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Manipulating Frequency-Entangled Photons Université libre de Bruxelles Université de Franche-Comté École polytechnique de Bruxelles Institut FEMTO-ST Service OPÉRA Laboratoire d’Optique Manipulating frequency-entangled photons Advisors: Laurent OLISLAGER Philippe EMPLIT December 19, 2014 Serge MASSAR PhD thesis Jean-Marc MEROLLA Doctorat en Sciences de l’Ingénieur et Technologie (ULB) Kien PHAN HUY Doctorat en Optique et Photonique (UFC) À Simone et Michèle Acknowledgements I would like to express (in French) my gratitude to all the people who have made the six years of my PhD thesis both passionating and fun. Let’s go for all the “merci”. Serge, un immense merci pour m’avoir guidé tout au long de ces années, avec un équilibre parfait entre encadrement et liberté. Merci pour tes conseils avisés, ton éclectisme, ton enthou- siasme. Merci pour les agréables moments en ta compagnie. Je ne comprends toujours pas comment tu peux annoncer 90% du temps “poker” tout en en faisant une stratégie gagnante. Philippe, un tout grand merci de m’avoir “ouvert les portes du laboratoire” et pour la confiance que tu m’as témoignée. Merci de faire régner la bonne ambiance au sein d’OPÉRA et pour ta gestion des dossiers kilométriques que ma thèse en co-tutelle a notamment imposés. Jean-Marc, merci pour ton expertise dans la manipulation de photons en fréquence. Tes con- naissances au laboratoire, tes ressources et ta disponibilité ont grandement facilité les débuts de ma thèse. Rien n’aurait été possible sans toi. Kien, merci pour ton incroyable taux de génération de nouvelles idées (en particulier celle qui a initié ma thèse) et pour ton aide au jour le jour. Grâce à toi, je sais (presque correctement) faire des soudures électriques. Jean-Marc et Kien, je me souviendrai longtemps de notre première semaine de manipulations à Bruxelles. Merci aussi Johann pour cette chouette expérience d’insomnies scientifiques. Les mois passés à Besançon furent passionnants scientifiquement et agréables humainement. Qui a dit qu’il ne faisait jamais beau dans cette ville? Ismaël, merci pour tout le temps partagé autour d’une table d’optique, et pour les plats sénégalais. Merci aux personnes qui m’ont accueilli au laboratoire, en particulier Hervé, Valérie, Birgit, Thibaut, Batiste. Revenons en Belgique. Merci Erik pour l’excellent travail réalisé lors de ton mémoire et de la préparation des articles, tu as grandement contribué à cette thèse. Merci aux étudiants que j’ai eu la chance d’encadrer, Bruno, Sébastien et Igor dans le contexte de ces travaux, ainsi que Romain, Olivier et Jorge. Merci aussi à Anthony et Nam. Merci aux scientifiques plus expérimentés avec qui j’ai eu la chance de collaborer, en particulier Stefano, Manas et Branko. À OPÉRA, merci Anh Tuan d’avoir inauguré les travaux menant à cette thèse. Stéphane, un im- mense merci d’avoir partagé ton bureau et ta table de manipulation avec le petit nouveau que j’étais, et pour m’avoir patiemment expliqué comment ne pas brûler des connecteurs optiques. Eddy, ce fut très enrichissant de te côtoyer, toi le maître des explications physiques et questions judicieuses; tes “c’est pas mal” résonnent en moi avec la valeur d’un “formidable”. Jassem, merci beaucoup pour ta dextérité au laboratoire et ta bonne humeur au bureau (sauf quand Cricri perdait). François D., merci d’avoir installé 1023 fois Matlab, et de savoir reconnaître n’importe quel connecteur RF à un mètre de distance. François L., merci de m’avoir enseigné la science du PID, et bien entendu pour les soirées débat, “fieu”. Merci aussi à Adrien pour ces débats, et pour notre séjour bisontin. Merci Pascal et Simpi pour vos explications à tout sujet. iii iv Merci aux autres membres passés et présents d’OPÉRA pour la formidable ambiance de travail (ou parfois ambiance tout court). Merci François B. l’as de la fléchette (et pas seulement). Merci Thomas pour ta culture générale, parfois très spécifique. Merci Anh Dung pour ton inlassable organisation de chouettes activités. Quarante-deux fois “grazie” Serena, au moins par écrit on ne perçoit pas la mauvaise position de l’accent tonique. Merci Akram de vivre à fond chaque match de PlayStation. Merci Antoine de ne pas insister sur le fait que je chante tout haut dans le bureau. Merci Maïté pour nos montagnes russes. Merci Lory, Mika, Olivier, Yvan, Han, Anteo, Quentin, Piotr, Ali, Evdokia... Ibtissame et Alexandra, merci à vous pour le travail immense que vous accomplissez avec efficacité et sourire. Merci aux personnes impliquées avec moi dans des activités d’enseignement, à commencer bien entendu par Marc, mais aussi, parmi ceux que je ne n’ai pas encore cités, Yves, Pierre, Stéphane, Jonathan, Bertrand... Merci aussi chers étudiants, en particulier les “grands” de la Saphybru, vous m’avez beaucoup apporté. De l’autre côté, merci à tous les professeurs ayant éveillé mon goût pour les sciences. En particulier, merci à Nicolas Cerf d’avoir encadré mon mémoire de fin d’études qui reste un excellent souvenir. Au QuIC, merci aussi à Evgueni pour sa gentillesse et Anaëlle pour être devenue plus qu’une lointaine collègue. Merci aux membres du jury d’avoir accepté d’examiner cette thèse. Merci à celles et ceux croisés au hasard d’un laboratoire ou d’une conférence, et qui m’ont inspiré. Merci à toutes les institu- tions ayant financé mes travaux et voyages, et aux personnes qui permettent à des gens comme moi de s’amuser à faire de la recherche. Enfin, je voudrais remercier les personnes extérieures qui ont néanmoins certainement eu un impact sur cette thèse: mes coéquipiers basketteurs, les anciens de l’école, en particulier Char- lotte et sa famille, les anciens de l’université, en particulier Simon, Cédric, François, et Amélie, Marie, Céline, ainsi que Florie, Laura, Nathalie. Merci à tous mes oncles et tantes, cousins et cousines. Merci aux marraines Simone et Michèle, vous êtes une source d’inspiration chaque jour. Merci Benoît et Sarah, et la merveilleuse Manon et celles ou ceux qui restent à venir. À mes parents Ingrid et Roland, que puis-je dire? Ils m’ont soutenu de la première et à la dernière sec- onde, littéralement. Puis-je, en bon spécialiste de l’optique, absorber l’amour qu’ils me portent à sa juste valeur, pour mieux le transmettre et le réfléchir. Publications The present thesis is based on the following publications. Publications in international peer-reviewed journals: – L. Olislager, J. Cussey, A. T. Nguyen, P. Emplit, S. Massar, J.-M. Merolla, & K. Phan Huy, Frequency-bin entangled photons, Physical Review A 82, 013804 (2010). – L. Olislager, I. Mbodji, E. Woodhead, J. Cussey, L. Furfaro, P. Emplit, S. Massar, K. Phan Huy, & J.-M. Merolla, Implementing two-photon interference in the frequency domain with electro-optic phase modulators, New Journal of Physics 14, 043015 (2012). – L. Olislager, J. Safioui, S. Clemmen, K. Phan Huy, W. Bogaerts, R. Baets, P. Emplit, & S. Massar, Silicon-on-insulator integrated source of polarization-entangled photons, Optics Letters 38, 1960 (2013). – M. K. Patra, L. Olislager, F. Duport, J. Safioui, S. Pironio, & S. Massar, Experimental refutation of a class of y-epistemic models, Physical Review A 88, 032112 (2013). – L. Olislager, E. Woodhead, K. Phan Huy, J.-M. Merolla, P. Emplit, & S. Massar, Creating and manipulating entangled optical qubits in the frequency domain, Physical Review A 89, 052323 (2014). Presentations in international conferences with proceedings: – L. Olislager, J. Cussey, A. T. Nguyen, P. Emplit, S. Massar, J.-M. Merolla, & K. Phan Huy, Manipulating frequency entanglement with phase modulators, Th16, International Conference on Quantum Information Processing and Communication (QIPC 2009). Poster presented by L. Olislager, Roma, Italy, September 2009. – L. Olislager, J. Cussey, A. T. Nguyen, P. Emplit, S. Massar, J.-M. Merolla, & K. Phan Huy, Manipulating frequency entangled photons, p. 58–65, Quantum Communication and Quantum Networking (QuantumComm 2009), Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. Talk presented by L. Olislager, Vico Equense, Italy, October 2009. – L. Olislager, J. Cussey, A. T. Nguyen, P. Emplit, S. Massar, J.-M. Merolla, & K. Phan Huy, Ma- nipulating frequency entangled photons, 14th Annual Symposium of the IEEE Photonics Benelux Chapter. Talk presented by L. Olislager, Brussels, Belgium, November 2009. – L. Olislager, I. Mbodji, J. Cussey, A. T. Nguyen, P. Emplit, K. Phan Huy, J.-M. Merolla, & S. Massar, Enchevêtrement de paires de photons dans le domaine fréquentiel, Journées Nationales d’Optique Guidée (JNOG 2010). Talk presented by S. Massar, Besançon, France, October 2010. – L. Olislager, I. Mbodji, E. Woodhead, J. Cussey, A. T. Nguyen, P. Emplit, S. Massar, J.-M. Merolla, & K. Phan Huy, Two-photon interference using frequency-bin entanglement, 15th Annual Symposium of the IEEE Photonics Benelux Chapter. Talk presented by L. Olislager, Delft, The Netherlands, November 2010. – J.-M. Merolla, I. Mbodji, L. Olislager, E. Woodhead, K. Phan Huy, L. Furfaro, & S. Massar, Bell inequality violation in frequency domain using 25 GHz frequency sideband modulation architecture, ED.P.3, European Quantum Electronics Conference, Optical Society of America, 2011. Poster presented by K. Phan Huy, Munich, Deutschland, May 2011. v vi – J.-M. Merolla, L. Fufaro, K. Phan Huy, I. Mbodji, S. Massar, E. Woodhead, L. Olislager, & R. Giust, Reliable and efficient control of spectral qubits using optoelectronic devices: progress and perspectives, 8272-26, SPIE Photonics West. Talk presented by J.-M. Merolla, San Francisco, United States of America, January 2012. – I. Mbodji, L. Olislager, E. Woodhead, B. Galmes, J. Cussey, L. Furfaro, P. Emplit, S. Massar, K. Phan Huy, & J.-M. Merolla, Two-photon experiments in the frequency domain, 84400J, SPIE Photonics Europe, International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2012. Talk presented by L. Olislager, Brussels, Belgium, April 2012. – L. Olislager, F. Duport, J.
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