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The German Revolution of 1848–491 Is Mostly Associated with the Barricade Fights in Berlin and Vienna and the Uprising in Baden
Вестник СПбГУ. История. 2017. Т. 62. Вып. 3 F. Moeller THE GERMAN REVOLUTION OF 1848–1849 — NEW PERSPECTIVES The article examines the special character of the revolution of 1848/49 in Germany. The focus lies on the perspective of contemporaries to the events. The French Revolution and the Napoleonic Pe- riod were the defining, mostly negative, experiences for the generations who were active in 1848. The ideas of 1848 arose in a pre-industrial, harmony-oriented civil society. The constitution demanded in 1848 was therefore not aimed at the legalization of a modern division of state and society, but it wanted a state-formation at the national level based on the idea of the Aristotelian societas civilis. The numer- ous conflicts of the revolution, social and national conflicts, and even the political division into demo- crats and liberals, were not weaknesses of the revolution. It was rather the lack of readiness for conflict which led to the failure of the revolution. From the point of view of the contemporaries the revolution failed, but the modernizing impulses of the revolution went on to shape further development. Refs 25. Keywords: German Revolution 1848–1849, civil society, liberalism, modernization. For citation: Moeller F. The German revolution of 1848–1849 — new perspectives. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2017, vol. 62, issue 3, pp. 601–612. DOI: 10.21638/11701/ spbu02.2017.311 DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu02.2017.311 Ф. Мюллер НЕМЕЦКАЯ РЕВОЛЮЦИЯ 1848–1849 — НОВЫЕ ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ В статье рассматривается особый характер революции 1848–1849 гг. в Германии. Основ- ное внимание уделяется перспективам современников. -
The Rule of Law in European Jurisprudence
Strasbourg, 29 May 2009 CDL-DEM(2009)006* Study 512/2009 Eng.Only EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR DEMOCRACY THROUGH LAW (VENICE COMMISSION) THE RULE OF LAW IN EUROPEAN JURISPRUDENCE by Mr Martin LOUGHLIN (Expert, United Kingdom) *This document has been classified restricted on the date of issue. Unless the Venice Commission decides otherwise, it will be declassified a year after its issue according to the rules set up in Resolution CM/Res(2001)6 on access to Council of Europe documents. This document will not be distributed at the meeting. Please bring this copy. www.venice.coe.int CDL-DEM(2009)006 - 2 - Modern constitutional development is driven by a dynamic between power and liberty: since the powers of government in the modern era are invariably extensive, it is accepted that, if the key political value of liberty is to be maintained, these powers must be confined, channelled and checked. This is the basic purpose underpinning modern written constitutions. Written constitutions exist to maintain a balance between the grant and institutionalization of governmental power and the preservation of the liberties of the individual. For this critical function of modern constitutions to be realized, three basic principles must be accepted. The first is that the constitution must be recognized to be the medium through which all governmental power is to be exercised; this is the principle of constitutional supremacy. The second principle is that the law of the constitution must be acknowledged as the fundamental law of the land. And the third is that, with the acceptance of constitutional law as fundamental law, the judiciary – as interpreters of constitutional law – must be accepted as being the institution that acts as the ultimate guardian of the constitution. -
Robert Von Mohl in Der Tradition Der Deutschen Staatswissenschaften
Entstehung einer modernen Erkenntnis der Staatspolitik Entstehung einer modernen Erkenntnis der Staatspolitik: Robert von Mohl in der Tradition der deutschen Staatswissenschaften VON Shuichiro Kimura Die politische Ökonomie als Wirtschaftswissenschaft im weiteren Sinne ist nicht nur darauf ausgerichtet, das Markt-System aufzuhellen, sondern muß notwendigerweise auch die Politik“, i. e. die Institutionali- ” sierung der revidierenden Wirkungen des Staates durch Gesetzgebung und Verwaltung gegen den ökonomischen Grundprozeß als unentbehrlichen Bestandteil umfassen.1 Als Adolph Wagner (1835-1917), Professor der Staatswissenschaften” an der Universität Berlin, das Hauptwerk seines ” verstorbenen Lehrers, Karl Heinrich Rau, der zur Verbreitung der Smith’- schen Wirtschaftslehre viel beigetragen hatte, 1876 von Grund auf neube- arbeitete, kritisierte er, Rau geht nirgends principiell auf die Betrach- ” tung des Staats aus dem volkswirthschaftlichen Gesichtspuncte ein“,2 und zeigte einen so weiten und freien Horizont, daß er die weitreichende Staatstätigkeit als Zwangsgemeinwirthschaft“ zur Befriedigung der Ge- ” ” meinbedürfnisse“ begriff. Für Wagner war die Volkswirthschaft keines- ” 1 Die folgende Studie ist eine Erweiterung des Manuskriptes des Verfassers für einen Bericht mit dem fast gleichen Titel auf der 70. Jahresversammlung der Gesellschaft für die Geschichte des wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Gedankens am 28. Mai 2006 zu Kanagawa Universität. 2 A. Wagner, Allgemeine oder theoretische Volkswirthschaftslehre, Mit Benut- zung von Rau’s -
Social Conflict and Political Protest in Industrializing Saxony, 1840-1860
Social Conflict and Political Protest in Industrializing Saxony, 1840-1860 Richard J. BAZILLION Saxony's rapid industrialization in the 1840s hastened the decline of its traditional manufacturing trades and thus contributed to social unrest throughout the kingdom. Overpopulation and economic recession complicated the modernization process, giving rise to the protest movements which culminated in the Revolution of 1848. In the following decade, economists in the interior ministry sought a means of smoothing the transition to an industrial society by gradually dismantling the guild organization of labour. Saxony modernized its economic institutions under the leadership of Albert Christian Weinlig, an enlightened bureaucrat determined to protect those workers threatened by technological change. After the unification of Germany, Bismarck followed a course similar to Weinlig' s, enabling a conservative social order to assimilate peacefully the industrial revolution. L' industrialisation rapide de La Saxe dans les annees 1840 accelera le declin des metiers traditionnels et ne Jut done pas etrangere au climat d' agitation sociale qui secoua toutle royaume. La surpopulation et La recession economique compliquerent ce processus de modernisation en favorisant La montee de mouvements de protestation dont le point culminant Jut La Revolution de 1848. Au cours de La decennie suivante, les economistes du ministere de l' lnterieur rechercherent les moyens de rendre moins brutale La transition cl une societe industrielle en demantelant graduellement le systeme des corporations. La Saxe modernisa ses institutions economiques sous le leadership d'Albert Christian Weinlig, un ministre eclaire determine cl proteger les travailleurs menaces par les changements technologiques. Apres l' unification de l'Allemagne, Bismarck suivit une voie semblable cl celle de Weinlig, ce qui permit cl un ordre social conservateur d' assimiler pacifiquement La revolution industrielle. -
Comparative Constitutional Law at Germany’S National Assembly in 1848-1849
How American Ideas Traveled: Comparative Constitutional Law at Germany’s National Assembly in 1848-1849 Bernd J. Hartmann* I. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................24 II. PRELUDE TO THE CONVENTION: THE HISTORY OF THE REVOLUTION .......................................................................................26 A. Precursors in Europe..................................................................26 B. German Revolution of 1848......................................................28 III. NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AT FRANKFURT’S PAULSKIRCHE......................30 A. Evolution and Election ..............................................................30 B. Political and Demographic Composition..................................31 IV. DEBATE OVER THE CONSTITUTION......................................................34 A. Basis for References to American Constitutionalism...............34 B. Examples of References to American Constitutionalism ........40 1. Rules of Procedure............................................................41 2. Republic or Monarchy ......................................................42 3. Democratic Elections........................................................44 4. Bill of Rights .....................................................................46 5. Federalism .........................................................................47 a. Legislative Branch: Federal and State Lawmaking ............................................................49 -
The Kingdom of Wurttenmerg and the Making of Germany, 1815-1871
Te Kingdom of Württemberg and the Making of Germany, 1815-1871. Bodie Alexander Ashton School of History and Politics Discipline of History Te University of Adelaide Submitted for the postgraduate qualification of Doctor of Philosophy (History) May 2014 For Kevin and Ric; and for June, Malcolm and Kristian. Contents Abstract vii Acknowledgements ix List of Abbreviations xi Notes xiii Introduction 15 Chapter 1 35 States and Nation in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Century Chapter 2 67 Stuttgart and Vienna before 1848 Chapter 3 93 Te Kingdom of Württemberg and Early Kleindeutschland Chapter 4 123 Independence and South German Particularism, 1815-1848 Chapter 5 159 Te Years of Prophecy and Change, 1848-1849 Chapter 6 181 Counterrevolution, Reaction and Reappraisals, 1850-1859 Chapter 7 207 Six Years of Autumn: 1860-1866 Chapter 8 251 Te Unification of Germany, 1866-1871 Conclusion 295 Bibliography 305 ABSTRACT _ THE TRADITIONAL DISCOURSE of the German unification maintains that it was the German great powers - Austria and Prussia - that controlled German destiny, yet for much of this period Germany was divided into some thirty-eight states, each of which possessed their own institutions and traditions. In explaining the formation of Germany, the orthodox view holds that these so-called Mittel- and Kleinstaaten existed largely at the whim of either Vienna or Berlin, and their policies, in turn, were dictated or shaped by these two power centres. According to this reading of German history, a bipolar sociopolitical structure existed, whereby the Mittelstaaten would declare their allegiances to either the Habsburg or Hohenzollern crowns. Te present work rejects this model of German history, through the use of the case study of the southwestern Kingdom of Württemberg. -
Ottmar Von Mohl, Jinmu-Tennō and the Proclamation of the Meiji Constitution on February 11Th 1889 Klaus Antoni and Yvonne Antoni
Inventing a State Ceremony: Ottmar von Mohl, Jinmu-tennō and the Proclamation of the Meiji Constitution on February 11th 1889 Klaus Antoni and Yvonne Antoni 1. Introduction – Western and Japanese Thought in the Meiji Constitution ....... 1 2. Ottmar von Mohl and the promulgation of the constitution ............................. 4 2.1 Ottmar von Mohl’s duties at court ............................................................ 5 2.1.1 Dispute with Itō Hirobumi about tradition .......................................... 7 2.2 The celebrations ...................................................................................... 8 2.2.1 The planning ..................................................................................... 8 2.2.2 The “Shinto-ritual” ............................................................................. 9 2.2.3 The state ceremony ........................................................................ 10 2.2.4 The assassination of Mori Arinori .................................................... 12 2.3 Conclusion: The work of Ottmar von Mohl ............................................. 13 3. On the ideological context of the promulgation ceremonial .......................... 15 3.1 The year 1889 in Meiji Japan ................................................................. 15 3.2 The historical sources: Kigensetsu and the Jinmu-tennō myth ............. 16 3.3 The archaeological evidence ................................................................. 17 3.4 On the kigen calendar ........................................................................... -
CHALLENGES of AMBIGUITY Doing Comparative History With
GERMAN HISTORICAL INSTITUTE WASHINGTON, D.C. ANNUAL LECTURE SERIES No. 4 CHALLENGES OF AMBIGUITY Doing Comparative History With comments by Carl N. Degler and John A. Garraty BERG PUBLISHERS NEW YORK·OXFORD German Historical Institute Washington, D.C. Annual Lecture Series No. 4 Challenges of Ambiguity Doing Comparative History Erich Angermann In Making Historical Comparisons Focus on Common National Issues Carl N. Degler Comparative History: Beyond Description to Analysis John A. Garraty BERG New York/Oxford First published in 1991 by Berg Publishers, Inc. 165 Taber Avenue, Providence, R.I. 02906, U.S.A. 150 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1J1, UK for the German Historical Institute 1607 New Hampshire Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009, U.S.A. © German Historical Institute 1991 Printed in the United States of America Preface In presenting the German Historical Institute’s Fourth Annual Lecture I am most pleased to point out that we were able to assemble for this occasion three historians with impressive records in dealing with the both fascinating and difficult problem of comparative history. Our main speaker was Erich Angermann from Cologne. Since the early 1960s, he has established at the University of Cologne a center for the study of English and American history which is unique in Germany. He is not only the author of Robert von Mohl and other works on modern German history, but also of Die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika, vol. 7 of Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag—Weltgeschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts, which is a bestseller in the field, and he has written and edited other texts which are widely used by German students of American history. -
Redalyc.MONARCHICAL SOVEREIGNTY and the LEGACY
Historia Constitucional E-ISSN: 1576-4729 [email protected] Universidad de Oviedo España Prutsch, Markus J. MONARCHICAL SOVEREIGNTY AND THE LEGACY OF THE REVOLUTION: CONSTITUTIONALISM IN POST - NAPOLEONIC GERMANY Historia Constitucional, núm. 16, 2015, pp. 177-203 Universidad de Oviedo Oviedo, España Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=259041393006 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative MONARCHICAL SOVEREIGNTY AND THE LEGACY OF THE REVOLUTION: CONSTITUTIONALISM IN POST- NAPOLEONIC GERMANY1 Markus J. Prutsch European Parliament2 Abstract: Could monarchical claims for personal government be realistically reconciled with the legacy of the Revolution? This dilemma of the post- Napoleonic age gave rise to the concept of a genuinely ‘monarchical’ form of constitutional rule in Europe, which distinguished itself not only from absolutism and revolutionary constitutionalism, but also British parliamentarianism. Focusing on Germany and the states of Bavaria and Baden in particular, this article examines constitutional debates after 1814, and especially the role of the French Charte constitutionnelle as the prototype of ‘constitutional monarchism’. Its role in the making of post-1814 German constitutions is highlighted with a view to assessing the Charte’s actual significance vis-à-vis other potential models, and identifying parallels as well as dissimilarities between the constitutional systems in France and the German states. In result, the paradigmatic role of the Charte for (Southern) German constitutionalism is confirmed; yet at the same time, fundamental differences are discernible with regard not only to the role monarchical-constitutional orders played in different national contexts, but also their status within long- term political developments in different countries. -
Constitutionalism As a Force of Popular Loyalty: Constitutional and Unconstitutional Württemberg in the Early Nineteenth Century
Constitutionalism as a force of popular loyalty: Constitutional and unconstitutional Württemberg in the early nineteenth century bodie alexander ashton Nationalism and the theories that govern it These national characteristics are, of are difficult to the point of being impenetra- course, comfortable (and, sometimes, un- ble. While nationhood is best defined quite comfortable) fictions, though their role simply as a «concept of unity», that concept in creating an identity consciousness (the — after Michael Hughes — is «something of community aspect of Anderson’s «im- a quagmire, deep and muddy, frequently agined communities») is indisputable. But not worth the struggle»1. In Benedict An- they are predicated upon a sort of eternity derson’s immortal phrasing, the nation is or longevity, of an identity stretching back little more than an «imagined communi- into history. On the other hand, the upsurge ty», defined less by geography and more in nationalist sentiment that was catalysed by the creative and sometimes inscrutable by and resulted from the Revolutionary means by which people feel as though they and Napoleonic Wars (1792-1815) occurred belong2. Often, these feelings take the form within a context in which such longstanding of the equally slippery idea of shared values. identity markers were impossible. With the This is a staple of modern political rhetoric; post-1815 central European map redrawn «make America great again», for example, beyond pre-1789 recognition, Restoration works as a concept only if there is a gener- governments in the German hinterland al consensus of what America is and what sought to harness burgeoning national made (and will make) it great. -
Nachwort Des Herausgebers Zu Den Texten
Nachwort des Herausgebers zu den Texten Mohls Schriften sind trotz der Kürze vieler wesentlicher Beiträge zur politischen Theorie oft langatmig geschrieben und sind voller Ausein andersetzungen mit der zeitgenössischen Publizistik. Seine umständlich klassifizierende und zuweilen bewußt pedantisch-pädagogische Darstel lungsart, machten eine Auswahl auf beschränktem Raum nicht einfach. Der Versuch, Mohls Werk in seiner Vielfältigkeit in diesem Bande zu ver einen, und der Vorsatz, alle Arbeiten vollständig wiederzugeben, ließen sich nicht immer miteinander verbinden. Die drei Arbeiten über das Re präsentativsystem (Abschnitt V, 2-4), die Aufsätze über Bürokratie und über allgemeines Wahlrecht und die Skizze der Parteien in den politischen Aphorismen wurden vollständig aufgenommen. Vielleicht ließe sich be mängeln, daß die Arbeiten zum Repräsentativsystem den meisten Raum einnehmen, dafür Mohls Beitrag zur Arbeiterfrage gekürzt wurde. Die Auswahl wurde hier nad1 dem Gesichtspunkt der Relevanz der Probleme für die heutige Diskussion in der politischen Wissenschaft getroffen. Sozio logen, Wirtschaftswissenschaftler oder Juristen hätten die Akzente gewiß zuweilen etwas anders gesetzt. Bei den gekürzten Stüc:ken wurden nur ganze Kapitel oder zusammen hängende Teile aufgenommen. Dieser Band will eine Auswahl von Mohls politischen Schriften und kein »reader« sein. Die Quellen sind jeweils in einer Fußnote zur übersdlrift nachgewiesen. Die Überschriften der Haupt kapitel in römischen Ziffern stammen vom Herausgeber, bei den Unter kapiteln wurde nach Möglichkeit die Überschrift Mohls für den jeweiligen Aufsatz oder für das Kapitel (soweit es sich um Aufsätze aus größeren Werken handelt) beibehalten. An Mohls altertümlicher Schreibweise und Interpunktion wurde nichts geändert. Der Herausgeber hat sidl audl bei falsch anmutenden grammatikalischen Konstruktionen störender Versiche rungen wie »sie!« nach Möglichkeit enthalten. -
Lorenz Stein and German Socialism 1835-1872
Lorenz Stein and German Socialism 1835-1872 Diana Siclovan King’s College September 2014 This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of History, University of Cambridge This dissertation is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except where specifically indicated in the text. It is not substantially the same as any that I have submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. I further state that no substantial part of my dissertation has already been submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for any such degree, diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University of similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. The length of this dissertation is 78,171 words (excluding prefatory pages, footnotes and bibliography). It therefore does not exceed the word limit imposed by the Faculty of History Degree Committee. To Elena and Cristi Siclovan Lorenz Stein and German Socialism 1835-1872 Diana Siclovan This thesis traces the intellectual trajectory of Lorenz Stein (1815-1890), a German legal scholar and political thinker who, despite being a significant theorist during his lifetime, is an obscure figure today, especially in Anglophone scholarship. It focuses on Stein’s writings on socialism and argues that they provide crucial insights into the changing nature of socialist thought in the mid-nineteenth century.