports the view, also significant in the logy is based on an approxi cludes the phases MMIIIB/LMIA and Argolid, that as at Phylakopi, trade relati mate dating of theThera early LMIA it is not possible to distinguish ons with Minoan Crete were interrupted vulcano to 1625 (Kuniholm a phase contemporary with the period during the period contemporary with 1991). here dealt with. In phase earlyVI both MHIII on the Mainland. Minoan and Melian pottery was imported. In Mycenae the first rich Shaft Graves are Turning to the Mainland it is highly signi from this period. Male graves might be ficant that the fortified settlement of Kia furnished with A type sword, dagger, spear, pha Thiti imported a relatively substantial knife and arrows, tweezers and razor. Or amount ofsmall open types of Melian pot naments could be golden bracelet and

27 necklace. High status was underlined by gold and bronze were also found in male the presence ofgold diadems, gold and sil graves from the period - but not contai ver vessels, bronze cups and faience. The ners in bronze. In this phase the first or females wore golden girdle, pins and ear nate weapons are found —without doubt rings. Gold foil ornaments such as pointed produced in the Mainland. For the first oval and star shaped diadems were found time in the history ofthe Shaft Graves, in the female graves with gold and silver seals were found, one in a male grave, one vessels and faience objects. Of 10 burial in a female. It might not be fortuitous that contexts, 7 contained Cycladic pottery they were both found with Minoan pot probably imported from Melos. No Mino tery. Some of the burials in the Circle A an pottery was found. It should be empha undoubtedly go back to phase LHIA. This sized that weapons with elaborate orna is at least the case with grave IV The main mentation as in the later Shaft Graves are reason why the picture ofthe period is not yet found, neither are seals. The equip rather meager is that we can not at present ment is much more simple than in the la separate the stages in Circle A from this ter graves and there does not seem any re period from the stages from period LHIB. ason to believe that the objects are not lo cally produced. One dagger with simple During the period both Cycladic pottery, "damascening" indicates Syrian connecti probably from Thera, and Minoan pottery

ons. was imported to the Argolid. Basic metals: copper, tin, silver, gold and lead, were im Phase 2-1675 to 1650 B.C. In Akrotiri, ported. Amber, probably ofBaltic origin, is the period corresponds to the town rebuilt now imported in quantities. Faience is immediately after the seismic destruction. either made on the Mainland or is impor It might well be the period during which ted from Crete. the miniature frescoes were painted on the walls in the West House - depicting (appa Phase 3 - 1650-1600 B.C. At Akrotiri the rently) Mycenaean soldiers. It is not clear town rebuilt after the seismic destruction which pottery contexts should be ascribed earlier in that century flourished. The to this last but one phase as the pottery in Minoan fingerprints were significant in its situ must ofcourse have been deposited architecture and wall paintings were pro just before the final destruction. At Phyla duced in local styles strongly dependant on kopi in Melos on the other hand this is the the influences from the New Palaces in phase before the construction ofthe forti Crete. Administration was executed in fication wall, when the administrative Cretan linear A script, Cretan measuring mansion was built and an administration units were used, many features in daily life system based on the Minoan Linear A were dependant on Minoan life style and script was introduced. Local pottery with trade with the surrounding world peaked. MC affinity was still produced and Main The pottery shows that relations existed land pottery was imported - increasingly, with the Eastern Aegean, the Dodecanese however,during the next phase, after the • and Eastern Asia Minor corresponding to construction of the fortification wall. The the founding ofMinoan colonies on situation in Ayia Irini during the early Northern Rhodes, Miletus et aL.Theran phaseVI is not yet clear. relations with this area are not attested from the period before the seismic de Males in the graves ofMycenae are equip struction ofthe town. Close connections ped with sword, short sword, spear,knife, with Crete are also attested through the arrows, razor, comb, tweezers and girdle substantial import ofMinoan dark on light around the waist. Diadems were used in pottery in mature LMIA style. Mainland this phase as in the preceeding.The earliest connections are shown by the import of face mask (in silver) was found in grave dark on light LHI style pottery. As has of Gamma from this period. Cups in silver, ten been emphasized it is in fact difficult

28 note 135 to distinguish between Minoan and Main During the later part ofthe 17th century Cherry and Davis 1982, land pottery from this period —if only B.C. no Cycladic pottery was imported on 336. sherds are at hand135 a fact which underli the Mainland, in contrast to Minoan, ma note 136 nes the close relations between the New ture LMIA products. At the transition to Maran 1995,71-72. Palaces of Crete and the Mainland and the this phase there is a general tendency from existence ofan Aegean artistic "koine" du Thessaly to the Peloponnese ofa local ring the later part ofthe 17th century rearrangement ofsettlements. Typical - B.C.This pottery probably came from former settlement areas are used for ceme Northeast Peloponnese, but also pottery teries during this time.136 Thus in Kiapha from Kythera and Messenia has been testi Thiti in Attica the period is hardly repre fied underlining the wide geographical sented —or at least only to a restricted de trade connections in the later half ofthe gree. Sites are, however, found in most 17th century B.C. Other Mainland pottery landscapes. In Boeotia (Eutresis) and abun groups from this period had been produ dantly in Northeast Peloponnese (for in ced on Aigina and in Central Greece. stance in Korakou, Zygouries,Tzoungiza, Mycenae, Asine). In Lerna the settlement At Phylakopi on Melos, the transition to was abandoned but two shaft graves were the mature LCI period is marked by the constructed on its site and other graves are construction of a fortification wall, indica found close by to the North in Miloi. It is ting that the political situation in the phase likely that this pattern, in one way or an demanded protection ofthe town. It other, reflects the fact that the artistic might be suggested that the enemy came koine during the period and "internatio from Neo Palatial Crete. There is hardly nal" spirit is an expression ofpolitical acti any doubt that wall paintings were used in vities with Neo Palatial Crete as the domi the houses ofPhylakopi and probably that nating actors. an administration system using the Minoan The establishment ofa genuine state liniar A script was in use as earlier in the formation in Mycenaean Greece should century.The minoanization was also felt in thus probably and most likely be the result daily life as in Akrotiri, but the architecture ofrivalry between the Mainland and the did not reflect Minoan features to the rising power in Crete. same degree. Pottery in mature LMIA style was quite abundantly imported as were It is thus tempting to interpret the last 50 Mainland pottery groups, as at Akrotiri years ofthe 17th century B.C. in the Ae from Northeast Peloponnese and Central gean as a period of economic and com Greece and in approximately the same mercial boom. Crete was founding colo quantities. nies in the Eastern Aegean, in Rhodes, Miletus and elsewhere. A strongly minoa- Finally at Ayia Irini in Kea, houses with nized town (if not a colony) at Akrotiri is wall paintings were characteristic for the an important centre ofredistribution be period as was the use oflinear A, lead tween Crete and the islands ofthe Aegean weights in Minoan standards and utensils and Kythera, an ancient Cretan colony of ofdaily use inspired from the New Palaces great importance for the distribution of in Crete.The site was probably fortified Minoan goods to southern Greece and even during this period.The architectural probably the West, to Messenia and further features were not in any detail replicas of North. In these areas further important Minoan architecture but terracotta figures Mainland centres are developing contem ofgoddesses clearly show that Minoan in porary with the centres in the Argolid and fluence strongly influenced religious life in Corinthia.The old town ofPhylakopi in Ayia Irini. Mature LMA pottery was abun Melos is still active but needs protection dantly imported as was Mainland pottery behind fortification walls and Ayia Irini in in lustrous dark on light style with pottery Kea flourishes in an intermediate role be groups from Central Greece and Aigina. tween Mainland Greece, especially Central

29 Greece and Aigina and the southern Ae "..., the distribution ofmainland pottery NOTE 137 gean islands and Crete. The result is the in the Cyclades in the LCI suggests a pat Cherry & Davis 1982. establishment ofan artistic koine and tern of linear attenuation down the NOTE 138 stable trade links, but except for raw mate "Western String". Mainland pots ("in Cherry & Davis 1982,338. rials it seems that it is mainly a flow of what has been called the LHI style,,) are ideas and information connecting the dif most common and varied at Ayia Irini in NOTE 139 ferent areas. The various centres are cultu the northwest, least common at Akrotiri in The Mainland Pottery in cluded in the argumenta- rally (and economically) strong enough to the southeast" and "The islands on which ton is dealt with in Cherry develop their own artistic techniques and mainland wares occur in any significant & Davis 1982,336-338. artistic expressions. It is still not possible to quantity are also those where Minoan pot This is what we have clas point to one single factor ofprimary im tery is chiefly found; "138. Cherry and sified as LHIB. portance for the economy within the regi Davis suggest that the pattern might reflect NOTE 140 onal economies. a mode of exchange called "tramping"139 Schofield 1982,11. with freelance traders or middlemen -"but

Long distance trade in metals has been it also seems possible that traders operating NOTE 141 known for centuries and craftmen have under the control, or with the blessing, of Schofield 1982,18. been developing their crafts, especially the palaces could have engaged in similar casting ofbronze objects and hammering activities, either officially or unofficially". NOTE 142 Schofield 1982,22. in gold/silver. Above all what is the Similarly in 1982 E. Schofield supple characteristic for the Mainland during the ments and amplifies Cherry and Davis's Shaft Grave period is the astonishing view which she in general follows. She amount ofgold, in contrast to Crete where emphasized the importance ofthe Cretan gold is a rare metal. If this is not pure need for metal as the main reason for chance the Mainland must have had access establishing the "Western String", but, like to markets not accessible for Crete.What Cherry and Davis, suggests that this ex is, however, the most remarkable for the pression ofa directional trade network was last 50 years of the 17th century B.C. is probably not"... the only route by which the rapid flow ofideas and information Cretan commodities and ideas travelled within the Aegean.This movement starts abroad ..." but"... it was one ofthe most slightly earlier when the New Palaces in important routes, and probably the most Crete recovered from the crisis after the important as far as the contacts with the destruction ofthe Old Palaces. In general Mainland are concerned" and "... Keos we could explain this development by po figured on a route from Crete to Attica, litical rivalry and an economic boom. Euboea and the Saronic Gulf, but not nec- cesarily to the Argolid, for which Melos Patterns of Exchange: might be a natural jumping off point".14" In 1979,J.L. Davis argued that "there exi Further "... ,the mainlanders would ap sted a zone in the Western Cyclades (en pear initially to have engaged largely in compassing at least the islands Thera, passive trade, while the Minoan and Cyc Melos and Keos) in which there was regu ladic traders took the initiative"141 and lar exchange between Cycladic settlements ".. .it seems likely that trade in the Western and Crete".The three principal sites were Aegean was organized in large part by offi considered three important ports along the cial agents appointed by the palaces and "Western String" exchange route between other administrative centres ..., and that Crete and the Mainland.The idea was within this general scheme there may well further elaborated in 1982.137 It was ar have been room for a good deal ofprivate gued that "the Central and Eastern Cycla enterprise among individual traders or des lay outside the regular routes oftraders family groups ...".142 by whom mainland goods were brought into the Cyclades, and that they may have If we compare this with the phases deno been relatively isolated from both the ted above in the chronological framework mainland and Crete". Furthermore that it is evident that this scenario only con-

30 NOTE 143 cerns the situation in our phase 3.143 As a able objects of high status using high tech Above p. 28. general comment to the importance ofthe nological skill at an advanced artistic level. "Western String" model we should like to The Mainland thus probably played a NOTE 144 more active role in the pattern ofcommu Davis 1992,707. Georgiou point out that - seen from the picture of 1993,362. development we have sketched above — nication than is often believed. In addition, the scenario is not able to explain the new evidence from the central Cyclades "origin of the Shaft Grave culture" as this seems to indicate that communication be phenomenon was already well established tween Crete and the Cyclades in the pe at this time.The early Mycenaean commu riod of transition from the Middle Bronze nity in the Argolid was a rich, stratified so Age was not restricted to the three ciety which employed a staffofskilled western islands144. This seems to point to a craftsmen able themselves to create valu less directional mode of exchange.

31

Bibliography and Abbreviations

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35 Acknowledgements: My studies of the Argive Heraion imported bronzes and Archaic Greek bronzes took place during several pro longed stays in Athens in 1986 - 1987, 1992 and 1995 - 1996; they were supported by Copenhagen University, the Carlsberg Foundation and the Novo's Fonds Committee, all ofwhom I thank very much.

In Greece I have had much valuable help from the Greek authorities as well as from the foreign archaeological schools. My most sincere thanks are due to professorY.Tzedakis and the Archaeological Council, giving me all possible help and permissions for my studies at the relevant sites and museums. I also want to thank the museum authorities at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens and the Museums ofArgos, Isthmia, and Nauplion, and especially the former keeper ofthe Department ofBronzes at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens, Mr. P. Kalligas, who allowed me to study thoroughly all bronze finds from the Argive Heraion, giving me all possible help and much valuable information. My special thanks are due also to Mrs. Demakopoulou, the Director ofthe National Museum of Athens, who allowed me to publish the photographs Figs. 1 A, 3 C, 7 - 9, 11, 13, 15 A, 18, 20,28, 34, 39 - 40, 43 and 47 - 48.

I owe my sincere thanks to Professor F. Croissant who allowed me to study the metal finds from the Aphrodision of Argos and to publish Fig.32 A and to Professor Roland Etienne, the Director of the French Archaelogical School of Athens,who allowed me to study several bronzes in Delphi and to publish the photographs, Figs. 5 and 31. Dr.Thomas Volling gave me all possible help in my studies at Olympia, for which I sincerely thank him and I thank Dr. H.R. Goette, the German Archaeological Institute, who gave me the permission to publish the phroto- graphs, Figs. 4, 17, 19, 21, 23 - 24, 30, 42 and 44.

I want to thank Professor Richard Tomlinson for allowing me to study the bronzes from Perachora in the Isthmia Museum, and Margaret Cogzell,the Archivist of the British School of Athens, for providing me with the photo graphs, Figs. 25 A and 32 B - C from the Perachora excavations and for giving me the permission of the British School for their publication. I also want to thank ProfessorWilliam Coulson, the Director of the American School ofAthens, and Professor Christopher Pfaff, the Director of the Argive Heraion project,for allowing me to publish the photographs, Figs. 6, 12, 16,37 and 45 - 46.1 thank Professor Richard Boehmer for permission to use the illu stration, Fig. 10.

My thanks are also due to the conservateurSophie Descamps of Musee du Louvre,who allowed me to study the relevant bronzes. I also thank the Archaologisches Institut, Universitat Heidelberg and the museum authorities of the Museum of Nauplion,for permission to publish Figs. 33 and 29,respectively. I sincerely thank the Hirmer Photo Archiv. Mtinchen, for the photographs,Figs. 25 B and 27, and for permission to publish them.

My sincere thanks are also due to Susanne Bernth, Poul Christensen and Heidi v. Wettstein for the drawings, Figs. 14-15B.

Finally, I want to thank Professor Richard Tomlinson most sincerely for his generous offer to revise my English manuscript.