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Semantic Reconstruction of the Water Crisis in the East of Isfahan Based on Grounded Theory

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Semantic Reconstruction of the Water Crisis in the East of Isfahan Based on Grounded Theory Archive of SID Journal of Applied Sociology 30th Year, Vol. 73, No. 1, Spring 2019 pp. 23-26 Received: 31.01.2018 Accepted: 27.10.2018 Semantic Reconstruction of the Water Crisis in the East of Isfahan Based on Grounded Theory Abbas Hatami Associate Professor, Political Sciences, University of Isfahan, Iran Sousan Nourbakhsh MA. Student Political Sciences, University of Isfahan, Iran * Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Introduction In recent years, the data and objective conditions indicate Iran's entry into a new era of environmental crises, especially in the water. According to United Nations indicators, Iran currently has a severe water crisis, because about 69% of the total annual renewable water used in the country .Also, according to statement political officials, if the water crisis Continuity, about 50 million people will be forced to migrate in Iran in the next 25 years, and the east and south of the country will be actually empty. Meanwhile, the eastern part of Isfahan is one of the areas that, despite the seriousness of the water crisis in it, has been less an issue of independent research. This research gap is that firstly, dehydration has led to unrest in the region at least in two periods, 2012 and 2017 respectively. Secondly, the three cities studied in this research, namely, Ziar, Ezhieh and Varzaneh are very important cities in the east of Isfahan. Thirdly, these three cities are Zayande rood legal and historic lords due to their occupation. Accordingly, the research seeks to understand the meaning of Ziar, Ezhieh and Varzaneh farmers on the water crisis with the Emic approach and using the method of Anselm Strauss and Juliet Corbin's theoretical approach, namely Grounded Theory. The questions of this research are: What causes or causes of water crisis from the perspective of the farmers of Ziar, Eziyeh and Varzaneh? What are the strategies of these farmers in confronting the water crisis? Finally, what are the consequences of the water crisis for farmers Ziar, Eziyeh and Varzaneh? Material & Methods 16 main categories. In the "selective coding" stage, In this research, qualitative research method has been according to the categories obtained, a "core category" used. In this study, semi-structured interviews were was extracted which is considered to be the core of the conducted with 17 farmers from Ziar, Ezhieh and research. This categories include: Unstable Varzaneh in eastern Isfahan in order to understand the Development, Semi-Finished Project, Lack of National participants' mental world. Sampling was done using Approach, Lack of Law, The Weakness Political purposeful sampling method and theoretical sampling Authority, Economic Monopolies, Changing Climatic was used to collect data. The sample size and data Conditions, Urban Migration, Political and Social computation method are of theoretical saturation type. Frustration, Negotiating with the Government, In our study, after 7 interviews, theoretical saturation Rebellion, Increase in Poverty, Increasing was achieved, but to ensure more interviews were Unproductive Businesses, Alternative Economic continued to 17 cases. In this research, simultaneously Strategies, Increasing the cleavage of Nation-State and with the interviews, data coding began and then Security Challenges. analyzed using the grounded theory. The data In this study, "bad governance of water" as a core encryption consists of three steps: open coding, central category of the contextual data was extracted. coding, and selective coding. The method of validating According to this category, the farmers of Ziar, Ezhieh the grounded theory is through "accreditation by and Varzaneh understand and interpret the changes that members", "analytical comparison" and "audit have been made in their lives, or water crisis as a technique". phenomenon associated with the mismanagement of In the present study, in the "open coding" stage, 35 water. Issues such as unsustainable development, semi- initial concepts were extracted, then by central coding integrated water development projects, lack of we transform them into abstract concepts in the form of nationalism and lack of law, and the weakness of Copyright©2019, University of Isfahan. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/BY-NC-ND/4.0), which permits others to download this work and share it with others as long as they credit it, but they can’t change it in any way or use it commercially. www.SID.ir Archive of SID 24 Journal of Applied Sociology, 30th Year, Vol. 73, No. 1, spring 2019 political authority all fall under water mismanagement Basin, and that is why it is known by the social or bad governance of water. Theoretically one of the structure to blame for the water crisis. Therefore, due finest analyzes in the field of economic governance of to such an understanding in social structure, it is natural resources, including water, is the discussion of necessary for the government to provide a contextual the political economist Elinor Ostrom. She showed platform for the perceptual gap to be adjusted. If this how natural resources can be well managed from the gap is wider and more active than before, it can further groups they use and not the state. This view points out expand the cleavage between the government and the that local institutions are more effective elements in nation in Iran. managing common natural resources. From this theoretical view, the study of Zayande rood water basin Keywords: Water Crisis, Environmental Sociology, also shows that during the centuries, local exploiters of Bad Water Governance, Institutional Diversity, Zayande Rood River have been able to manage the Economic Governance, Poltical Economy. sustainable management of this source based on the Sheikh Bahaei Scroll. However, the basin was References gradually subjected to a state-owned regime, and thus, Abrahamian, E. (2013) Iran Between Two Revolutions. in addition to violate of the historic and legal rights, Translated by Golmohamadi, A. & Fatahi, M. part of the Zayanderud was owned by the state. In this Tehran: Nashreney, In Persian process, the Sheikh Bahaei Scroll, which was once the Ahmadi, H. Nazari Samani, A. & Malekian, A. (2010) basis of the actions of the farmers and the sovereignty, “The Qanat: A Living History in Iran” In was gradually abandoned and has become the place of Schneier-Madanes, G. & Courel, M.F. (2010) conflict between the farmer and the state. Water and Sustainability in Arid Regions Finally we try to provide paradigm research model. (Bridging the Gap Between Physical and Social Based on the research findings, the water crisis in Sciences). Springer. 125-138. eastern Isfahan is classified into three categories: Amiri, Sh. (2014) The Impact of Environment on causal, contextual and effective. Casual Conditions National Security of the Islamic Republic of include Unstable Development, Contextual Conditions Iran, Master's Degree, Faculty of Economics include lack of law, the weakness of political authority and Social Sciences, Razi University. In Persian and changing climatic of conditions, Effective Barry, J. (2007) Environment and Social Theory. Conditions include Semi-Finished Project and Lack of Routledge. National Approach. Also in this research the Process Boostani, D. & Mohammadpour, A. (2009) "Semantic and Interactional are Urban Migration, Alternative Restoration of the Gender Orientation of Boys Economic Strategies, Negotiating with the to Girls (Providing a Grounded Theory).” The Government, Political and Social Frustration and Journal of Strategic Studies of Women, 44(11): Rebellion. And finally, Consequential include Increase 142-172. In Persian. in Poverty, Increasing Unproductive Businesses, Buzan, B. (2008) People, states and fear: An Agenda Economic Monopolies, Widening the Cleavage of for International Security Studies in the Post- Nation-State and Security Challenges. Cold War Era. Translated by Research Institute of Strategic Study, Tehran: Research Institute of Discussion of Results & Conclusions Strategic Study. In Persian. In this research, based on the paradigm model, the bad Buzan, B. Wæver, O. & Wilde, D. (2013) Security: A water Governance as the core category and the final New Framework for Analysis, Translated by answer to the research questions have been extracted. Tayeb, A. Tehran: Research Institute of According to this category, the farmers of Ziar, Ezhieh Strategic Study, In Persian. and Varzaneh understand the water crisis as a Costanza, R. (1989) “What Is Ecological Economics? phenomenon that is directly linked to the Ecological.” The Journal of Ecological mismanagement of water by the government. In fact, Economics, University of Maryland, 1(1): 1-7. the government has been seen as the main culprit for Davis, H. L. (2017) “Tolerance for Ambiguity.” In the water crisis by society, which has been the Moghaddam F. M. (2017) The SAGE exclusive agent for water governance. This teaches us Encyclopedia of political Behavior. Sage that collective action in material and economic life Publication Available at: requires attention to the various institutional https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/book/sage- arrangements governing these actions. In the form of encyclopedia-political-behavior these actions, the state must have a fundamental Ehsani, M. & Khaledi, E. (2004) "Recognition and understanding that it is only one of the institutions Promotion of Agricultural Water Productivity.” associated with material life and not only an exclusive Proceedings of the 11th National Irrigation and entity in this field. But the government in Iran has Drainage Committee of Iran, Tehran: Iran shown that it has not done so in the Zayande rood www.SID.ir Archive of SID Semantic Reconstruction of the Water Crisis in the East of Isfahan Based on Grounded Theory 25 National Irrigation and Drainage Committee, Nasrabadi, A. 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