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Air Quality and Community Health Impact of Animal Manure Management

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Air Quality and Community Health Impact of Animal Manure Management SEPTEMBER 2011 Air Quality and Community Health Impact of Animal Manure Management Siduo Zhanga Summary • Nearly 200 million tonnes of livestock manure are generated in Canada each year.1 Manure storage and land application tends to produce odour, Introduction greenhouse gases, microbes, and particulate matter, which can negatively Animal manure is a primary by-product of the impact the environment and human livestock industry. In 2006, Canada’s livestock health. farm cash receipts amounted to $17.7 billion, 2 • Occupational exposures of manure ranking third in total agriculture receipts. The management have been linked to corresponding manure generation was 1 psychological stress and adverse effects 181 million tonnes. on the respiratory system and heart function. Animal manure has complex composition with various nutrient components like nitrogen, • Community health risks may result from phosphorus, and potassium. Manure from poor local air quality related to manure different animals varies in density, water management. Limited studies suggest content, and nutrient content.3 Livestock farms respiratory and psychological health conventionally store the manure for months and impacts on residents living in proximity apply it to land as fertilizer.4 This practice results to manure management operations. in emissions to air and water, caused by microbial decomposition of the organic matter in • There are research gaps on manure. comprehensive assessments of manure management and its effects on air This report reviews evidence of air quality and quality and community health. community health risks from animal manure management. Community health tends to focus • These gaps deserve attention since on people within geographic communities rather many Canadians live on or near than the general public (public health) or people livestock farms. with a common occupation(occupational health).5 The review covers up-to-date literature and reports from on-line databases and institutions; see Appendix A for methodology used to conduct the literature review. Key research and policy gaps are presented. a School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia 1 continue the decomposition process after land Manure Management application. Soil conditions and local weather will additionally influence the micro-environment and Manure on farms is usually stored for property therefore the decomposition processes. Emissions stabilization and to meet fertilizable timing. Manure from manure application are released gradually for storage systems generally fall into three categories: months and will eventually disperse. Hence the impact stockpile, tank, and lagoon. Stockpiles consist of on community health basically results from manure heaps of solid manure above ground, whereas tanks land application. and lagoons contain mainly liquid manure and semi- solid manure. Tanks are built vessels or rooms above O’Neill and Phillips reported nearly 200 compounds 9 ground or underground, and lagoons are natural or emitted from animal manure management, with 6 artificial underground pits. volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and particulate matter (PM) Stored manure will eventually be applied on land being those most relevant for potential human health manually or mechanically. There are basically five impacts. A brief description of these pollutants follows: ways to apply manure7,8: • VOCs are formed when the biological 1) Broadcasting is spreading the manure evenly on macromolecules in manure begin to degrade. top of the soil; Examples are volatile fatty acids, phenols, 4,9 indoles, and alkane. Some of these VOCs are 2) Incorporating involves blending the fertilizer with 4 top soil and usually follows broadcasting; identified as respiratory tract, skin or eye irritants . If the environment is oxygen deficient, VOCs can 3) specifically takes place while planting Banding be converted to mainly CH4. Under aerobic seeds; the fertilizer is placed in a band a few conditions, VOCs can be completely oxidized to inches to the side and below the seed row; CO2 and water. 4) Injection, similar to banding, also injects fertilizer • NH emitted from manure can be produced into the soil but not necessarily during the planting 3 following urea (mammals) or uric acid (poultry) process; 10 hydrolysis. When manure is stored for long 5) Fertigation is the practice of integrating water periods of time or applied in the soil, formation of and fertilizers together so that nutrients are NH3 will also occur with the microbial breakdown applied when the plants are irrigated. of organic nitrogen under both aerobic and 11 anaerobic conditions. NH3 irritates the eyes at Broadcasting and injection are most commonly used 20-50 ppm and can cause nausea after for land crops and fertigation is usually applied in inhalation.12 commercial greenhouses. • H2S is derived from sulphur-containing organic compounds in manure under anaerobic Emissions from Manure conditions.12 It is considered the most dangerous Management gas in manure handling because a worker can be killed after inhalation at a concentration above 12 800 ppm. H2S at low levels (1-5 ppm) can cause When manure is stored, microorganisms in manure 13 nausea and headaches. decompose the organic matter and release a number of pollutants. The greatest proportion of air pollution • PM or dusts derived from manure handling are emissions from manure management takes place mainly aerosolized particles combined with during manure storage because it is concentrated and organisms like bacteria, fungi, and moulds.14 continuous, putting farm workers at high risk. Factors Bioactive substances like endotoxins and glucans influencing manure storage emissions include animal originate from the cell wall of the microorganisms species, storage system structures, and local and have been identified as toxins and environment. Specifically, the original nutrient content, inflammatory mediators in many studies.15-17 ambient temperature, and aeration conditions directly These particulate pollutants are usually generated determine the digestion of the organic matter and thus from solid manure storage and composting; the final emissions. Similar to manure storage, soil however, livestock feeding operation is an microorganisms along with manure microorganisms important source of PMs in barns. Eighty percent 2 20,21 of these particles inside swine and poultry barns conditions. The overall emission of N2O are less than 5 μm in diameter, which can be depends on the nitrogen and carbon content of 18 22 inhaled into the lungs. manure and ambient environment parameters. N2O is also a greenhouse gas with no immediate • CH4 and CO2 are both final products of organic health impact potential in this case, but the global matter decomposition; the proportions are 19 warming potential is 298 times that of CO2. determined by aeration conditions. CH4 is generated from incomplete oxidization under Generally speaking, more VOCs, H2S, and CH4 are anaerobic conditions, while CO2 is generated from generated under anaerobic conditions and NH3, N2O, complete oxidization in aerobic conditions. CH4 and CO2 production is favoured in aerobic does not have immediate health impact potential conditions.20,23,24 Covered storage of liquid manure at a low concentration but it is a greenhouse gas tends to create an anaerobic environment while open with a global warming potential 25 times that of storage and land application mainly involve aerobic 19 25,26 CO2. processes. Table 1 shows the national inventory of typical emissions from manure management available • N2O is produced as a by-product from combined from 2005 to 2008.27,28 Data were obtained from nitrification and de-nitrification of nitrogen species census and necessary calculations. as a consequence of changes in the aeration Table 1. Emissions inventory of manure management in Canada 2005-2008, reported by Environment Canada NH3 VOC TPM PM10 PM2.5 CH4 N2O (kt) (kt) (kt) (kt) (kt) (Mt CO2eq) (Mt CO2eq) 2005 368.8 300.5 334.2 213.3 32.3 3.1 5.0 2006 326.5 291.1 338.2 215.5 32.0 3.1 4.9 2007 324.1 291.1 338.2 215.5 32.0 3.0 4.8 2008 308.2 312.9 344.8 220.4 33.9 2.8 4.7 kt – kilotonne = 1,000 tonnes; Mt – megatonne = 1,000,000 tonnes TPM – total particulate matter CO2eq – carbon dioxide equivalent value; calculated by multiplying the amount of the gas by its associated 100-year global warming potential (GWP). Efforts have been made to mitigate emissions from than community health issues. Workers on intensive manure management. These include dietary livestock farms can be directly exposed to air pollution modification, storage control, application of pre- from animal manure. These exposures have been treatment, and other manure utilization technologies, associated with respiratory and cardiovascular effects, such as anaerobic digestion.29-31 Nevertheless, the impacts on psychological well-being, and even acute effectiveness of the mitigation approaches is limited poisoning or death. Common symptoms include and air pollutant emissions from manure management nausea, coughing, eye irritation, and headaches, remain a problem. which can happen within hours of exposure.32,33 Other impacts include: chronic cough, chest tightness, wheeze, phlegm, increased cardiopulmonary risk Community Health Impacts from (increased sympathetic tone in the cardiovascular Manure Management system), as well as psychological symptoms, such as frequent depression, tension, and anger.32-35 Aged Air pollution emissions
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