Drug Addiction Portrayed in Hubert Selby Jr's Requiem

Home , Big Amount, Mark Renton, Requiem for a Dream

DRUG ADDICTION PORTRAYED IN HUBERT SELBY JR’S REQUIEM FOR A DREAM AND IRVINE WELSH’S TRAINSPOTTING: A COMPARATIVE LITERATURE ANALYSIS

A THESIS BY CINDY DWI ANDARY REG. NO. 160705030

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2021

Universitas Sumatera Utara

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Universitas Sumatera Utara

ABSTRACT

This thesis is entitled “Drug Addiction Portrayed in Hubert Selby Jr’s Requiem for a Dream and Irvine Welsh’s Trainspotting: A Comparative Literature Analysis.” This thesis contains a study of comparative literature which involves two literary works from two different nations with similar motifs, which is drug addiction. The aims of this study are (i) to find out how drug addiction is portrayed in the two literary works, (ii) to find out what are the causes and the impacts of drug addiction, and (iii) to find the similarities and differences of drug addiction portrayed in both literary works. The writer uses comparative literature theory as well as looking at the intrinsic elements of literature in analyzing both literary works. In completing the analysis, the writer uses descriptive qualitative method which represents all the data in forms of words and sentences. The data sources of this study are Hubert Selby Jr’s Requiem for a Dream and Irvine Welsh’s Trainspotting. Based on the results of the analysis it can be concluded that the two literary works show similarities and differences regarding drug addiction that happen to the characters in both literary works Keywords: Drug addiction, Comparative Literature, Requiem for a Dream, Trainspotting, Hubert Selby Jr, Irvine Welsh

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Universitas Sumatera Utara ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul “Drug Addiction Portrayed in Hubert Selby Jr’s Requiem for a Dream and Irvine Welsh’s Trainspotting: A Comparative Literature Analysis.” Skripsi ini berisi analisis sastra bandingan yang melibatkan dua karya sastra dari dua negara berbeda dengan motif yg sama, yaitu kecanduan narkoba. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah (i) untuk mengetahui bagaimana kecanduan narkoba digambarkan dalam kedua karya sastra tersebut, (Ii) untuk mengetahui penyebab dan dampak dari kecanduan narkoba, dan (iii) untuk menemukan persamaan dan perbedaan kecanduan narkoba di kedua karya sastra tersebut. Penulis menggunakan teori sastra bandingan dan melihat elemen intrinsik karya sastra dalam menganalisis penelitian ini. Dalam menyelesaikan analisis ini, penulis menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif karena semua data disampaikan dalam bentuk kata-kata dan kalimat. Sumber data dari oenelitian ini adalah kedua novel Requiem for a Dream oleh Hubert Selby Jr dan Trainspoting oleh Irvine Welsh. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dapat disimpulkan bahwa kedua karya sastra menunjukkan persamaan dan perbedaan mengenai kecanduan narkoba yg dialami karakter-karakter di kedua karya sastra. Kata Kunci: Kecanduan Narkoba, Sastra Bandingan, Hubert Selby Jr, Irvine Welsh

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ...... iii COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. ABSTRACT ...... vii ABSTRAK ...... viii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Background of the Study ...... 1 1.2 Problems of the Study ...... 5 1.3 Objective of the Study ...... 6 1.4 Scope of the Study ...... 6 1.5 Significance of the Study ...... 7 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...... 8 2.1 Theory of Literature ...... 8 2.2 Sociology and Literature ...... 11 2.3 Psychology and Literature ...... 13 2.4 Comparative Literature ...... 13 2.5 Drug Addiction ...... 15 2.5.1 Symptoms of Drug Addiction ...... 15 2.5.2 Causes of Drug Addiction ...... 16 2.5.3 Impacts of Drug Addiction ...... 18 2.6 Reviews of Related Studies ...... 21 CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH ...... 22 3.1 Research Design ...... 22

Universitas Sumatera Utara 3.2 Data and Data Source ...... 23 3.3 Data Collecting Procedure...... 24 3.4 Data Analyzing Procedure...... 24 CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS ...... 25 4. 1. Elements of Literature in Hubert Selby Jr’s Requiem for a Dream and Irvine Welsh’s Trainspotting ...... 25 4. 1.1 Setting ...... 25 4. 1.2 Plot ...... 28 4. 1.3 Characters ...... 29 4. 1.4 Conflict ...... 33 4. 2. Drug Addiction in Hubert Selby Jr’s Requiem for a Dream and Irvine Welsh’s Trainspotting ...... 37 4. 2.1 Drug Addiction in Hubert Selby Jr’s Requiem for a Dream ...... 37 4. 2.2 Drug Addiction in Irvine Welsh’s Trainspotting ...... 41 4. 3. The Cause(s) of Drug Addiction in Hubert Selby Jr’s Requiem for a Dream and Irvine Welsh’s Trainspotting ...... 43 4. 3.1 The Cause(s) of Drug Addiction in Hubert Selby Jr’s Requiem for a Dream 43 4. 3.2 The Cause(s) of Drug Addiction in Irvine Welsh’s Trainspotting ... 45 4. 4. The Impact(s) of Drug Addiction in Hubert Selby Jr’s Requiem for a Dream and Irvine Welsh’s Trainspotting ...... 47 4. 4.1 The Impact(s) of Drug Addiction in Hubert Selby Jr’s Requiem for a Dream 47 4. 4.2 The Impact(s) of Drug Addiction in Irvine Welsh’s Trainspotting .. 49 4. 5. The Similarities and Differences of Drug Addiction Portrayed in Both Literary Works Including the Elements, the Cause(s), and the Impact(s) ...... 51 4. 5.1 The Similarities and Differences of Drug Addiction Based on the Elements of Both Literary Works ...... 52 4. 5.2 The Similarities and Differences of Drug Addiction Portrayed in Both

Universitas Sumatera Utara Literary Works ...... 53 4. 5.3 The Similarities and Differences of the Cause(s) of Drug Addiction in Both Literary Works ...... 57 4. 5.4 The Similarities and Differences of the Impact(s) of Drug Addiction in Both Literary Works ...... 58 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ...... 60 5.1 Conclusion ...... 60 5.2 Suggestion ...... 61 REFERENCES ...... 62 APPENDIX ...... 64

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study Technology has been changing human’s life in many ways throughout history. Everything is faster, better, and easier. Information can be acquired in a blink of an eye. Communication is just one touch away. Machine is now a man’s best friend. In the world full of technology advancement, humans are expected to keep up with the speed of technology. People are required to be more innovative and useful in order to survive in this modern world because now humans can be easily replaced with machine. Unbeknownst to us, we all live in a fast-paced world where the pace of life seems to be getting faster and faster that we sometimes forget the concept of time. This modern, fast-paced world can be stressful to some people that they may feel that life is so relentless and unbearable. Therefore, some people need distraction as a break from their routines and as well as an escape from reality. Reality bites. As F Scott Peck says in the first line of his book The Road Less Traveled, “Life is difficult”. Some people cannot stand the reality that they need an escape to stay alive despite knowing that these escapes are temporary. Some people choose healthy ways to escape the reality, such as watching movies, reading books, and listening to music, playing videogames, etc, while others choose the opposite like using mind-altering substances such as drugs and alcohol. Drugs and alcohol give people a small amount of relief until the effect is gone and force them to come back to their dreadful reality. If someone keeps using drugs as an escape, their body will build up tolerance as they become dependent with the substance. The more they turn to drugs for relief, the higher their risk of developing addiction. Addiction is a psychological and physical inability to stop consuming a chemical, drug, activity, or substance, even though it is causing psychological and physical harm. National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA) defined Addiction as “a chronic, relapsing brain disease that is characterized by compulsive drug seeking

Universitas Sumatera Utara and use, despite harmful consequences”. It is considered a brain disease because drugs change the brain—they change its structure and how it works. These brain changes can be long-lasting, and can lead to the harmful behaviors seen in people who abuse drugs, especially illicit drugs such as heroin, marijuana, cocaine, ecstasy, and meth. Drugs can also cause other diseases such as heart or lung disease, cancer, mental illness, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis, and even death. According to the latest World Drug Report in 2019, released by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), 35 million people worldwide suffer from drug use disorders while only 1 in 7 people receive treatment. United States and Scotland is one of the countries with highest drug users. According to BBC in 2019, Scotland has highest drug death rate in EU. In Indonesia, the number of drug abusers as released by the National Narcotics Agency (BNN) in 2017 is 1.77 percent of Indonesia's population or around 3.37 million people. This figure is lower than the 2014 research which resulted of 2.25 percent or around 4 million people. Still, 3.37 million abusers are considered a lot especially when 59 percent of them are productive workers, while 24 percent of them are students or teenagers. Drug addiction can happen to anyone regardless their age, gender, race, social status, occupation, etc. As stated before, most people use drugs to escape the lousy reality. For some adults, they use drugs as a recreational purpose to escape from their stressful working life. Others use drugs to escape their problems and responsibility. However, the need escape the reality is not the only reason why people use illicit drugs. For adolescents, they use drugs to experiment, rebel, or to define their identities. Other times, they use drugs just to fit in and to be accepted by their friends because it is said that sharing an intoxicated time with friends can be a bonding experience. Being accepted is important this for adolescents especially those who have problems at home with their parents. When home does not feel like home anymore, teens tend to search for it outside with their friends or even strangers. This is actually a part of escaping the reality. To escape problems at home, they seek comfort from others. As a result, some teenagers have the tendency to hang out with the wrong crowd that later make them fall into the pit of addiction.

Universitas Sumatera Utara In this study, the writer is interested in analyzing drug addiction as a motif because drug addiction lives among us. The depiction of drug addiction can be found everywhere started from movies, music, literature, etc. Due to the development of technology, everything is easy to access including these drug- related movies and music. Movies and music often glorify the use of drugs. Many Hollywood movies depict drug use, especially among teenagers, as something trendy and usual. Similarly, music also glorifies the use of drugs, especially Hip- hop or Rap music. Rappers often mention the use of drugs in their music and it is usually based on their own experience with drugs. Most Rappers openly admit that they use drugs and even addicted to it which lead to the countless death of rappers. Literature is no exception to the depiction drug use. The depiction of drugs in literature can be found in the earliest examples of written story like the classical Greek poet Homer depicts Helen of Troy using the opium derivative nepenthe as an antidote to her grief. Western writers including Geoffrey Chaucer and William Shakespeare mention drugs in their works. Not only they depict drugs in their works, some of these well-known writers also use drugs just like those Rappers. The works of Arthur Conan Doyle The adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Robert Louis Stevenson Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde both have been affected by their personal experiences with the effects of cocaine. The reason why drug addiction is depicted in literature is because literature is a reflection of human civilization which consists of culture and society. Literature is never just mere entertainment. With all of its form, it has historically performed as an expression of culture and civilization. Literature is a path that helps us think in a different way. It helps us to see the world with different perspective. It expands our ideas, thoughts and mind. It somehow helps us to get an idea about everything in this world. With literature, not only we learn about the beauty of a language, we also can explore on other aspects such as history, psychology, and society. In literature, there is a study called sociology of literature which focuses on the relationship between a literary work and the social structure in which it is created. As Wellek and Warren (1948:89) put it, literature is the reproduction of

Universitas Sumatera Utara life. They remarked that: Literature is a social institution, using as its medium language, a social creation. Literature represents life; and ‘life’ is, in large measure, a social reality, even though natural world and inner or subjective world of the individual have also been objects of literary imitation.

In other words, it can be said that literature is the reflection of society. Life itself is largely made up of social reality. Literary sociology is one of literary approaches focuses on sociology point of view. It focuses on literary text to figure out sociology phenomena out of the literary works. Most of literary works are still relevant to nowadays situations because humans, with their natures are often behaving in the same ways despite the difference of time and space. Time periods may change, but people and society stay the same. The same themes that were present in the past, are still true today, and will remain in the future. This suggests that we can find similar motifs of literary works in all over the world that lead to the birth of comparative literature study. In Razali Kasim (1996:26) comparative literature is defined as: An analysis that includes a comparison of literary works form different national literature, the relationship between literary works and science, religion (beliefs), and arts as well as about theories, history, and critics.

For this kind of study, the writer chooses two novels from two different countries namely, Requiem for a Dream by Hubert Selby Jr. and Trainspotting by Irvine Welsh. Both novels have the same motif which is drug addiction. Requiem for a Dream is a 1978 novel from the United States written by Hubert Selby Jr. that concerns four New Yorkers whose lives spiral out of control as they succumb to their addictions. This story follows the lives of Sara Goldfarb, her son Harry, his girlfriend Marion Silver, and his best friend Tyrone C. Love, who are all searching for the key to their dreams in their own ways. In the process, they fall into devastating lives of addiction. Harry and Marion are in love and want to open their own business while their friend Tyrone wants to escape life in the ghetto. To achieve these dreams, they buy a large amount of heroin, planning to get rich by selling it. However, Harry, Marion, and Tyrone become addicted to their own

Universitas Sumatera Utara product. Eventually, when heroin becomes scarce, they turn on each other, slowly hiding the drugs they obtain from the other two members. On their way to Miami, Harry and Tyrone are arrested, convicted, and sentenced to jail. Harry's arm has become infected from repeated injections, and has to be amputated. Left alone, Marion becomes a prostitute to support her addiction. In jail, Tyrone faces frequent abuse from the guards because he is a black man. Meanwhile, Trainspotting is a 1993 novel from Scotland written by Irvine Welsh. The story is centered around Mark Renton, an ordinary twenty-two year old who was raised by a loving mother and father. He has two brothers: one was catatonic and the other was an overachiever. Through court-mandated therapy he was told he envied his parents and resented his older brother. This was what contributed to Rents (what his friends call him) starting to use drugs. Based on the drug-related phenomena mentioned before, the writer is interested in seeing how these phenomena are portrayed in literary works. The writer chooses the two novels as an object because both novels have the same motif and also written by authors who have real experience with drugs. Irvine Welsh, the author of Trainspotting, has first-hand experience of the drug addiction and poverty as his novels often deal with. Drugs were part of his normal landscape when he was growing up. He was a heroin addict is his early 20s which made him get into the dark world of scams and multiple giro claims, petty shoplifting and theft. Meanwhile, Hubert Selby Jr, the author of Requiem for a Dream, wrote his book inspired by his own near-death experience with drugs. Thus, the writer is interested in this topic because the writer wants to know whether the depiction of drug addiction in literary works is in accordance with the theory of drug addiction or not.

1.2 Problems of the Study During the process of analysis, it is important to make the specification of problems that are going to be analyzed in order to avoid the ambiguity of the analysis and to support the writer to get clear description about the object of analysis itself. So, in this analysis, writer finds and decides some problems that

Universitas Sumatera Utara needed to answer further. They are: 1. How is drug addiction portrayed in Hubert Selby Jr’s Requiem for a Dream and in Irvine Welsh’s Trainspotting? 2. What are the causes and impacts of drug addiction portrayed in Hubert Selby Jr’s Requiem for a Dream and in Irvine Welsh’s Trainspotting? 3. What are the similarities and differences of drug addiction portrayed in Hubert Selby Jr’s Requiem for a Dream and in Irvine Welsh’s Trainspotting?

1.3 Objective of the Study 1. To find out how drug addiction is portrayed in Hubert Selby Jr’s Requiem for a Dream and in Irvine Welsh’s Trainspotting 2. To find out the causes and impacts of drug addiction portrayed in Hubert Selby Jr’s Requiem for a Dream and in Irvine Welsh’s Trainspotting 3. To find the similarities and differences of drug addiction portrayed in both literary works

1.4 Scope of the Study Related to the problems and objectives of the study, the writer has to limit the scope of the study. In this study, the writer focuses on how drug addiction, including its causes and effects, is portrayed in Requiem for a Dream and Trainspotting. The writer also focuses on the similarities and differences of drug addiction in both literary works. In analyzing the two literary works, the writer compares the two literary works based on the plot, setting, character and conflict which become the prerequisite for comparative literature study according to Razali Kasim.

Universitas Sumatera Utara 1.5 Significance of the Study The significances of the study can be divided into two as following: a. Theoretically This study aims to make the readers understand more about comparative literature and how drug addiction is portrayed in literature. By reading this study, the readers are expected to find out how literary works which come from two different countries have the same motif of drug addiction and also to discover the cause of the drug addiction in both literary works. b. Practically The writer hopes this analysis will be useful to readers to enrich their knowledge especially for literature student who have interest in this analysis namely about drug addiction. This study will be useful for other people who are interested in learning the aspects of literature, especially the aspects that are related to drug addiction.

Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Theory of Literature Taylor (1981:1) in his book Understanding the Elements of Literature stated that literature, like other arts, is essentially an imaginative act, that is, an act of the writer’s imagination in electing, ordering, and interpreting life-experience. In the case of literature, words are the medium of expression and it makes little difference whether those words are recorded in the living memory of a people or by some mechanical means such as writing, sound recording, etc. Taylor means that literature is writer’s imagination in s electing, ordering, and interpreting life- experience in which she puts sense and ecstatic values. Literature is an expression of the culture of human life that always records crucial events that happen in human civilization from time to time.

Rene Wellek and Austin in their book Theory of Literature (1985:4) stated that “literature as one of the imaginary works, literature performs various problem of human and humanity and the life”. They propose their literary work based on the experience and observation on the life of society; in other words, Literature is an expression of the culture of human life that always records crucial events that happen in human civilization from time to time. It can be accepted in which it is commonly known that authors who write the literary work are also part of society and literature as a social institution, a social creation that represents life.

Martha Pardede in her book Literature: an Introductory Material (2016: 8) stated that novel now is the most widely read of literature, although it is comparatively a new arrival. Until the seventeenth century, it was almost unknown. It may be defined as fictitious prose narrative of considerably length, which portrays characters and actions or the representative of real life in continuous plot. Still, of all literary form novel is the loosest. Unlike the drama, it is free from all limitations. This free form not only makes it possible for a novelist to give a

Universitas Sumatera Utara complete, presentation of human life, but also makes it the easiest to write.

McQuade, et al in Martha Pardede (2016: 14) say briefly that the elements of narrative fiction or prose are: 1. Plot According to Klarel in Martha Pardede (2016: 15), plot is the sequence of action and incidents which make up a story. According to Klarel in Martha Pardede (2016: 15), plot is the logical interaction of the various thematic elements of a text which a change of the original situation is presented at the outset of the narrative.

2. Characters According to Klarel in Martha Pardede (2016: 17), characters in a text can be rendered either as type or as individual. Two kinds of character: a. Flat Character: is a typified character in literature dominated by one specific trait. b. Round Character: usually denotes a person with more complex and differentiated features. The most conspicuous thing that all stories have in common is that they deal with character as human being. Stories are about people and that is what attracts us to them. We are as interested in well drawn fictional characters as we are in real people. In fact we know completely then we do most of the people with whom we live and associate. Through fictional characters we come to see ourselves and understand ourselves and others (Klarel in Martha, 2016: 17). The author uses many devices to present and develop his characters, include point of view, plot, setting and tone. Characterization is a very important element in novel. The greatness of a novel depends upon the nature of the characterization, upon the success the novelist has achieved in making his characters seem real men and women. If the characters are not live like, the novel is sure to flop, no matter how good its plot might be (Klarel in Martha,

Universitas Sumatera Utara 2016: 17).

3. Narrative Perspective (Point of View) Taylor in Martha Pardede (2016: 19) says, point of view describes the narrative method that an author uses to tell his story. Unlike the infinite variety of plots, setting and characters that are at his disposal, the numbers of available techniques are few. The term point of view or narrative perspective characterizes the way in which a text presents person, events and setting. Roberts and Jacobs (1993: 180) states, point of view refers to the position and stance of the voice, or speaker, that authors adopt for their works. It supposes a living narrator or persona who tells stories, presents arguments, or expresses attitudes such as love, anger, or excitement. Practically, point of view involves the actual physical location of this speaker and his or her position to see and record the main actions and ideas. (Roberts and Jacobs, 1993: 183, 184) say that there are kinds of point of view: a. First-person point of view: if the voice of the work is an ―I, the author is using the First-person Point of View — the impersonation of a fictional narrator or speaker. b. Second-person point of view: the least common of the point of view, offers the writer two major possibilities. In the first, a narrator tells a present and involved listener what he or she has done and said at past time. The second possibility is more complex. Some narrators seem to be addressing a ―you but are instead referring mainly to themselves and to listeners only tangentially, in preference to an ―I. c. Third-person point of view: if events in the work are described in the third person (he, she, it, they), the author is using the third person point of view. Based on the explanation above, can be concluded that first person (“I” and “me”), second person (“you”), and third person (“she,” “he,” “it,” “they”).

4. Setting Taylor in Martha Pardede (2016: 20) says:―whatever conception of

Universitas Sumatera Utara character and action may exist in a literary work, those characters and actions must be located with reference to time and place. Setting is a main factor in the formulation of subject matter and a direct influence on the expression of theme. It also becomes a more active factor in narrative, as in ghost story where setting characterizes action. Setting can be defined as the place or setting of place and period or setting time of a story, the canvas on which dramatic events are drawn in details.

2.2 Sociology and Literature According to Ratna (2003: 1) in her book entitled Paradigma Sosiologi Sastra said that Sociology of literature is derived from two terms “Sociology” and “Literature”. Sociology is derived from Greek word ‘socius’ (society) and ‘logos’ (science) which means the study of all aspects of human and their relation in community. Basically, sociology is the science or knowledge about properties, behavior, and development of the society or it can be described as the science of social culture, social process, as well as social change. Generally, sociology teaches us how to understand about social environment and social phenomenon in our society. The object of study of sociology is society. Society is a structured community of people bound together by similar traditions, institutions, or nationality. A society is also part of social environment because the society in maintaining and fulfilling the needs of their life to interact with each other. Therefore, sociology studies it by giving an overview scientifically in order to help resolve social problem that faced by the society. In conclusion, sociology is a study that concerned with social relationship and society studies, human interactions, interpersonal and intra-personal relations. Besides sociology, literature also deals with human being in society because of its presence in the society is to be enjoyed and exploited by society itself. Literature uses language as a media between society and the environment around it because language is a form of social expression that displays a picture of life. Wellek and Warren (1948:89) says, Literature is a social institution, using as its medium language, a social

Universitas Sumatera Utara creation. Such traditional literary devices as symbolism and metre are social in their very nature. They are conventions and norms which could have arisen only in society. But, furthermore literature represents “life, and “life” is, in large measure, a social reality even though the natural world and the inner or subjective world of the individual have also been object of literary “imitation.

From explanation above, it can be said that literature is the reflection of society. Life itself is largely made up of social reality. Literary sociology is one of literary approaches focuses on sociology point of view. It focuses on literary text to figure out sociology phenomena out of the literary works. Sociology and literature are discussing about social problem. There are many social problem found in the world. It makes many authors are interested to put it on their creative writing. The sociology of literature is a specialized area of study which focuses its attention upon the relation between a literary work and the social structure in which it is created. It reveals that the existence of a literary creation has the determined social situations. As there is a reciprocal relationship between a literary phenomena and social structure, sociological study of literature proves very useful to understand the socioeconomic situations, political issues, the world view and creativity of the writers, the system of the social and political organizations, the relations between certain thoughts and cultural configurations in which they occur and determinants of a literary work. In this study, the writer uses the theory of Hippolyte Taine. The writer uses his theory because his theory suits the topic the topic that the writer discusses. Joko Damono (1978:20) in his book Sosiologi Sastra says that are three elements in literary work that aim to sociology of literature, race, moment, and milieu (environment). If people know about race, environment and moment, it is easy for us to understand and analyze the literary work. According to Taine, Milieu is the particular circumstances that distorted or developed the dispositions of a particular person. The moment is the accumulated experiences of that person. Taine said the milieu (environment) is the specific elements that support the literary work. In this

Universitas Sumatera Utara study, the writer uses milieu element that Taine said. For Taine, geography influences the literature. The geography influences the special character of the person. It makes the plot. The plot influences the story and finally it influences the literature. Literature is not only the personal game of imagination, but the specific embodiment of the minds that produces a literary work.

2.3 Psychology and Literature Literature and psychology cannot be separated from one another because they are so closely related. Psychology is the science of behavior and mind. Psychology includes the study of conscious and unconscious phenomena, as well as feeling and thought. It is an academic discipline of immense scope. As a social science it aims to understand individuals and groups by establishing general principles and researching specific cases, while literature is the reflection of human life through the medium of language. Literature generally takes human and his aspects of life as object and since human has psyche, thus literature and psychology are not likely to be separated. Wellek and Warren (1977: 139) in their book Theory of Literature explained that psychology can enter to literature by studying the psychology of the writer, psychology of the character, and also psychology of the reader. Psychology and literature ae related because the author uses his feeling and emotion in creating work as happens in novel.

2.4 Comparative Literature Goethe in Razali Kasim (1996:26) in his book Sastra Bandingan : Ruang Lingkup and Metode stated that: Comparative literature is an analysis that includes a comparison of literary works form different national literature, the relationship between literary works and science, religion (beliefs), and arts as well as about theories, history, and critics. The areas of concern in comparative literary studies are: - Themes and Motifs, which cover:

Universitas Sumatera Utara a. Idea b. Character description c. Plot, episode, setting d. Quotations”

In comparative literature, the analysis is done by taking two literary works with same motif and different countries. The purpose of Comparative Literature is to identify the literary works based on the literary elements whether in intrinsic elements and extrinsic elements. It does not only concentrate on the literary elements, but as well as other aspects like history, religion, knowledge, society, etc. In this analysis, the writer looks at the intrinsic elements of the play and novel to look at how the play and novel have similar and different to each other. This analysis involves looking at the characters, plot, setting, and conflict. Furthermore, the study also involves looking at other aspects of history and society to support the idea how those aspects affect the whole idea of the novels. Goethe in Razali Kasim (1996: 26) said that Comparative Literature can be seen through several fields, they are: theme and motif, genre and form, movement and generation, relationship of literary work with science, religion, artworks, theory of literature, history of literature, and literary criticism theory. Theme basically includes the meaning of motif. In further explanation, theme is the spiritual phenomenon of human which has repeated and will always repeat its self (Goethe, 1973:138). Goethe‘s opinion about motif has the similarity with the other meaning of motif that is the main of the story which is universal, traditional, and appears repeatedly in the two literary works. Razali Kasim (1996: 16, 17) said that American movement shows a wider scope study on comparative literature. Comparative study is not only about comparing literary works or the authors, but also talks about various other fields. Broadly, comparative literature includes: 1. A study of comparing literary works as well as the authors. 2. A study about the relationship between literary works and other sciences

Universitas Sumatera Utara (such as, philosophy, psychology, sociology, etc.), with religion and beliefs as well as arts (such as paintings, music, architecture, and sculpture). 3. A study of theory, history, and literary criticism (more precisely literary criticism theory‘) which covers more than one national literature.

In this study, the writer uses two different novels from two different nations; United States of America and Scotland. However, they are similar to each other in case of a motif which is drug addiction.

2.5 Drug Addiction National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA) defined Addiction as “a chronic, relapsing brain disease that is characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use, despite harmful consequences”. It is considered a brain disease because drugs change the brain—they change its structure and how it works. These brain changes can be long-lasting, and can lead to the harmful behaviors seen in people who abuse drugs.

2.5.1 Symptoms of Drug Addiction

Not everyone who uses drugs becomes addicted, but substance abuse can cause problems for individuals whether they are technically addicted or not. According to Nicholas R. Lessa in his book Living with Alcoholism and Drug Addiction, addiction is a disease that includes the following four symptoms: a. Craving—a strong and often overpowering urge to use a psychoactive drug b. Loss of control—not being able to stop using once a drug has been introduced to the body c. Physical dependence—the need to maintain the level of drugs in the body in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms, such as nausea, sweating, shakiness, and anxiety d. Tolerance—the need to use increasingly large quantities of a drug to get the same sensation

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2.5.2 Causes of Drug Addiction

Erich Goode in his book Drugs in American Society Third Edition says that there are three factors of why people use and abuse drugs: (1) biological factors, (2) psychological factors, and (3) sociological factors. Each focuses on a different range of factors as crucial in determining why people use and abuse psychoactive substances. Of course, within each broad type, there is a range of specific theories. 1. Biological Factors Biological theories are those that postulate innate, constitutional physical mechanisms in specific individuals that impel them either to experiment with drugs, or to abuse them once they are exposed to them. Biological theories are divided into genetic factors and metabolism factors. A combination of genes influences specific biological mechanisms relevant to substance abuse—such as being able to achieve a certain level of intoxication when using drugs, becoming ill at low doses as opposed to much higher doses, lowering or not lowering anxiety levels when under the influence, or the capacity to metabolize chemical substances in the body. Clearly, all of these could vary from one individual to another or from one racial, national, or ethnic group to another, and could influence continued use. This "genetic loading," in combination with environmental and personality factors, could make for a significantly higher level of drug abuse or alcoholism in certain individuals or groups in the population (Schuckit, 1980). A second theory postulate metabolic imbalance as a possible causal factor in at least one type of drug abuse—narcotic addiction. Developed by physicians Vincent Dole and Marie Nyswander (1965, 1980; Dole, 1980), this theory argues that heroin addicts suffer from a metabolic disease or disorder, much like diabetics. Once certain individuals begin taking narcotics, their physiology "craves" opiate drugs in much the same way that diabetics crave insulin. Repeated doses of a narcotic complete their metabolic cycle; narcotics

Universitas Sumatera Utara act as a stabilizer, normalizing an existing deficiency. The narcotics abuser can never be withdrawn from drug use because his or her body will continue to crave opiates, just as diabetics cannot be withdrawn from insulin; in both cases, the substance provides what the body lacks and cannot provide.

2. Psychological Factors Theories relying on psychological factors fall into two basic varieties: those that emphasize the mechanism of reinforcement, and those that stress that the personalities of the drug user, abuser, and especially the addict, are different from those of the abstainer. A major psychological theory underplays the idea of personality differences between users and nonusers and emphasizes the role of reinforcement. There are two distinctly different types of reinforcement—positive and negative. Positive reinforcement occurs when the individual receives a pleasurable sensation and, because of this, is motivated to repeat what caused i t. In brief, "The pleasure mechanism may . . . give rise to a strong fixation on repetitive behavior" (Bejerot, 1980, p. 253). With respect to drug use, this means that getting high is pleasurable, and what is pleasurable tends to be repeated. Negative reinforcement occurs when an individual does something to seek relief or to avoid pain, thereby being rewarded—and hence motivated— to do whatever it was that achieved relief or alleviated the pain.

3. Sociological Factors For the sociologist, the most crucial factor to be examined is not the characteristics of the individual, but the situations, social relations, or social structures in which the individual is or has been located. More specifically, it is the individual located within specific structures. Family, friends, and socioeconomic status have a significant impact on a person’s likelihood of developing addiction. Peer pressure, stress, and parental guidance can greatly affect the occurrence of substance abuse.

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2.5.3 Impacts of Drug Addiction

Addiction are considered "biopsychosocial" disorders, in which biological (physical), psychological (mental), and social (interpersonal) factors are intertwined. Physical dependency on a chemical can lead to behavior that is extremely painful to the substance abusers and to all those connected to them. In some cases, a preexisting mental or psychological problem can cause an individual to self-medicate with an addictive drug. A social aspect of the disorder can refer to the impact of family on addiction, and vice versa. Since in today's world "society" extends way beyond one's home, a wide range of influences, including the media, have an impact on attitudes and addiction—and substance abusers can affect a wide range of social groups. Therefore, abusing drugs and become an addict has some harmful effects.

1. Effects on Health Nicholas R Lessa in his book Living with Alcoholism and Drug Addiction says that drugs inflict plenty of other long-term damage to parts of the body in addition to the brain. Both alcohol and drugs can result in cirrhosis of the liver, pancreatitis, diabetes, hepatitis, heart problems, seizures, and strokes which resulted death. Substances commonly associated with drug abuse-related deaths are cocaine, heroin (and other opiates), barbiturates and amphetamines (and amphetamine derivatives). According to the National Institutes of Health, injection of drugs such as heroin, cocaine, and methamphetamine accounts for more than a third of new AIDS cases. Injection drug use is also a major factor in the spread of hepatitis C, a potentially fatal liver disease. It's easy to believe that just intravenous drug users can get AIDS through drug use, but we tend to forget that, under the influence of alcohol or drugs, people engage in unsafe activities they may not even remember. Drinking or drug use doubles the risk of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among young people, and drinking combined with drug use increases the risk even

Universitas Sumatera Utara more, especially for females. STDs carry long-term consequences, including cancer and infertility.

2. Family and Community

Common patterns emerge within families where at least one individual is addicted to drugs. These patterns include high levels of criticism or negativism within households, parental inconsistency, or in the case of parents coping with a drug-addicted child, denial. Misdirected anger between drug-addicted and non- addicted family members is common as is self-medication as a strategy in coping with family dysfunction.

Co-dependent relationships often form between partners, where at least one partner is addicted to drugs and the majority of domestic disputes involve the use of alcohol or drugs. Women who are not drug abusers may be affected by problems related to drug abusing men. The problems of male partners may affect women in the form of difficulties in interpersonal relationships, instability, violence, child abuse, economic insecurity, deprivation of schooling and risk of sexually transmitted disease, including HIV infection. Children with one or more parents abusing drugs are more likely to take on the responsibility of the parental role, often functioning in denial of their parents’ addiction or behaviors relating to the addiction. These children commonly lack necessities, including shelter to no health care. Similarly, families with at least one drug-addicted parent are more likely to end up homeless or in poverty and are less likely to have adequate health care, representing a common barrier in obtaining treatment for the addiction.

3. Drugs and Crime According to Oakley Ray and Charles Ksir in their book Drugs, Society, and Human Behavior, the relationship between crime and illegal drug use is complex. However, there is a belief that drug use causes crime. Drug use might cause criminal behavior is when the person is under the influence of the drug. Also, when

Universitas Sumatera Utara addicts need drugs but they cannot afford it, they are more likely to engage in robberies or stealing to fulfill their needs. It has long been noted that heroin addicts constitute a larger proportion of those arrested for robbery than of the general population. A survey of almost 400,000 jail inmates found that almost one-third of all burglaries and robberies were committed to obtain money for drugs, as was almost one-fourth of all fraud. It is interesting that only about one fifth of all drug- trafficking offenses were reported to be for the purpose of obtaining money to buy drugs. Another sense in which drug use causes crime, and that is that illicit drug use is a crime.

4. Work and Employment

When it comes to the links between job loss and addiction, no industry is spared. According to CNN, “Drug use cuts across all employment groups… It’s remained relatively constant over the last 10 years.” Addiction affects people in all age demographics and walks of life, so it makes sense that it is quite indiscriminate when it comes to job or career choice. However, statistics demonstrate that “Workers in security, education and legal professions are least likely to have used an illicit drug,” according to this CNN article.

A person addicted to powerful painkillers or illicit drugs like heroin or meth will at some point find it difficult to maintain their responsibilities. A hallmark of addiction is that it disrupts a person’s life in what are often profoundly serious ways. An individual might refrain from abusing drugs when they’re on the job for many years. On the other hand, their performance might slip and they might make serious mistakes due to their reduced physical or cognitive function also hallmarks of substance addiction. People addicted to drugs or alcohol might find it difficult to get to work on time or manage their moods and irritability. Without treatment, addiction is a progressive and chronic disease. In time, it can impact a person’s job performance to the point that job loss becomes inevitable.

Universitas Sumatera Utara 2.6 Reviews of Related Studies

There are some related studies about addiction portrayed in literature which become references to this study. First is the thesis Katherine Lynn Brandt (2017) entitled “Uneasy Corners of Consciousness”: Addiction as Dis-ease in Victorian Realism. Her study focuses on the portrayal of alcoholism and addiction in the works of two Victorian realist novelists, George Elliot and Thomas Hardy. The works discussed are Elliot’s Middlemarch and Hardy’s Jude the Obscure. Unlike the writer’s study which focuses on symptoms, causes, and impacts of drug addiction, her study is more focused on how the characters in both novels personify highly self-aware, self-conscious thinking subjects who excess of consciousness manifests in their addictive behavior. The second is an essay by Guðmundur Ásgeir Sveinsson (2017) entitled “Ah Choose not tae Choose Life”: The Downsides of Heroin Use as Represented in Trainspotting by Irvine Welsh. Despite discussing the same novel as the writer, which is Trainspotting by Irvine Welsh, his study more focuses on British drug culture and how the government handles it while the writer’s study focuses not only drug addiction in Trainspotting, but also the comparison of the portrayal of drug addiction in the novel with other novel from different nationality.

Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER III

METHOD OF RESEARCH

In this study, the writer applies qualitative method to interpret and analyze the data because the writer considers explanation and description are significant in analyzing this kind of study. The reason to use qualitative method is to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations in literary works. It provides insights into the problem or helps to develop ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative research. Qualitative Research is also used to uncover trends in thought and opinions, and dive deeper into the problem. This type of research answers questions related to why or how a certain phenomenon may occur, rather than how often it occurs. Hancock et.al. (2009:7) said that qualitative descriptive is a kind of research method focuses on descriptions and interpretations, concerned with developing explanations of social phenomena. To find the data as the reference of writing this thesis, the writer uses library research and internet research. The writer collects the data from some books, internet, journals and many other resources that can be related to analyze the subject matter. The writer will do these following steps: collecting, selecting, analyzing the data, interpreting them and do the conclusion drawing to get the best result.

3.1 Research Design The flowchart of research design can be seen below:

Writer

Reading the two literary works: Novel Requiem for a Dream by Hubert Selby Jr. and Trainspotting by Irvine

Welsh 22

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Classifying the data based on comparative literature and drug addiction

Interpreting the data based on the motif: drug addiction

Analyzing and comparing the data between Requiem for a Dream by Hubert Selby Jr.

and Trainspotting by Irvine

Welsh

Concluding and summarizing

3.2 Data and Data Source The data sources of this study are the two literary works Requiem for a Dream by Hubert Selby and Trainspotting by Irvine Welsh. The data are quotations of sentences found in both literary works which related to the topic discussed in this study.

Universitas Sumatera Utara 3.3 Data Collecting Procedure In the process of collecting the data, the first step is reading the primary data. The primary data is the two novels, Requiem for a Dream by Hubert Selby Jr. and Trainspotting by Irvine Welsh. The second step is searching and reading books and articles of journal related to comparative literature and drug addiction.

3.4 Data Analyzing Procedure After collecting all the data and information which relates with the study, the data will be combined and analyzed to get what the writer needs in the object of this study. In analyzing the data, the writer uses library research and applied the qualitative descriptive method. The writer has some steps to analyze this research. The first step, is re-reading the data. In this step, the writer re-reads the two literary works, Requiem for a Dream by Hubert Selby Jr. and Trainspotting by Irvine Welsh. The second step, is interpreting the data. In this step, the writer interprets in both literary Requiem for a Dream by Hubert Selby Jr. and Trainspotting by Irvine Welsh based on their motifs. Both literary works have the similar motif that is drug addiction. The writer takes the quotation from these two literary works. The quotations can be stated from the text—from words, sentences, or clauses. The third step is analyzing and comparing the data. In this step, the writer analyzes about drug addiction in both literary works Requiem for a Dream by Hubert Selby Jr. and Trainspotting by Irvine Welsh. After analyzing the data, the writer compares how drug addiction is portrayed in the two literary works using the theory of comparative literature. And the last step is concluding and summarizing the data. The writer concludes and summarizes the similarities and the differences of drug addiction in literary works of Hubert Selby Jr’s Requiem for a Dream and Irvine Welsh’s Trainspotting.

Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

The main aim of this study is to find out how drug addiction is portrayed as well as the similarities and differences of how it is portrayed in both literary works. However, before proceed to the analysis of drug addiction in both literary works, it is important to take a look at the elements of literature in both literary works in order to fully grasp the content of both literary works.

4. 1. Elements of Literature in Hubert Selby Jr’s Requiem for a Dream and Irvine Welsh’s Trainspotting

In literature, there are four intrinsic elements namely, setting, plot, character, and conflict.

4. 1.1 Setting In this section, the writer is going to analyze the setting of place and time in both literary works. Setting can be defined as the place or setting of place and period or setting time of a story.

a. Setting Analysis of Requiem for a Dream This story mainly takes place in Bronx, New York City where the main characters live. There are other places mentioned in the literary works too such as Coney Island where Harry mother’s house is, and Florida where they are going in the end of the story. The setting of time of the story is not clearly stated in the literary works. The literary works itself was published in 1978, and it feels like the story could be set anytime between 70s and 80s due to the absence of the cell phones in the story. At that time, a rock band named Aerosmith was really popular. With that in mind, the mention of one of their song called Dream On in the story which could also indicate the setting of time of the story which is around 70s and 80s. This statement is supported by the following quotations: It was a delightful evening, or morning, or whatever it was, for walking the streets of that part of the Apple called the Bronx. (Selby

Universitas Sumatera Utara Jr, 1978: 46)

They were all suddenly silent as they listened through the dream on lines, each in their own way thinking they didnt need anyone to dream on... (Selby Jr, 1978: 23)

Harry and his friend Tyrone, as well as his girlfriend Marion lives in Bronx. They often visit a place where they usually buy and use drugs named Bronx County Morgue. Drug users tend to have a community where they know people who use and sell drugs. Therefore, drug users usually know the other drug users. No matter how many other sets they might have stashed around town, everyone always had a set stashed in the Bronx County Morgue. (Selby Jr, 1978: 16)

The story mostly takes place in Bronx where Harry and friends buy and then resell the drugs. However, as the time flies by, the supplier of the drugs they are both selling and using is getting more and more difficult to find. The demand of the drugs is high while the supply is nowhere to be found. Even if it is available, the price of the drugs is getting higher and the taste of the drugs is no longer pure. Knowing this, Harry and Tyrone should take action and they are thinking of meeting a supplier down in Florida. As they start their journey to the South, the atmosphere of the place is starting to change. They get unpleasant treatment from people because one of them is black. America is known for their history of racism. The people in Florida also treat Harry badly because he is with Tyrone who is black. This idea is supported by the following quotation: We don’t like no New Yawk dope fiens aroun here. Especially white nigga dope fiens. Harry started to say something and the cop hit him hard, on the side of the head, with his open hand, knocking him down, Harry falling on his arm. He grabbed his arm and moaned with pain, trying desperately to catch his breath and hold back the tears that the pain had brought to his eyes. Ah dont want to hear one fucking word from you, nigga lova. The cop grabbed Harry by the bad arm and dragged him, half fainting, to the car, cuffed his hands behind his back, and shoved him in. Tyrone was already sitting there, his hands cuffed behind his back. (Selby Jr, 1978: 261)

In this story, the society does not seem to care much about the drug addicts.

Universitas Sumatera Utara When Tyrone takes Harry to the hospital to treat his infected arm, the doctor calls the police instead of immediately treating him. Harry and Tyrone are arrested knowing well that they are addicts when they should be taken to rehabilitation. As a result, Harry and Tyrone suffer withdrawals symptoms inside of their cells. This idea is supported by the following quotation: The doctor left the room and went to his office, closed the door, and called the police. Hello, this is Doctor Waltham. Over to Russell Street? Ive got a young man here I think you should see. Hes got an infection in his arm that looks to me like it came from a needle, and his pupils are dilated. I think hes a drug addict. He sounds like a gawddamn New Yawk bum and hes with a nigga. (Selby Jr, 1978: 265)

b. Setting Analysis of Trainspotting The story takes place in Edinburgh, Scotland, particularly in the neighborhood of Leith in the 80s. Leith is the neighborhood where all the characters live. It is described as an area populated by addicts and lower middle class family according to Mark Renton, the main character. He also claims that Scots are the trash of Europe. This idea is supported by the following quotation: Fuck the facts, these trivial things, they petty jealousies become part ay the mythology in a place like Leith, a place fill ay nosey cunts who willnae mind their ain business. A place ay dispossessed white trash in a trash country fill ay dispossessed white trash. Some say that the Irish are the trash ay Europe. (Welsh, 1993: 190)

Aside from Leith, the story sometimes takes place in London where Renton moves for a short period. It is the place where many characters from the story go when they want to escape Edinburgh for a while. This idea is supported by the following quotation:

The fuckin trouble is, aw they cunts thit uv booked seats. It's no sae bad bookin fae Edinburgh tae London, capital fuckin cities n that, bit it's aw they cunts thit've booked fae Berwick n aw they fuckin places. (Welsh, 1993: 113)

Despite what Mark says about Scotland, the government seems to take care

Universitas Sumatera Utara of their people very well. The government gives giro money to the unemployed people. They also provide rehabilitation treatment such as therapy and prescribed medicine for the drug addicts. This idea is supported by the following quotation: However, one of the key elements in rehabilitation is the ability to recognise that the problem exists. I have been attending the clinic regularly, and am undergoing maintenance therapy having been prescribed methadone and temazepan. I'm no longer indulging in self- deception. With god's help, I'll beat this disease. Thank you again. (Welsh, 1993: 167)

The writer represents the elements into a table to look the setting in both novels in easier and clearer way. Table 1.1 Requiem for a Dream Trainspotting Anytime between 70s and 80s 80s Bronx, Coney Island, Florida Leith, Edinburgh, London

4. 1.2 Plot

Plot is important to be analyzed in order to know how a certain story goes from the start until it ends because it elaborates the story‘s events. Plot in literary work can be linier, flashback or liner-flashback.

a. Plot Analysis of Requiem for a Dream Requiem for a Dream has linier plot. The story starts in summer with Harry stealing his mother TV set to be pawned so he can get money to buy drugs. The story proceeds with Harry and his friend Tyrone getting high in the place called the Morgue. After that Harry gets the idea of instead just using drugs, maybe they can sell it too. Harry sell drugs and make decent amount of money that he can buy his mother new TV set. However, it is getting harder and harder to find pure pound of heroin to be sold and with their addiction they have to choose between selling and using. And of course they cannot fight the urge of using drugs. The story ends in cold dead of winter as the character getting more desperate to get that pound of

Universitas Sumatera Utara pure as they go to Florida to meet their ends.

b. Plot Analysis of Trainspotting

The plot is not linear. The novel is narrated by different characters but the majority of the stories are narrated by the protagonist, Mark Renton. Trainspotting has linier plot but also some flashbacks especially when Mark tells us about his experience with his therapist.

The writer represents the elements into a table to look the setting in both novels in easier and clearer way. Table 1.2 Requiem for a Dream Trainspotting Linier Linier flashback

4. 1.3 Characters

a. Character Analysis of Requiem for a Dream

Harrold Goldfarb or Harry Goldfarb is a drug addict lives in Bronx, New York. He is in his twenties and is described as skinny with curly hair and teeth that do not look so good because all the smoke and drugs he uses. He does not have a job and live the day only to get high. This idea is supported by the following quotations: I have always liked curly hair. It feels good around the fingers. You cant just push through like straight hair. (Selby Jr, 1978: 38)

I just want you to be healthy, you shouldn’t be so skinny. You should dring hamalted. Malted, schmalted, eh? I wonder if Harold has any cavities? His teeth didnt look so good. He smokes so many cigarettes. (Selby Jr, 1978: 13)

Harry is ambitious but unfortunately he is swallowed by drug addiction.

Universitas Sumatera Utara Despite being unemployed and financially unstable, like many Americans, Harry still believes in American Dream. He wishes that someday he can open up his own business and travel the world. While getting high with his friend Tyrone and his girlfriend Marion, they came up with the idea of selling drugs to save some money so they can live a straight and safe life after selling the drugs. However, there is one flaw in their plan which later leads them to the path of doom. Their idea of being a drug dealer is not far from the opportunity for them to also use the drugs. There is this saying ‘do not get high on your own supplies’ which is not included in their plan. For a while, their illegal business seems to go smoothly but in the end they got into a situation which forces them to choose whether to use drugs or only to sell them so they can survive the next day. This idea is supported by the following quotation: Thats why I want to get some money and buy a piece. I dont want to spend my life hustling the streets and end up like the rest of them. If I can just get some money I can go into a business and settle right into it. He looked at Marion and smiled, I never told anybody this, but Ive always wanted to open a coffee house theater sort of place. You know, it would have good food and pastries and different kinds of coffee and hot chocolate and teas from all over the world, Germany, Japan, Italy, Russia, all over. And it could be sort of a theater group where youd have performances at night and maybe mimes doing little skits from time to time. I don’t know, I havent really got it all straight, (Selby Jr, 1978: 69)

Harry has a friend named Tyrone who is described as black man in his twenties. It is said that Tyrone has been living in the streets which makes him know how to survive in the streets. Harry also has a girlfriend named Marion who is in a different lever from him and Tyrone. Unlike Harry and Tyrone, Marion comes from a quite prominent family. However, she seems to hate her family because she thinks that her family is so pretentious and all they care about is their reputation. She is described as beautiful, cultured and smart. Her intelligence can also be seen by the way she talks. This idea is supported by the following quotation: She lives in the Bronx and loves the Bronx and lives her life in the open. Not like some who look down their noses at people unless they live in New Rochelle or the Connecticut suburbs or Westchester and think theyre something theyre not while they still sound like theyre

Universitas Sumatera Utara clearing their throat when they talk and slop cream cheese and bagels in their mouths in the morning and every Sunday night they go out to eat chinks. Theyre so disgusting. There is nothing worse than a cultural barbarian with pretensions. (...) O, well, it really irritates me. Shakespeare said, This above all, unto thine own self be true. Polonius may have been a fool but there is a great deal of wisdom in that line. (Selby Jr, 1978: 129)

b. Character Analysis of Trainspotting Mark Renton is a junkie in his twenties who lives in Leith, Edinburgh. He is described to have ginger hair and freckles on his face. He somehow ashamed of his ginger hair and has attempted to dye his hair multiple times. His friends called him Rent Boy. Mark is unemployed and only depend his life on giro cheque. Giro cheque is a cheque given by British government to people who are unemployed. Because the money from the government is not enough to fulfill his junkie needs, he often steal from people which make him regularly called to the court. The physical description of Mark is supported in following quotation: Ah look at masel in the bathroom mirror. Red hair, matted but sweaty, and a white face with loads ay disgusting spots. Two particular beauties; these ones really have tae be classified as boils. (Welsh, 1993: 22-23)

Mark is pessimistic and self-loathing. Mark has a negative view of the world and claiming that there is no such thing as society, even if there was, he claims to have nothing to do with it. He does not know what he wants in the future. He chooses the aimless pleasure of being a drug addict. This idea is supported by the following quotation: Society invents a spurious convoluted logic tae absorb and change people whae's behaviour is outside its mainstream. Suppose that ah ken aw the pros and cons, know that ah'm gaunnae huv a short life, am ay sound mind etcetera, etcetera, but still want tae use smack?They won't let ye dae it. They won't let ye dae it, because it's seen as a sign ay thir ain failure. The fact that ye jist simply choose tae reject whit they huv tae offer. Choose us. Choose life. Choose mortgage payments; choose washing machines; choose cars; choose sitting oan a couch watching mind-numbing and spiritcrushing game shows, stuffing fuckin junk food intae yir mooth. Choose rotting away, pishing and shiteing yersel in a home, a total fuckin embarrassment

Universitas Sumatera Utara tae the selfish, fucked-up brats ye've produced. Choose life. Well, ah choose no tae choose life. If the cunts cannae handle that, it's thair fuckin problem. (Welsh, 1993: 187-188)

Mark is a vegetarian, which is surprising because he is a heroin addict. However he later claims he is being a vegetarian is not because of politics and morality but just because he hates the taste of meat. Mark is so good at lying. This skill actually comes in handy whenever he tries to get away from daily troubles as a junkie. He is also so good at talking. By how he talks it can be concluded that Mark is actually clever and above average intelligence which enabling him to get away with almost everything. Once, Mark is caught for stealing books and is taken to a court but he successfully defends himself with his smart mouth and ends up not getting arrested. This idea is supported by the following quotation:

— Mr Renton, vou did not intend to sell the books? — Naw. Eh, no, your honour. Thev were for reading. — So you read Kierkegaard. Tell us about him, Mr Renton,the patronising cunt sais. — I'm interested in his concepts of subjectivity and truth, and particularly his ideas concerning choice: the notion that genuine choice is made out of doubt and uncertainty and without recourse to the experience or advice of others. It could be argued, with some justification, that it's primarily a bourgeois, existential philosophy and would therefore seek to undermine collective societal wisdom. (Welsh, 1993: 165-166)

Mark has some friends he has known since he was in school, they are: Sick Boy, Spud, Begbie, Matty, and Tommy. Simon Williamson or usually called Sick Boy is described as good-looking man who is liked by women. The second friend is Daniel Murphy or usually called Spud. Spud is described as naive and gentle person. Next is Franco Begbie. Mark is not really considered Begbie as his friend but they often hang out together. Begbie is the opposite of Spud, he is violent and like to bully people. And the last is Tommy. Tommy does not use heroin at first but later on when he is depressed he tries to numb his pain with heroin. These friends

Universitas Sumatera Utara of his are the influence behind his addiction.

The writer represents the elements into a table to look the setting in both novels in easier and clearer way. Table 1.3 Requiem for a Dream Trainspotting Harry is in his twenties Mark is in his twenties Harry is skinny with curly hair Renton has ginger heir and some freckles on his face. Harry is a heroin addict Mark is a heroin addict Ambitious Pessimistic and self-loathing Harry believes in American dream Mark is smart and good at lying Unemployed but selling drugs Unemployed. Only depends on giro money and occasionally steal to fulfill his junkie needs

4. 1.4 Conflict Conflict analysis is necessary to be analyzed. Through analyzing the conflict, the way the main characters behave or react toward the conflicts they re facing can be clearly seen.

a. Conflict analysis of Requiem for a Dream

Harry experiences both inner and outer conflicts. In the beginning of the story, Harry is shown taking her mother TV set to be pawned so he can get money to buy drugs. Harry’s relationship with his mother is complicated. As explained in the previous section, Harry loves his mother but every time he sees her, he just wants to yell at her. This is maybe because his mother always nags him every time the meet. His mother, like every other mother of course wants what best for her son. This is somehow angers Harry because he probably feels guilty because he has

Universitas Sumatera Utara not been living an honest life all this time. When Harry’s drugs business has been going pretty well, Harry has saved up quite amount of money and he decides to visit his mother and buy her a new TV set. However, as he sits and talks with his mother, he notices that there is something strange about his mother. Harry experience a conflict with his mother when he finds out that apparently his mother has been using diet pills and showing some signs that she is already addicted by it. Harry is furious at his mother which is ironic because he is also addicted to heroin the point where he cannot do any daily activity without using heroin first. He knows how drugs work and he does not want his mother to be in a same place as him. This idea is supported by the following quotation: Hey ma, you droppin uppers? What? You on uppers? his voice starting to rise involuntarily. Youre on diet pills, aint ya? Ya dropping dexies. Sara was completely bewildered and befuddled. (....)Look ma, does that stuff make you feel good sort of and give ya lots of pep and maybe you talk a little more than usual, though with you yentas its pretty hard to do that, eh? (...)Hey ma, ya gotta cut that stuff loose. Its no good. Who said its no good. Twenty five pounds I lost. Twenty five pounds. Big deal. Yeah, big deal. Do ya wanta be a dope fiend fa krists sake? (Selby Jr, 1978: 139-140)

After awhile, Harry’s business is doing very well. He has a lot of regulars who buy heroin from him. Everything seems rainbows and butterflies until one day the supplier of the heroin is found dead in the alley. Harry and Tyrone find it hard to find another supplier with good quality heroin. Later they buy from another supplier with higher price but have a bad quality. At this point, they have become addicted with heroin. They need to limit their drug usage in order to survive another day. They are facing the dilemma whether they just use the heroin or sell it so they can keep the money moving. Harry get into a fight with Marion who wants to use more drugs because the usual dose is no longer fulfill her cravings. Marion claims that the heroin is not as good as it used to be that is why she needs more than one dosage. Harry cannot allow it because he still wants to keep the business running. There is some news that someone sell good heroin in Florida so, Harry and Tyrone is planning to go there and buy it but they do not have enough money.

Universitas Sumatera Utara Harry get the idea to make Marion go to her therapist who likes her. Harry has conflict with himself when he told Marion to go to his therapist to get money knowing very well they are going to have sex. This shows how drug addict is willing to do anything in order to keep using drugs even though it is morally wrong. This idea is supported by the following quotations: Look, I dont care how we get it. If you got some other idea, great, but Im fuckin lost and we need that bread. Getting the money is not the problem Harry— Then whats the problem fa krists sake? Marion looked at him almost pleadingly, I just dont know what I/ll have to do to get it. What Marion said was obvious and inevitable, but Harrys need forced, and allowed, him to quickly sidestep the obvious before the truth registered enough to alter his desires and he shrugged the suggestion away (Selby Jr, 1978: 196)

(...)his body was bent as he hung up the phone and sat on the couch and stared at the tube while he remained painfully crushed by the hands on his watch and no matter how slowly time moves it is inevitable and now there had been hours that elapsed since she had left and the images and words no longer just vaguely floated around within him, gently pushing against his consciousness, now they would suddenly flash in front of him, almost as if they were outside him thrusting themselves at him and he could see Marion in bed with some big fat fuck who was fuckin the ass off her. (Selby Jr, 1978: 204)

Harry also experiences conflict with society or community when Harry and Tyrone are in Florida. Harry suffers from excruciating pain on his arm due to scar from so many injections. He looks terrible and Tyrone thinks he can no longer continue this journey with him being in pain. So Tyrone takes him to a hospital so harry can get treated. However, the doctor calls the police because the scar on Harry’s arm is not normal and the doctor can tell that they both are drug addicts. They got arrested. Both of them receive a terrible treatment because some of the police officers hate Newyorkers and black people. As explained in the setting before, people in Florida are racist.

b. Conflict Analysis of Irvine Welsh’s Trainspotting There are two conflicts in Trainspotting. The first conflict is Mark’s struggle with addiction which make it conflict with himself. He feels guilty to his mother about using drugs, but he does not think that change is an option for him. Ah love Ma, love her too much, but in a way which is hard for us tae

Universitas Sumatera Utara define, a way which makes it difficult, almost impossible, tae ever actually tell her. But ah love her nonetheless. So much that ah don't want her tae have a son like me. Ah wish ah could find her a replacement. Ah wish that because ah don 't think change is an option fir us. (Welsh, 1993: 57)

There are many occasion where Mark has already kick heroin out of his system but end up relapsing and using it again. He tried to change but in the end he is convinced that he cannot change. This idea can be seen in quotation below: Sharon was right. It's hard tae change people. Every cause needs its martyrs though. So now ah'm wishing thit she wid fuck off so ah kin git tae ma stash, cook up a shot and git a hit, in the cause ay oblivion. (Welsh, 1993: 222)

The second conflict is conflict between Mark and his friends. In the end of the story, Mark ends up betraying his friends and takes the money they get from selling drugs. This idea is supported by the following quotation: He looks back at the Adidas bag, stuffed full of cash, the first time Begbie has let it out of his sight. He turfs its contents out onto the bed. Renton has never seen so much money. Almost without thinking, he empties the contents of Begbie 's Head bag; putting them into the empty Adidas bag. Then stuffs the cash into the Head bag, and puts his own clothes in, on top of the money. (Welsh, 1993: 141)

The writer represents the elements into a table to look the setting in both novels in easier and clearer way. Table 1.4 Requiem for a Dream Trainspotting Harry’s conflict with his mother. Mark’s conflict within himself when he feels guilty to his mother about using drugs. Harry’s conflict with Marion when Mark’s conflict within himself when he Marion asks for more drugs. has tried to quit drugs but end up using again because he is convinced that it is hard to change people.

Universitas Sumatera Utara Harry’s conflict within himself when he Mark’s conflict with his friends when he lets Marion go to another guy for betrays his friend and takes all the money. money for himself. Harry’s conflict with society or community when he is Florida which ends up with him being arrested by the police

4. 2. Drug Addiction in Hubert Selby Jr’s Requiem for a Dream and Irvine Welsh’s Trainspotting

4. 2.1 Drug Addiction in Hubert Selby Jr’s Requiem for a Dream

After reading Requiem for a Dream, the writer is able to find four symptoms of Drug Addiction that are portrayed in this literary work. They are: cravings, loss of control, physical dependence, and tolerance.

a. Cravings

Craving is defined as a strong and often overpowering urge to use a psychoactive drug. In Requiem for a Dream, there are many examples of craving is mentioned throughout the story. Harry, Marion, and Tyrone crave drug anytime and anywhere. They have this saying “Well, just a little tase aint gonna hurt nothin.” (Selby Jr, 1978: 115). This idea is supported by this following quotation when Tyrone is showed to crave drugs when he sells drugs on the streets: Tyrone felt the excitement run through him but he stayed cool and didnt feed that incipient hysteria within him while fighting the urge to take another taste. He was glad that he had a tase though so that he could stay cool and he told himself to hang loose and take care of business and then worry about having another tase. (Selby Jr, 1978: 117)

They have become so addicted to point where one dose of heroin a day is not enough. Harry and Marion use heroin twice a day, sometimes more, in between

Universitas Sumatera Utara they smoke a lot of weed and consume occasional pills. They are aware that they have become addicted to drugs but they convince that they can stop any time they want to make themselves feel better. This statement can be proven in quotation below: There was a voice, loud and clear, saying they were hooked, but good, and they tried to shrug it away but it persisted, more as a feeling than a voice, that permeated their every cell just as the dope they were addicted to had already done, and they tried combating it with another voice saying so what, it was no big deal, they could stop any time they wanted to, it was no big thing and what else was there? things would straighten out soon . (Selby Jr, 1978: 187)

b. Loss of Control

Loss of control refers to lack of ability to stop drugs use once drugs have been introduced to the body. Loss of control is more of a psychological symptom rather than a physical symptom. Harry experiences this symptom couple of times for instance when he wants to buy a new TV for his mother and when he wants to visit his mother. It is difficult for him to interact to other people without drugs in his veins. This idea is supported in following quotations: If only he could just call up some joint and have them send one over that would be fine, but going in a store and talking with people and everything… He brooded over it for a while then realized that all he had to do was take a taste and everything would be alright. Yeah, a little taste and he could hack those stores and the goddamn salesmen. (Selby Jr, 1978: 131)

Visiting his mother didnt seem like such a good idea when the time came to leave, but a little taste makes all things possible. (Selby Jr, 1978: 133)

It can be seen from the quotations above that Harry is already addicted to drugs to the point he can no longer do simple activities without them. A little voice in his head keeps saying “a little taste and everything would be alright” which is clearly the sign of someone who has become hooked to drugs.

c. Physical Dependence

Universitas Sumatera Utara Physical dependence happens when the body of a drug user is already adapted to the drugs that when the drugs do not enter the body, the body will suffer from withdrawal symptoms, such as nausea, sweating, shakiness, and anxiety. Harry and his friends definitely experience this symptom. Whenever they experience this symptom, they simply just cook the heroin and inject it to their veins to melt it all away. This has become their routines which make their unemployed selves feel that they are a part of something. This idea is supported by the following quotation: And whenever they started to feel the chills of fear and the grinding of anxiety they simply got off and melted all the cares and concerns away with its warmth. Sometimes they would fix up new cookers just for the sake of doing it. It was part of keeping house. The entire routine made them feel a part of something. It was something looked forward to with the greatest of joy and anticipation. The entire ritual was symbolic of their life and needs. The careful opening of the bag and the dumping in the cooker of the dope, and dropping in the water with the dropper. (Selby Jr, 1978: 183)

Once, Harry and his friends try to stop using heroin due to the difficulty to find pure heroin. They have to choose between making money by selling drugs or use the drugs themselves. However, they fail to do that because their bodies are already hooked with heroin. They choose to use the heroin instead in order to stay sane and well. This idea is supported by the following quotation: A week later they still couldnt score for any uncut weight so they tried again to stop using, but this time they were back in the spoon before they were dressed. They awoke earlier than usual with panic roiling their stomachs, their eyes burning and their noses running, and the magic of the dope healed all their ills immediately. It wasnt that they couldnt stop using, it was just that this wasnt the time. They had too much to do and they werent feeling well. When everything was straightened out they would simply cut the whole scene loose, but for now theyd take an occasional taste to hang loose. (Selby Jr, 1978: 161)

When Harry and his friends is not using heroin, they cannot sleep. They already become so dependent on it that their body can no longer function without it. Even when they consume a few sleeping pills, they still cannot

Universitas Sumatera Utara manage to fall asleep because of all the withdrawal symptoms. The withdrawal symptoms that Harry and his friends experience are perfectly described in the following quotation: Eventually they fell asleep with the aid of a few sleeping pills, but their bodies were shaking slightly and inwardly they were trembling. They had never gone to bed without having dope in the house for when they woke up. (...) Their sleep was worse than shallow. It was almost worse than being awake. They could feel their bodies sweating and could smell the sweat. They seemed to be freezing. The back of their heads and their stomachs seemed to be linked in pain, working together to bring about a nausea that continually threatened to erupt, but there was nothing there but the constant pressure of the pain and nausea; and with every breath their panic increased. Their anxiety grew and grew until it consumed their bodies and swelled in their chests and threatened to cut off their air and they gasped for air and sat up in the bed and looked around in the dark trying to identify whatever it was that had awakened them. They tried closing their eyes and going to sleep, but they couldnt tell the difference between sleep and being awake. (Selby Jr, 1978: 184-185)

d. Tolerance When drugs are introduced into the body, the body’s system will create its own chemical reaction to counter their effects. In time, the body will stop reacting to the substance like it did the first time and the body is developing a tolerance. In this novel, it is mentioned that Marion experiences this symptom when she need to take more and more heroin to be able to feel its effect. One bag is no longer enough for her that she needs another bag so she can sleep peacefully without withdrawal symptoms. This idea is supported by the following quotation containing a conversation between Marion and Harry: Well one bag wasnt enough. Its not my fault it was no good. I needed the other bag. Thats a bunch a bullshit. You couldve made it on that bag. You wouldve nodded out and slept like you always do. I do not nod and sleep, and you know that. And if I could have made it on that bag, why didnt you? You were all for using it last night. (Selby Jr, 1978: 227)

Universitas Sumatera Utara 4. 2.2 Drug Addiction in Irvine Welsh’s Trainspotting

After reading Trainspotting, the writer is able to find three symptoms of Drug Addiction that are portrayed in this literary work. They are: cravings, loss of control, and physical dependence.

a. Cravings

Trainspotting is opened with the description of one of the characters crave drugs. Craving is defined as a strong and often overpowering urge to use a psychoactive drug. In the beginning of the novel, it is already described how Sick Boy is trembling beacuse he needs to use drugs. The sweat wis lashing oafay Sick Boy; he wis trembling. Ah wis jist sitting thair, focusing oan the telly, tryin no tae notice the cunt. He wis bringing me doon. (Welsh, 1993:4)

As for Mark, he usually experiences craving when he is in a clean state. It is usual for addicts to feel craving whenever they have been off drugs for a while. Maintaining sobriety is difficult for addicts. They can be clean from drugs for a while and then one mistake and they start using drugs again. It is called relapse and it is a curse of addiction. The psychological urge to use drugs when he is already sober for months crosses Mark’s mind once in a while. When that happen he usually go straight using drugs and forgetting his months of sobriety. This idea is supported by the following quotation: This is the big one, no doubt about it. He'd needed that shot, to keep his nerves straight. It had been his first one in months. (Welsh, 1993: 325)

b. Loss of Control

Loss of control refers to lack of ability to stop drugs use once drugs have been introduced to the body. In Trainspotting, there are two people that are mentioned of experiencing this symptom, the first is Mark’s friend, Sick Boy (Simon). This symptom happens in the beginning of the story to let the readers know that this novel is clearly about drug addiction. Sick Boy is mentioned for wanting to use drugs in the middle of watching a movie. Typically, addicts cannot

Universitas Sumatera Utara predict when they may want to use drugs because when someone introduces drugs to their body, it can be hard to stop. It can be seen that Sick Boy is already addicted because it seems that he has become oblivious and could care less about he is doing without drugs in his body. This idea is supported by following quotation. He moves ower tae the windae and rests against it, breathing heavily, looking like a hunted animal. There's nothing in his eyes but need. (Welsh, 1993: 4)

Mark also experiences this symptom when he is locked up by his parents at home so he cannot use drugs. He keeps begging to his mother to let him use drugs just once so he can ease his mind. This idea is supported by the following quotation: Ma ... ah appreciate whit yir tryin tae dae, but ah need jist one score, tae ease masel oaf it. Jist the one, likes, ah plead. (Welsh, 1993: 191)

c. Physical Dependence

Physical dependence happens when the body of a drug user is already adapted to the drugs that when the drugs do not enter the body, the body will suffer from withdrawal symptoms, such as nausea, sweating, shakiness, and anxiety. Harry and his friends definitely experience this symptom. Mark experiences this symptom twice throughout the story. First is when he is on his way to one of his junkie friend, Forrester, flat with intention to use heroin. He has been suffering withdrawals symptoms during his journey there. What worse is that Forrester’s flat is on fifth floor and the lift is not working. So Mark, with all the cramps, aches, and sweat is trying his hard to get to the destination. The description of Mark’s physical dependence can be seen in this quotation: In addition tae cramps, aches, sweats and an almost complete disintegration ay ma central nervous system, ma guts are now starting tae go. Ah feel a queasy shifting taking place, an ominous thaw in ma long period of constipation. Ah try tae pull masel together at Forrester's door. But he'll know that ah'm suffering. An ex-skag merchant always knows when someone is sick. Ah just don't want the bastard knowing how desperate ah feel. (Welsh, 1993: 18)

The second event that shows Mark’s physical dependence is when he is in

Universitas Sumatera Utara house arrest by his parents so that he can be purged from all the drugs. At first, he feels pain of withdrawal symptoms such as nausea and other physical pain. This idea is supported by the following quotation: Ah started tae feel a crippling nausea and the room began tae spin. Ah fell oot ay the chair n puked tomatay soup aw ower the fireside rug. Ah don't remember getting pit tae bed. There goes my first love woo- hoo . . . Ma body was being twisted and crushed. It wis like ah hud collapsed in the street and a skip hud been lowered oan top ay us, n a squad ay vicious workies wir loading it up wi heavy building materials, while at the same time sticking sharp rods underneath to skewer ma body. (Welsh, 1993: 194)

After feeling all the pain, Mark starts to hallucinate by seeing nonexistent stuff like there is someone watching him. He also feels all the anxiety and hopelessness. The description of what Mark feels during the withdrawals can be seen in the following quotation: However, the pain is being replaced by an ugly, stark, black depression. Ah've never known such a sense ay complete and utter hopelessness, punctuated only by bouts ay raw anxiety. It immobilises me to the extent that ah'm sittin in the chair hating a tv programme, yet ah feel something terrible will happen if ah try tae switch ower. Ah sit burstin fir a pish, but too feart tat- go up tae the bog in case thir's something lurking on the stairs. (Welsh, 1993: 201)

4. 3. The Cause(s) of Drug Addiction in Hubert Selby Jr’s Requiem for a Dream and Irvine Welsh’s Trainspotting

4. 3.1 The Cause(s) of Drug Addiction in Hubert Selby Jr’s Requiem for a Dream There are three factors that cause drug addiction namely biological factors, psychological factors, and sociological factors. The cause of drug addiction in Requiem for a Dream is not explicitly mentioned in the novel. However, the writer concludes that sociological factors play part in Harry’s drug addiction. The first one that may be the cause of Harry’s addiction is his mother. His relationship with his mother is somewhat complicated. His mother like any mother out there has always wanted what best for him, however, according to Harry, his mother loves to pressuring him and making him feel guilty because he cannot live up to her

Universitas Sumatera Utara expectations. This idea is supported by the following quotation: Why do you haveta make such a big deal outta this? eh? Just ta lay that guilt shit on me, right? Right???? — Sara continued rocking back and forth—you know youll have the set back in a couple a hours but ya gotta make me feel guilty. (Selby Jr, 1978: 12)

Harry does not hate his mother, but he also cannot stand to be in the same room as her. Maybe Harry does feel a little guilty about not living a straight life and he finds it irritating when his mother keeps reminding him of it. As explained in characters section, Harry believes in American dream to be successful and live a good life like his mother wants. However, he seems to be failed at that and ends up using drugs as gate away. This idea is supported by the following quotation containing Harry’s opinion of his mother: (...)Id just like to see her happy and making it… but sometimes I just cant seem to stop myself and I want to attack her like… ah I dont know. Its not that I want to attack her so much, its just that I see her sitting there in that same old apartment that shes been in forever, wearing the same old house dress, you know even if it isnt the same it is, and I dont know what to do. When Im away from her its fine, like I love her and have nice thoughts about her, when I think about her. But when Im there, in that apartment with her, something happens and I get so goddamn irritated that I end up yelling at her(...) I just know that shes always lecturing me about being careful, youre a good boy, take care, dont get hurt… you know? like she wont let me breathe. (Selby Jr, 1978: 128)

Other factors which cause Harry’s drugs addiction are friends and environment. In the novel, it is mentioned of a place where all the junkies gather together and use drugs called the Morgue. There is a saying which says ‘birds of a feather flock together’. This saying clearly applies to Harry’s environment. Harry does not have a job and with nothing to do, he tends to hang out with the wrong crowds. Even if he wants to quit drugs, it would be hard because all of his friends are using drugs. This idea is supported by the following quotation: No matter how many other sets they might have stashed around town, everyone always had a set stashed in the Bronx County Morgue.(Selby Jr, 1978: 16)

Universitas Sumatera Utara 4. 3.2 The Cause(s) of Drug Addiction in Irvine Welsh’s Trainspotting

There are three factors that cause drug addiction namely biological factors, psychological factors, and sociological factors. There are two factors which cause drug addiction in Trainspotting, namely psychological factor and sociological factor. Psychological factor involves the role of reinforcement. There are two distinctly different types of reinforcement—positive and negative. In Mark’s case, negative reinforcement is the one that play part in his addiction. Negative reinforcement occurs when an individual does something to seek relief or to avoid pain. Hence, Mark uses drugs to seek relief and to avoid pain of losing his brother. According to Doctor Forbes, Mark’s psychiatrist, Mark tends to avoid talking about his dead brother who had disability. Mark hated his disabled brother because he took all of his parents’ attention and affection. When his brother was in the hospital, Mark felt a little relief but when his brother passed away he felt kind of guilty for hating him all this time. Dr. Forbes states that Mark started using drugs around the time of his brother’s death. Dr. Forbes conclude that his brother’s death is the reason why he started using drugs which he immediately denies and claiming that there is no relevance between the two issues. This idea is supported by the following quotation of Mark’s conversation with Dr. Forbes: Dr Forbes: You’re reluctant to talk about your brother? Me: Naw. It's just that ah dinnae see the relevance ay that tae me bein oan smack. Dr Forbes: It seems that you started using heavily around the time of your brother's death. (...) Dr Forbes: So you felt a resentment towards your brother. Me: Aye, as a bairn, a wee laddie, like. Then he went intae the hoespital. Ah suppose it wis, likes, problem solved, ken.(...) Whin he died, ah felt guilty aboot resentin urn, guilty aboot mibbe no huvin made a bit mair ay an effort. What kin ye dae though? (Welsh, 1993: 182-184)

The second factor is sociological factor. Family, friends, and socioeconomic status have a significant impact on a person’s likelihood of developing addiction. When Mark is in house arrest by his parents, Mark is visited by Sick Boy. Mark ask

Universitas Sumatera Utara Sick Boy whether he has some heroin or not, but Sick Boy claims that he is going to stay clean and he does not want to hang out with people who might get him to use heroin again. Sick Boy tells Mark that it is better for him to stay sober and he will help him to stay sober by giving him valium instead of heroin. This is one of the examples how friends can be a factor of a person to use drugs or not. This idea is supported by Mark and Sickboy conversation below: —Too fuckin right ah huv. Ah'm fuckin sick here, Si. Yiv goat tae score us some smack. — Nae chance. Ah'm steyin clean Mark. If ah start hingin roond losers like Spud, Swanney n that, ah'm back tae usin again in nae time at aw. No way Jose, he blaws through pursed lips n shakes his heid. — Thanks mate. Yir aw fuckin heart. — Stoap fah-kin whingein. Ah ken how bad it is. Ah went through this a few times n aw remember. Yiv been oaf it a couple ay days now. Yir nearly through the fuckin worst. Ah ken it's sair, bit if ye start shootin now, that's the gig fucked. Keep takin the vallies. Ah'll score ye some hash fir the weekend.

Peer pressure, stress, and parental guidance can greatly affect the occurrence of substance abuse. In the novel, Mark is accused by Tommy, who is dying of AIDS, that he is one of the influences that make him use heroin. This proves that the company you keep does have an impact and influences on your life. Even though Mark may be the one who introduce heroin to Tommy, however, in this chapter Mark is clean from drugs while Tommy is battling AIDS. Tommy’s intention is only using heroin once but now it is too late for him to quit. All of this happened because he is friends with the wrong crowds. This idea is supported by following quotation: Funny how it aw works oot, eh? It wis you n Spud n Sick Boy n Swanney n that, thit goat us intae the H. Ah used tae sit n huv a bevvy wi Second Prize n Franco an laugh at yis, call yis aw the daft cunts under the sun. Then ah split fae Lizzy, mind? Went tae your bit. Ah asked ye fir a hit. Ah thoat, fuck it, ah'll try anythin once. Been tryin it once ivir since. (Welsh, 1993: 316)

Universitas Sumatera Utara 4. 4. The Impact(s) of Drug Addiction in Hubert Selby Jr’s Requiem for a Dream and Irvine Welsh’s Trainspotting

4. 4.1 The Impact(s) of Drug Addiction in Hubert Selby Jr’s Requiem for a Dream

Abusing drugs to the point of becoming addicted to them has some harmful impacts on the addicts as well as on the community. In Requiem for a Dream, there are four impacts of drug addiction that happens in throughout the story. The first impact has something to do with health. Harry has infection on his arm because he often inject heroin in the same spot for years. In the end of the story, the spot in Harry’s arm on which he often inject heroin has become a hole. He actually has been developing a red sore in his arm since the beginning but he ignored it and injects it with more heroins instead. Addicts have a tendency to do that until later on the infection has become worse and painful looking. Around the hole in Harry’s arm, a huge greenish white lump had formed with red streaks spreading out toward his shoulder and wrist. Their way to Miami, Harry experiences excruciating pain and cannot even sit straight. They have to delay their journey to Miami, Florida to bring Harry to a hospital. When Harry is being checked by the doctor, the doctor is suspicious of them and calls the police. Harry and Tyrone got arrested and in jail, Harry’s arm gets amputated. Harry is lucky he is still alive and does not have HIV/AIDS. Nevertheless, maybe dying is better that got stuck in prison with only one arm left. This idea is supporting by the following quotation:

Harry was unconscious when they wheeled him into the operating room. They amputated his arm at the shoulder and immediately started anti-infection therapy in an attempt to save his life. He was being fed intravenously in his right arm and both ankles, and was strapped to the bed so the needles wouldnt rip his veins if he started to convulse. A tube was in his nose so a steady supply of oxygen could be fed to his lungs. (Selby Jr, 1978: 273)

The second impact of drug addiction is related to family. Addiction does not only affect the substance abuser, it can also take a large toll on family members. In

Universitas Sumatera Utara Harry’s case, the family member who gets affected is his mother. When harry does not have money to buy drugs, he usually take his mother TV to a pawn shop. After that his mother would pay the loan to get her TV back and the cycle goes on and on repeatedly. This idea is supported by the following quotation:

Harry locked his mother in the closet. Harold. Please. Not again the TV. Okay, okay, Harry opened the door, then stop playin games with my head. He started walking across the room toward the television set. And dont bug me. He yanked the plug out of the socket and disconnected the rabbit ears. (Selby Jr, 1978: 3)

The third impact of drug addiction is related to work and employment. Drug addicts usually cannot keep a job and maintain their responsibility. People addicted to drugs might find it difficult to get to work on time or manage their moods and irritability. Harry and Tyrone plan to work by unloading some trucks to get money so they can buy big amount of drugs to be sold but the plan is getting delayed for some time because they prefer to get high rather than working. This idea is supported by the following quotation:

They were feeling mellow and realized that there was no point in thinking of going to work tomorrow morning, which was only a few hours away. There was no sense in ruining a good high with work. (Selby Jr, 1978: 33)

The fourth impact of drug addiction mentioned in Requiem for a Dream is crime. Because of the inability to keep a job, Harry and Tyrone plan to become a heroin dealer instead. Drug trafficking is a felony and is a more serious crime than drug possession. Drug addicts tend to commit crime to fund their own drug consumption. Furthermore, many criminals are under the influence of drugs while committing crime. Harry and Tyrone become drug dealers so that they can live a nice life and consuming heroin all they want. This idea is supported by the following quotation:

Tyrone had copped two more pieces and by night he and Harry were ready to do some heavy business. They continued to cool it with the

Universitas Sumatera Utara stuff, just taking a small taste, just enough to keep them cool out there on the streets, but not enough to dull their senses. They had to hang cool, but tough. Phone calls had been coming in during the day and they were ready to off at least half their stuff before they had even cut it.(....) Now everything went easier and smoother. They were still very careful with how much they used themselves and the stuff they were copping was still so good they could cut it four times and still off a good bag. Cats were waiting for their shit. They started cutting it five times and made even that much more money. The bucks were piling up by the thousands and they got a safety deposit box, under assumed names, and stashed the money there. (Selby Jr, 1978: 126)

4. 4.2 The Impact(s) of Drug Addiction in Irvine Welsh’s Trainspotting

The impact on health in Trainspotting happens to Mark’s friend, Matty. Matty was mentioned to have HIV and did not realize it. When someone has HIV they immune is weaken that they are easier to be exposed to other illnesses. In Matty’s case, the illness that took his life is toxoplasmosis which is caused by cats’ feces. Matty was depressed after broke up with his girlfriend and his girlfriend refuse the kitten he got for her. Therefore, Matty was stuck with the cat in his house. The cat, being neglected, defecated everywhere in the house which later got exposed to Matty who already had HIV. Matty already felt headache but not knowing that he already had HIV, he kept using heroin more and more to numb the pain. His death was so tragic and all of it because he shared needle with other people when he used heroin. This idea is supported by the following quotation:

So thair's Matty stuck wi this kitten. Ye kin imagine whit happened. The thing wis neglected; the litter tray swimmin in pish; shite aw ower the hoose. Matty's jist lyin aroond, fucked ootay his eyeballs oan smack or downers; or jist depressed, ye ken the wey he goat. As ah sais, he didnae ken he wis HIV. He didnae ken thit ye could git that toxoplasmosis fae cat shit. — He starts gittin heidaches, so he jist uses mair; tae blot oot the pain, ken? Then he hus, like a stroke. A boy ay twinty-five; a fuckin stroke, it's no real. Ah didnae recognise the cunt eftir it. Nearly walked past um in the street; this is doon the Walk, ken? He looked fuckin ancient. He wis aw bent tae one side, hobblin like a cripple, wi his face aw twisted. He wis only like that fir aboot three weeks; then he hud a second stroke n died. He died in the hoose. The perr bastard hud been thair fir ages

Universitas Sumatera Utara before the neighbours complained aboot the kitten's miaows n the stench thit wis comin fae the place. (Welsh, 1993: 287-288)

Mark’s addiction to heroin also affects his family. Mark being unemployed and only depends on giro money, often troubles his family relating to money just like Harry. However, Mark’s mother seems to willingly give money to Mark so that he does not need to be forceful to his mother like Harry does. Mark’s family cares about Mark a lot even though he is an addict. They even help him quitting heroin multiple times. This idea is supported by the following quotation:

It's tae my mother's ah go, tae tap some cash for the gig. Ah need dosh for the train fare as well as drink and drugs. Speed's my drug, it goes well with drink, and ah've always liked a drink. (Welsh, 1993: 73)

As mentioned before, drug addicts cannot keep a job. In Mark’s case, it is not that he cannot have a job but it is because he does not want to. He is probably thinking why would he get a job when he gets paid by the government for not having a job? However, the British government cares a lot about their people that they are the one who provide jobs for the jobless people despite their education. In one chapter of the novel, Mark and his friend, Spud, is scheduled for a job interview but both of them tries to sabotage the interview so they won’t be hired. Mark even has some tips and tricks so the company won’t hire them. It is hilarious to think about that when there are many people out there who would will for a job interview. This idea is supported by the following quotation of conversation between Mark and Spud:

— Fuckin weird man though, likesay, you n me gittin sent fir the same joab, ken? Spud said, slurping at his Guinness. — Fuckin disaster fir me mate. Ah'm no wantin the fuckin joab. It'd be a fuckin nightmare. Renton shook his head. — Yeah, ah'm likesay happy steyin oan the rock n roll the now man, ken? — Trouble is though Spud, if ye dinnae try, if ye blow the interview oan purpose; the cunts tell the dole n these bastards stoap yir giro. Happened tae us in London. Ah'm oan ma last warnin doon thair. — Yeah . . . me n aw man. What ye gaunnae dae, likesay?

Universitas Sumatera Utara — Well, what ye huv tae dae is tae act enthusiastic, but still fuck up the interview. As long as ye come across as keen, they cannae say fuck all. If we jist be oorselves, n be honest, thill nivir gie either ay us the fuckin joab. Problem is, if ye just sit thair n say nowt tae the cunts, thir straight oantae the dole. Thill say: That cunt jist cannae be bothered. (Welsh, 1993: 62-63)

The theory that says that drug addicts often commit crime is applied in Trainspotting. Mark has committed numerous crimes from stealing to giro fraud. Due to his intelligence, he has successfully done many crimes and only few of them have made him get caught and they are usually not the serious ones. This idea is supported by the following quotation:

What he did, at least work-wise, was nothing. He was in a syndicate which operated a giro fraud system, and he claimed benefit at five different addresses, one each in Edinburgh, Livingston and Glasgow, and two in London, at Shepherd's Bush and Hackney. Defrauding the Government in such a way always made Renton feel virtuous, and it was difficult to remain discreet about his achievements. He knew he had to though, as sanctimonious, self-righteous, nosey bastards were everywhere, just waiting to tip off the authorities. Renton felt that he deserved this money, as the management skills employed to maintain such a state of affairs were fairly extensive, especially for someone struggling to control a heroin habit. He had to sign on in different parts of the country, liaise with others in the syndicate at the giro-drop addresses, hitch down at short notice to interviews in London on a phone tip-off from Tony, Caroline or Nicksy. His Shepherd's Bush giro was in doubt now, because he had declined the exciting career opportunity to work in the Burger King in Notting Hill Gate. (Welsh, 1993: 146)

4. 5. The Similarities and Differences of Drug Addiction Portrayed in Both Literary Works Including the Elements, the Cause(s), and the Impact(s) After analyzing both literary works with drug addiction theory, the writer is able to gather some differences and similarities of Drug addiction, the causes of it, and the impact of drug addiction portrayed in both literary works.

Universitas Sumatera Utara 4. 5.1 The Similarities and Differences of Drug Addiction Based on the Elements of Both Literary Works In this section the writer is going to analyze the elements of both literary works. Martha Pardede in her book Literature: An Introductory Material (20016: 8) states that there are four elements of narrative fiction or prose, namely setting, plot, character, and conflict. Throughout the analysis, the writer finds some similarities and differences of elements of literature in both literary works. The similarities and differences of elements of literature in both literary works are listed below: a. Both literary works have different setting of place. Requiem for a Dream takes place in Bronx, New York, United States as well as Miami Florida while Trainspotting takes place in Edinburgh, Scotland and London England. As for the setting of time, both literary works nearly have the same setting of time. Requiem for a Dream sets in between 1970s and 1980s while Trainspotting sets in 1980s. b. Both literary works have different plot. Requiem for a Dream is told in liner plot while Trainspotting is told in linear flashback. c. Both literary works have differences and similarities in the main characters. The main character in Requiem for a Dream, Harry and the main character in Trainspotting, Mark are both in their twenties. The descriptions of both characters are totally different. Harry is described to have curly dark hair while Mark is described to have ginger hair. Both characters have different way to earn money keep using heroin. Harry from Requiem for a Dream sells drugs to earn money while Mark from Trainspotting depends on giro money and some stealing activities he has been doing. Both characters have different personality. Harry is described to be ambitious in reaching his American dream whereas Mark is described to be pessimistic and self loathing. Both characters also have different ending despite both of them being drug addicts. Harry’s story ends in the most terrible and miserable way because he got arrested and his arm is amputated while Mark’s story ends with him having £16,000 from betraying his friends.

Universitas Sumatera Utara d. Both literary works are different in their point of view. Requiem for a Dream is told in a first and third point of view while Trainspotting is narrated by different characters in some chapters; however, the majority of the stories are narrated by the protagonist, Mark Renton. e. Both literary works have the same pattern of conflict. Requiem for a Dream and Trainspotting both have inner and outer conflicts. f. Both literary works have the same motif that is Drug Addiction.

The writer represents the listed elements into a table to look at the similarities and differences in easier and clearer way. Table 2 Elements of Requiem for a Dream Trainspotting literary works Setting of place Leith, Edinburgh, Scotland Bronx, New York and and London England. Miami, Florida Setting of time 1970s-1980s 1980s Plot Linear Linear flashback Character Curly haired drug addict in Redheaded drug addict in his twenties. Ambitious in his twenties. Pessimistic and reaching his American self-loathing. dream. Conflict Inner-outer Inner-outer Motif Drug Addiction Drug Addiction

4. 5.2 The Similarities and Differences of Drug Addiction Portrayed in Both Literary Works

Both literary works tell stories about the main characters that are addicted to drugs. However there are some differences and similarities of drug addiction symptoms experienced by the two characters.

Universitas Sumatera Utara a. Both characters experience craving. Both of them feels that with a little taste of drugs everything will be alright. b. Both characters experience the same symptom that is loss of control. Both of them cannot function to do simple daily activities without drugs in their veins. c. Both characters experience physical dependence to the point they feel excruciating pain if they are not using drugs. Character in Requiem for a Dream feels anxiety and the inability to sleep because their body trembling from the withdrawals symptoms while character in Trainspotting feels same anxiety with extra depression when the withdrawal symptoms kick in. d. Only character in Requiem for Dream experiences tolerance of drugs. There is no description of tolerance in Trainspotting. The writer represents the listed elements into a table to look at the similarities and differences in easier and clearer way. Table 3 Symptoms of Drug Requiem for a Dream Trainspotting Addiction Craving The characters in this The characters in this literary literary work experience work experience craving. craving. Harry, Marion, and Mark’s friend Sick Boy Tyrone crave drug anytime experience trembling and anywhere. They often because of craving in the feel the urge to use drugs beginning of the novel. As while they do their daily for Mark, he usually activities. experiences craving when he is in a clean state claiming that he only needs one shot of heroin to keep his nerves straight.

Loss of control The character in this literary The characters in this literary

Universitas Sumatera Utara work experience loss of work experience loss of control. Harry cannot stop control. The first person who using drugs to the point he experiences this symptom is can no longer do simple Mark’s friend, Sick Boy activities without them. It is (Simon). Sick Boy is difficult for him to even mentioned for wanting to use interact with other people drugs in the middle of without drugs in his veins. watching a movie. He is A little voice in his head described to look like hunted keeps saying “a little taste animals with nothing in his and everything would be eyes but need. Mark also alright” which is clearly the experiences this symptom sign of someone who has when he is locked up by his become hooked to drugs. parents at home so he cannot use drugs. He keeps begging to his mother to let him use drugs just once so he can ease his mind.

Physical The characters in this The character in this literary dependence literary work experience work experience withdrawal withdrawal symptoms symptoms which are the sign which are the sign of of physical dependence. physical dependence. Harry Mark is mentioned to and his friends experience experience cramps and pain like panic roiling their crippling nausea when he is stomachs, their eyes burning not using drugs. He also and their noses running experiences hallucination by when they go to sleep feeling that there is someone without drugs. They already watching him. When the become so dependent on it withdrawals symptoms kick

Universitas Sumatera Utara that their body can no in, Mark also feels a longer function without it. depression, hopelessness, When they try to go to sleep and raw anxiety. without drugs the back of their heads and their stomachs seemed to be linked in pain, working together to bring about a nausea that continually threatened to erupt. They also feel that with every breath their panic increased and their anxiety grew and grew until it consumed their bodies.

Tolerance The character in this literary There are no description of work experience tolerance tolerance in this literary work to drugs. The character who is mentioned to experience tolerance is Harry’s girlfriend, Marion. Marion experiences this symptom when she needs to take more and more heroin to be able to feel its effect. One bag is no longer enough for her that she needs another bag so she can sleep peacefully without withdrawal symptoms.

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4. 5.3 The Similarities and Differences of the Cause(s) of Drug Addiction in Both Literary Works

In Requiem for a Dream, the cause of drug addiction is a sociological factor. What cause Harry to become drug addict are his mother and the environment when he lives. While in Trainspotting, drug addiction is caused by both sociological factor and psychological factor. The sociological factor in Trainspotting is how friends can affect one another. The psychological factor that happens is how Mark’s brother death makes him become an addict. The writer represents the listed elements into a table to look at the similarities and differences in easier and clearer way. Table 4 The cause(s) of Requiem for a Dream Trainspotting drug addiction Sociological factor such as Sociological factor such as family and friends. The first friends. Mark’s friend, Sick one that may be the cause of Boy claims that he use drugs Harry’s addiction is his because he is friends with mother. His relationship with people who also use drugs. his mother is somewhat Psychological factor that complicated. Other factors cause Mark to use drugs is which cause Harry’s drugs the death of his brother. addiction are friends and Mark uses drugs to seek environment. In the novel, it relief and to avoid pain of is mentioned of a place where losing his brother. He hated all the junkies gather together him all this time and he feels and use drugs called the guilty when his brother died. Morgue.

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4. 5.4 The Similarities and Differences of the Impact(s) of Drug Addiction in Both Literary Works

In both Requiem for a Dream and Trainspotting, the writer found four impacts of drug addiction namely, impacts on health, family and community, work and employment, and crime. In Requiem for a Dream, the impact on health which is experienced by the character is infection due to heroin injection while in Trainspotting, the character is suffered from HIV which lead to death. As for impact on family and community, both main characters who suffered from drug addiction give impact on their families. However, in Requiem for a Dream, Harry gives a negative impact toward his mother by stealing her TV while in Trainspotting, Mark asks for money to his mother nicely. Mark’s family has a great role in dealing with Mark’s addiction and they often help him quitting drugs multiple times, unlike Harry’s family. This happens because Mark is open to his family while Harry is not. Harry and Mark both are reluctant to have a job because they prefer living without responsibility so they can use drugs every day. Even mark has been intentionally sabotaging job interview provided by the government to avoid working. Due to the fact that they are unemployed, both characters often commit crime to acquire money to buy drugs. Harry sells drugs to gain money, while Mark commits various crime to gain money such as, stealing and giro fraud.

The writer represents the listed elements into a table to look at the similarities and differences in easier and clearer way. Table 5 The Impacts of Drug Requiem for a Dream Trainspotting Addiction

Universitas Sumatera Utara Health Harry gets an infection in Mark’s friend died his arm, caused by heroin because of HIV. injection which leads to amputation. Family and community Harry keep stealing his Mark often asks for mother’s TV to buy money to his mother to drugs. buy drugs, but he does it nicely. Work and employment Harry does not like Mark and his friend often working and prefer intentionally sabotaging selling drugs instead to job interview to avoid reach his American working so that he can dream still get giro money from the government. Crime Harry and his friends sell Mark often steals and drugs to get money. does giro fraud to gain money for drugs

Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion Based on the analysis from the previous chapter, the writer found the conclusions which are listed below: 1. In Hubert Selby Jr’s Requiem for a Dream, the writer found four symptoms of drug addiction whereas in Trainspotting the writer only found three symptoms. The similarities of symptoms of drug addiction portrayed in both literary works are caused by the fact that both authors have real experience with drug addiction. Irvine Welsh, the author of Trainspotting, has first-hand experience of the drug addiction and poverty as his novels often deal with. Drugs were part of his normal landscape when he was growing up. He was a heroin addict in his early 20s which made him get into the dark world of scams and multiple giro claims, petty shoplifting and theft just like Mark Renton, the character in Trainspotting. Meanwhile, Hubert Selby Jr, the author of Requiem for a Dream, wrote his book inspired by his own near-death experience with drugs. This is why the portrayal of drug addiction in these two literary works is accurate. All depiction drug addiction in both literary works is in accordance with the theory of drug addiction. 2. For the cause of drug addiction, the writer found only one cause of drug addiction in Requiem for a Dream while in Trainspotting the writer found two causes. And for the impacts of drug addiction, both literary works possess the same four impacts. However, despite having the same impacts, those four impacts are described differently in both literary works. 3. The different portrayal of the causes and impacts of drug addiction in both literary works is caused by the different setting of place of each literary work. Setting of time and place isn‘t only about a certain place, but it is also about the culture of the people in that place. In Requiem for a Dream which sets in Bronx, New York, United States, the people seem to be individualistic. This can be seen from the relationship between Harry and his mother. The relationship between Harry and his mother is not really close. They tend to

Universitas Sumatera Utara keep their problems to themselves which result in nothing but misery for both of them. This individualistic culture results in Harry being arrested by the police and gets his arm amputated. Had Harry and his mother is close, this might not happen because someone should rely to their family. On the other hand, In Trainspotting, which sets in Edinburgh, Scotland, the people are the opposite of Americans. They seem to be sociable and know one another. This can be seen from how in the novel, it is described that they often go to the pub to drink together regardless their age. In Trainspotting, Mark Renton has a good relationship with his family who multiple times help him get sober. Mark’s family seems to be involved in Mark’s life. They accompany him when he get called by court because he is caught stealing and they also help him quitting drugs. In Requiem for a Dream, nobody really cares about the drug addicts and jobless people on the streets. When Harry and Tyrone get arrested, instead of getting rehabilitated, they are put in jail whereas in Trainspotting, the government takes care of the junkies by providing them with rehabilitation programs. These cultural differences may be the reason why the two main characters’ stories end differently. Harry’s story ends tragically whereas in Mark’s story, there is still hope for him to change.

5.2 Suggestion By reading this study, the writer expects that the reader can get a better understanding about drug addiction and how dangerous it is. Also, the writer hopes this study can enrich the readers‘ knowledge of drug addiction. Literature is a path that helps us think in a different way. It helps us to see the world with different perspective. By reading this study, the writer also expects the reader to learn the lessons in both literary works. At the end of this study, the writer hopes that readers can develop this study, especially the students of English Literature in USU. Last but not least, the writer does hope the study is useful for anyone who is interested in literature, especially comparative literature, sociology of literature, and psychology of literature.

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REFERENCES

Ausubel, David P. 1980. "An Interactionist Approach to Narcotic Addiction." In Dan J. Lettieri et al. (eds.), Theories on Drug Abuse. Rockville, Md.: National Institute on Drug Abuse, pp. 4-7. BBC.(2019, July 6). Scotland has highest drug death rate in EU. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-48938509 on 2020, February 3. CNN. (2013, November 26). 1 in 6 unemployed are substance abusers. Retrieved from https://money.cnn.com/2013/11/26/news/economy/drugs- unemployed/index.html on 2020, February 3. Goode, Erich. 1988. Drugs in American Society 3rd Edition. United States: McGraw-Hill Hancock.B, Ockleford, and Windridge.K. 2009. An Introduction Qualitative Research. Biringham: NIHR RDS Kasim, Razali. 1996. Sastra Bandingan: Ruang Lingkup dan Metode. Medan: USU Press. Lessa, Nicholas R. and Sara Dulaney Gilbert. 2009. Living with Alcoholism and Drug Addiction. New York: Checkmark Books. NIDA. (2018, July 20). Drugs, Brains, and Behavior: The Science of Addiction. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugs-brains- behavior-science-addiction on 2020, January 2. Pardede, Martha. 2016. Literature: An Introductory Material. Medan: USU Press Ray, Oakley and Charles Ksir. 2004. Drugs, Society, and Human Behavior, Tenth Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. Selby Jr, Hubert. 1978. Requiem for a Dream. United States: Playboy Press Taylor, Richard. 1981. Understanding the Elements of Literature. London: Macmilan Education LTD. The Guardian. (2001, January 12). Hubert Selby Jr’s Near-death Experience. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/jan/12/fiction.film on 2020, April 1.

Universitas Sumatera Utara The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives. Selby, Hubert, Jr. Retrieved March 11, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs- transcripts-and-maps/selby-hubert-jr-0 The Telegraph. (2015, June 7). Irvine Welsh: 'I was a heroin addict – then I found buy-to-let'. Retrieved from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/fameandfortune/116536 06/Irvine-Welsh-I-was-a-heroin-addict-then-I-found-buy-to-let.html on 2020, April 1. UNODC. (2019, June 26). World Drug Report 2019. Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/frontpage/2019/June/world-drug-report- 2019_-35-million-people-worldwide-suffer-from-drug-use-disorders-while- only-1-in-7-people-receive-treatment.html on 2020, May 1. Wellek, Rene and Warren, Austin. (1949). Theory of Literature. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, Inc. Welsh, Irvine. 1993. Trainspotting. Scotland: Harvill Secker

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APPENDIX

i. Summary of Requiem for a Dream by Hubert Selby Jr

Requiem for a Dream follows the lives of Sara Goldfarb, her son Harry, his girlfriend Marion Silver, and his best friend Tyrone C. Love, who are all searching for the key to their dreams in their own ways. In the process, they fall into devastating lives of addiction. Harry and Marion are in love and want to open their own business; their friend Tyrone wants to escape life in the ghetto. To achieve these dreams, they buy a large amount of heroin, planning to get rich by selling it. Harry, Marion, and Tyrone become addicted to their own product. Eventually, when heroin becomes scarce, they turn on each other, slowly hiding the drugs they obtain from the other two members. On their way to Miami, Harry and Tyrone are arrested, convicted, and sentenced to jail. Harry's arm has become infected from repeated injections, and has to be amputated. Left alone, Marion becomes a prostitute to support her addiction. In jail, Tyrone faces frequent abuse from the guards due to his race. ii. Biography of Hubert Selby Jr

Hubert Selby Jr. (July 23, 1928 – April 26, 2004) was an American writer. His best-known novels are Last Exit to Brooklyn (1964) and Requiem for a Dream (1978), exploring worlds in the New York area. Selby attended P.S. 102, the local public school. At age fourteen he enrolled in Stuyvesant High School but dropped out after a year to join the merchant marine, greatly disappointing his parents. While at sea Selby contracted tuberculosis. In the fall of 1946 he returned home from Germany aboard a hospital ship. Close to death on several occasions, Selby was hospitalized for much of the next four years. Released in November 1950, missing ten ribs and part of a lung, he was cured of tuberculosis, but asthma and other respiratory ailments plagued him for the rest of his life. Moreover, the

Universitas Sumatera Utara pain-killing drugs prescribed during his confinement would lead to later drug and alcohol abuse, engendering feelings of alienation and despair. In 1958 Selby began working on the stories that would become Last Exit to Brooklyn (1964), excerpts of which were published in Black Mountain Review (1957), Provincetown Review (1960), and New Directions (1961). The success of Last Exit to Brooklyn brought Selby financial stability as well as a degree of celebrity. On 24 October 1964 he married Judith Lumino, but the marriage soon fell apart. Living on East Tenth Street in Manhattan, Selby spent time socializing with literary friends in nearby bars and jazz clubs. Unfortunately, he also succumbed to the allure of drugs that were readily available in the East Village. In 1967 Selby was arrested for heroin possession. A short jail sentence enabled him to kick his drug habit, but he continued to battle alcohol abuse for the next two years. Also in 1967 Selby met Suzanne Shaw, seventeen years his junior, in a Los Angeles bar. They married on 26 December 1969, had two children together, and eventually settled in Los Angeles, although Selby always considered himself a New Yorker at heart. In 1971 Selby’s The Room was published. This book was an existentialist novel about an innocent prisoner who fantasizes revenge against the policemen who arrested him. The novel, most likely sparked by Selby’s incarceration, received generally positive reviews but did not sell as well as Last Exit to Brooklyn, a fate shared by Selby’s next two efforts, The Demon (1976) and Requiem for a Dream (1978).

iii. Summary of Trainspotting by Irvine Welsh

Trainspotting is the first novel by Scottish writer Irvine Welsh, first published in 1993. The novel is told in as a collection of short stories revolving around a circle of friends, who some of them are heroin users. The seven sections of the story are narrated by different characters, however, most of the stories are narrated by Mark Renton. The chapters are written in different dialects depending

Universitas Sumatera Utara on the character. Chapters narrated by Renton are written with Scots dialects, while Davie Mitchell’s are written in Scottish English. The story follows Mark Renton, who is at the center of a clique of junkies, he wants to give up his heroin habit since it affects his relationship with friends and family.

iv. Biography of Irvine Welsh

Irvine Welsh (born 27 September 1958) is a Scottish novelist, playwright and short story writer. His 1993 novel Trainspotting was made into a film of the same name. His work is characterized by a raw Scots dialect and brutal depiction of Edinburgh life. He has also written plays and screenplays, and directed several short films. He has a near-death experience which became the inspiration for his junkie parable Requiem for a Dream. Welsh has published eleven novels and four collections of short stories. His first novel, Trainspotting, was published in 1993. Set in the mid-1980s, it uses a series of loosely and non-linear connected short-stories to tell the story of a group of characters tied together by decaying friendships, heroin addiction and stabs at escape from the oppressive boredom and brutality of their lives in the housing schemes. It was released to shock and outrage in some circles and great acclaim in others. It was adapted as a play, and a film adaptation, directed by Danny Boyle and written by John Hodge, was released in 1996.

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