DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapter 2: Climate, Disturbance, and Vulnerability To

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chapter 2: Climate, Disturbance, and Vulnerability To Peer Review Draft 10/19/16 “THIS INFORMATION IS DISTRIBUTED SOLELY FOR THE PURPOSE OF PRE-DISSEMINATION PEER REVIEW UNDER APPLICABLE INFORMATION QUALITY GUIDELINES. IT HAS NOT BEEN FORMALLY DISSEMINATED BY [THE AGENCY]. IT DOES NOT REPRESENT AND SHOULD NOT BE CONSTRUED TO REPRESENT ANY AGENCY DETERMINATION OR POLICY.” 1 Chapter 2: Climate, Disturbance, and Vulnerability to 2 Vegetation Change in the Northwest Forest Plan Area 3 4 Matthew J. Reilly1, Thomas A. Spies2, Jeremy Littell3, Ramona Butz4, and John Kim5 5 6 7 Introduction 8 Climate change is expected to alter the structure and function of forested ecosystems in the 9 United States (Vose et al. 2012). Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and 10 corresponding increases in temperature and fire activity over the next century are expected to 11 have profound effects on biodiversity and the delivery of ecosystem services within the 12 Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) area. The effects of climate change on ecological processes may 13 occur through a variety of mechanisms at a range of spatial scales and levels of biological 14 organization from the physiological responses of individuals to the composition and structure of 15 stands and landscapes (Peterson et al. 2014). The ecological interactions and diversity of 16 biophysical settings in the region are complex. Understanding and incorporating how climate 17 change projections and potential effects vary within the region (e.g., Deser et al. 2012) will be 18 essential in mitigating effects and developing strategies for adaptation and mitigation. 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 Matthew Reilly is a Postdoctoral Scholar, Oregon State University, College of Forestry, Corvallis, 25 Oregon; 2 Thomas Spies is a is a Senior Scientist, United States Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research 26 Station, Corvallis, Oregon; 3 Jeremy Littell is a Research Scientist, U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Climate Science 27 Center, Anchorage, Alaska; 4 Ramona Butz is an Ecologist, U.S. Forest Service, Region 5, Eureka, California; 5 John 28 Kim is a Biological Scientist, U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, Oregon; 1 Peer Review Draft 10/19/16 “THIS INFORMATION IS DISTRIBUTED SOLELY FOR THE PURPOSE OF PRE-DISSEMINATION PEER REVIEW UNDER APPLICABLE INFORMATION QUALITY GUIDELINES. IT HAS NOT BEEN FORMALLY DISSEMINATED BY [THE AGENCY]. IT DOES NOT REPRESENT AND SHOULD NOT BE CONSTRUED TO REPRESENT ANY AGENCY DETERMINATION OR POLICY.” 1 Background and Setting 2 The Northwest Forest Plan area covers approximately 24.4 million acres and includes several 3 physiographic provinces (fig. 1) that encompass a broad range of environmental and climatic 4 gradients (fig. 2). Temperature is cooler and wetter towards the north in the coastal and inland 5 mountains, but transitions to a more Mediterranean climate with warmer, drier summers and 6 greater inter-annual variability to the south (fig. 3). Most precipitation in the region falls during 7 the winter months, often as snow at higher elevations. The Olympic Peninsula, Western 8 Lowlands, and Coast Range are located in the western portion of the region. These receive the 9 greatest annual precipitation and often experience a summer fog layer that can partially moderate 10 summer moisture stress. The crest of the Cascade Mountain Range extends from northern 11 Washington to northern California, bisecting much of the region and creating a steep gradient in 12 precipitation. The wetter Western Cascades encompass a wide range of elevations and 13 temperature and precipitation which generally decrease toward the south. The Eastern Cascades 14 extend in a narrow band from Washington to California and are generally much drier than the 15 Western Cascades and most of the NWFP area. The Klamath Mountains, in southwestern 16 Oregon and Northwest California, comprise the most climatically and geologically diverse 17 province in the area, with a strong west-to-east gradient in precipitation and summer moisture 18 stress. The Willamette Valley makes up a smaller portion of the NWFP area and is 19 predominantly non-forested. 20 2 Peer Review Draft 10/19/16 “THIS INFORMATION IS DISTRIBUTED SOLELY FOR THE PURPOSE OF PRE-DISSEMINATION PEER REVIEW UNDER APPLICABLE INFORMATION QUALITY GUIDELINES. IT HAS NOT BEEN FORMALLY DISSEMINATED BY [THE AGENCY]. IT DOES NOT REPRESENT AND SHOULD NOT BE CONSTRUED TO REPRESENT ANY AGENCY DETERMINATION OR POLICY.” 1 2 Figure 1—Geographic distribution of potential vegetation zones (Simpson 2013) and ecoregions 3 in the Northwest Forest Plan area. Map credit: Ray Davis. 4 3 Peer Review Draft 10/19/16 “THIS INFORMATION IS DISTRIBUTED SOLELY FOR THE PURPOSE OF PRE-DISSEMINATION PEER REVIEW UNDER APPLICABLE INFORMATION QUALITY GUIDELINES. IT HAS NOT BEEN FORMALLY DISSEMINATED BY [THE AGENCY]. IT DOES NOT REPRESENT AND SHOULD NOT BE CONSTRUED TO REPRESENT ANY AGENCY DETERMINATION OR POLICY.” 1 The broad range of environmental and climatic gradients is reflected in the distribution of 2 several potential vegetation zones across the region (figs. 2 and 3) (Simpson 2013, available 3 from www.ecoshare.info/category/gis-data-vegzones). Vegetation zones have a unique species 4 pool with similar but internally variable biophysical conditions and historical disturbance 5 regimes that vary geographically (Winthers et al. 2005). Potential vegetation zones represent 6 climax vegetation types that would eventually develop in the absence of disturbance, therefore 7 existing or current vegetation varies often within zones depending on seral stage and time since 8 disturbance. For example, the most abundant vegetation zone in the NWFP area, western 9 hemlock (Tsuga occidentalis), is currently dominated primarily by Douglas-fir (Psuedostuga 10 menziesii). Vegetation zones provide an ecological framework for discussing climate and 11 vegetation change across broad geographic extents. They have common pathways of structural 12 development that differ in complexity and reflect regional gradients in productivity as well as 13 historical and contemporary disturbance regimes (Reilly and Spies 2015). 14 Major vegetation zones (fig. 4) generally correspond to those presented by Franklin and 15 Dyrness (1973) and were initially broken into moist and dry forests in the NWFP. This 16 characterization is overly simplistic as annual precipitation in any given zone varies 17 geographically. Moist vegetation zones make up approximately 60 percent of the region, and are 18 primarily located in the coastal areas and west of the Cascade Crest. These include Sitka spruce 19 (Picea sitchensis) and redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus), 20 western hemlock, Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis), and mountain hemlock (Tsuga 21 mertensiana). Dry forest vegetation zones are located east of the Cascade Crest and also 22 comprise a large portion of inland areas in southwestern Oregon and northwestern California. 23 They include western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), 24 Douglas-fir, grand fir (Abies grandis) and white fir (Abies concolor), and subalpine forests 25 dominated by subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmanii), and 26 whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis). More information on geographic variability and current 27 vegetation in Oregon and Washington is available at: www.ecoshare.info/publications. Appendix 28 1 provides crosswalk between the Simpson vegetation zones (2013) and existing vegetation in 29 northern California based on Regional Dominance 1 in the Region 5 CALVEG 30 database: http://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/r5/landmanagement/resourcemanagement/?cid=stelprdb 31 5347192. 4 Peer Review Draft 10/19/16 “THIS INFORMATION IS DISTRIBUTED SOLELY FOR THE PURPOSE OF PRE-DISSEMINATION PEER REVIEW UNDER APPLICABLE INFORMATION QUALITY GUIDELINES. IT HAS NOT BEEN FORMALLY DISSEMINATED BY [THE AGENCY]. IT DOES NOT REPRESENT AND SHOULD NOT BE CONSTRUED TO REPRESENT ANY AGENCY DETERMINATION OR POLICY.” 1 2 Figure 2—Maps of major environmental and climatic gradients across the Northwest Forest Plan 3 area including a) elevation, b) annual precipitation, and c) annual temperature. Temperature and 4 precipitation are derived from 800-meter monthly PRISM (Parameter-elevation Regressions on 5 Independent Slopes Model) grids averaged over 30 years (1971-2000) and were obtained from 6 the Landscape Ecology, Modeling, Mapping and Analysis group at Oregon State University. 5 Peer Review Draft 10/19/16 “THIS INFORMATION IS DISTRIBUTED SOLELY FOR THE PURPOSE OF PRE-DISSEMINATION PEER REVIEW UNDER APPLICABLE INFORMATION QUALITY GUIDELINES. IT HAS NOT BEEN FORMALLY DISSEMINATED BY [THE AGENCY]. IT DOES NOT REPRESENT AND SHOULD NOT BE CONSTRUED TO REPRESENT ANY AGENCY DETERMINATION OR POLICY.” 1 2 Figure 3—Maps of gradients in summer climate across the Northwest Forest Plan area including 3 a) summer temperature, b) summer precipitation, c) summer moisture stress, and d) summer fog. 4 Temperature and precipitation are derived from 800-meter monthly PRISM (Parameter-elevation 5 Regressions on Independent Slopes Model) grids averaged over 30 years (1971-2000) and were 6 obtained from the Landscape Ecology, Modeling, Mapping and Analysis group at Oregon State 7 University. Summer moisture stress was calculated by dividing summer temperature by summer 8 precipitation. Summer fog is proxy based on the optimal path length from coastline and is 9 modified by terrain blockage (Daly et al. 2008). 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 6 Peer Review Draft 10/19/16
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dynamics and Disturbance in an Old-Growth Forest Remnant In
    DYNAMICS AND DISTURBANCE IN AN OLD-GROWTH FOREST REMNANT IN WESTERN OHIO Thesis Submitted to The College of Arts and Sciences of the UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of Master of Science in Biology By Sean Michael Goins UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON Dayton, Ohio August, 2012 DYNAMICS AND DISTURBANCE IN AN OLD-GROWTH FOREST REMNANT IN WESTERN OHIO Name: Goins, Sean Michael APPROVED BY: __________________________________________ Ryan W. McEwan, Ph.D. Committee Chair Assistant Professor __________________________________________ M. Eric Benbow, Ph.D. Committee Member Assistant Professor __________________________________________ Mark G. Nielsen, Ph.D. Committee Member Associate Professor ii ABSTRACT DYNAMICS AND DISTURBANCE IN AN OLD-GROWTH FOREST REMNANT IN WESTERN OHIO Name: Goins, Sean Michael University of Dayton Advisor: Dr. Ryan W. McEwan Forest communities are dynamic through time, reacting to shifts in disturbance and climate regimes. A widespread community shift has been witnessed in many forests of eastern North America wherein oak (Quercus spp.) populations are decreasing while maple (Acer spp.) populations are increasing. Altered fire regimes over the last century are thought to be the primary driver of oak-to-maple community shifts; however, the influence of other non-equilibrium processes on this community shift remains under- explored. Our study sought to determine the community structure and disturbance history of an old-growth forest remnant in an area of western Ohio where fires were historically uncommon. To determine community structure, abundance of woody species was measured within 32 plots at 4 canopy strata and dendrochronology was used to determine the relative age-structure of the forest.
    [Show full text]
  • Old-Growth Forests
    Pacific Northwest Research Station NEW FINDINGS ABOUT OLD-GROWTH FORESTS I N S U M M A R Y ot all forests with old trees are scientifically defined for many centuries. Today’s old-growth forests developed as old growth. Among those that are, the variations along multiple pathways with many low-severity and some Nare so striking that multiple definitions of old-growth high-severity disturbances along the way. And, scientists forests are needed, even when the discussion is restricted to are learning, the journey matters—old-growth ecosystems Pacific coast old-growth forests from southwestern Oregon contribute to ecological diversity through every stage of to southwestern British Columbia. forest development. Heterogeneity in the pathways to old- growth forests accounts for many of the differences among Scientists understand the basic structural features of old- old-growth forests. growth forests and have learned much about habitat use of forests by spotted owls and other species. Less known, Complexity does not mean chaos or a lack of pattern. Sci- however, are the character and development of the live and entists from the Pacific Northwest (PNW) Research Station, dead trees and other plants. We are learning much about along with scientists and students from universities, see the structural complexity of these forests and how it leads to some common elements and themes in the many pathways. ecological complexity—which makes possible their famous The new findings suggest we may need to change our strat- biodiversity. For example, we are gaining new insights into egies for conserving and restoring old-growth ecosystems. canopy complexity in old-growth forests.
    [Show full text]
  • Sass Forestecomgt 2018.Pdf
    Forest Ecology and Management 419–420 (2018) 31–41 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Forest Ecology and Management journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/foreco Lasting legacies of historical clearcutting, wind, and salvage logging on old- T growth Tsuga canadensis-Pinus strobus forests ⁎ Emma M. Sassa, , Anthony W. D'Amatoa, David R. Fosterb a Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA b Harvard Forest, Harvard University, 324 N Main St, Petersham, MA 01366, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Disturbance events affect forest composition and structure across a range of spatial and temporal scales, and Coarse woody debris subsequent forest development may differ after natural, anthropogenic, or compound disturbances. Following Compound disturbance large, natural disturbances, salvage logging is a common and often controversial management practice in many Forest structure regions of the globe. Yet, while the short-term impacts of salvage logging have been studied in many systems, the Large, infrequent natural disturbance long-term effects remain unclear. We capitalized on over eighty years of data following an old-growth Tsuga Pine-hemlock forests canadensis-Pinus strobus forest in southwestern New Hampshire, USA after the 1938 hurricane, which severely Pit and mound structures damaged forests across much of New England. To our knowledge, this study provides the longest evaluation of salvage logging impacts, and it highlights developmental trajectories for Tsuga canadensis-Pinus strobus forests under a variety of disturbance histories. Specifically, we examined development from an old-growth condition in 1930 through 2016 across three different disturbance histories: (1) clearcut logging prior to the 1938 hurricane with some subsequent damage by the hurricane (“logged”), (2) severe damage from the 1938 hurricane (“hurricane”), and (3) severe damage from the hurricane followed by salvage logging (“salvaged”).
    [Show full text]
  • Literaturverweise
    Literaturverweise Statt eines Vorworts: Das Corona-Experiment 1. Le Quéré, C., Jackson, R. B., Jones, M. W., Smith, A. J. P., Abernethy, S., Andrew, R. M., De-Gol, A. J., Willis, D. R., Shan, Y., Canadell, J. G., Friedlingstein, P., Creutzig, F., Peters, G. P. (2020): Temporary reduction in daily global CO2 emissions during the COVID-19 forced confinement: Nature Climate Change 10 (7), 647-653. 2. Myllyvirta, L. (2020): Coronavirus temporarily reduced China’s CO2 emissions by a quarter. Carbon Brief https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-coronavirus-has- temporarily-reduced-chinas-co2-emissions-by-a-quarter 3. Spencer, R.(2020): Why the current Economics slowdown won’t show up in the atmospheric record, https://www.drroyspencer.com/2020/05/why-the-current- economic-slowdown-wont-show-up-in-the-atmospheric-co2-record/ 4. Die Abbauzeit (Lebensdauer) des CO2 ist die Zeit , in der die Konzentration auf ein 1/e (0,3679) des Ausgangswerts gesunken ist. Sie wird berechnet als Quotient des zum Gleichgewicht von 280 ppm hinzugefügten CO2 durch die Größe des Abbaus. 1959 waren das 34 ppm : 0,64 ppm = 55 Jahre. 2019 sind das 130 ppm : 2,6 ppm =50 Jahre. Die Umrechnung in einen Abbau von 50 % (Halbwertszeit) gelingt durch Multiplikation dieser Abbauzeiten mit ln2 = 0,6931. Das sind dann 1959 38 Jahre und 2019 34,7 Jahre. 5. Haverd, V., Smith, B., Canadell, J. G., Cuntz, M., Mikaloff-Fletcher, S., Farquhar, G., Woodgate, W., Briggs, P. R., Trudinger, C. M. (2020): Higher than expected CO2 fertilization inferred from leaf to global observations: Global Change Biology 26 (4), 2390-2402.
    [Show full text]
  • GSIS Newsletter Will Be Published Quarterly, in March, June, September, and December by the Geoscience Information Society
    Number 256, December, 2012 ISSN: 0046-5801 CONTENTS Presidents Column…………………………………………………………. 1 Open access publication opportunities for geoscientists……………….. 13 Geoscience Information Society 2012 Officers……………………………. 2 Annual meeting pictures……………………………………………….. 18 Member updates……………………………………………………………. 3 GeoScienceWorld Unveils Open, Map-Based Discovery Prototype…... 20 Greetings from Australia…………………………………………………... 3 Auditor’s Report for 2010……………………………………………… 21 Geoscience journal prices………………………………………………….. 5 Issue to watch: AGU partners with Wiley-Blackwell………………….. 21 GSIS Publications List…………………………………………………. 22 President's Column By Linda Zellmer Now that we have all returned from the meeting the past year: in Charlotte and (in the case of the members in the United States) eaten our Thanksgiving • April Love and Cynthia Prosser - for setting Dinners, we are probably making our lists for up the GSIS Exhibit holiday gifts. While I do not have any gifts to • Clara McLeod - for coordinating Geoscience give out, I would like to take the opportunity to Librarianship 101 (GL 101). offer my heartfelt appreciation to all of the • Amanda Bielskas – for teaching the people who have contributed to the efforts of Collection Development portion of GL 101. Geoscience Information Society during the past • Hannah Winkler - for teaching the year and our recent meeting. Reference Services portion of GL101. • Megan Sapp-Nelson – for developing a presentation on Library Instruction for the We had 5 sponsors for our meeting who Earth Sciences that I presented for her at GL provided funding to help defray the costs of the 101. meeting. They include: American Association of • Adonna Fleming – for helping with publicity Petroleum Geologists, Geoscience World, for GL 101. Gemological Institute of America, Geological • Jan Heagy – for developing certificates of Society of London and Elsevier.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impacts of Increasing Drought on Forest Dynamics, Structure, and Biodiversity in the United States
    Global Change Biology (2016) 22, 2329–2352, doi: 10.1111/gcb.13160 SPECIAL FEATURE The impacts of increasing drought on forest dynamics, structure, and biodiversity in the United States JAMES S. CLARK1 , LOUIS IVERSON2 , CHRISTOPHER W. WOODALL3 ,CRAIGD.ALLEN4 , DAVID M. BELL5 , DON C. BRAGG6 , ANTHONY W. D’AMATO7 ,FRANKW.DAVIS8 , MICHELLE H. HERSH9 , INES IBANEZ10, STEPHEN T. JACKSON11, STEPHEN MATTHEWS12, NEIL PEDERSON13, MATTHEW PETERS14,MARKW.SCHWARTZ15, KRISTEN M. WARING16 andNIKLAUS E. ZIMMERMANN17 1Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA, 2Forest Service, Northern Research Station 359 Main Road, Delaware, OH 43015, USA, 3Forest Service 1992 Folwell Avenue,Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA, 4U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center Jemez Mountains Field Station, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA, 5Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA, 6Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Monticello, AR 71656, USA, 7Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, 04E Aiken Center, 81 Carrigan Dr., Burlington, VT 05405, USA, 8Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA, 9Department of Biology, Sarah Lawrence College, New York, NY 10708, USA, 10School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, 2546 Dana Building, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, 11U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Climate Science Center and Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, 1064 E. Lowell
    [Show full text]
  • List Stranica 1 Od
    list product_i ISSN Primary Scheduled Vol Single Issues Title Format ISSN print Imprint Vols Qty Open Access Option Comment d electronic Language Nos per volume Available in electronic format 3 Biotech E OA C 13205 2190-5738 Springer English 1 7 3 Fully Open Access only. Open Access. Available in electronic format 3D Printing in Medicine E OA C 41205 2365-6271 Springer English 1 3 1 Fully Open Access only. Open Access. 3D Display Research Center, Available in electronic format 3D Research E C 13319 2092-6731 English 1 8 4 Hybrid (Open Choice) co-published only. with Springer New Start, content expected in 3D-Printed Materials and Systems E OA C 40861 2363-8389 Springer English 1 2 1 Fully Open Access 2016. Available in electronic format only. Open Access. 4OR PE OF 10288 1619-4500 1614-2411 Springer English 1 15 4 Hybrid (Open Choice) Available in electronic format The AAPS Journal E OF S 12248 1550-7416 Springer English 1 19 6 Hybrid (Open Choice) only. Available in electronic format AAPS Open E OA S C 41120 2364-9534 Springer English 1 3 1 Fully Open Access only. Open Access. Available in electronic format AAPS PharmSciTech E OF S 12249 1530-9932 Springer English 1 18 8 Hybrid (Open Choice) only. Abdominal Radiology PE OF S 261 2366-004X 2366-0058 Springer English 1 42 12 Hybrid (Open Choice) Abhandlungen aus dem Mathematischen Seminar der PE OF S 12188 0025-5858 1865-8784 Springer English 1 87 2 Universität Hamburg Academic Psychiatry PE OF S 40596 1042-9670 1545-7230 Springer English 1 41 6 Hybrid (Open Choice) Academic Questions PE OF 12129 0895-4852 1936-4709 Springer English 1 30 4 Hybrid (Open Choice) Accreditation and Quality PE OF S 769 0949-1775 1432-0517 Springer English 1 22 6 Hybrid (Open Choice) Assurance MAIK Acoustical Physics PE 11441 1063-7710 1562-6865 English 1 63 6 Russian Library of Science.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological Insights from Long-Term Research Plots in Tropical and Temperate Forests
    Ecological Insights from Long-term Research Plots in Tropical and Temperate Forests Organized Oral Session 40 was co-organized by Amy Wolf, Stuart Davies, and Richard Condit, and held on 6 August 2009 during the 94th ES A Annual Meeting in Albuquerque, New Mexico. An International Network of Forest Research Sites This session was devoted to findings from an international network of long-term forest dynamics plots, providing some of the first comparisons between the tropical and temperate study areas. Whereas most ecologists recognize the importance of long-term research (Callahan 1984, Likens 1989, Magnuson 1990, Hobbie et al. 2003, and others), large-scale projects like this one are rare. The global network of forest dynamics plots has expanded since its origin in the early 1980s, yet research at the plots has remained integrated due to a combination of individual scientists' efforts and institutional commitments from the Center for Tropical Forest Science (CTFS, <www.ctfs.si.edu> of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University (Hubbell and Foster 1983, Condit 1995). Today, 26 large plots have been established in tropical or subtropical forests of Central and South America, Africa, Asia, and Oceania, along with 8 recently added temperate forest plots. A standard protocol (Condit 1998) is followed at all sites, including the marking, mapping, and measuring of all trees and shrubs with stem diameters >1 cm. Reports October 2009 519 Reports An underlying objective of the ESA session was to illustrate how an understanding of forest dynamics can contribute to long-term strategies of sustainable forest management in a changing global environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Silvicultural Activities: Description and Terminology 1
    WHITE PAPER F14-SO-WP-SILV-34 Silvicultural Activities: Description and Terminology 1 David C. Powell; Forest Silviculturist Supervisor’s Office; Pendleton, OR Initial Version: JUNE 1992 Most Recent Revision: FEBRUARY 2018 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 2 Silvicultural systems ............................................................................................................ 2 Age-based silvicultural systems .................................................................................... 2 Even-aged management ............................................................................................... 3 Figure 1 – Three common stand structures ........................................................................... 4 Figure 2 – Clearcutting ............................................................................................................ 5 Figure 3 – Seed-tree and shelterwood cutting ....................................................................... 6 Figure 4 – Windthrow in spruce-fir forest in the northern Blue Mountains .......................... 8 Figure 5 – Examples of overstory removal and understory removal cutting ......................... 9 Uneven-aged management ........................................................................................ 10 Figure 6 – Examples of individual-tree selection cutting in ponderosa pine ....................... 12 Figure 7 – Examples of group selection
    [Show full text]
  • Article Preparation Guide: Nature Geoscience Step 1 Read Aims and Scope of the Journal Very Well
    5th International Conference of Geological Engineering Faculty Article Preparation Guidelines Article Preparation Guide: Nature Geoscience Step 1 Read aims and scope of the journal very well. Below description is explaining aims and scope of the journal which is also available at https://www.nature.com/ngeo/about/aims Aims and Scope Nature Geoscience is a monthly multi-disciplinary journal aimed at bringing together top-quality research across the entire spectrum of the Earth Sciences along with relevant work in related areas. The journal's content reflects all the disciplines within the geosciences, encompassing field work, modelling and theoretical studies. Topics covered in the journal Atmospheric science Biogeochemistry Climate science Geobiology Geochemistry Geoinformatics and remote sensing Geology Geomagnetism and palaeomagnetism Geomorphology Geophysics Glaciology Hydrology and limnology Mineralogy and mineral physics Oceanography Palaeontology Palaeoclimatology and palaeoceanography Petrology Planetary science Seismology Space physics Tectonics Volcanology Nature Geoscience is committed to publishing significant, high-quality research in the Earth Sciences through a fair, rapid and rigorous peer review process that is overseen by a team of full- time professional editors. 5th International Conference of Geological Engineering Faculty Article Preparation Guidelines In addition to publishing primary research, Nature Geoscience provides an overview of the most important developments in the Earth Sciences through the publication of Review Articles, News and Views, Research Highlights, Commentaries and reviews of relevant books and arts events. Step 2 If your paper is matching with these guidelines, go on to check the Preparing for Submission available at; https://www.nature.com/ngeo/for-authors/preparing-your-submission This section contains how you should format the paper according to the journal’s requirements.
    [Show full text]
  • Decelerating Growth in Tropical Forest Trees
    Ecology Letters, (2007) 10: 461–469 doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01033.x LETTER Decelerating growth in tropical forest trees Abstract Kenneth J. Feeley,1* S. Joseph The impacts of global change on tropical forests remain poorly understood. We Wright,2 M. N. Nur Supardi,3 examined changes in tree growth rates over the past two decades for all species occurring Abd Rahman Kassim3 and Stuart in large (50-ha) forest dynamics plots in Panama and Malaysia. Stem growth rates 2,4 J. Davies declined significantly at both forests regardless of initial size or organizational level 1 Center for Tropical Forest (species, community or stand). Decreasing growth rates were widespread, occurring in Science, Arnold Arboretum Asia 24–71% of species at Barro Colorado Island, Panama (BCI) and in 58–95% of species at Program, Harvard University, 22 Pasoh, Malaysia (depending on the sizes of stems included). Changes in growth were not Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, consistently associated with initial growth rate, adult stature, or wood density. Changes in MA 02138, USA 2Smithsonian Tropical Research growth were significantly associated with regional climate changes: at both sites growth Institute, Panama City, Panama was negatively correlated with annual mean daily minimum temperatures, and at BCI 3Forest Environment Division, growth was positively correlated with annual precipitation and number of rainfree days Forest Research Institute (a measure of relative insolation). While the underlying cause(s) of decelerating growth is Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, still unresolved, these patterns strongly contradict the hypothesized pantropical increase Malaysia 52109 in tree growth rates caused by carbon fertilization. Decelerating tree growth will have 4Center for Tropical Forest important economic and environmental implications.
    [Show full text]
  • Pre-Fire Treatment Effects and Post-Fire Forest Dynamics on the Rodeo-Chediski Burn Area, Arizona
    Pre-fire treatment effects and post-fire forest dynamics on the Rodeo-Chediski burn area, Arizona by Barbara A. Strom A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Forestry Northern Arizona University May 2005 Approved: __________________________________ Peter Z. Fulé, Ph.D., Chair __________________________________ Stephen C. Hart, Ph.D. __________________________________ Thomas E. Kolb, Ph.D. ABSTRACT Pre-fire treatment effects and post-fire forest dynamics on the Rodeo-Chediski burn area, Arizona Barbara A. Strom The 2002 Rodeo-Chediski fire was the largest wildfire in Arizona history at 189,000 ha (468,000 acres), and exhibited some of the most extreme fire behavior ever seen in the Southwest. Pre-fire fuel reduction treatments of thinning, timber harvesting, and prescribed burning on the White Mountain Apache Tribal lands (WMAT) and thinning on the Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest (A-S) set the stage for a test of the upper boundary of effectiveness of fuel reduction treatments at decreasing burn severity. On the WMAT, we sampled 90 six-hectare study sites two years after the fire, representing 30% of the entire burn area on White Mountain Apache Tribe lands, or 34,000 hectares, and comprising a matrix of three burn severities (low, moderate, or high) and three treatments (cutting and prescribed burning, prescribed burning only, or no treatment). Prescribed burning without cutting was associated with reduced burn severity, but the combination of cutting and prescribed burning had the greatest ameliorative effect. Increasing degree of treatment was associated with an increase in the number of live trees and a decrease in the extremity of fire behavior as indicated by crown base height and bole char height.
    [Show full text]