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Análisis Comparativo De La Constitución De Los Estados Unidos Y La Española De 1812 En El Contexto Histórico Del Liberalismo

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Análisis Comparativo De La Constitución De Los Estados Unidos Y La Española De 1812 En El Contexto Histórico Del Liberalismo TESIS DOCTORAL ANÁLISIS COMPARATIVO DE LA CONSTITUCIÓN DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS Y LA ESPAÑOLA DE 1812 EN EL CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO DEL LIBERALISMO. Autor: José Antonio Gurpegui Palacios. Director: Dr. Francisco Marhuenda García. Departamento de la Educación, Lenguaje, Cultura y Artes, Ciencias Histórica-Jurídicas y Humanísticas y Lenguas Modernas. Programa de doctorado en Derecho Autonómico y Local. Madrid 2017 ANÁLISIS COMPARATIVO DE LA CONSTITUCIÓN DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS Y LA ESPAÑOLA DE 1812 EN EL CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO DEL LIBERALISMO ANÁLISIS COMPARATIVO DE LA CONSTITUCIÓN DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS Y LA ESPAÑOLA DE 1812 EN EL CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO DEL LIBERALISMO Deseo expresar mi gratitud y agradecimiento al profesor Francisco Marhuenda, Director de la presente Tesis Doctoral por sus consejos y ánimos en los momentos delicados cuando consideré abandonarla. Igualmente a la profesora María Teresa Feito Higuerhuela, profesora de la Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, que me incitó a iniciar esta aventura que ahora termina. A mis compañeros del Instituto Franklin- UAH que me soportaron estoicamente en los momentos de tensión y en especial a Cristina Stolpovschih y a Iulia Vescan, que me ayudaron en la siempre farragosa tarea de edición. Y de forma muy especial a mi compañera Tina a la que esta Tesis ha privado de muchas horas y días para poder disponer de mi compañía. Dedico mi trabajo a la memoria de mis dos grandes amigos Derek Walcott y José Miguel Fernández in memeriam. Si puedo parecerme a vosotros, mi vida habrá tenido sentido. ANÁLISIS COMPARATIVO DE LA CONSTITUCIÓN DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS Y LA ESPAÑOLA DE 1812 EN EL CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO DEL LIBERALISMO ANÁLISIS COMPARATIVO DE LA CONSTITUCIÓN DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS Y LA ESPAÑOLA DE 1812 EN EL CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO DEL LIBERALISMO RESUMEN El documento comúnmente citado como referente de la Constitución Española de 1812 es la Constitución Francesa pese a que los diputados reunidos en la sitiada Cádiz intentaban huir de todo aquello con la mínima relación con Francia. También la Constitución de los recién creados Estados Unidos satisfacía a nuestros representantes, pues el federalismo y la autonomía de los diferentes estados resultaba ser un mal ejemplo para los territorios que España poseía en ultramar. Sin embargo las coincidencias entre estas tres constituciones resultan innegables; una coincidencia derivada de los principios liberales que las tres recogen y reflejan. Partiendo de esta tesis inicial nuestra hipótesis de partida es que las constituciones norteamericana y española coinciden en muchos más puntos de los que originalmente han sido considerados. Los dos puntos principales de coincidencia son los relativos a la Soberanía Nacional y la Separación de Poderes. La Soberanía Nacional tenía que ver con la definición de la propia nación. La fórmula “We the People” con que se inicia la constitución americana resulta bastante más compleja de lo que pueda ser considerado a priori; en cuanto a España a partir de ese momento no será el rey quien ostente la soberanía, sino que esta recaerá en el pueblo, lo que implica un cambio conceptual de primer orden. La Separación de poderes tal como la concibió Montesquieu, constituye la base del estado liberal y de los estados modernos y constituye el segundo pilar en el que se fundamentan ambas constituciones. Pero no son estos los únicos puntos de coincidencia entre ambas constituciones, los nexos van mucho más allá. Así por ejemplo ninguna de las dos recoge de forma explícita una declaración de derechos como sí lo hace la francesa. Sin embargo los derechos individuales estarán presentes en ambas. En la norteamericana con la adición de la “Bill of Rights” en la española se encontrarán a lo largo y ancho del articulado. Además los constitucionalistas de ambas naciones debieron afrontar problemas de similar índole como la esclavitud en Estados Unidos y la Inquisición en ANÁLISIS COMPARATIVO DE LA CONSTITUCIÓN DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS Y LA ESPAÑOLA DE 1812 EN EL CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO DEL LIBERALISMO España. Los americanos no incluyeron referencia alguna a ello en su documento, hacerlo hubiera supuesto que los estados esclavistas del sur no ratificaran el documento. Los españoles, sin embargo, sí suprimieron la Inquisición, no sin pocos debates entre defensores y detractores. Se ha mencionado, implícitamente, como en ambos casos existieron dos grupos claramente definidos. En los Estados Unidos se trató de una suerte de “enfrentamiento” entre los estados grandes y los pequeños –en referencia a la población, no la extensión-, en España el enfrentamiento se dio entre los absolutistas y los liberales. Además tanto a un lado como al otro del Atlántico dos personalidades sobresaldrán sobre el resto hasta el punto de convertirse en referentes constitucionales. Nos referimos a James Madison en Estados Unidos y a Agustín de Arguelles. Estos dos personajes, su constancia y capacidad de convicción resultarán determinantes en el resultado final. ABSTRACT The document commonly cited as an example of the Spanish constitution of 1812 is the French Constitution despite the fact that the deputies gathered in the besieged Cadiz attempted to escape from all that with the minimum relation to France. In addition, the Constitution of the recently created United States satisfied our representatives since the federalism and the autonomy of the different states did not turn out to be a good example for those territories that Spain owned overseas. Nonetheless, the coincidences among these three constitutions are undeniable; one coincidence derived from the liberal principles that the three of them gather and reflect. On this initial thesis, our starting point is that the American and Spanish Constitutions are more similar than originally considered. The two main points of agreement are those related to the National Sovereignty and the Separation of Powers. The National Sovereignty had to do with the definition of the nation itself. The form “We the People” that starts the American constitution turned out to be much more complex than considered a priori; as for Spain, from that moment, the king will be no longer be the one who will hold the Sovereignty but it ANÁLISIS COMPARATIVO DE LA CONSTITUCIÓN DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS Y LA ESPAÑOLA DE 1812 EN EL CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO DEL LIBERALISMO will devolve upon the people, which implies a conceptual change. The separation of powers as conceived by Montesquieu constitutes the basis of the liberal and modern states and as well as the second pillar in which both constitutions are based. However, these are not the only meeting points between both constitutions, the links go far beyond. Therefore, for instance, none of them gather a bill of rights explicitly in the way the French constitution does. Yet, the individual rights will be present in both of them. In the American Constitution, with the addition of the Bill of Rights in the Spanish one, they will be found throughout the whole set of articles. In addition, the constitutionalists of both nations had to deal with similar issues such as slavery in the United States and the Spanish inquisition. The Americans did not include any reference in their document, since that would have meant for the slaveholding southern states not to change the document. Spaniards, on the other hand, did abolish the inquisition, not without a few debates between defenders and detractors. It is implicitly mentioned how in both cases two clearly defined groups existed. In the United States it was a conflict between the big and small states- regarding population, not extension-, whilst in Spain the conflict took place between the absolutists and the liberals. Moreover, in both sides of the Atlantic, two personalities would stand out from the rest to the point of becoming constitutional examples. We are talking about James Madison in the United States and Agustín de Argüelles. These both figures, their perseverance and conviction shall be decisive in the final outcome. ANÁLISIS COMPARATIVO DE LA CONSTITUCIÓN DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS Y LA ESPAÑOLA DE 1812 EN EL CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO DEL LIBERALISMO ANÁLISIS COMPARATIVO DE LA CONSTITUCIÓN DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS Y LA ESPAÑOLA DE 1812 EN EL CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO DEL LIBERALISMO ÍNDICE INTRODUCCIÓN………………………………………...…………. 11 1: PRINCIPIOS FILOSÓFICOS Y CONCEPTUALES DEL LIBERALISMO………………………………………………….….. 31 2: LAS CONSTITUCIONES EN SU CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO…………………………………………………….…… 51 3: LOS ARTÍFICES DE LAS CONSTITUCIONES…………….… 147 4: SOBERANÍA NACIONAL, SEPARACIÓN DE PODERES, DERECHOS INDIVIDUALES…………………………………..… 221 CONCLUSIÓN…………………………………………………..…. 301 BIBLIOGRAFÍA………………………………………………...….. 327 ANEXO 1……………………………………………………..…...... 339 ANEXO 2 ………………………………………………………...… 349 ANÁLISIS COMPARATIVO DE LA CONSTITUCIÓN DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS Y LA ESPAÑOLA DE 1812 EN EL CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO DEL LIBERALISMO ANÁLISIS COMPARATIVO DE LA CONSTITUCIÓN DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS Y LA ESPAÑOLA DE 1812 EN EL CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO DEL LIBERALISMO INTRODUCCIÓN 11 ANÁLISIS COMPARATIVO DE LA CONSTITUCIÓN DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS Y LA ESPAÑOLA DE 1812 EN EL CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO DEL LIBERALISMO 12 ANÁLISIS COMPARATIVO DE LA CONSTITUCIÓN DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS Y LA ESPAÑOLA DE 1812 EN EL CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO DEL LIBERALISMO INTRODUCCIÓN “Ubi societas, ibi ius; ubi ius, ibi societas”, “donde hay sociedad, hay derecho; donde hay derecho, hay sociedad”. La palabra latina “jus” –“ius”-, con la que los romanos se referían a “lo que es lícito” (su opuesto sería “injuria”, lo que no es lícito) equiparable a la actual noción de derecho, plantea una
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