Os Ciclos Biológicos De Duas Espécies Simpátricas De Hyalella Smith, 1874

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Os Ciclos Biológicos De Duas Espécies Simpátricas De Hyalella Smith, 1874 DANIELA DA SILVA CASTIGLIONI Os ciclos biológicos de duas espécies simpátricas de Hyalella Smith, 1874 (Crustacea, Peracarida, Amphipoda, Dogielinotidae) Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós- graduação em Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biociências da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Doutor em Biologia Animal. Área de Concentração: Biologia e Comportamento Animal Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Georgina Bond Buckup UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS PORTO ALEGRE 2007 Os ciclos biológicos de duas espécies simpátricas de Hyalella Smith, 1874 (Crustacea, Peracarida, Amphipoda, Dogielinotidae) DANIELA DA SILVA CASTIGLIONI Tese de doutorado aprovada em___________ ____________________________________ Profa. Dra. Georgina Bond Buckup ____________________________________ Prof. Dr. Fernando Luis Medina Mantelatto ____________________________________ Dr. Alexandre Arenzon _____________________________________ Profa. Dra. Fosca Pedini Pereira Leite _____________________________________ Profa. Dra. Paula Beatriz de Araujo VIVER COMO UM RIO Viver como um rio que vence os obstáculos e sempre deságua no mar. Ser persistente como um rio que seca na estiagem e renasce, gota a gota, nas chuvas do outono. Ser gentil como um rio que purifica os náufragos acolhidos em suas águas. Ser humilde como um rio que esconde nas águas mansas a vida efervescente. Ser impetuoso como um rio que rompe suas margens arrastando a terra morta para voltar tranqüilo ao leito depois de semear a vida. Ser generoso como o rio que alimenta o homem faminto como o fruto de suas entranhas. Viver a vida como um rio que parece desfazer-se no mar, mas se renova a cada dia, ao mesmo tempo frágil e eterno. Clóvis Wannemacher “Sempre que pensamos em mudar, queremos tudo o mais rápido possível. Não tenha pressa, pois as pequenas mudanças são as que mais importam. Por isso, não tenha medo de mudar lentamente, tenha medo de ficar parado.” (Provêrbio Chinês) “O que vale na vida não é o ponto de partida, e sim a caminhada. Caminhando e semeando, no fim téras o que colher.” (Cora Coralina) “Quanto maior a dificuldade, maior o mérito em superá-la.” (H. W. Beecher) “As coisas simples são as mais extraordinárias.” (Paulo Coelho) Dedico este trabalho com todo o meu amor e gratidão aos meus queridos pais Dirlam e Tânia, que me auxiliaram na conquista de mais essa etapa de minha caminhada profissional. Muito obrigada por terem me ensinado a ser íntegra, humilde e batalhadora. Amo vocês! Ao amor da minha vida, Adriano Martins, por toda a compreensão, companheirismo e amor. Amo você! Agradecimentos À Profa. Dra. Georgina Bond Buckup pela oportunidade concedida de trabalhar ao seu lado e pela orientação a qual possibilitou a elaboração deste trabalho. Muito obrigada Georgina, por ter me recebido com tanto carinho em seu laboratório e por ter me convencido de trabalhar com as espécies de Hyalella. Ao Prof. Dr. Ludwig Buckup pelos seus ensinamentos, incentivo e amizade. Ao CNPq por todo o apoio financeiro e pela concessão da bolsa de doutorado que permitiu a elaboração desta tese. À todos os colegas e companheiros do Laboratório de Carcinologia da UFRGS: Clarissa, Daiana, Daniela Barcelos, Carolina, Raoní, Aline, Ana Lúcia, Deise, Maurício, Adriane e demais estagiários pela harmoniosa convivência, pela ajuda nos procedimentos laboratoriais, pelo co-aprendizado, pelas festas e “papos-furados”, pelos agradáveis almoços no RU, enfim pelos momentos que tornaram o ambiente de trabalho agradável. À amiga e colega de laboratório Clarissa por toda a sua ajuda e companheirismo durante estes anos de convívio. Obrigada pela sua amizade! As colegas Daniela Barcelos e Deise Garcia pela grande ajuda com dos pequeninos juvenis. Aos colegas Thaís, Vinícius e Fabiana pela grande auxílio na triagem dos pequeninos juvenis de Hyalella. À Dra. Paula Araujo pelas suas sugestões e pelo seu exemplo de profissionalismo. Aos docentes, funcionários e colegas do Departamento de Zoologia da UFRGS pelas facilidades oferecidas para a realização deste trabalho. Aos proprietários do Pesque-pague Vale das Trutas por permitirem a coleta dos exemplares de Hyalella nos tanques de cultivo de trutas e especialmente aos funcionários Adailton e Adriana pela grande ajuda durante a realização das coletas e por permitirem e facilitarem a minha estadia no vale. - vii - Agradecimentos do coração Ao meu marido Adriano Martins, por todos estes maravilhosos anos de convivência, pela sua constante paciência e incentivo e principalmente pela sua compreensão e carinho. Muito obrigada por ter sido o meu motorista particular durante a realização das saídas de campo! Você é o amor da minha vida! Aos meus sogros, Sr. Gaspar Martins (in memoriam) e Sra. Lurdes pelo apoio, incentivo e por terem me aceitado com muito carinho em sua família e ao João Victor, que mesmo à distância trouxe muitas alegrias para a minha vida. Com muita gratidão no coração, agradeço aos meus pais Dirlam e Tânia que com seus exemplos de vida me ensinaram a ser uma pessoa íntegra, correta e principalmente batalhadora. Muito obrigada pai, por toda a ajuda que me deste durante a minha vida acadêmica! À minha irmã e também colega de profissão e laboratório Daiana, pelo incentivo e ajuda durante a realização deste trabalho. Obrigada pela sua alegria contagiante e amizade! À minha irmã de coração Daniela Barcelos pela constante amizade, paciência e companheirismo nesses ótimos anos de convivência. Agradeço ao meu Deus Todo Poderoso por ter me permitido chegar até aqui e ajudar a concretizar mais um sonho. Agradeço em especial a todos os exemplares de Hyalella pleoacuta e Hyalella castroi que foram mortos para a realização desta tese de doutorado. ...Enfim, a todas as pessoas que contribuíram para a minha formação pessoal e profissional, o meu MUITO OBRIGADA!!!!!!!!! - viii - Sumário Prefácio.................................................................................................................................. x Resumo................................................................................................................................... xiii Abstract.................................................................................................................................. xvi Introdução Geral................................................................................................................... 2 Objetivos................................................................................................................................ 50 Metodologia Geral................................................................................................................ 52 Capítulo I Intermolt duration and postembryonic growth of two sympatric species of Hyalella (Amphipoda, Dogielinotidae) in laboratory conditions...................................................................... 64 Capítulo II Pairing and reproductive success in two sympatric species of Hyalella (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Dogielinotidae) from southern Brazil…………………………………………………………… 87 Capítulo III Reproductive strategies of two sympatric species of Hyalella Smith, 1874 (Amphipoda, Dogielinotidae) in laboratory conditions………………………………………………………… 111 Capítulo IV Egg production of two sympatric species Hyalella Smith, 1874 (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Dogielinotidae) in aquaculture ponds in southern Brazil …………………………………………. 143 Capítulo V Ecological traits of two sympatric species of Hyalella Smith, 1874 (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Dogielinotidae) from southern Brazil.…………………………………...………………………. 178 Considerações finais…………………………………...……………………….................. 219 Anexos.................................................................................................................................... 227 - ix - Prefácio A presente Tese de Doutorado trata de vários aspectos da biologia de duas espécies simpátricas de anfípodos de água doce, Hyalella pleoacuta e H. castroi, as quais foram recentemente descobertas na região dos Campos de Cima da Serra, no município de São José dos Ausentes, RS. A tese está constituída por uma Introdução Geral, Objetivos, Metodologia Geral, seguida por cinco artigos, redigidos em conformidade com as normas da revista (ver normas nos Anexos) em que os mesmos serão publicados e também pelas Considerações Finais. Na Introdução Geral estão apresentadas algumas generalidades sobre o grupo animal de interesse (Crustacea, Peracarida, Amphipoda, Dogielinotidae) e também um panorama geral sobre o que se conhece sobre Amphipoda e mais especificamente sobre as espécies de Hyalella no Brasil. Posteriormente estão apresentados os Objetivos e a Metodologia Geral. Cabe salientar que as seções Introdução Geral, Objetivos e Metodologia Geral estão formatadas segundo as normas da Revista Brasileira de Zoologia. No primeiro capítulo estão apresentados os resultados referentes à idade da primeira muda, a freqüência de mudas, a determinação do sexo e a maturidade sexual de H. pleoacuta e H. Castroi em condições de laboratório (19 °C ± 1 °C e 12 horas luz / 12 horas escuro). O sucesso de pareamento e o sucesso reprodutivo de H. pleoacuta e H. castroi são abordados no segundo capítulo. No terceiro capítulo estão apresentados os resultados da produção de ovos de ambas espécies de Hyalella em ambiente natural. A duração do comportamento pré-copulatório, o tamanho de machos e fêmeas em pré- copula, o tamanho corpóreo das fêmeas ovígeras, a duração dos períodos embrionário e pós- - x - embrionário, a
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