Clydach Gorge Countryside Recreation Visitor Gateways
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Clydach Gorge Countryside Recreation Visitor Gateways Volume II : Final Report (including Technical Appendices) to Monmouthshire County Council by March 2009 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT 101 Introduction 102 Study Brief 103 Study Team 104 Study Methodology 105 Study Area 106 Structure Of Report 107 Study Management And Acknowledgements 2. STRATEGIC CONTEXT 201 Introduction 202 Profile Of Monmouthshire And Clydach 203 The Strategic Context 204 Conclusion 3. ANALYSIS OF CURRENT SITUATION 301 Introduction 302 Resources 303 The Natural Heritage Resource 304 The Cultural Heritage 305 Social History 306 Access And Recreation 307 Interpretation And Education 308 Community And Economic Perspective 309 Landscape Assessment 310 Potential Impact Of The A465 : Mitigation Essential 311 Findings From Our Consultations 312 Conclusion 4. GATEWAYS AND THEIR POTENTIAL 401 Introduction 402 What Is A Gateway? 403 What Is Visitor Communication? 404 Gateways Are An Integral Part Of Visitor Management 405 There Are Different Types Of Gateway 406 So How Does This Relate To Clydach Gorge? 407 A465 Layby West Of Abergavenny 408 Llanfoist 409 Govilon Wharf 4010 King George V Playing Fields Govilon 4011 Land In The Vicinity Of Gilwern Roundabout And Gilwern Village 4012 Clydach South 4013 Brynmawr Roundabout 4014 Existing Laybys On A465 West Of Brynmawr 4015 Dispersed Gateways 4016 Conclusion 5. KEY FINDINGS : TOWARDS A STRATEGY 501 Introduction 502 Key Findings From The Appraisal And Analysis 503 Vision And Objectives 504 Establishing The Business Case 505 Towards A Strategy 506 Conclusion 6. KEY PROPOSALS 601 Introduction 602 Clydach South 603 Access And Recreation 604 Interpretation And Education 605 The Development Of Visitor Gateways 606 Physical Enhancements 607 Associated Tourism Infrastructure 608 Mechanism For Delivery 609 Action Plan 610 Conclusion 7. CONCLUSIONS AND NEXT STEPS 701 Conclusion 702 Next Steps APPENDICES A. List Of Consultees B. Bibliography C. Strategic Context D. Gateway Theory E. A465 Traffic Data F. Annual Daily Average Cycle Flow Report SUSTRANS 1. INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT 101 Introduction Clydach Gorge is located in the south east corner of Brecon Beacons National Park and on the border between Monmouthshire County Council and Blaenau Gwent County Borough Council. Indeed, it was within Blaenau Gwent until Local Government Reorganisation in 1996. It is a remarkable landscape feature which runs from south west to north east between the southern slopes of Llangattock Mountain and the north facing slopes of Llanelly Hill and Gilwern Hill. It was formed by the fast flowing River Clydach cutting through the limestone and also has several deep gullies flowing into it from the south. Only three and a half miles long but less than half a mile wide the Gorge cuts downwards from 1,100 feet above sea level in the west at Brynmawr to 400 feet to the east of Gilwern where the valley opens out as the River Clydach reaches the Usk a mile below at Glangrwyney. Geologically this ‘cut’ is made through most of the rocks of the South Wales Coalfield : coal measures, millstone grit and limestone of the carboniferous period (about 300 million years ago) down to the Old Red Sandstone of the preceding Devonian period. The valley has all the natural assets required for early industrial exploitation : iron ore, woodlands to provide timber for charcoal furnaces and fast streams to supply power for simple mechanisation. It is not surprising that the enterprising Hanbury family from Pontypool became involved in iron making in the gorge from the early 17th century (indeed, they still retain leasehold rights on the caravan site). Subsequently iron making in the Clydach Gorge became an industry as coke was introduced as fuel and steam supplemented waterpower. Coal for coke was available from drift mines tunnelled into the hillside to meet the coal seams. Although charcoal continued to be used at one forge for some years it was the building of coke fired blast furnaces that enabled Clydach to continue to prosper as new iron making centres were created in the main coalfields in South Wales. However, by the time the railways arrived iron making was declining and the change to steel production was never made. Clydach Ironworks ceased production in 1861 (two years before the opening of the Merthyr, Tredegar and Abergavenny Railway which winds its way up the south side of the Gorge with two sets of tunnels). Various quarries and limekilns continued in production well into the 20th century but the Gorge has subsequently largely ‘returned to nature’ since the railway closed in 1958 : the industrial archaeological features, increasingly covered with vegetation, are reminders of a once vibrant industrial past (in 1841 it is estimated that 1,350 people, including 133 children under the age of 13, were employed in the ironworks). As John Van Laun wrote in 1979… ‘Clydach Gorge….. provides clear illustration of the way in which economic and social factors produce continuous change in the landscape. It in fact retains surprising beauty despite its history : a lovely beechwood remnant on the south side is now protected as the Cwm Clydach National Nature Reserve (now also a Special Area of Conservation) and high moorlands stretch away on the skyline. But the special character of the Gorge, which makes it well worth getting to know, is in part the result of the labours of men over a few generations : rocky amphitheatres left by quarrying, massive stone arches, upstanding chapels and humble cottage terraces with successive lines of communication, intricately engraved in the rock which forms the valley sides. Iron making was often the motive behind the work which has left these features. Evidence remains here both of the early production processes, harnessing water power and using timber for fuel, and of later techniques developed with the exploitation of coal during the Industrial Revolution.’ Since the closure of the railway the A465 Heads of the Valley Road was ruthlessly cut through the valley in the 1960’s dividing the village communities and bring dust, noise and fumes. Clydach Gorge Countryside Recreation Visitor Gateways Page Number 1 Volume II Final Report and Technical Appendices (March 2009) Although nature has remarkable powers of survival the communities were severed and the social infrastructure has declined with the loss of schools, shops and pubs. In the mid 1980’s a programme of excavation, restoration and conservation of Clydach Ironworks was undertaken funded by Blaenau Gwent County Borough Council and Cadw with labour supported by the Manpower Services Commission. Subsequently the owner of the site, Mrs C.S. Chives, generously gave the property to the Borough Council and a picnic site and camping and caravanning site was established close to the A465. This continued to be used after Local Government Reorganisation in 1996 when the site was transferred to Monmouthshire County Council. The campsite was very popular but the tenancy lapsed due to personal circumstances and it has been disused for several years blighted by the potential dualling of the A465 which was the subject of a major public inquiry in the mid 1990’s. Sections of the dualling (particularly the section between Abergavenny – Gilwern) have now been completed but Clydach Gorge is in a state of limbo until decisions as to programme (or even whether the Clydach Section will be undertaken at all) are announced. Despite this Clydach Gorge is home to around 4,000 people in the villages of Clydach South and Llanelly Hill and the linear settlement along the unclassified road (the original main road) through Maesygwartha, Black Rock, Cheltenham and Clydach. There is an extensive footpath network and the Merthyr, Tredegar and Abergavenny Railway has become part of the National Cycle Network (NCR46). The area is well used by school groups and caving is extremely popular. However, in recognition of the potential dualling of the A465 and following further consolidation of the Clydach Ironworks, coupled with the under-use of the Clydach South campsite and picnic site, Monmouthshire County Council has sought to review the importance of Clydach Gorge in natural and cultural heritage and countryside recreation terms including the potential to establish visitor ‘gateways’. Subject to the findings of the ‘business case’ it is envisaged that the recommendations contained in the report will be used to seek funding and as a basis on which to consider mitigation works should the dualling of the A465 proceed. 102 Study Brief The study requires the consultant to appraise the current access network, amenity facilities and features of interest on offer to visitors to the Gorge and make recommendations for: * developing visitor ‘gateway’ facilities at locations at Brynmawr, Clydach South and other suitable sites * enhancing recreational access from the ‘gateway sites’ to the natural and built heritage features of Clydach Gorge * promoting the Gorge as a destination for visitors within the context and setting of Brecon Beacons National Park (BBNP), the adjacent Blaenavon Industrial Landscape World Heritage Site (WHS) and the emerging Valleys Regional Park (VRP). The study should take into account. * the strategic context * the impact on, and benefits to, the local communities * the value, and sensitivity, of the natural and cultural assets in the Gorge * the long term sustainability of the proposed gateways Clydach Gorge Countryside Recreation Visitor Gateways Page Number 2 Volume II Final Report and Technical Appendices (March 2009) * the potential impact of the proposed dualling of the A465 and how the impact can be mitigated as far as possible * the potential to strengthen links into BBNP, the WHS, VRP and other attractions * the access and visitor management strategies of the WHS and BBNP * the policies contained in the BBNP Management Plan and Unitary Development Plan as any proposals generated from the report may well require planning approval. 103 Study Team After a competitive process a small specialist team of consultants were appointed to undertake the study: * Parkin Heritage and Tourism * Countryside Management Consultant * Catherine Etchell Associates (Landscape Architects).