DOCSLIB.ORG

Permit to Work Ensuring a Safe Work Environment Introduction Industrial Workers Face Many Hazards in Their Daily Routines

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Permit to Work Ensuring a Safe Work Environment Introduction Industrial Workers Face Many Hazards in Their Daily Routines Permit To Work Ensuring a Safe Work Environment Introduction Industrial workers face many hazards in their daily routines. These hazards man- ifest in the forms of toxic and flammable materials, tasks like welding or electri- cal work, or even working in confined spaces. To prevent accidents, all industrial facilities are required to implement safeguards in their operations. A Permit To Work (PTW) system is an integral part of a safe system of work and helps to manage activities that carry potential dangers to workers. PTW systems form an essential part of the risk assessment process. All tasks should be evaluated to identify the nature of the task and any associated risks and hazards. This evaluation process helps define any precautions that need to be taken when performing a task and also is a driving factor as to whether a PTW is required or not. However, a PTW is not simply permission to work. It’s an essential piece in a system that determines how a job can be performed safely and helps communicate this to workers. Job safety is not attained simply by issuing a PTW. It’s achieved through the co- ordination of planners, supervisors, and those carrying out the work to ensure that all dangerous work has been analyzed and planned for. Failure to implement sound procedures can create a dangerous working environment and result in se- rious injury to works. Failures in this process stem usually from lack of training or instruction, communication issues, or not understanding the true nature of how the PTW process works. What is a PTW? The terms “permit to work”, “permit”, or “work permit” refer to paper or electron- ic forms that are used in a system designed to help workers meet safety needs. This system ensures that any given task has been properly reviewed so that all safety hazards have been identified and planned for. Permits will document infor- mation like who is authorized to perform tasks, any and all precautions that must be taken, and even information about when and where work can take place. The PTW system is a formal process used to control hazardous work while elimi- nating the risk of injury and also acts as means of communication between man- agement, supervisors, and workers tasked with executing tasks. Essential features of the permit system will include: • Identification of who can authorize jobs and any limitations on their authority • Identifying who is responsible for defining safety precautions • Training and instruction on the issue, use, and closure of permits • Monitoring and auditing to ensure protocols are being followed • Clear identification on which types of work are considered hazardous Objectives A PTW systems ultimate goal is to help facilitate a safe environment for person- nel. This is achieved by defining some key objectives for each and every task that poses risk in any way. These objectives are: • To ensure proper authorization has been granted for work • Communicating the exact identity, nature and extent of the job and the haz- ards involved, and the time during which the job may be carried out • Specifying the precautions to be taken, including safe isolation from poten- tial risks such as hazardous substances, electricity and other energy forms • To keep management aware of all hazardous work in progress What is a PTW? A PTW system will provide an organization with many capabilities that are essen- tial for job site safety, not just in regards to precautions taken for workers actively performing a job but also for everyone in the vicinity. PTW systems provide job sites with critical safety features like: • The ability to prominently display permits, outlining any warnings or precau- tions that must be taken • Suspension of work if required • Control of work activities that might interact or affect another job • Formal hand over procedures when a permit is issued for a period longer than one shift • Formal hand back procedures to ensure that areas affected by work are safe and ready for reinstatement When is PTW required? Permit to work systems are required for any work that can adversely affect the safety of personnel, facilities, or even the environment. Certain work situations like the following are especially suited for PTW: • Work involving heat such as welding or flame cutting • Any work generating sparks or other sources of ignition • Working with flammable, toxic, or otherwise dangerous substances • Electrical work • Entry and work within tanks or other confined spaces • Diving • Pressure testing • Working at height The PTW Process Permit to work is a critical aspect of job site safety and as such, the process should be closely followed to ensure that risks are identified and mitigated prop- erly. Failing to do so can have disastrous or even fatal consequences. Display Permits should always be clearly displayed at the work site or in a recognized lo- cation nearby. In addition to being posted at the job site, the person responsible for issuing a permit should also possess a copy of the permit. If the issuer is not present in the work area, the area authority should possess a copy of the permit. Proper display of permits allows all personnel in the area to understand the scope of work, if there’s any risk associated with it, and what precautions they need to take to be safe. Suspension Work may sometimes be suspended for various reasons. Whether it’s due to a conflict with other work, scope changes, or other reasons, a permit will be sus- pended until work is ready to be continued. While suspended, a permit stays in effect meaning that even though no active work is being done precautions should be taken. Suspended permits will also be kept in the system for records and any conditions that facilities are left in while the permit is suspended will need to be specified. Work under suspended permits cannot be started until the issuing authority has verified that conditions are safe and work can continue. The suspended permit will either be revalidated or a new permit will be issued. In some cases, the per- mit may be canceled. As far as the PTW system is concerned, the suspended job is treated as if it were new work when it is restarted. This may be the best option if the suspension of work is indefinite. Interaction It’s important to make sure that activities under a permit do not create danger for another, even if the work does not require a PTW. The PTW Process Any person involved in the process of issuing permits should be aware of any and all interactions and should ensure that when a permit is prepared, the work to be carried out does not interfere with any other activities that are planned or in progress. Shift Handover If work is carried over onto another shift, then a handover procedure should be in place. This process ensures that incoming workers are aware of any outstand- ing permit controlled jobs, the status of each job, and the status of the facility. Any work in progress should be left in a condition that can be easily communi- cated and understood by the incoming shift. A permit log, file, or display board is an excellent way of recording ongoing per- mits that require a handover procedure. In addition, it’s recommended that the incoming authority approves the continuation of the permit prior to starting work. Shift Hand-backs The hand-back procedure acts as a final checklist for any work performed under a permit, ensuring that all work performed under has been completely success- fully. This process will ask questions like: • Has the facility or equipment been returned to a safe condition? • Has the resolution been verified by the person responsible for signing off on the permit? • Has the person in control of operational activities acknowledged on the per- mit that the facility or equipment has been returned to the control of pro- duction staff? Permit Authorization & Supervision A PTW system will be fully effective only if the permits are coordinated and con- trolled by an issuing authority and there is adequate supervision and monitor- ing of the system to make sure that procedures are being followed. This should include site visits by the issuing authority to check whether the conditions of the permit are being complied with (as a minimum, at start and completion of the The PTW Process task, with interim checks depending on hazard, complexity, and duration of task). Managers and supervisions cannot rely solely on reviewing forms to see whether they’ve been completed properly. They should also carry out additional checks on a sample basis. Careful consideration should be given to the number of sig- natures required for a permit. Signatures or initials should only be required when they add value to the safety of the work being performed. Those signing permits or supporting documentation should have specific training and authorization from the organization. When there is a high risk of danger, the permit should be reviewed by an ad- ditional person capable of authorization prior to being issued. High-risk tasks should be rigorously reviewed and examined before being approved to ensure that workers are as safe as possible when working. Under no circumstances should a person issue a permit to themselves. Effective supervision of the PTW system can be diluted in the case of a large number of permits under the control of one person. Site management should have arrangements to identify very active periods (e.g. during plant shutdowns) and assess what steps are necessary to maintain the required supervision, e.g. either by limiting the number of active permits or by providing additional re- sources for supervision and coordination of permits.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tag out a Shipyard Hazard Prevention Course
    Workshop Objectives At the completion of this workshop it is expected that all trainees will pass a quiz, have the ability to identify energy hazards and follow both OSHA and NAVSEA safety procedures associated with: Electrical Hazards Non-Electrical Energy Hazards Lockout - Tag out 11 OSHA 1915.89 SUBPART F Control of Hazardous Energy -Lock-out/ Tags Plus This CFR allows specific exemptions for shipboard tag-outs when Navy Ship’s Force personnel serve as the lockout/tags-plus coordinator and maintain control of the machinery per the Navy’s Tag Out User Manual (TUM). Note to paragraph (c)(4) of this section: When the Navy ship's force maintains control of the machinery, equipment, or systems on a vessel and has implemented such additional measures it determines are necessary, the provisions of paragraph (c)(4)(ii) of this section shall not apply, provided that the employer complies with the verification procedures in paragraph (g) of this section. Note to paragraph (c)(7) of this section: When the Navy ship's force serves as the lockout/tags-plus coordinator and maintains control of the lockout/tags-plus log, the employer will be in compliance with the requirements in paragraph (c)(7) of this section when coordination between the ship's force and the employer occurs to ensure that applicable lockout/tags-plus procedures are followed and documented. 2 Note to paragraph (e) of this section: When the Navy ship's force shuts down any machinery, equipment, or system, and relieves, disconnects, restrains, or otherwise renders safe all potentially hazardous energy that is connected to the machinery, equipment, or system, the employer will be in compliance with the requirements in paragraph (e) of this section when the employer's authorized employee verifies that the machinery, equipment, or system being serviced has been properly shut down, isolated, and deenergized.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Identification
    SAFETY DATA SHEET Issuing Date: 13-Aug-2020 Revision date 13-Aug-2020 Revision Number 1 1. IDENTIFICATION Product Name Tide PODS Spring Meadow Product Identifier 91943772_RET_NG Product Type: Finished Product - Retail Recommended use Detergent. Restrictions on use Use only as directed on label. Synonyms C-91943772-005 Details of the supplier of the safety PROCTER & GAMBLE - Fabric and Home Care Division data sheet Ivorydale Technical Centre 5289 Spring Grove Avenue Cincinnati, Ohio 45217-1087 USA Procter & Gamble Inc. P.O. Box 355, Station A Toronto, ON M5W 1C5 1-800-331-3774 E-mail Address [email protected] Emergency Telephone Transportation (24 HR) CHEMTREC - 1-800-424-9300 (U.S./ Canada) or 1-703-527-3887 Mexico toll free in country: 800-681-9531 2. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION "Consumer Products", as defined by the US Consumer Product Safety Act and which are used as intended (typical consumer duration and frequency), are exempt from the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200). This SDS is being provided as a courtesy to help assist in the safe handling and proper use of the product. This product is classified under 29CFR 1910.1200(d) and the Canadian Hazardous Products Regulation as follows:. Hazard Category Acute toxicity - Oral Category 4 Eye Damage / Irritation Category 2B Signal word Warning Hazard statements Harmful if swallowed Causes eye irritation Hazard pictograms 91943772_RET_NG - Tide PODS Spring Meadow Revision date 13-Aug-2020 Precautionary Statements Keep container tightly closed Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces. — No smoking Wash hands thoroughly after handling Precautionary Statements - In case of fire: Use water, CO2, dry chemical, or foam for extinction Response IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes.
    [Show full text]
  • Acute Incidents During Anaesthesia a Small Percentage of Apparently Routine Anaesthetics Will End in an Anticipated Or Unforeseen Acute Incident
    Acute incidents during anaesthesia A small percentage of apparently routine anaesthetics will end in an anticipated or unforeseen acute incident. Edwin W Turton, MB ChB, Dip Pec (SA), DA (SA), MMed Anes, FCA (SA) Head of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia, Bloemfontein Hospitals Complex, Department of Anaesthesiology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein Dr Edwin Turton worked as a clinical fellow in cardiac anaesthesia at Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK, in 2009. His current fields of interest are adult and paediatric cardiac anaesthesia and peri-operative echocardiography, and focussed assessment through echocardiography in emergency care. Correspondence to: E W Turton ([email protected]) Anaesthesia is uneventful in the majority Although anaesthesia is a very well- • Antibiotics (2.6%) of cases but in a small percentage of controlled and governed discipline, acute • Benzodiazepines (2%) routine and emergency cases there will incidents do occur. Incidents can occur • Opioids (1.7%) be an anticipated or an unforeseen acute during induction, maintenance and • Other agents (e.g. radio contrast media) incident. These incidents need immediate emergence from anaesthesia. (2.5%). theoretical knowledge and clinical skills to be managed effectively and to The following acute critical incidents are Treatment and management prevent further morbidity and mortality. discussed in this article: • Stop administration of all suspected Therefore all providers of anaesthesia, • Anaphylaxis agents. at different levels of experience, should • Aspiration • Call for help. be able to provide basic and advanced • Laryngospasm • Airway must be secured and 100% cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).1 • High or total (complete) spinal blocks in oxygen given, and ensure adequate obstetric anaesthesia. ventilation. The first death associated with an anaesthetic • Intravenous or intramuscular adrenaline was reported in 1848 in the USA.
    [Show full text]
  • Personal Protective Equipment Hazard Assessment
    WORKER HEALTH AND SAFETY Personal Protective Equipment Hazard Assessment Oregon OSHA Personal Protective Equipment Hazard Assessment About this guide “Personal Protective Equipment Hazard Assessment” is an Oregon OSHA Standards and Technical Resources Section publication. Piracy notice Reprinting, excerpting, or plagiarizing this publication is fine with us as long as it’s not for profit! Please inform Oregon OSHA of your intention as a courtesy. Table of contents What is a PPE hazard assessment ............................................... 2 Why should you do a PPE hazard assessment? .................................. 2 What are Oregon OSHA’s requirements for PPE hazard assessments? ........... 3 Oregon OSHA’s hazard assessment rules ....................................... 3 When is PPE necessary? ........................................................ 4 What types of PPE may be necessary? .......................................... 5 Table 1: Types of PPE ........................................................... 5 How to do a PPE hazard assessment ............................................ 8 Do a baseline survey to identify workplace hazards. 8 Evaluate your employees’ exposures to each hazard identified in the baseline survey ...............................................9 Document your hazard assessment ...................................................10 Do regular workplace inspections ....................................................11 What is a PPE hazard assessment A personal protective equipment (PPE) hazard assessment
    [Show full text]
  • Risk Assessment Guidance
    Risk Assessment Guidance The assessor can assign values for the hazard severity (a) and likelihood of occurrence (b) (taking into account the frequency and duration of exposure) on a scale of 1 to 5, then multiply them together to give the rating band: Hazard Severity (a) Likelihood of Occurrence (b) 1 – Trivial (eg discomfort, slight bruising, self-help recovery) 1 – Remote (almost never) 2 – Minor (eg small cut, abrasion, basic first aid need) 2 – Unlikely (occurs rarely) 3 – Moderate (eg strain, sprain, incapacitation > 3 days) 3 – Possible (could occur, but uncommon) 4 – Serious (eg fracture, hospitalisation >24 hrs, incapacitation >4 4 – Likely (recurrent but not frequent) weeks) 5 – Very likely (occurs frequently) 5 – Fatal (single or multiple) The risk rating (high, medium or low) indicates the level of response required to be taken when designing the action plan. Trivial Minor Moderate Serious Fatal Rating Bands (a x b) Remote 1 2 3 4 5 LOW RISK MEDIUM RISK HIGH RISK (1 – 8) (9 - 12) (15 - 25) Unlikely 2 4 6 8 10 Continue, but Continue, but -STOP THE Possible review implement ACTIVITY- 3 6 9 12 15 periodically to additional Identify new ensure controls reasonably controls. Activity Likely remain effective practicable must not controls where 4 8 12 16 20 proceed until possible and risks are Very monitor regularly reduced to a low likely 5 10 15 20 25 or medium level 1 Risk Assessments There are a number of explanations needed in order to understand the process and the form used in this example: HAZARD: Anything that has the potential to cause harm.
    [Show full text]
  • Permits-To-Work in the Process Industries
    SYMPOSIUM SERIES NO. 151 # 2006 IChemE PERMITS-TO-WORK IN THE PROCESS INDUSTRIES John Gould Environmental Resources Management, Suite 8.01, 8 Exchange Quay, Manchester M5 3EJ; [email protected] The paper presents the collective results from a number of Safety Management System audits. The audit protocol is based on the Health and Safety Executive pub- lication ‘Successful health and safety management’ and takes into account formal (written) and informal procedures as well as their implementation. Focused on permit-to-work systems, these have shown a number of common failings. The most common failure in implementing a permit-to-work system is the issue of too many permits. However, the audit protocol considers the whole risk control system. The failure to ‘close’ the management loop with an effective regular review process is the largest obstacle to an effective permit system. INTRODUCTION ‘Permits save lives – give them proper attention’. This is a startling statement made by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) in its free leaflet IND(G) 98 (Rev 3) PTW systems. The leaflet goes on to state that two thirds of all accidents in the chemical industry are main- tenance related, with the permit-to-work (PTW) failures being the largest single cause. Given these facts, it comes as no surprise that PTW systems are a key part in the provision of a safe working environment. Over the past four years Environmental Resources Management (ERM) has been auditing PTW systems as part of its key risk control systems audits. Numerous systems have been evaluated from a wide rage of industries, covering personal care products man- ufacturing to refinery operations.
    [Show full text]
  • Data and Information
    Exposure Data and Information NOAA Office for Coastal Management coast.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/tools/flood-exposure.html The following data were used in the Coastal Flood Exposure Mapper and in map services available for use in ArcGIS Online or other online mapping platforms. See ESRI’s ArcGIS Online Tutorial for instructions on using map services. Hazards Exposure Authoritative Name Description Map Service Significance Source Spatial extents of multiple flood hazard data sets combined. Flood hazard data sets include high tide flooding, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) flood Provides a quick data (V zones, A zones, and 500- Coastal Coastal Flood visual Coastal Flood year zones treated as individual Flood Hazard Exposure assessment of Hazard layers), storm surge inundation for Composite Mapper areas most Composite category 1, 2, and 3 hurricanes Map Service prone to flood (from FEMA Hurricane Evacuation hazard events. Studies), sea level rise scenarios for 1, 2, and 3 feet above mean higher high water (MHHW), and tsunami run-up zones where available. Page 1 of 7 Authoritative Name Description Map Service Significance Source Areas that flood when coastal flood warning thresholds are exceeded. Derived from the flood frequency layer within the Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flooding Impacts Viewer. High Tide Sea Level Rise Areas subject to High Tide Flooding Viewer high tide Flooding For islands in the Caribbean and Map Service flooding. Pacific, the high tide flooding zones were mapped based on statistical analysis of water level observations at tidal stations in those areas. Digital FEMA flood data. The data represent the digital riverine and coastal flood zones available as of FEMA Flood FEMA’s Map FEMA Flood Areas at risk October 2017 and are a Zones Map Service Center Zones from flooding.
    [Show full text]
  • Operational Risk Management Guide
    OPERATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT GUIDE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST SERVICE 2020 Last Updated 02/26/2020 RISK MANAGEMENT COUNCIL IN COOPERATION WITH THE OFFICE OF SAFETY & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH and THE NATIONAL AVIATION SAFETY COUNCIL Contents Contents ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 Executive Summary .................................................................................................................................................................. i Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................... 1 What is Operational Risk Management? ................................................................................................................... 1 The Terminology of ORM ................................................................................................................................................ 1 Principles of ORM Application ........................................................................................................................................... 6 The Five-Step ORM Process ................................................................................................................................................ 7 Step 1: Identify Hazards ..................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to Developing the Safety Risk Management Component of a Public Transportation Agency Safety Plan
    Guide to Developing the Safety Risk Management Component of a Public Transportation Agency Safety Plan Overview The Public Transportation Agency Safety Plan (PTASP) regulation (49 C.F.R. Part 673) requires certain operators of public transportation systems that are recipients or subrecipients of FTA grant funds to develop Agency Safety Plans (ASP) including the processes and procedures necessary for implementing Safety Management Systems (SMS). Safety Risk Management (SRM) is one of the four SMS components. Each eligible transit operator must have an approved ASP meeting the regulation requirements by July 20, 2020. Safety Risk Management The SRM process requires understanding the differences between hazards, events, and potential consequences. SRM is an essential process within a transit The Sample SRM Definitions Checklist can support agencies agency’s SMS for identifying hazards and analyzing, as- with understanding and distinguishing between these sessing, and mitigating safety risk. Key terms, as de- terms when considering safety concerns and to help ad- fined in Part 673, include: dress Part 673 requirements while developing the SRM • Event–any accident, incident, or occurrence. section of their ASP. • Hazard–any real or potential condition that can cause injury, illness, or death; damage to or loss of the facilities, equipment, rolling stock, or infra- structure of a public transportation system; or damage to the environment. • Risk–composite of predicted severity and likeli- hood of the potential effect of a hazard. • Risk Mitigation–method(s) to eliminate or re- duce the effects of hazards. Sample SRM Definitions Checklist The following is not defined in Part 673. However, transit Part 673 requires transit agencies to develop and imple- agencies may choose to derive a definition from other text ment an SRM process for all elements of its public provided in Part 673, such as: transportation system.
    [Show full text]
  • TOXICOLOGY and EXPOSURE GUIDELINES ______(For Assistance, Please Contact EHS at (402) 472-4925, Or Visit Our Web Site At
    (Revised 1/03) TOXICOLOGY AND EXPOSURE GUIDELINES ______________________________________________________________________ (For assistance, please contact EHS at (402) 472-4925, or visit our web site at http://ehs.unl.edu/) "All substances are poisons; there is none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison and a remedy." This early observation concerning the toxicity of chemicals was made by Paracelsus (1493- 1541). The classic connotation of toxicology was "the science of poisons." Since that time, the science has expanded to encompass several disciplines. Toxicology is the study of the interaction between chemical agents and biological systems. While the subject of toxicology is quite complex, it is necessary to understand the basic concepts in order to make logical decisions concerning the protection of personnel from toxic injuries. Toxicity can be defined as the relative ability of a substance to cause adverse effects in living organisms. This "relative ability is dependent upon several conditions. As Paracelsus suggests, the quantity or the dose of the substance determines whether the effects of the chemical are toxic, nontoxic or beneficial. In addition to dose, other factors may also influence the toxicity of the compound such as the route of entry, duration and frequency of exposure, variations between different species (interspecies) and variations among members of the same species (intraspecies). To apply these principles to hazardous materials response, the routes by which chemicals enter the human body will be considered first. Knowledge of these routes will support the selection of personal protective equipment and the development of safety plans. The second section deals with dose-response relationships.
    [Show full text]
  • Finding Hazards
    FINDING HAZARDS OSHA 11 Finding Hazards 1 Osha 11 Finding Hazards 2 FINDING HAZARDS Learning Objectives By the end of this lesson, students will be able to: • Define the term “job hazard” • Identify a variety of health and safety hazards found at typical worksites where young people are employed. • Locate various types of hazards in an actual workplace. Time Needed: 45 Minutes Materials Needed • Flipchart Paper • Markers (5 colors per student group) • PowerPoint Slides: #1: Job Hazards #2: Sample Hazard Map #3: Finding Hazards: Key Points • Appendix A handouts (Optional) Preparing To Teach This Lesson Before you present this lesson: 1. Obtain a flipchart and markers or use a chalkboard and chalk. 2. Locate slides #1-3 on your CD and review them. If necessary, copy onto transparencies. 3. For the Hazard Mapping activity, you will need flipchart paper and a set of five colored markers (black, red, green, blue, orange) for each small group. Detailed Instructor’s Notes A. Introduction: What is a job hazard? (15 minutes) 1. Remind the class that a job hazard is anything at work that can hurt you, either physically or mentally. Explain that some job hazards are very obvious, but others are not. In order to be better prepared to be safe on the job, it is necessary to be able to identify different types of hazards. Tell the class that hazards can be divided into four categories. Write the categories across the top of a piece of flipchart paper and show PowerPoint Slide #1, Job Hazards. • Safety hazards can cause immediate accidents and injuries.
    [Show full text]
  • Hazard Assessment of Potential Storm Tide Inundation at Southeast China
    Hazard assessment of potential storm tide inundation at Southeast China coast Bingchuan Nie 1,2, Qingyong Wuxi 3,4, Jiachun Li 3,4, and Feng Xu1,2 1 School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China 2 Beijing’s Key Laboratory of Structural Wind Engineering and Urban Wind Environment, Beijing 100044, China 3 Key Laboratory for Mechanics in Fluid Solid Coupling Systems, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China 4 School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China Abstract Hazard assessment of storm tide is addressed for Southeast China coast in this study. In particular, we pay attention to the scarcely discussed issue of storm tide inundation. The main procedures of hazard assessment are: 1) non-stationary tropical cyclone intensification (TCI) and sea level rise (SLR) for the study area are analyzed based on the long-term historical database; 2) four typical scenarios of storm tide are examined using the surge-tide-wave coupled hydrodynamic model; 3) the potential inundated regions are identified on the GIS platform. The distributions of water elevation show that high water elevation tends to occur in the bays and around the estuaries. Without considering the impacts of TCI and SLR, the maximal water elevations caused by the typhoon wind of 100-year recurrence period can reach as high as 6.06 m, 5.82 m and 5.67 m around Aojiang, Feiyunjiang and Oujiang river estuaries, respectively. In this circumstance, about 533 km2 area is under the threat of storm tide inundation. TCI and SLR due to climate change can further deteriorate the situation and enhance the risk of inundation there.
    [Show full text]