The Instrumentation of the Multimodel and Multilingual User Interface
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Powerdesigner 16.6 Data Modeling
SAP® PowerDesigner® Document Version: 16.6 – 2016-02-22 Data Modeling Content 1 Building Data Models ...........................................................8 1.1 Getting Started with Data Modeling...................................................8 Conceptual Data Models........................................................8 Logical Data Models...........................................................9 Physical Data Models..........................................................9 Creating a Data Model.........................................................10 Customizing your Modeling Environment........................................... 15 1.2 Conceptual and Logical Diagrams...................................................26 Supported CDM/LDM Notations.................................................27 Conceptual Diagrams.........................................................31 Logical Diagrams............................................................43 Data Items (CDM)............................................................47 Entities (CDM/LDM)..........................................................49 Attributes (CDM/LDM)........................................................55 Identifiers (CDM/LDM)........................................................58 Relationships (CDM/LDM)..................................................... 59 Associations and Association Links (CDM)..........................................70 Inheritances (CDM/LDM)......................................................77 1.3 Physical Diagrams..............................................................82 -
OLAP, Relational, and Multidimensional Database Systems
OLAP, Relational, and Multidimensional Database Systems George Colliat Arbor Software Corporation 1325 Chcseapeakc Terrace, Sunnyvale, CA 94089 Introduction Many people ask about the difference between implementing On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP) with a Relational Database Management System (ROLAP) versus a Mutidimensional Database (MDD). In this paper, we will show that an MDD provides significant advantages over a ROLAP such as several orders of magnitude faster data retrieval, several orders of magnitude faster calculation, much less disk space, and le,~ programming effort. Characteristics of On-Line Analytical Processing OLAP software enables analysts, managers, and executives to gain insight into an enterprise performance through fast interactive access to a wide variety of views of data organized to reflect the multidimensional aspect of the enterprise data. An OLAP service must meet the following fundamental requirements: • The base level of data is summary data (e.g., total sales of a product in a region in a given period) • Historical, current, and projected data • Aggregation of data and the ability to navigate interactively to various level of aggregation (drill down) • Derived data which is computed from input data (performance rados, variance Actual/Budget,...) • Multidimensional views of the data (sales per product, per region, per channel, per period,..) • Ad hoc fast interactive analysis (response in seconds) • Medium to large data sets ( 1 to 500 Gigabytes) • Frequently changing business model (Weekly) As an iUustration we will use the six dimension business model of a hypothetical beverage company. Each dimension is composed of a hierarchy of members: for instance the time dimension has months (January, February,..) as the leaf members of the hierarchy, Quarters (Quarter 1, Quarter 2,..) as the next level members, and Year as the top member of the hierarchy. -
Chapter # 9 LEX and YACC
Chapter # 9 LEX and YACC Dr. Shaukat Ali Department of Computer Science University of Peshawar Lex and Yacc Lex and yacc are a matched pair of tools. Lex breaks down files into sets of "tokens," roughly analogous to words. Yacc takes sets of tokens and assembles them into higher-level constructs, analogous to sentences. Lex's output is mostly designed to be fed into some kind of parser. Yacc is designed to work with the output of Lex. 2 Lex and Yacc Lex and yacc are tools for building programs. Their output is itself code – Which needs to be fed into a compiler – May be additional user code is added to use the code generated by lex and yacc 3 Lex : A lexical analyzer generator Lex is a program designed to generate scanners, also known as tokenizers, which recognize lexical patterns in text Lex is an acronym that stands for "lexical analyzer generator.“ The main purpose is to facilitate lexical analysis The processing of character sequences in source code to produce tokens for use as input to other programs such as parsers Another tool for lexical analyzer generation is Flex 4 Lex : A lexical analyzer generator lex.lex is an a input file written in a language which describes the generation of lexical analyzer. The lex compiler transforms lex.l to a C program known as lex.yy.c. lex.yy.c is compiled by the C compiler to a file called a.out. The output of C compiler is the working lexical analyzer which takes stream of input characters and produces a stream of tokens. -
On Active Deductive Databases
On Active Deductive Databases The Statelog Approach Georg Lausen Bertram Ludascher Wolfgang May Institut fur Informatik Universitat Freiburg Germany flausenludaeschmayginfo rmat ikun ifr eibur gde Abstract After briey reviewing the basic notions and terminology of active rules and relating them to pro duction rules and deductive rules resp ectively we survey a number of formal approaches to active rules Subsequentlywe present our own stateoriented logical approach to ac tive rules which combines the declarative semantics of deductive rules with the p ossibility to dene up dates in the style of pro duction rules and active rules The resulting language Statelog is surprisingly simple yet captures many features of active rules including comp osite eventde tection and dierent coupling mo des Thus it can b e used for the formal analysis of rule prop erties like termination and expressivepo wer Finally weshowhow nested transactions can b e mo deled in Statelog b oth from the op erational and the mo deltheoretic p ersp ective Intro duction Motivated by the need for increased expressiveness and the advent of new appli cations rules have b ecome very p opular as a paradigm in database programming since the late eighties Min Today there is a plethora of quite dierent appli cation areas and semantics for rules From a birdseye view deductive and active rules may b e regarded as two ends of a sp ectrum of database rule languages Deductive Rules Production Rules Active Rules higher level lower level stratied well RDL pro ARDL Ariel Starburst Postgres -
Project1: Build a Small Scanner/Parser
Project1: Build A Small Scanner/Parser Introducing Lex, Yacc, and POET cs5363 1 Project1: Building A Scanner/Parser Parse a subset of the C language Support two types of atomic values: int float Support one type of compound values: arrays Support a basic set of language concepts Variable declarations (int, float, and array variables) Expressions (arithmetic and boolean operations) Statements (assignments, conditionals, and loops) You can choose a different but equivalent language Need to make your own test cases Options of implementation (links available at class web site) Manual in C/C++/Java (or whatever other lang.) Lex and Yacc (together with C/C++) POET: a scripting compiler writing language Or any other approach you choose --- must document how to download/use any tools involved cs5363 2 This is just starting… There will be two other sub-projects Type checking Check the types of expressions in the input program Optimization/analysis/translation Do something with the input code, output the result The starting project is important because it determines which language you can use for the other projects Lex+Yacc ===> can work only with C/C++ POET ==> work with POET Manual ==> stick to whatever language you pick This class: introduce Lex/Yacc/POET to you cs5363 3 Using Lex to build scanners lex.yy.c MyLex.l lex/flex lex.yy.c a.out gcc/cc Input stream a.out tokens Write a lex specification Save it in a file (MyLex.l) Compile the lex specification file by invoking lex/flex lex MyLex.l A lex.yy.c file is generated -
Multidimensional Network Analysis
Universita` degli Studi di Pisa Dipartimento di Informatica Dottorato di Ricerca in Informatica Ph.D. Thesis Multidimensional Network Analysis Michele Coscia Supervisor Supervisor Fosca Giannotti Dino Pedreschi May 9, 2012 Abstract This thesis is focused on the study of multidimensional networks. A multidimensional network is a network in which among the nodes there may be multiple different qualitative and quantitative relations. Traditionally, complex network analysis has focused on networks with only one kind of relation. Even with this constraint, monodimensional networks posed many analytic challenges, being representations of ubiquitous complex systems in nature. However, it is a matter of common experience that the constraint of considering only one single relation at a time limits the set of real world phenomena that can be represented with complex networks. When multiple different relations act at the same time, traditional complex network analysis cannot provide suitable an- alytic tools. To provide the suitable tools for this scenario is exactly the aim of this thesis: the creation and study of a Multidimensional Network Analysis, to extend the toolbox of complex network analysis and grasp the complexity of real world phenomena. The urgency and need for a multidimensional network analysis is here presented, along with an empirical proof of the ubiquity of this multifaceted reality in different complex networks, and some related works that in the last two years were proposed in this novel setting, yet to be systematically defined. Then, we tackle the foundations of the multidimensional setting at different levels, both by looking at the basic exten- sions of the known model and by developing novel algorithms and frameworks for well-understood and useful problems, such as community discovery (our main case study), temporal analysis, link prediction and more. -
User Manual for Ox: an Attribute-Grammar Compiling System Based on Yacc, Lex, and C Kurt M
Computer Science Technical Reports Computer Science 12-1992 User Manual for Ox: An Attribute-Grammar Compiling System based on Yacc, Lex, and C Kurt M. Bischoff Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cs_techreports Part of the Programming Languages and Compilers Commons Recommended Citation Bischoff, Kurt M., "User Manual for Ox: An Attribute-Grammar Compiling System based on Yacc, Lex, and C" (1992). Computer Science Technical Reports. 21. http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cs_techreports/21 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Computer Science at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Computer Science Technical Reports by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. User Manual for Ox: An Attribute-Grammar Compiling System based on Yacc, Lex, and C Abstract Ox generalizes the function of Yacc in the way that attribute grammars generalize context-free grammars. Ordinary Yacc and Lex specifications may be augmented with definitions of synthesized and inherited attributes written in C syntax. From these specifications, Ox generates a program that builds and decorates attributed parse trees. Ox accepts a most general class of attribute grammars. The user may specify postdecoration traversals for easy ordering of side effects such as code generation. Ox handles the tedious and error-prone details of writing code for parse-tree management, so its use eases problems of security and maintainability associated with that aspect of translator development. The translators generated by Ox use internal memory management that is often much faster than the common technique of calling malloc once for each parse-tree node. -
Yacc a Tool for Syntactic Analysis
1 Yacc a tool for Syntactic Analysis CS 315 – Programming Languages Pinar Duygulu Bilkent University CS315 Programming Languages © Pinar Duygulu Lex and Yacc 2 1) Lexical Analysis: Lexical analyzer: scans the input stream and converts sequences of characters into tokens. Lex is a tool for writing lexical analyzers. 2) Syntactic Analysis (Parsing): Parser: reads tokens and assembles them into language constructs using the grammar rules of the language. Yacc is a tool for constructing parsers. Yet Another Compiler to Compiler Reads a specification file that codifies the grammar of a language and generates a parsing routine CS315 Programming Languages © Pinar Duygulu 3 Yacc • Yacc specification describes a Context Free Grammar (CFG), that can be used to generate a parser. Elements of a CFG: 1. Terminals: tokens and literal characters, 2. Variables (nonterminals): syntactical elements, 3. Production rules, and 4. Start rule. CS315 Programming Languages © Pinar Duygulu 4 Yacc Format of a production rule: symbol: definition {action} ; Example: A → Bc is written in yacc as a: b 'c'; CS315 Programming Languages © Pinar Duygulu 5 Yacc Format of a yacc specification file: declarations %% grammar rules and associated actions %% C programs CS315 Programming Languages © Pinar Duygulu 6 Declarations To define tokens and their characteristics %token: declare names of tokens %left: define left-associative operators %right: define right-associative operators %nonassoc: define operators that may not associate with themselves %type: declare the type of variables %union: declare multiple data types for semantic values %start: declare the start symbol (default is the first variable in rules) %prec: assign precedence to a rule %{ C declarations directly copied to the resulting C program %} (E.g., variables, types, macros…) CS315 Programming Languages © Pinar Duygulu 7 A simple yacc specification to accept L={ anbn | n>1}. -
Binpac: a Yacc for Writing Application Protocol Parsers
binpac: A yacc for Writing Application Protocol Parsers Ruoming Pang∗ Vern Paxson Google, Inc. International Computer Science Institute and New York, NY, USA Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [email protected] Berkeley, CA, USA [email protected] Robin Sommer Larry Peterson International Computer Science Institute Princeton University Berkeley, CA, USA Princeton, NJ, USA [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT Similarly, studies of Email traffic [21, 46], peer-to-peer applica- A key step in the semantic analysis of network traffic is to parse the tions [37], online gaming, and Internet attacks [29] require under- traffic stream according to the high-level protocols it contains. This standing application-level traffic semantics. However, it is tedious, process transforms raw bytes into structured, typed, and semanti- error-prone, and sometimes prohibitively time-consuming to build cally meaningful data fields that provide a high-level representation application-level analysis tools from scratch, due to the complexity of the traffic. However, constructing protocol parsers by hand is a of dealing with low-level traffic data. tedious and error-prone affair due to the complexity and sheer num- We can significantly simplify the process if we can leverage a ber of application protocols. common platform for various kinds of application-level traffic anal- This paper presents binpac, a declarative language and com- ysis. A key element of such a platform is application-protocol piler designed to simplify the task of constructing robust and effi- parsers that translate packet streams into high-level representations cient semantic analyzers for complex network protocols. We dis- of the traffic, on top of which we can then use measurement scripts cuss the design of the binpac language and a range of issues that manipulate semantically meaningful data elements such as in generating efficient parsers from high-level specifications. -
An Attribute- Grammar Compiling System Based on Yacc, Lex, and C Kurt M
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Digital Repository @ Iowa State University Computer Science Technical Reports Computer Science 12-1992 Design, Implementation, Use, and Evaluation of Ox: An Attribute- Grammar Compiling System based on Yacc, Lex, and C Kurt M. Bischoff Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cs_techreports Part of the Programming Languages and Compilers Commons Recommended Citation Bischoff, Kurt M., "Design, Implementation, Use, and Evaluation of Ox: An Attribute- Grammar Compiling System based on Yacc, Lex, and C" (1992). Computer Science Technical Reports. 23. http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cs_techreports/23 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Computer Science at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Computer Science Technical Reports by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Design, Implementation, Use, and Evaluation of Ox: An Attribute- Grammar Compiling System based on Yacc, Lex, and C Abstract Ox generalizes the function of Yacc in the way that attribute grammars generalize context-free grammars. Ordinary Yacc and Lex specifications may be augmented with definitions of synthesized and inherited attributes written in C syntax. From these specifications, Ox generates a program that builds and decorates attributed parse trees. Ox accepts a most general class of attribute grammars. The user may specify postdecoration traversals for easy ordering of side effects such as code generation. Ox handles the tedious and error-prone details of writing code for parse-tree management, so its use eases problems of security and maintainability associated with that aspect of translator development. -
Oracle Rdb™ SQL Reference Manual Volume 4
Oracle Rdb™ SQL Reference Manual Volume 4 Release 7.3.2.0 for HP OpenVMS Industry Standard 64 for Integrity Servers and OpenVMS Alpha operating systems August 2016 ® SQL Reference Manual, Volume 4 Release 7.3.2.0 for HP OpenVMS Industry Standard 64 for Integrity Servers and OpenVMS Alpha operating systems Copyright © 1987, 2016 Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. Primary Author: Rdb Engineering and Documentation group This software and related documentation are provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and are protected by intellectual property laws. Except as expressly permitted in your license agreement or allowed by law, you may not use, copy, reproduce, translate, broadcast, modify, license, transmit, distribute, exhibit, perform, publish, or display any part, in any form, or by any means. Reverse engineering, disassembly, or decompilation of this software, unless required by law for interoperability, is prohibited. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice and is not warranted to be error-free. If you find any errors, please report them to us in writing. If this is software or related documentation that is delivered to the U.S. Government or anyone licensing it on behalf of the U.S. Government, the following notice is applicable: U.S. GOVERNMENT RIGHTS Programs, software, databases, and related documentation and technical data delivered to U.S. Government customers are "commercial computer software" or "commercial technical data" pursuant to the applicable Federal Acquisition Regulation and agency-specific supplemental regulations. As such, the use, duplication, disclosure, modification, and adaptation shall be subject to the restrictions and license terms set forth in the applicable Government contract, and, to the extent applicable by the terms of the Government contract, the additional rights set forth in FAR 52.227-19, Commercial Computer Software License (December 2007). -
Lex and Yacc
Lex and Yacc A Quick Tour HW8–Use Lex/Yacc to Turn this: Into this: <P> Here's a list: Here's a list: * This is item one of a list <UL> * This is item two. Lists should be <LI> This is item one of a list indented four spaces, with each item <LI>This is item two. Lists should be marked by a "*" two spaces left of indented four spaces, with each item four-space margin. Lists may contain marked by a "*" two spaces left of four- nested lists, like this: space margin. Lists may contain * Hi, I'm item one of an inner list. nested lists, like this:<UL><LI> Hi, I'm * Me two. item one of an inner list. <LI>Me two. * Item 3, inner. <LI> Item 3, inner. </UL><LI> Item 3, * Item 3, outer list. outer list.</UL> This is outside both lists; should be back This is outside both lists; should be to no indent. back to no indent. <P><P> Final suggestions: Final suggestions 2 if myVar == 6.02e23**2 then f( .. ! char stream LEX token stream if myVar == 6.02e23**2 then f( ! tokenstream YACC parse tree if-stmt == fun call var ** Arg 1 Arg 2 float-lit int-lit . ! 3 Lex / Yacc History Origin – early 1970’s at Bell Labs Many versions & many similar tools Lex, flex, jflex, posix, … Yacc, bison, byacc, CUP, posix, … Targets C, C++, C#, Python, Ruby, ML, … We’ll use jflex & byacc/j, targeting java (but for simplicity, I usually just say lex/yacc) 4 Uses “Front end” of many real compilers E.g., gcc “Little languages”: Many special purpose utilities evolve some clumsy, ad hoc, syntax Often easier, simpler, cleaner and more flexible to use lex/yacc or similar tools from the start 5 Lex: A Lexical Analyzer Generator Input: Regular exprs defining "tokens" my.flex Fragments of declarations & code Output: jflex A java program “yylex.java” Use: yylex.java Compile & link with your main() Calls to yylex() read chars & return successive tokens.