DOCSLIB.ORG

Issues in Developing and Validating Satellite Land Surface Temperature Product

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Issues in Developing and Validating Satellite Land Surface Temperature Product Issues in Developing and Validating Satellite Land Surface Temperature Product Yunyue (Bob) Yu NOAA/NESDIS, Center for Satellite Applications and Research Outlines • LST Basics • Issues in LST algorithm development • Issues in LST product validation • Summary 2 LST Basics Definition: Land Surface Temperature (LST) is the mean radiative skin temperature derived from thermal radiation of all objects comprising the surface, as measured by remote sensing ground-viewing or satellite instruments. Benefits: . plays a key role in describing the physics of land-surface processes on regional and global scales . provides a globally consistent record from satellite of clear-sky, radiative temperatures of the Earth’s surface . provides a crucial constraint on surface energy balances, particularly in moisture-limited states . provides a metric of surface state when combined with vegetation parameters and soil moisture, and is related to the driving of vegetation phenology . an important source of information for deriving surface air temperature in regions with sparse measurement stations Target Requirement: Horizontal resolution – 1 km, Temporal resolution – 1 h, Accuracy – 1 K Current : MODIS/VIIRS : H = 1 km, T = Daily, A = 1.4 K, Uncertainty = 2.4 K GOES Imager : H = 4 km (2 km) , T = 15 min/1 h, A = 1.4 K, Uncertainty = 2.4 K 3 LST Basics ---- LST available at STAR 4 Basics of Satellite LST Retrieval LST algorithm is inherited from Sea Surface Temperature nidar satellite dR a a Top of Atmosphere (TOA) radiance: R θ Split Window Technique: LST ∝ T11, (T11-T12), (T11-T12)(secθ - 1) Earth Surface a = R cosθ dR = R − a = a(secθ −1) Difference to SST: . Surface Emissivity and its variation . Elevation difference atmosphere . Anisotropic . Spatial Variation . Temporal Variation Earth surface Is(ν) : contributed from surface emission . In-situ data availability Is(ν) : contributed from upwelling radiance 5 Is(ν) : contributed from reflected downwelling radiance Issues in LST Algorithm Development ---- Temporal and Spatial Variations LST can vary significantly in space and in time temporal scale : ~ minutes spatial scale : ~ meters 6 Due to surface emission anisotropic feature, LST observed from satellite may be significantly different from one view angle to another. Case Study LST data: Split-window algorithm using GOES-E and GOES-W Imagers data. Time Period: The year 2008 Location: at one SURFRAD station (Desert Rock, NV ; 36.63ºN, 116.02ºW) Data pairs: 2096 simultaneous observations View zenith of GOES-8: 60.140 LST difference at one SURFRAD station, observed from View zenith of GOES-10: 46.810 7 GOES-E and GOES-W. • Considerable seasonal emissivity variation over Emissivity Impact to LST some surface types • Considerable emissivity variation within one type Jan. Apr. Jul. Oct. Woody Savannas (2012) Grassland(2011) Closed Shrub lands (2012)8 Emissivity Variation Example from a Modified Geometric Projection model . Vegetation surface: Green needle Forest ; Background: bare soil . Mean Emissivity=(ε1+ε2)/2, where ε1 and ε2 are the spectral emissivity at MODIS bands 31 and 32, respectively. This image cannot currently be displayed. Top-left: LST Error (given fixed emissivity assumption). Bottom-left: LST and Modeled Emissivity Variability (over- and understory) Emissivity LUT dimension: vegetation type, cover%, LAI, soil background, view zenith Simulation Example: LST diff. (upper figure) is the difference of LSTs retrieved using a variable emissivity calculated from the MGP model and using a fixed emissivity. No solar zenith dependent is observed. The apparent emissivity varies from about 0.9560 to 0.9680 (solid line, lower figure). Parameter setting: case 1, 30% veg coverage, LAI=1. The Simulation result is calculated from atmospheric profile 9 IPR06065 of NOAA88. LST algorithm is by Sobrino et al. (1994), modified with path correction. BT difference for atmospheric correction Split-window algorithm feature: brightness temperature (BT) difference at 11 and 12 µm is used for atmospheric correction. It is the SST heritage. However, the BT difference can be very different over land. Additional measure is needed. BT difference at daytime Land Surface Gulf of Mexico Left: Significant BT differences over land and sea water surface. The BT Australia difference is much Ocean Surface smaller over sea surface 10 LST Validation Difficulties Anemometer Thermometer – In Situ data limitation Down-looking PIR on the tower At 8-m from ground • Measurement difficulty • Emissivity Directional impact • Cloud contamination impact – Spatial and temporal variations Down-looking PIR at 8 meter height from the ground • Spot vs pixel difference UP-looking PIR Diffuse Radiometer • Accurate match-up process (in space and in time) – Others (e.g., angle effect) Surface heterogeneity is shown in a 4km x 4km Google map (1km x 1km, in the center box) around the Bondville station area 11 Issues in LST Product Validation ---- In-situ Validation Impact of Ground Data Fluctuation The ground LST estimate can be fluctuated significantly, resulting big match-up uncertainty ( ~6K) 12 Issues in LST Product Validation ---- In-situ Validation A case study of in-situ data comparison in Africa Suggested for matchup (Gobabeb, Namibia) Sensor Location VIIRS LST *the Africa site data provided by Frank Goettsche (KIT & EUMETSAT Land SAF), through MODIS v5 LST LST validation collaboration 13 Issues in LST Product Validation ---- Cross-Satellite Comparison 2013362 A Case Study of LPEATE Global Browse Images of Day LST NPP VIIRS Global images are generated by courtesy of NASA/GSFC Aqua MODIS LPEATE 14 Issues in LST Product Validation ---- Cross-Satellite Comparison Impact of time difference in cross-satellite comparison About 25 min difference between VIIRS and MODIS 15 Cross-Satellite Comparison Cross-satellite Comparison: dataset difference VIIRS - MODIS MODIS_LST Date: 4/19/2014 VIIRS/MODIS - MODIS Cross-satellite LST comparison is used in VIIRS LST evaluation. Caution: Time difference is VIIRS - LST a significant impact; VIIRS/MODIS LST VIIRS/MODIS granule level comparison is needed. 16 MODIS LST Issues in LST Product Validation ---- Granule level Cross-Satellite Comparison 17 Summary Issues in LST Algorithm Development • Emissivity sensitivity –– emissivity explicit algorithm is more appropriate; emissivity sensitivity study is needed • Spatial heterogeneity –– Higher spatial resolution, less retrieval uncertainty • Temporal variation –– Time information is necessary for gridded LST product • Atmospheric difference –– stratified algorithm coefficients • Cloud contamination –– need of cloud filter development for LST production Issues in LST Product Validation • In-situ validation – Spatial heterogeneity: spot-pixel difference –– site characterization – Temporal variation: time match restriction – In-situ LST estimation: quality control of in-situ data, reliable emissivity data • Cross-satellite comparison – Data gridding: consistent aggregation process – Time match – BRDF consideration (constraints) 18 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Surface Temperature
    OSI SAF SST Products and Services Pierre Le Borgne Météo-France/DP/CMS (With G. Legendre, A. Marsouin, S. Péré, S. Philippe, H. Roquet) 2 Outline Satellite IR radiometric measurements From Brightness Temperatures to Sea Surface Temperature SST from Metop – Production – Validation SST from MSG (GOES-E) – Production – Validation Practical information OSI-SAF SST, EUMETRAIN 2011 3 Satellite IR Radiometric measurements IR Radiometric Measurement = (1) Emitted by surface + (2) Emitted by atmosphere and reflected to space + (3) Direct atmosphere contribution (emission+ absorption) (3) (2) (1) OSI-SAF SST, EUMETRAIN 2011 4 Satellite IR Radiometric measurements From SST to Brightness Temperature (BT) A satellite radiometer measures a radiance Iλ : Iλ= τλ ελ Bλ (Ts) + Ir + Ia Emitted by surface Reflected Emitted by atmosphere – Ts: surface temperature Clear sky only! – Bλ: Planck function – λ : wavelength IR: 0.7 to 1000 micron – ελ: surface emissivity – τλ: atmospheric transmittance -2 -1 -1 – Iλ: measured radiance (w m μ ster ) –1 Measured Brightness Temperature: BT = B λ (Iλ) OSI-SAF SST, EUMETRAIN 2011 5 Satellite IR Radiometric measurements From BT to SST Transmittance τλ 12.0 μm Which channel? 3.7 μm 8.7 μm 10.8 μm OSI-SAF SST, EUMETRAIN 2011 6 FROM BT to SST SST OSI-SAF SST, EUMETRAIN 2011 7 FROM BT to SST BT 10.8μ OSI-SAF SST, EUMETRAIN 2011 8 FROM BT to SST BT 12.0μ OSI-SAF SST, EUMETRAIN 2011 9 FROM BT to SST SST - BT10.8μ OSI-SAF SST, EUMETRAIN 2011 10 FROM BT to SST BT10.8μ - BT12.0μ OSI-SAF SST, EUMETRAIN 2011 11 FROM BT to
    [Show full text]
  • Applications of Satellite Data Relay to Problems of Field Seismology '
    (NASA-TM- 80673) APFLICATICNS UP SATELLITE DATA RELAY TIC P N80-17871 ROBLEMS OF FIELD SEISMGLGGY (NASA) 112 P HC A06/MF A01 CSCL 089 0111 l a s G3/46 25196 Akim Technical Memorandum 80573 Applications of Satellite Data Relay to Problems of Field Seismology '- W. J. Webster, Jr. W.H. Miller R. Whitley R. J. Allenby R. T. Dennison . APRIL 1980 gr^o911?^^ National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 --^,- -_ - TM-80673 APPLICATIONS OF SATELLITE DATA RELAY TO PROBLEMS OF FIELD SEISMOLOGY W. J. Webster, Jr.' W. H. Miller' R. Whitley3 R. J. Allenby' R. T. Dennison April 1980 lGeophysics Branch, NASA Goddard Space Flight Centei, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 2Spacecraft Data Management Branch, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 3Ground Systems and Data Management Branch, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 4Computer Sciences-Technicolor Associates, Seabrook, Maryland 20801 All measurement values are expressed in the International System of Units (SI) in accordance with NASA Policy Directive 2220.4, paragraph 4. ABSTRACT A seismic signal processor has been developed and tested for use with the NOAA-GOES satellite data collection system. Performance tests on recorded, as well as real time, short period signals indicate that the event recognition technique used (formulated by Rex Allen) is nearly perfect in its rejection of cultural signals and that data can be acquired in many swarm situations with the use of solid state buffer memories. Detailed circuit diagrams are provided. The design of a complete field data collection platform is discussed and the employ- ment of data collection platforms in seismic networks is reviewed.
    [Show full text]
  • 59864 Federal Register/Vol. 85, No. 185/Wednesday, September 23
    59864 Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 185 / Wednesday, September 23, 2020 / Rules and Regulations FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS C. Congressional Review Act II. Report and Order COMMISSION 2. The Commission has determined, A. Allocating FTEs 47 CFR Part 1 and the Administrator of the Office of 5. In the FY 2020 NPRM, the Information and Regulatory Affairs, Commission proposed that non-auctions [MD Docket No. 20–105; FCC 20–120; FRS Office of Management and Budget, funded FTEs will be classified as direct 17050] concurs that these rules are non-major only if in one of the four core bureaus, under the Congressional Review Act, 5 i.e., in the Wireline Competition Assessment and Collection of U.S.C. 804(2). The Commission will Bureau, the Wireless Regulatory Fees for Fiscal Year 2020 send a copy of this Report & Order to Telecommunications Bureau, the Media Congress and the Government Bureau, or the International Bureau. The AGENCY: Federal Communications indirect FTEs are from the following Commission. Accountability Office pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 801(a)(1)(A). bureaus and offices: Enforcement ACTION: Final rule. Bureau, Consumer and Governmental 3. In this Report and Order, we adopt Affairs Bureau, Public Safety and SUMMARY: In this document, the a schedule to collect the $339,000,000 Homeland Security Bureau, Chairman Commission revises its Schedule of in congressionally required regulatory and Commissioners’ offices, Office of Regulatory Fees to recover an amount of fees for fiscal year (FY) 2020. The the Managing Director, Office of General $339,000,000 that Congress has required regulatory fees for all payors are due in Counsel, Office of the Inspector General, the Commission to collect for fiscal year September 2020.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of the Usefulness of the Instructional Television
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 037 091 EM 007 891 AUTHOR Dirr, Peter J. TITLE A Study of the Usefulnessof the Instructional Television Services of Channel13/WNDT and Recommendations for Their Improvement. INSTITUTION New York Univ., N.Y. Schoolof: Education. PUB DATE 70 NOTE 117p.; Ph.D. Thesis EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MF-$0.50HC-$5.95 DESCRIPTORS *Broadcast Television, EducationalFacilities, Instructional Program Divisions,*Instructional Television, Teacher Background,*Teacher Behavior ABSTRACT The extent to which teachers usethe services provided by The SchoolTelevision Service (STS), theinstructional division of Channel 13/WNDT (NewYork), was studied. After determining that the STS isrepresentative of many broadcast instructional television agencies, afive-page questionnaire was administered to a sample of 1037teachers whose school districts participated in STS. The sampleprovided 752 usable responses. Results showed that a majority(57.9 percent) of therespondents used the program series regularly(at least several times asemester), and that the average regular useof the program series was1.8 program series per teacher per semester.Three conditions were found tobe statistically associated with thenumber of series a teacher uses: the storage location ofthe television set, theteacher's professional preparation, andthe grade levels concerned.(Author/SP) Sponsoring Committee: Dr. Irene F. Cypher, Chairman Dr. Robert W. Clausen rim4 Dr. Alfred Ellison OCI% ti U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEWN, EDUCATION i WELFARE Pe% OFFICE OF EDUCATION O THIS DOCUMENT HAS PUN CZI REPRODUCED EXACTLY ASRECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT.POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS LA.1 STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY IfINSENT OFFICIAL OFFICEOF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY. A STUDY OF TilE USEFULNESS OF THE INSTRUCTIONAL TELEVISION SERVICES OF CHANNEL 13/WNDT AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THEIR IMPROVEMENT Peter J.
    [Show full text]
  • Overview of Chinese First C Band Multi-Polarization SAR Satellite GF-3
    Overview of Chinese First C Band Multi-Polarization SAR Satellite GF-3 ZHANG Qingjun, LIU Yadong China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094 Abstract: The GF-3 satellite, the first C band and multi-polarization Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite in China, achieved breakthroughs in a number of key technologies such as multi-polarization and the design of a multi- imaging mode, a multi-polarization phased array SAR antenna, and in internal calibration technology. The satellite tech- nology adopted the principle of “Demand Pulls, Technology Pushes”, creating a series of innovation firsts, reaching or surpassing the technical specifications of an international level. Key words: GF-3 satellite, system design, application DOI: 10. 3969/ j. issn. 1671-0940. 2017. 03. 003 1 INTRODUCTION The GF-3 satellite, the only microwave remote sensing phased array antenna technology; high precision SAR internal imaging satellite of major event in the National High Resolution calibration technique; deployable mechanism for a large phased Earth Observation System, is the first C band multi-polarization array SAR antenna; thermal control technology of SAR antenna; and high resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) in China. pulsed high power supply technology and satellite control tech- The GF-3 satellite has the characteristics of high resolution, nology with star trackers. The GF-3 satellite has the following wide swath, high radiation precision, multi-imaging modes, long characteristics: design life, and it can acquire global land and ocean informa-
    [Show full text]
  • SCMS 2019 Conference Program
    CELEBRATING SIXTY YEARS SCMS 1959-2019 SCMSCONFERENCE 2019PROGRAM Sheraton Grand Seattle MARCH 13–17 Letter from the President Dear 2019 Conference Attendees, This year marks the 60th anniversary of the Society for Cinema and Media Studies. Formed in 1959, the first national meeting of what was then called the Society of Cinematologists was held at the New York University Faculty Club in April 1960. The two-day national meeting consisted of a business meeting where they discussed their hope to have a journal; a panel on sources, with a discussion of “off-beat films” and the problem of renters returning mutilated copies of Battleship Potemkin; and a luncheon, including Erwin Panofsky, Parker Tyler, Dwight MacDonald and Siegfried Kracauer among the 29 people present. What a start! The Society has grown tremendously since that first meeting. We changed our name to the Society for Cinema Studies in 1969, and then added Media to become SCMS in 2002. From 29 people at the first meeting, we now have approximately 3000 members in 38 nations. The conference has 423 panels, roundtables and workshops and 23 seminars across five-days. In 1960, total expenses for the society were listed as $71.32. Now, they are over $800,000 annually. And our journal, first established in 1961, then renamed Cinema Journal in 1966, was renamed again in October 2018 to become JCMS: The Journal of Cinema and Media Studies. This conference shows the range and breadth of what is now considered “cinematology,” with panels and awards on diverse topics that encompass game studies, podcasts, animation, reality TV, sports media, contemporary film, and early cinema; and approaches that include affect studies, eco-criticism, archival research, critical race studies, and queer theory, among others.
    [Show full text]
  • FCC-21-49A1.Pdf
    Federal Communications Commission FCC 21-49 Before the Federal Communications Commission Washington, DC 20554 In the Matter of ) ) Assessment and Collection of Regulatory Fees for ) MD Docket No. 21-190 Fiscal Year 2021 ) ) Assessment and Collection of Regulatory Fees for MD Docket No. 20-105 Fiscal Year 2020 REPORT AND ORDER AND NOTICE OF PROPOSED RULEMAKING Adopted: May 3, 2021 Released: May 4, 2021 By the Commission: Comment Date: June 3, 2021 Reply Comment Date: June 18, 2021 Table of Contents Heading Paragraph # I. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................1 II. BACKGROUND.....................................................................................................................................3 III. REPORT AND ORDER – NEW REGULATORY FEE CATEGORIES FOR CERTAIN NGSO SPACE STATIONS ....................................................................................................................6 IV. NOTICE OF PROPOSED RULEMAKING .........................................................................................21 A. Methodology for Allocating FTEs..................................................................................................21 B. Calculating Regulatory Fees for Commercial Mobile Radio Services...........................................24 C. Direct Broadcast Satellite Regulatory Fees ....................................................................................30 D. Television Broadcaster Issues.........................................................................................................32
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Register/Vol. 86, No. 91/Thursday, May 13, 2021/Proposed Rules
    26262 Federal Register / Vol. 86, No. 91 / Thursday, May 13, 2021 / Proposed Rules FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS BCPI, Inc., 45 L Street NE, Washington, shown or given to Commission staff COMMISSION DC 20554. Customers may contact BCPI, during ex parte meetings are deemed to Inc. via their website, http:// be written ex parte presentations and 47 CFR Part 1 www.bcpi.com, or call 1–800–378–3160. must be filed consistent with section [MD Docket Nos. 20–105; MD Docket Nos. This document is available in 1.1206(b) of the Commission’s rules. In 21–190; FCC 21–49; FRS 26021] alternative formats (computer diskette, proceedings governed by section 1.49(f) large print, audio record, and braille). of the Commission’s rules or for which Assessment and Collection of Persons with disabilities who need the Commission has made available a Regulatory Fees for Fiscal Year 2021 documents in these formats may contact method of electronic filing, written ex the FCC by email: [email protected] or parte presentations and memoranda AGENCY: Federal Communications phone: 202–418–0530 or TTY: 202–418– summarizing oral ex parte Commission. 0432. Effective March 19, 2020, and presentations, and all attachments ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking. until further notice, the Commission no thereto, must be filed through the longer accepts any hand or messenger electronic comment filing system SUMMARY: In this document, the Federal delivered filings. This is a temporary available for that proceeding, and must Communications Commission measure taken to help protect the health be filed in their native format (e.g., .doc, (Commission) seeks comment on and safety of individuals, and to .xml, .ppt, searchable .pdf).
    [Show full text]
  • Retrieval of Effective Aerosol Diameter from Satellite Observations
    Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., doi:10.5194/amt-2016-224, 2016 Manuscript under review for journal Atmos. Meas. Tech. Published: 2 September 2016 c Author(s) 2016. CC-BY 3.0 License. Retrieval of effective aerosol diameter from satellite observations Humaid Al Badi1,3, John Boland1, David Bruce2 1 Centre for Industrial and Applied Mathematics and 2 Natural and Built Environments Research Centre, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, 5095, Australia. 5 3 Directorate General of Meteorology, Public Authority for Civil Aviation, Oman. Correspondence to: Humaid Al Badi ([email protected]) Abstract. Dust aerosol particle size plays a crucial role in determining dust cycle in the atmosphere and the extent of its impact on the other atmospheric parameters. The in-situ measurements of dust particle size are very costly, spatially sparse 10 and time-consuming. This paper presents an algorithm to retrieve effective dust diameter using infrared band brightness temperature from SEVIRI (the Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfaRed Imager) on the Meteosat satellite. An empirical model was constructed that directly relates differences in brightness temperatures of 8.7, 10.8 and 12.0 m bands to dust effective diameter using the Mie extinction efficiency factor. Three case studies are used to test the model. The results showed consistency between the model and in-situ aircraft measurements. A severe dust storm over the Middle-East is 15 presented to demonstrate the use of the model. This algorithm is expected to contribute to filling the gap created by the discrepancies between the current size distributions retrieval techniques and aircraft measurements. Potential applications include enhancing the accuracy of atmospheric modelling and forecasting horizontal visibility and solar energy system performance over regions affected by dust storms.
    [Show full text]
  • Obitel 2013.Pdf
    OBSERVATÓRIO IBERO-AMERICANO DA FICÇÃO TELEVISIVA OBITEL 2013 MEMÓRIA SOCIAL E FICÇÃO TELEVISIVA EM PAÍSES IBERO-AMERICANOS OBSERVATÓRIO IBERO-AMERICANO DA FICÇÃO TELEVISIVA OBITEL 2013 MEMÓRIA SOCIAL E FICÇÃO TELEVISIVA EM PAÍSES IBERO-AMERICANOS Maria Immacolata Vassallo de Lopes Guillermo Orozco Gómez Coordenadores-Gerais Morella Alvarado, Gustavo Aprea, Fernando Aranguren, Alexandra Ayala, Borys Bustamante, Giuliana Cassano, James A. Dettleff, Cata- rina Duff Burnay, Isabel Ferin Cunha, Valerio Fuenzalida, Francisco Hernández, César Herrera, Pablo Julio Pohlhammer, Mónica Kirchhei- mer, Charo Lacalle, Juan Piñón, Guillermo Orozco Gómez, Rosario Sánchez Vilela e Maria Immacolata Vassallo de Lopes Coordenadores Nacionais © Globo Comunicação e Participações S.A., 2013 Capa: Letícia Lampert Projeto gráfico e editoração: Niura Fernanda Souza Produção, assessoria editorial e jurídica: Bettina Maciel e Niura Fernanda Souza Tradutores: Naila Freitas, Felícia Xavier Volkweis Revisão, leitura de originais: Matheus Gazzola Tussi Revisão gráfica: Miriam Gress Editor: Luis Gomes Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) Bibliotecária Responsável: Denise Mari de Andrade Souza – CRB 10/960 M533 Memória social e ficção televisiva em países ibero-americanos: anuário Obitel 2013 / Coordenado por Maria Immacolata Vassallo de Lopes e Guillermo Orozco Gómez . — Porto Alegre: Sulina, 2013. 536 p.; il. ISBN: 978-85-205-0686-8 1. Televisão – Programas. 2. Ficção – Televisão. 3. Programas de Televisão– Ibero-Americano. 4. Comunicação Social.
    [Show full text]
  • Feasibility Study for a New Studio in Croatia
    Feasibility Study for a New Studio in Croatia Feasibility Study for a New Studio in Croatia Final Report for the Croatian Audiovisual Centre and the Croatian Ministry of Culture by Olsberg•SPI © Olsberg•SPI 2020 18th June 2020 1 18th June 2020 Feasibility Study for a New Studio in Croatia CONTENTS 1. Executive Summary .............................................................................................................. 4 1.1. Background .................................................................................................................... 4 1.2. Principal Findings ............................................................................................................ 4 1.3. Note on Covid-19 Pandemic ............................................................................................ 6 2. The Global Production Ecosystem ......................................................................................... 8 2.1. The Global Production Market ......................................................................................... 8 2.2. Production Growth in Streaming and Online ...................................................................11 2.3. The International Market for Portable Productions ......................................................... 12 2.4. The Production Location Decision ................................................................................. 12 3. The Croatian Film and TV Production Market ....................................................................... 14 3.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Improvements of Satellite SST Retrievals at Full Swath
    Improvements of Satellite SST Retrievals at Full Swath Walton McBride1, Robert Arnone2, Jean-Francois Cayula3 1Naval Research Lab, Code 7333, 1009 Balch Blvd, Stennis Space Center, MS 39529 2 University of Southern Mississippi, Department of Marine Sciences, Stennis Space Center, MS 39529 3 QinetiQ North America, Services & Solution Group, Stennis Space Center, MS 39529 *Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT The ultimate goal of the prediction of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) from satellite data is to attain an accuracy of 0.3°K or better when compared to floating or drifting buoys located around the globe. Current daytime SST algorithms are able to routinely achieve an accuracy of 0.5°K for satellite zenith angles up to 53°. The full scan swath of VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) contains satellite zenith angles up to 70°, so that successful retrieval of SST from VIIRS at these higher satellite zenith angles would greatly increase global coverage. However, the accuracy of the SST algorithms steadily degrades to nearly 0.7°K as the satellite zenith angle reaches its upper limit, due mostly to the effects of increased atmospheric path length. Both MCSST (Multiple-Channel) and NLSST (Non-Linear) algorithms were evaluated using a global data set of in-situ buoy and satellite brightness temperatures, in order to determine the impacts of satellite zenith angle on accuracy. Results of our analysis showed how accuracy in SST retrievals is impacted by the aggressiveness of the pre-filtering of buoy matchup data, and illustrated the importance of fully exploiting the information contained in the first guess temperature field used in the NLSST algorithm.
    [Show full text]