DOCSLIB.ORG

Hepatocellular Carcinoma on Chromosome 13Q

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Hepatocellular Carcinoma on Chromosome 13Q Britsh Joumal of Cancer (1995) 72, 383-385 © 1995 Stockton Press All rights reserved 0007-0920/95 $12.00 Evidence for the presence of two tumour-suppressor genes for hepatocellular carcinoma on chromosome 13q T Kurokil, Y Fujiwara2, S Nakamori3, S Imaoka3, T Kanematsu4 and Y Nakamura' 'Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo; 2Second Department of Surgery, Osaka University Medical School, Osaka; 3Division of Surgery, The Centerfor Adult Disease, Osaka; 4The Second Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan. Summary The concept that genetic changes accumulate during development and progression of cancer is widely accepted. Frequent allelic losses at chromosome 13q have been found in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), and a known tumour-suppressor at 13ql4, the retinoblastoma (RB) gene, is thought to be the target of those events. However, no strong evidence has emerged to support a significant role of RB during hepatocarcinogenesis. To investigate the minimal area(s) of loss on chromosome 13q in HCCs, we analysed DNAs isolated from 92 tumours for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at 13 loci on chromosome 13q, using polymorphic microsatellite markers. In 30 (32.6%) of 92 cases we detected LOH for at least one locus on chromosome 13q and 20 revealed a partial or interstitial deletion of chromosome 13q. Deletion mapping of these 20 tumours indicated two separate commonly deleted regions: one was located in the region including RB and the other was located in the region including the BRCA2 locus. These findings suggest that at least one putative tumour-suppressor gene for HCC other than RB, possibly BRCA2, exists on chromosome 13q. Keywords: hepatocellular carcinoma; loss of heterozygosity; chromosome 13q; retinoblastoma gene; microsatel- lite marker; deletion map The genesis of human cancers is generally a multistep process Materials and methods reflecting cumulative genetic alterations that include activa- tion of oncogenes or inactivation of tumour-suppressor Tumours and DNA preparation genes. losses of heterozygosity We and others have reported HCCs and corresponding non-cancerous liver tissues in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) and implied the Primary were obtained from 92 patients during surgery. Part of each presence of tumour-suppressor genes on chromosomes lp, tissue was fixed with formalin and embedded in paraffin for 5q, lIp, (Wang and Roger, 1988; 4q, 8p, 13q, 16q and 17p histological examination; the remaining moiety was stored at et Ding et al., 1991; Buetow et al., 1989; Tsuda al., 1990; -80C for preparation of DNA. Frozen tissue samples were Fujimori et al., 1991; Murakami et al., 1991; Simon et al., ground to a fine powder in liquid nitrogen, suspended in lysis 1991; Walker et al., 1991; Emi et al., 1992, 1993; Nishida et buffer, treated with proteinase K, and extracted by phenol- al., 1992; Sugimura, 1992; Yeh et al., 1994). However, the chloroform-isoamyl alcohol as described elsewhere (Sato et precise molecular mechanism of development and/or progres- sion of HCCs still remains unclear. al., 1990). LOH on chromosome 13q has been observed frequently in primary cancers of the lung (Weston et al., 1989), breast (Lee LOH analysis et al., 1988), bladder (Cairns et al., 1991), ovary (Sato et al., All 13 markers used in the present study represented 1991) and liver (Wang and Roger, 1988; Murakami et al., polymorphic CA-repeat microsatellite markers: D13S217, 1991; Walker et al., 1991; Nishida et al., 1992). The RB gene, D13S260, D13S267, D13S218, D13S263, D13S126, D13S270, a gene responsible for retinoblastoma, located at 13q14, is D13S172, D13S269, D13S170, D13S265, D13S159 and to most involved in the thought be the likely candidate D13S158 (Gyapay et al., 1994; Wooster et al., 1994; Zhang et carcinogenesis of these cancers. However, one report has al., 1994). Each was amplified by the polymerase chain reac- that the RB gene is probably not the target of the suggested tion (PCR) in 10 volumes of a mixture containing frequent allelic deletions on chromosome 1 3q in ovarian jil 1 x PCR buffer (6.7 mM Tris, 16.6 mM ammonium sulphate, cancers (Kim et al., 1994). Zhang et al. (1994) also reported 6.7 gAM EDTA, 10 mM P-mercaptoethanol), 20 pmol each of of the RB gene in HCCs infrequent somatic mutation unlabelled primer and primer labelled with [y-32P]ATP, 20 ng although nearly half of tumour cells lacked the RB protein. 0.1 U of DNA 250 of Recently, linkage analysis of families carrying hereditary of genomic DNA, Taq polymerase, gM each deoxynucleotide triphosphate and 5 mM magnesium breast cancer localised a second gene responsible for familial chloride. Reactions were performed in 25 cycles under the breast cancer (BRCA2) to 13ql2-13 (Wooster et al., 1994). following conditions: 30 s at 94°C, 30 s at 50-55°C and 30 s presence of a putative tumour- Those results indicated the at 72°C (Gene Amp PCR 9600 System, Perkin Elmer Cetus). suppressor gene other than RB on the long arm of A 5 volume of each solution was denatured and then chromosome 13; this unidentified gene might be involved in ftl electrophoresed in 6% polyacrylamide gel containing 7.7 M carcinogenesis of cancers of several tissues, including HCCs. urea and 32% formamide. Gels were fixed in 5% meth- To putative tumour-suppressor define the location of the anol-5% acetic acid, dried and exposed to X-ray film for gene(s) on 13q, we examined deletion mapping studies of 92 HCCs using highly polymorphic microsatellite markers. Here 8-24h. we present evidence that loss of heterozygosity occurs in two discrete regions of this chromosomal arm. Determination of LOH To evaluate the allelic dosage, the signal intensities of polymorphic alleles were quantified with a Hoefer GS-300 Correspondence: Y Nakamura, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, scanning densitometer; the peak area corresponding to each Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, signal was calculated by electronic integration using a GS Shiroganedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108, Japan 370 one-dimensional electrophoresis data system (Hoefer Received 16 January 1995; revised 21 March 1995; accepted 4 April Scientific Instruments). The extent of dosage change of given 1995 allele in HCC was calculated by division of the ratio of Two commonly deleted regions of 13q in HCC T Kuroki et al 384 intensity of the abnormal allele to that of the normal allele in Results tumour DNA by the corresponding ratio measured in non- tumorous DNA. The amount of the tumour and correspon- The linear order of the 13 microsatellite loci analysed for ding normal DNAs for PCR reaction was adjusted by LOH, and the RB locus, had been reported previously as repeated PCR experiments. When >50% reduction in signal follows: centromere D13S217-Dl 3S260-Dl 3S267-D13S218 intensity was detected, it was judged as loss of heterozy- -D13S263-D13S126-D13S270-(RB gene)- D13S172-D13S269 gosity. -D13S170-D13S265-D13S159-D13S158 telomere (Gyapay et al., 1994; Wooster et al., 1994; Zhang et al., 1994). Examples of LOH at several of these loci are shown in Figure 1. All 92 tumours were informative for at least one of the loci examined, and in 30 (32.6%) of them we detected LOH; ten No. 57 No. 239 of these cases showed LOH at all informative loci examined N T N T and 20 cases revealed partial or interstitial deletions of chromosome 13q. Figure 2 summarises the results of LOH analyses in these 20 HCCs. Tumour 171 retained heter- ozygosity at the Dl3S263 locus, but showed LOHs in the region distal to D13S126. Tumour 57 showed LOHs in the region between the D13S263 and D13S269 loci, a region that includes the RB locus, but retained heterozygosity for all other informative loci. Tumours 205 and 239 showed LOHs N T between D13S217 and D13S263, both located proximally to the RB gene locus, but retained heterozygosity at all infor- mative loci more proximal and distal to this region. Of the ttl T tumours with partial losses at 13q, two cases (tumours 205 and 239) showed LOH at loci proximal to the RB gene locus; two cases (tumours 57 and 171) showed LOH at loci around the RB gene locus; and the other cases showed possible LOH in both regions. These results indicate that two separate regions are commonly deleted in HCCs, one between markers D13S263 and D13S172 and the other between D13SD217 and D13S263, where the BRCA2 gene is thought to be located (Wooster et al., 1994). Ni T With respect to pathological data of tumours, LOH on 13q was significantly higher in moderately or poorly differentiated types (26 of 63 informative cases) than in well-differentiated or early carcinomas (2 of 24 cases) (P = 0.002 by Fisher's exact test). Similarly, LOH of 1 3q was higher in T3/T4 tumours (15 of 33 cases) than in TI (2 of 13 cases) or T2 (11 of 41 cases) tumours. Discussion Figure 1 LOH analysis on chromosome 13q for two selected HCCs. Microsatellite loci are identified below each autoradiog- The deletion map constructed in this study implies that two ram of paired DNAs from HCC (T) and corresponding normal separate regions on chromosome 13q contain HCC-assoc- tissue (N). Case 57 shows LOH at D13S270 and retention at iated tumour-suppressor genes. The region between D13S263 D13S263 and D13S269. Case 239 shows LOH at D13S260 and and D13S172 covers a genetic distance of about 15 cM retention at D13S270. (Gyapay et al., 1994) and includes the RB gene (Gyapay et 38 40 42 48 57 60 68 141 155 157 165 171 194 197 199 205 228 239 240 257 (centromere) D13S217 4 4 D13S260 4 4 : BRCA2 D13S267 I D13S218 D13S263 0 D13S126 I 4 D13S270 (RB gene) D13S172 I D13S269 I 4 04 D13S170 I 1 4 04 D13S265 I 4 4 4 44 I 4 D13S159 4 01 D13S158 1 ( 4 (telomere) Figure 2 Schematic representation of partial deletions on chromosome 13q in HCCs.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Role of Genetics Mutations in Genes PORCN, TWIST2, HCCS In
    ISSN: 2378-3672 Asadi and Jamali. Int J Immunol Immunother 2019, 6:038 DOI: 10.23937/2378-3672/1410038 Volume 6 | Issue 1 International Journal of Open Access Immunology and Immunotherapy REVIEW ARTICLE The Role of Genetics Mutations in Genes PORCN, TWIST2, HCCS in Goltz Syndrome Shahin Asadi1* and Mahsa Jamali2 Check for updates Division of Medical Genetics and Molecular Pathology Research, Molecular Genetics-IRAN-TABRIZ, Iran *Corresponding author: Shahin Asadi, Division of Medical Genetics and Molecular Pathology Research, Molecular Genetics-IRAN-TABRIZ, Iran are usually formed around the nose, the lips, the anal Abstract holes and the genitals of women with Goltz syndrome. Goltz syndrome (focal skin hypoplasia) is a genetic disorder In addition, papillomas may be present in the throat, that primarily affects the skin, skeletal system, eyes and face. People with Goltz syndrome have birth defects. These especially in the esophagus or larynx, and can cause disorders include very thin skin veins (skin hypoplasia), pink swallowing, respiration or sleep poisoning. The papillo- yellow nodules, subcutaneous fat, lack of upper skin layers mas can be removed if necessary by surgery from the (aplasia cutis), small clusters of superficial skin vessels growing regions. People with Goltz syndrome may have (telangiectasia), and veins in dark skin Or bright. Goltz syndrome is caused by mutation genes PORCN, TWIST2, small and abnormal nails on the toes. In addition, hair in HCCS. the scalp of these people can be weak or fragile or not [2] (Figure 2). Keywords Goltz syndrome, PORCN, TWIST2, HCCS genes, Skin and Many people with Goltz syndrome also have hand Skeletal disorders and foot disorders, including abnormalities such as oligodactyly in fingers and toes, fingers and legs (cin- Generalizations of Goltz Syndrome dactyly) or ecd rhodactyly.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Reactions, and Cellular Respiration
    Chapter 03 Lecture Outline See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre- inserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Energy, Chemical Reactions, and Cellular Respiration • All living organisms require energy to – Power muscle – Pump blood – Absorb nutrients – Exchange respiratory gases – Synthesize new molecules – Establish cellular ion concentrations • Glucose broken down through metabolic pathways – Forms ATP, the “energy currency” of cells 2 3.1a Classes of Energy • Energy – Capacity to do work – Two classes of energy o Potential energy—stored energy (energy of position) o Kinetic energy—energy of motion – Both can be converted from one class to the other 3 3.1a Classes of Energy • Potential energy and the plasma membrane – Concentration gradient exists across plasma membrane o Boundary between inside and outside of cell • Potential energy and electron shells – Electrons move from a higher- to lower-energy shell – Kinetic energy can be harnessed to do work • Potential energy must be converted to kinetic energy before it can do work 4 Conversion of Potential Energy to Kinetic Energy Figure 3.1 5 3.1b Forms of Energy • Chemical energy – One form of potential energy – Energy stored in a molecule’s chemical bonds – Most important form of energy in the human body – Used for o Movement o Molecule synthesis o Establishing concentration gradients – Present in all chemical bonds – Released when bonds are broken during reactions 6 3.1b Forms of
    [Show full text]
  • NASH, Fibrosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Lipid Synthesis and Glutamine/Acetate Signaling
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review NASH, Fibrosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Lipid Synthesis and Glutamine/Acetate Signaling Yoshiaki Sunami Department of Visceral, Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, University Medical Center Halle, 06120 Halle, Germany; [email protected]; Tel.: +49-345-557-2794 Received: 31 July 2020; Accepted: 8 September 2020; Published: 16 September 2020 Abstract: Primary liver cancer is predicted to be the sixth most common cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Recent studies identified nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as the underlying cause in 13–38.2% of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma unrelated to viral hepatitis and alcohol abuse. NAFLD progresses to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which increases the risk for the development of liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD is characterized by dysregulation of lipid metabolism. In addition, lipid metabolism is effected not only in NAFLD, but also in a broad range of chronic liver diseases and tumor development. Cancer cells manipulate a variety of metabolic pathways, including lipid metabolism, in order to build up their own cellular components. Identifying tumor dependencies on lipid metabolism would provide options for novel targeting strategies. This review article summarizes the research evidence on metabolic reprogramming and focuses on lipid metabolism in NAFLD, NASH, fibrosis, and cancer. As alternative routes of acetyl-CoA production for fatty acid synthesis, topics on glutamine and acetate metabolism are included. Further, studies on small compound inhibitors targeting lipid metabolism are discussed. Understanding reprogramming strategies in liver diseases, as well as the visualization of the metabolism reprogramming networks, could uncover novel therapeutic options.
    [Show full text]
  • Gadd45-Α and Metastatic Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Migration
    MQP-BIO-DSA-2636 Gadd45-α and Metastatic Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Migration A Major Qualifying Project Report Submitted to the Faculty of the WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Biology and Biotechnology by _________________________ Sally Trabucco April 29, 2010 APPROVED: _________________________ _________________________ Brian Lewis, Ph.D. David Adams, Ph.D. Program in Gene Function and Expression Dept. Biology and Biotechnology Umass Medical Center WPI Project Advisor Major Advisor ABSTRACT Gadd45-α is a tumor suppressor protein identified by microarray analysis with a reduced expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines with high migration ability. The role of Gadd45-α in HCC migration was tested by stable shRNA knockdowns in a non-metastasizing murine cell line (BL185). The migration levels of the Gadd45-α knockdowns were significantly increased relative to the parental non-metastasizing line, indicating that decreased Gadd45-α expression is sufficient to promote increased cell migration. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page ………………………………………………………………………. 1 Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………… 2 Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………….…… 3 Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………….. 4 Background ………………………………………………………………………….. 5 Project Purpose ………………………………………………………………………. 13 Methods ……………………………………………………………………………… 14 Results ……………………………………………………………………………….. 19 Discussion …………………………………………………………………………… 24 Bibliography ………………………………………………………………………… 26 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Throughout the course of this year-long project I have had help from many people without whom this project would not have been successful. The most important of these people is Dr. Brian Lewis for allowing me to join his lab for a year to complete this project. Even with a premium on space, Brian was always supportive of my project and my future goals, which provided the start of the friendly and instructive atmosphere I came to enjoy in his lab.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Outline
    Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Outline Overview: Life Is Work To perform their many tasks, as (open/closed?) systems, living cells require energy from outside sources. Energy enters most ecosystems as sunlight and leaves as heat. In contrast, the chemical elements essential for life are recycled. Photosynthesis generates oxygen and organic molecules that the mitochondria of eukaryotes (including plants and algae) use as fuel for cellular respiration. Cells harvest the chemical energy stored in organic molecules and use it to regenerate ATP, the molecule that drives most cellular work. Concept 9.1 Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels Catabolic/Anabolic? metabolic pathways release energy stored in complex organic molecules. o Electron transfer plays a major role in these pathways. One type of catabolic process, ________________, leads to the partial degradation of sugars without the use of oxygen. A more efficient and widespread catabolic process, ____________ respiration, consumes oxygen as a reactant to complete the breakdown of a variety of organic molecules. o Some prokaryotes use compounds other than oxygen as reactants in a similar process called anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration is similar in broad principle to the combustion of gasoline in an automobile engine after oxygen is mixed with hydrocarbon fuel. o Food provides the fuel for respiration. The exhaust is carbon dioxide and water. Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all be used as the fuel, but it is most useful to consider glucose: C6H12O6 + 6O2 __CO2 + __H2O + energy (_______ + heat) The catabolism of glucose is (endergonic/exergonic?), with G = −686 kcal per mole of glucose.
    [Show full text]
  • And/Or HCV-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells Using Expressed Sequence Tags
    315-327 28/6/06 12:53 Page 315 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 29: 315-327, 2006 315 Gene expression profiling of human HBV- and/or HCV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma cells using expressed sequence tags SUN YOUNG YOON1, JEONG-MIN KIM1, JUNG-HWA OH1, YEO-JIN JEON1, DONG-SEOK LEE1, JOO HEON KIM3, JONG YOUNG CHOI4, BYUNG MIN AHN5, SANGSOO KIM2, HYANG-SOOK YOO1, YONG SUNG KIM1 and NAM-SOON KIM1 1Laboratory of Human Genomics, Genome Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-333; 2Department of Bioinformatics and Life Science, Soongsil University, Seoul; 3Department of Pathology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-832; 4Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Medicine, 137-701 Seoul; 5Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Medicine, Daejeon 301-723, Korea Received November 14, 2005; Accepted January 19, 2006 Abstract. Liver cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer expressed at high levels in HCC. Using an analysis of EST death worldwide. To identify novel target genes that are frequency, the newly identified genes, especially ANXA2, related to liver carcinogenesis, we examined new genes represent potential biomarkers for HCC and useful targets for that are differentially expressed in human hepatocellular elucidating the molecular mechanisms associated with HCC carcinoma (HCC) cell lines and tissues based on the expressed involving virological etiology. sequence tag (EST) frequency. Eleven libraries were constructed from seven HCC cell lines and three normal liver Introduction tissue samples obtained from Korean patients. An analysis of gene expression profiles for HCC was performed using the Liver cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death frequency of ESTs obtained from these cDNA libraries.
    [Show full text]
  • Divergent Cytochrome C Maturation System in Kinetoplastid Protists
    This is a repository copy of Divergent cytochrome c maturation system in kinetoplastid protists. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/172747/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Belbelazi, Asma, Neish, Rachel, Carr, Martin et al. (2 more authors) (Accepted: 2021) Divergent cytochrome c maturation system in kinetoplastid protists. MBio. ISSN 2150-7511 (In Press) Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ 1 Divergent cytochrome c maturation system in kinetoplastid protists 2 3 Asma Belbelazia, Rachel Neishb, Martin Carra, Jeremy C. Mottramb#, and Michael L. Gingera# 4 aSchool of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK 5 bYork Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK 6 7 Running head: kinetoplastid cytochrome c maturation 8 9 #Address correspondence to Michael L. Ginger, [email protected] or Jeremy C. Mottram, 10 [email protected] 11 12 Asma Belbelazi and Rachel Neish contributed equally to this work.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Mitochondrial Holocytochrome C Synthasets Heme Binding, Maturation Determinants, and Complex Formation with Cytochrome C
    Human mitochondrial holocytochrome c synthase’s PNAS PLUS heme binding, maturation determinants, and complex formation with cytochrome c Brian San Francisco, Eric C. Bretsnyder, and Robert G. Kranz1 Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130 Edited by Sabeeha Sabanali Merchant, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, and approved October 16, 2012 (received for review August 10, 2012) Proper functioning of the mitochondrion requires the orchestrated cytochromes in mitochondria: cytochrome c maturation (CCM) assembly of respiratory complexes with their cofactors. Cyto- (12–15) and cytochrome c heme lyase, also called “holocytochrome chrome c, an essential electron carrier in mitochondria and a critical c synthase” (HCCS, the term used in this paper) (16, 17). The component of the apoptotic pathway, contains a heme cofactor CCM system is composed of eight or nine integral membrane covalently attached to the protein at a conserved CXXCH motif. proteins and functions in the mitochondrial inner membrane Although it has been known for more than two decades that heme of plants and some protozoa and in the cytoplasmic membranes of attachment requires the mitochondrial protein holocytochrome c alpha- and gamma-proteobacteria (18). Most mitochondria (e.g., fi synthase (HCCS), the mechanism remained unknown. We puri ed those of fungi, invertebrates, vertebrates, and some protozoa) use membrane-bound human HCCS with endogenous heme and in HCCS for synthesis of cytochrome c. In fungi, two related c complex with its cognate human apocytochrome . Spectroscopic homologs, HCCS and HCC S, are dedicated to maturation of analyses of HCCS alone and complexes of HCCS with site-directed 1 cytochrome c and cytochrome c , respectively (19, 20), whereas in variants of cytochrome c revealed the fundamental steps of heme 1 animals a single HCCS enzyme is active toward both cytochrome c attachment and maturation.
    [Show full text]
  • Microphthalmia with Linear Skin Defects Syndrome
    Microphthalmia with linear skin defects syndrome Description Microphthalmia with linear skin defects syndrome is a disorder that mainly affects females. In people with this condition, one or both eyes may be very small or poorly developed (microphthalmia). Affected individuals also typically have unusual linear skin markings on the head and neck. These markings follow the paths along which cells migrate as the skin develops before birth (lines of Blaschko). The skin defects generally improve over time and leave variable degrees of scarring. The signs and symptoms of microphthalmia with linear skin defects syndrome vary widely, even among affected individuals within the same family. In addition to the characteristic eye problems and skin markings, this condition can cause abnormalities in the brain, heart, and genitourinary system. A hole in the muscle that separates the abdomen from the chest cavity (the diaphragm), which is called a diaphragmatic hernia, may occur in people with this disorder. Affected individuals may also have short stature and fingernails and toenails that do not grow normally (nail dystrophy). Frequency The prevalence of microphthalmia with linear skin defects syndrome is unknown. More than 50 affected individuals have been identified. Causes Mutations in the HCCS gene or a deletion of genetic material on the X chromosome that includes the HCCS gene cause microphthalmia with linear skin defects syndrome. The HCCS gene carries instructions for producing an enzyme called holocytochrome c-type synthase. This enzyme is active in many tissues of the body and is found in the mitochondria, the energy-producing centers within cells. Within the mitochondria, the holocytochrome c-type synthase enzyme helps produce a molecule called cytochrome c.
    [Show full text]
  • In Vitro Reconstitution Reveals Major Differences Between Human And
    RESEARCH ARTICLE In vitro reconstitution reveals major differences between human and bacterial cytochrome c synthases Molly C Sutherland1,2†*, Deanna L Mendez1†, Shalon E Babbitt1†‡, Dustin E Tillman1§, Olga Melnikov1, Nathan L Tran1, Noah T Prizant1, Andrea L Collier1, Robert G Kranz1* 1Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, United States; 2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, United States Abstract Cytochromes c are ubiquitous heme proteins in mitochondria and bacteria, all possessing a CXXCH (CysXxxXxxCysHis) motif with covalently attached heme. We describe the first in vitro reconstitution of cytochrome c biogenesis using purified mitochondrial (HCCS) and bacterial (CcsBA) cytochrome c synthases. We employ apocytochrome c and peptide analogs containing CXXCH as substrates, examining recognition determinants, thioether attachment, and subsequent release and folding of cytochrome c. Peptide analogs reveal very different recognition requirements between HCCS and CcsBA. For HCCS, a minimal 16-mer peptide is required, *For correspondence: comprised of CXXCH and adjacent alpha helix 1, yet neither thiol is critical for recognition. For [email protected] (MCS); bacterial CcsBA, both thiols and histidine are required, but not alpha helix 1. Heme attached [email protected] (RGK) peptide analogs are not released from the HCCS active site; thus, folding is important in the release mechanism. Peptide analogs behave as inhibitors of cytochrome c biogenesis, paving the †These authors contributed equally to this work way for targeted control. Present address: ‡Pfizer, Chesterfield, United States; §Department of Molecular and Introduction Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United The structure of cytochrome c (cyt c), as well as its key function in electron transport for aerobic res- States piration, have been known for over half a century (Dickerson et al., 1971; Ernster and Schatz, 1981).
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Spectrum of Females with HCCS Mutation: from No Clinical Signs to a Neonatal Lethal Form of the Microphthalmia with Linear Skin Defects (MLS) Syndrome
    Clinical spectrum of females with HCCS mutation: from no clinical signs to a neonatal lethal form of the microphthalmia with linear skin defects (MLS) syndrome. Vanessa van Rahden, Isabella Rau, Sigrid Fuchs, Friederike Kosyna, Hiram de Almeida, Helen Fryssira, Bertrand Isidor, Anna Jauch, Madeleine Joubert, Augusta Lachmeijer, et al. To cite this version: Vanessa van Rahden, Isabella Rau, Sigrid Fuchs, Friederike Kosyna, Hiram de Almeida, et al.. Clinical spectrum of females with HCCS mutation: from no clinical signs to a neonatal lethal form of the microphthalmia with linear skin defects (MLS) syndrome.. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases, BioMed Central, 2014, 9 (1), pp.53. 10.1186/1750-1172-9-53. inserm-00981854 HAL Id: inserm-00981854 https://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00981854 Submitted on 23 Apr 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. van Rahden et al. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2014, 9:53 http://www.ojrd.com/content/9/1/53 RESEARCH Open Access Clinical spectrum of females with HCCS mutation: from no clinical signs to a neonatal
    [Show full text]
  • Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food
    Chapter 6 Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food PowerPoint® Lectures for Campbell Essential Biology, Fifth Edition, and Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology, Fourth Edition – Eric J. Simon, Jean L. Dickey, and Jane B. Reece Lectures by Edward J. Zalisko © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. ENERGY FLOW AND CHEMICAL CYCLING IN THE BIOSPHERE • Animals depend on plants to convert the energy of sunlight to – chemical energy of sugars and – other organic molecules we consume as food. • Photosynthesis uses light energy from the sun to – power a chemical process and – make organic molecules. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Producers and Consumers • Plants and other autotrophs (self-feeders) – make their own organic matter from inorganic nutrients. • Heterotrophs (other-feeders) – include humans and other animals that cannot make organic molecules from inorganic ones. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Producers and Consumers • Autotrophs are producers because ecosystems depend upon them for food. • Heterotrophs are consumers because they eat plants or other animals. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.1 Chemical Cycling between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration • The ingredients for photosynthesis are carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). – CO2 is obtained from the air by a plant’s leaves. – H2O is obtained from the damp soil by a plant’s roots. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chemical Cycling between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration • Chloroplasts in the cells of leaves use light energy to rearrange the atoms of CO2 and H2O, which produces – sugars (such as glucose), – other organic molecules, and – oxygen gas. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chemical Cycling between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration • Plant and animal cells perform cellular respiration, a chemical process that – primarily occurs in mitochondria, – harvests energy stored in organic molecules, – uses oxygen, and – generates ATP.
    [Show full text]