DOCSLIB.ORG

Hypergeometric Functions and Feynman Diagrams 3

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Hypergeometric Functions and Feynman Diagrams 3 Hypergeometric Functions and Feynman Diagrams Mikhail Kalmykov, Vladimir Bytev, Bernd Kniehl, Sven-Olaf Moch, Bennie Ward, and Scott Yost Abstract The relationship between Feynman diagrams and hypergeometric functions is discussed. Special attention is devoted to existing techniquesfor the constructionof the Y-expansion. As an example, we present a detailed discussion of the construction of the Y-expansion of the Appell function 3 around rational values of parameters via an iterative solution of differential equations. As a by-product,we have found that the one-loop massless pentagon diagram in dimension 3 = 3 2n is not expressible in terms of multiple polylogarithms. Another interesting example− is the Puiseux-type solution involving a differential operator generated by a hypergeometric function of three variables. The holonomic properties of the # hypergeometric functions are briefly discussed. Mikhail Kalmykov JINR, Dubna, Russia, e-mail: [email protected] Vladimir Bytev BLTP JINR, 141980 Dubna, Moscow region, Russia e-mail: [email protected] Bernd A. Kniehl, II. Institut fuer Theoretische Physik, Universitaet Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany e-mail: [email protected] Sven-Olaf Moch II. Institut fuer Theoretische Physik, Universitaet Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 arXiv:2012.14492v3 [hep-th] 22 Jan 2021 Hamburg, Germany e-mail: [email protected] B.F.L. Ward Department of Physics, Baylor University, One Bear Place, # 97316, Waco, TX 76798-7316, USA e- mail: BFL{\protect\relax$\@@underline{\hbox{\}}\mathsurround\z@$\relax}[email protected] S.A. Yost Department of Physics, The Citadel, 171 Moultrie St., Charleston, SC 29409, USA e-mail: [email protected] 1 2 Authors Suppressed Due to Excessive Length 1 Introduction Recent interest in the analytical properties of Feynman diagrams has been motivated by processes at the LHC. The required precision demands the evaluation of a huge number of diagrams having many scales to a high order, so that a new branch of mathematics emerges, which we may call the Mathematical Structure of Feynman Diagrams [1, 2], which includes elements of algebraic geometry,algebraic topology, the analytical theory of differential equations, multiple hypergeometricfunctions, el- ements of number theory, modular functions and elliptic curves, multidimensional residues, and graph theory. This mathematical structure has been extensively devel- oped, studied and applied. For a more detailed discussion of the oldest results and their relation to modern techniques, see Refs. [3] and [4]). One of these approaches is based on the treatment of Feynman diagrams in terms of multiple hypergeometric functions[5].Forexample,intheseriesofpapers[6,7,8], theone-loopdiagramshave been associated with the '-function(a particularcase of the -function[9, 10, 11]). 1.1 Mellin-Barnes representation, asymptotic expansion, NDIM A universal technique based on the Mellin-Barnes representation of Feynman di- agrams has been applied to one-loop diagrams in Ref. [12, 13] and to two-loop propagator diagrams in Ref. [14, 15, 16, 17, 18].1 The multiple Mellin-Barnes rep- resentation for a Feynman diagram in covariant gauge can be written in the form 8 8 < Γ = 08C8 0 Φ A, ; C, ; I = + ∞ q C 3C = + ∞ ( 8 1 + ) 3C I ; U:; C; , ì ì Γ A 2 : ( ì) 8 (ì) ì 8 9=1 19 C 9 1 Í ¹− ∞ ¹− ∞ 0,1,2,AÖ ( Í + ) Í (1) where I: are ratios of Mandelstam variables and ,,, are matrices and vectors depending linearly on the dimension of space-time = and powers of the propagators. Closing the contour of integration on the right (on the left), this integral can be presented around zero values of I in the form ì U Φ A, ; C, ; I = 5U A, ; C, ; I I ì , (2) ( ì ì ì) ì ( ì ì ì)ì U Õì where the coefficients 5U are ratios of Γ-functionsand the functions are Horn-type hypergeometric functionsì [22] (see Section 2 for details). The analytic continuation of the hypergeometric functions I into another region of the variables I can be constructed via the integral representation(ì) (when available) [23, 24], I ì 1 (ì) → ( − 1 Several programs are available for the automatic generation of the Mellin-Barnes representation of Feynman diagrams [19, 20, 21]. Hypergeometric Functions and Feynman Diagrams 3 I . However, for more complicated cases of Horn-type hypergeometric functions, thisì) type of analytic continuation is still under construction [25, 26]. A major set of mathematical results (see, for example, [27, 28, 29]) is devoted to the construction of the analytic continuation of a series around I 9 = 0 to a series of the form I : I I , where the main physical application is the I (ì) → ( I ) construction of an expansion about Landau singularities ! I : I ! I . (ì) (ì) → ( (ì)) For example, the singular locus ! of the Appell function 4 I1, I2 is ! = I1, I2 2 2 ( ) {( ) ∈ C I1I2 ' I1, I2 = 0 ! where ' I1, I2 = 1 I1 I2 4I1I2, and the physically interesting| ( case) of an}∪ expansion∞ around( the) singularities( − − c)orresponds− to an analytical ' I1 ,I2 ' I1 ,I2 continuation 4 I1, I2 4 ( ) , ( ) . ( ) → I1 I2 A similar problem, the construction of convergent series of multiple Mellin- Barnes integrals in different regions of parameters, has been analyzed in detail for the case of two variables [30, 31, 32]. However, to our knowledge, there are no systematic analyses of the relation between these series and the singularities of multiple Mellin-Barnes integrals. It was understood long ago that there is a one-to-onecorrespondence between the construction of convergent series from Mellin-Barnes integrals and the asymptotic expansions; see Ref. [33] for example. The available software, e.g. Ref. [34], allows the construction of the analytical continuation of a Mellin-Barnes integral in the limit when some of the variables I goto to 0, or . These are quite useful in the evaluation of Feynman diagrams, but do not solve∞ our problem. The current status of the asymptotic expansions is discussed in Ref. [35, 36]. Another technique for obtaining a hypergeometric representation is the so-called “Negative Dimensional Integration Method” (NDIM) [37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42]. However, it is easy to show [43] that all available results follow directly from the Mellin-Barnes integrals [12]. For some Feynman diagrams, the hypergeometric representation follows from a direct integration of the parametric representation, see Ref. [44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52]. We also mention that the “Symmetriesof Feynman Integrals” method [53, 54, 55] can also be used to obtain the hypergeometric representation for some types of diagrams. 1.2 About GKZ and Feynman Diagrams There are a number of different though entirely equivalent ways to describe hyper- geometric functions: • as a multiple series; • as a solution of a system of differential equations (hypergeometric D-module); • as an integral of the Euler type; • as a Mellin-Barnes integral. 4 Authors Suppressed Due to Excessive Length In a series of papers, Gel’fand, Graev, Kapranov and Zelevinsky [56, 57, 58] (to mention only a few of their series of papers devoted to the systematic development of this approach) have developed a uniform approach to the description of hyper- geometric functions 2. The formal solution of the -system is a so-called multiple Γ-series having the following form: ;1 W1 ;# W" I + I + 1 ··· # , Γ ;1 W1 1 Γ ;# W# 1 ;1, ,;# L ( ···Õ ) ∈ ( + + )··· ( + + ) where Γ is the Euler Γ-function and the lattice L has rank 3. When this formal series has a non-zero radius of convergence, it coincides (up to a factor) with a Horn- type hypergeometric series [58] (see Section 2). Any Horn-type hypergeometric function can be written in the form of a Γ-series by applying the reflection formula Γ = = Γ 0 Γ 1 0 0 = 1 Γ( 1) 0( −= ) . Many examples of such a conversion – all Horn- hypergeometric( + ) (− functions) ( − − of) two variables – have been considered in Ref. [62]. The Mellin-Barnes representation was beyond Gelfand’s consideration. It was worked out later by Fritz Beukers [63]; see also the recent paper [64]. Beukers analyzed the Mellin-Barnes integral # W8 18 B Π Γ W8 18 B E + ì ì3B , 8=1 (− − ì ì) 8 ¹ and pointed out that, under the assumption that the Mellin-Barnes integral converges absolutely, it satisfies the set of -hypergeometric equations. The domain of conver- gence for the -hypergeometric series and the associated Mellin-Barnes integrals have been discussed recently in Ref. [65]. Following Beuker’s results, we conclude that any Feynman diagramwith a generic set of parameters (to guarantee convergence, we should treat the powers of propa- gators as non-integer parameters) could be treated as an -function. However our analysis has shown that, typically, a real Feynman diagram corresponds to an - function with reducible monodromy. Letusexplainourpointofview.By studyingFeynmandiagramshavinga one-fold Mellin-Barnes representation [66], we have found that certain Feynman diagrams @ 2 @ @ (1220,1220,+1220,1220 in the notation of Ref. [66]) with powers of propagator equal to one (the so-called master-integrals) have the following hypergeometric structure (we drop the normalization constant for simplicity): f Φ =, 1; I = 32 01,02,03; 11,12; I I 43 1,21,22,23; ?1,?2,?3; I , (3) ( ì ) ( )+ ( ) where the dimension = of space-time [67] is not an integer and the difference be- tween any two parameters of the hypergeometric function also are not integers. The holonomic rank of the hypergeometric function ? ? 1 is equal to ?, so that the − 2 The detailed discussion of -functions and their properties is beyond our current consideration. There are many interesting papers on that subject, including (to mention only a few) Refs. [59, 60, 61]. Hypergeometric Functions and Feynman Diagrams 5 Feynman diagram is a linear combination of two series having different holonomic rank. What could we say about the holonomic rank of a Feynman diagram Φ? To answer that question, let us find the differential equation for the Feynman diagram Φ =, I 1;ì starting from the representation Eq.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Some New Results for Humbert's Double
    Palestine Journal of Mathematics Vol. 8(2)(2019) , 146–158 © Palestine Polytechnic University-PPU 2019 SOME NEW RESULTS FOR HUMBERT’S DOUBLE HYPERGEOMETRIC SERIES 2 AND φ2 Ghazala Yasmin and Abdulghani Muhyi Communicated by P.K. Banerji MSC 2010 Classifications: Primary 33B15, 33C20; Secondary 33C70. Keywords and phrases: Gamma Function, Generalized Hypergeometric Function, Kummer’s Theorem, Generalized (Wright) Hypergeometric Function, Humbert’s Functions, Lavoie-Trottier Integral Formula. Abstract. This article aims to establish new expressions of Humbert’s functions 2 and φ2 with the help of the generalization of Kummer’s summation theorem. Some special cases are also obtained. Further, we present some interesting integrals involving the Humbert’s functions, which are expressed in terms of generalized (Wright) hypergeometric function. Also, some special cases were considered as an application of the presented integral formulas. 1 Introduction The theory of hypergeometric functions has a vast popularity and great interest. The usefulness of this functions lies in the fact that the solutions of many applied problems involving partial dif- ferential equations are obtainable with the help of such hypergeometric functions. For instance, the energy absorbed by some non ferromagnetic conductor sphere contained in an internal mag- netic field can be calculated with the help of such functions [12, 15]. Multi-variable hyper- geometric functions are used in physical and quantum chemical applications as well [14, 19]. Especially, many problems in gas dynamics lead to those of degenerate second order partial differential equations, which are then solvable in terms of multiple hypergeometric functions. Further, in the investigation of the boundary value problems for these partial differential equa- tions, we need decompositions for multivariate hypergeometric functions in terms of simpler hypergeometric functions of the Gauss and Humbert types.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Proof of a Reduction Formula for the Appell Series F3 Due to Bailey∗
    FACTA UNIVERSITATIS (NIS)ˇ Ser. Math. Inform. Vol. 34, No 5 (2019), 849–854 https://doi.org/10.22190/FUMI1905849M A NEW PROOF OF A REDUCTION FORMULA FOR THE APPELL SERIES F3 DUE TO BAILEY∗ Gradimir V. Milovanovi´cand Arjun K. Rathie c 2019 by University of Niˇs, Serbia | Creative Commons Licence: CC BY-NC-ND Abstract. In this short note, we provide a new proof of an interesting and useful reduction formula for the Appell series F3 due to Bailey [On the sum of a terminating 3F2(1), Quart. J. Math. Oxford Ser. (2) 4 (1953), 237–240]. Keywords: Appell series, Humbert series, Whipple summation theorem, reduction formula, special functions 1. Introduction Hypergeometric series and many their generalizations, including multiple series, play an important role in the applied mathematics and mathematical physics. In this short note we are interested only for multiple hypergeometric series of Appell type, precisely for Appell series F3, which is defined by (cf. [2, 3, 6]) ∞ ∞ ′ ′ m n ′ ′ (a)m(a )n(b)m(b )n w z (1.1) F3(a,a ,b,b ; c; w,z)= m n m=0 n=0 (c) + · m! n! X X for w < 1, z < 1, c =0, 1, 2,... | | | | 6 − − As usual (λ)k is the well known Pochhammer symbol (or the shifted factorial or the raised factorial, since (1)n = n!) defined by Γ(λ + k) (λ)k = = λ(λ + 1) (λ + k 1). Γ(λ) ··· − A survey on multiple hypergeometric series of Appell type with a rich list of references has been recently published by Schlosser [10].
    [Show full text]
  • Basic Hypergeometric Series Second Edition
    ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MATHEMATICS AND ITS ApPLICATIONS Editorial Board R. S. Doran, P. Flajolet, M. Ismail, T.-y' Lam, E. Lutwak Volume 96 Basic Hypergeometric Series Second Edition This revised and expanded new edition will continue to meet the need for an author­ itative, up-to-date, self contained, and comprehensive account of the rapidly growing field of basic hypergeometric series, or q-series. It contains almost all of the important summation and transformation formulas of basic hypergeometric series one needs to know for work in fields such as combinatorics, number theory, modular forms, quan­ tum groups and algebras, probability and statistics, coherent-state theory, orthogonal polynomials, or approximation theory. Simplicity, clarity, deductive proofs, thought­ fully designed exercises, and useful appendices are among its strengths. The first five chapters cover basic hypergeometric series and integrals, whilst the next five are de­ voted to applications in various areas including Askey-Wilson integrals and orthogonal polynomials, partitions in number theory, multiple series, and generating functions. Chapters 9 to 11 are new for the second edition, the final chapter containing a sim­ plified version of the main elements of the theta and elliptic hypergeometric series as a natural extension of the single-base q-series. Elsewhere some new material and exercises have been added to reflect recent developments, and the bibliography has been revised to maintain its comprehensive nature. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MATHEMATICS AND ITS ApPLICATIONS All the titles listed below can be obtained from good booksellers or from Cambridge University Press. For a complete series listing visit http://publishing.cambridge.org/stm/mathematics/eom/.
    [Show full text]
  • Note on the Hurwitz–Lerch Zeta Function of Two Variables
    S S symmetry Article Note on the Hurwitz–Lerch Zeta Function of Two Variables Junesang Choi 1, Recep ¸Sahin 2, O˘guzYa˘gcı 2 and Dojin Kim 3,* 1 Department of Mathematics, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Korea; [email protected] 2 Department of Mathematics, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale 71450, Turkey; [email protected] (R.S.); [email protected] (O.Y.) 3 Department of Mathematics, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 3 August 2020; Accepted: 27 August 2020; Published: 28 August 2020 Abstract: A number of generalized Hurwitz–Lerch zeta functions have been presented and investigated. In this study, by choosing a known extended Hurwitz–Lerch zeta function of two variables, which has been very recently presented, in a systematic way, we propose to establish certain formulas and representations for this extended Hurwitz–Lerch zeta function such as integral representations, generating functions, derivative formulas and recurrence relations. We also point out that the results presented here can be reduced to yield corresponding results for several less generalized Hurwitz–Lerch zeta functions than the extended Hurwitz–Lerch zeta function considered here. For further investigation, among possibly various more generalized Hurwitz–Lerch zeta functions than the one considered here, two more generalized settings are provided. Keywords: beta function; gamma function; Pochhammer symbol; Hurwitz–Lerch zeta function; Hurwitz–Lerch zeta function of two variables; hypergeometric functions; confluent hypergeometric functions; Appell hypergeometric functions; Humbert hypergeometric functions of two variables; integral representations; generating functions; derivative formulas; recurrence relation 1. Introduction and Preliminaries The generalized (or Hurwitz) zeta function z(s, n) is defined by (see, e.g., [1], pp.
    [Show full text]
  • Some Results for Q-Functions of Many Variables
    REND. SEM. MAT. UNIV. PADOVA, Vol. 112 (2004) Some Results for q-Functions of Many Variables. THOMAS ERNST (*) ABSTRACT - We will give some new formulas and expansions for q-Appell-, q-Lau- ricella- and q-Kampé de Fériet functions. This is an area which has been explored by Jackson, R. P. Agarwal, W. A Al-Salam, Andrews, Kalnins, Mil- ler, Manocha, Jain, Srivastava, and Van der Jeugt. The multiple q-hypergeo- metric functions are defined by the q-shifted factorial and the tilde operator. By a method invented by the author [20]-[23], which also involves the Ward- Alsalam q-addition and the Jackson-Hahn q-addition, we are able to find q- analogues of corresponding formulas for the multiple hypergeometric case. In the process we give a new definition of q-hypergeometric series, illustrated by some examples, which elucidate the integration property of q-calculus, and helps to try to make a first systematic attempt to find summation- and reduc- tion theorems for multiple basic series. The Jackson G q-function will be fre- quently used. Two definitions of a generalized q-Kampé de Fériet function, in the spirit of Karlsson and Srivastava [69], which are symmetric in the varia- bles, and which allow q to be a vector are given. Various connections of tran- sformation formulas for multiple q-hypergeometric series with Lie algebras and finite groups known from the literature are cited. 1. Historical introduction. After Gauss’ introduction of the hypergeometric series in 1812, vari- ous versions of the multiple hypergeometric series (MHS) were develo- ped by people whose names are now associated to the functions they in- troduced.
    [Show full text]
  • The Different Tongues of Q-Calculus
    Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, 2008, 57, 2, 81–99 doi: 10.3176/proc.2008.2.03 Available online at www.eap.ee/proceedings The different tongues of q-calculus Thomas Ernst Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 480, SE-751 06 Uppsala, Sweden; [email protected] Received 14 December 2007, in revised form 7 February 2008 Abstract. In this review paper we summarize the various dialects of q-calculus: quantum calculus, time scales, and partitions. The close connection between Gq(x) functions on the one hand, and elliptic functions and theta functions on the other hand will be shown. The advantages of the Heine notation will be illustrated by the (q-)Euler reflection formula, q-Appell functions, Carlitz– AlSalam polynomials, and the so-called q-addition. We conclude with some short biographies about famous scientists in q-calculus. Key words: elliptic functions, theta functions, q-Appell functions, q-addition, Carlitz–AlSalam polynomial. 1. INTRODUCTION q-Calculus is a generalization of many subjects, like hypergeometric series, complex analysis, and particle physics. In short, q-calculus is quite a popular subject today. It has developed various dialects like quantum calculus, time scales, partitions, and continued fractions. We will give several aspects of q-calculus to enlighten the strong interdisciplinary as well as mathematical character of this subject. The close connection between q-calculus on the one hand, and elliptic functions and theta functions on the other hand will be shown. Some new formulas will be given, such as the two restatements of Kummer’s 2F1(¡1) formula (in q-form) (36) and (37).
    [Show full text]
  • Multiple Hypergeometric Series [.5Em] Appell Series
    Appell series Contiguous relations PDE's Integral representations Transformations Reductions Extensions A curious integral More sums Multiple hypergeometric series Appell series and beyond Michael J. Schlosser Faculty of Mathematics Multiple hypergeometric series { Appell series and beyond Appell series Contiguous relations PDE's Integral representations Transformations Reductions Extensions A curious integral More sums Outline 1 Appell hypergeometric series 2 Contiguous relations 3 Partial differential equations 4 Integral representations 5 Transformations 6 Reduction formulae 7 Extensions 8 A curious integral 9 More sums Multiple hypergeometric series { Appell series and beyond Recall the Pochhammer symbol notation for the shifted factorial: ( a(a + 1) ::: (a + n − 1) if n = 1; 2;::: , (a)n := 1 if n = 0. The (generalized) hypergeometric series is defined by a1; a2;:::; ar X (a1)n (a2)n ::: (ar )n n r Fs ; x = x : b1; b2;:::; bs n!(b1)n ::: (bs )n n≥0 Goal: We would like to generalize the Gauß hypergeometric function a; b X (a)n (b)n n 2F1 ; x = x c n!(c)n n≥0 to a double series depending on two variables. Appell series Contiguous relations PDE's Integral representations Transformations Reductions Extensions A curious integral More sums Appell hypergeometric series Multiple hypergeometric series { Appell series and beyond Goal: We would like to generalize the Gauß hypergeometric function a; b X (a)n (b)n n 2F1 ; x = x c n!(c)n n≥0 to a double series depending on two variables. Appell series Contiguous relations PDE's Integral representations Transformations Reductions Extensions A curious integral More sums Appell hypergeometric series Recall the Pochhammer symbol notation for the shifted factorial: ( a(a + 1) ::: (a + n − 1) if n = 1; 2;::: , (a)n := 1 if n = 0.
    [Show full text]
  • Quantum Modular Forms and Singular Combinatorial Series with Distinct
    QUANTUM MODULAR FORMS AND SINGULAR COMBINATORIAL SERIES WITH DISTINCT ROOTS OF UNITY AMANDA FOLSOM, MIN-JOO JANG, SAM KIMPORT, AND HOLLY SWISHER Abstract. Understanding the relationship between mock modular forms and quantum modular forms is a problem of current interest. Both mock and quantum modular forms exhibit modular-like transformation properties under suitable subgroups of SL2pZq, up to nontrivial error terms; however, their domains (the upper half-plane H, and the rationals Q, respectively) are notably different. Quantum modular forms, originally defined by Zagier in 2010, have also been shown to be related to the diverse areas of colored Jones polynomials, meromorphic Jacobi forms, partial theta functions, vertex algebras, and more. In this paper we study the pn ` 1q-variable combinatorial rank generating function Rnpx1, x2,...,xn; qq for n-marked Durfee symbols. These are n ` 1 dimensional multisums for n ą 1, and specialize to the ordinary two-variable partition rank generating function when n “ 1. The mock modular properties of Rn when viewed as a function of τ P H, 2πiτ with q “ e , for various n and fixed parameters x1, x2, ¨ ¨ ¨ , xn, have been studied in a series of papers. Namely, by Bringmann and Ono when n “ 1 and x1 a root of unity; by Bringmann when n “ 2 and x1 “ x2 “ 1; by Bringmann, Garvan, and Mahlburg for n ě 2 and x1 “ x2 “¨¨¨“ xn “ 1; and by the first and third authors for n ě 2 and the xj suitable roots of unity (1 ď j ď n). The quantum modular properties of R1 readily follow from existing results.
    [Show full text]
  • Lauricella Hypergeometric Series Over Finite Fields
    LAURICELLA HYPERGEOMETRIC SERIES OVER FINITE FIELDS BING HE Abstract. In this paper we give a finite field analogue of the Lauricella hypergeomet- ric series and obtain some transformation and reduction formulae and several generating functions for the Lauricella hypergeometric series over finite fields. These generalize some known results of Li et al as well as several other well-known results. 1. Introduction ∗ Let q be a power of a prime. Then Fq and Fbq are denoted the finite field of q elements and ∗ the group of multiplicative characters of Fq respectively. Setting χ(0) = 0 for all characters, ∗ we extend the domain of all characters χ of Fq to Fq: Let χ and " denote the inverse of χ and the trivial character respectively. See [2] and [7, Chapter 8] for more information about characters. Following [1], we define the generalized hypergeometric function as 1 a0; a1; : : : ; an X (a0)k(a1)k ··· (an)k k n+1Fn x := x ; b1; : : : ; bn k!(b1)k ··· (bn)k k=0 where (z)k is the Pochhammer symbol given by (z)0 = 1; (z)k = z(z + 1) ··· (z + k − 1) for k ≥ 1: It was Greene who in [6] developed the theory of hypergeometric functions over finite fields and established a number of transformation and summation identities for hypergeomet- ric series over finite fields which are analogues to those in the classical case. Greene, in particular, introduced the notation G A; B BC(−1) X 2F1 x = "(x) B(y)BC(1 − y)A(1 − xy) C q y for A; B; C 2 Fbq and x 2 Fq; that is a finite field analogue of the integral representation of Gauss hypergeometric series [1]: 1 a; b Γ(c) b c−b −a dt 2F1 x = t (1 − t) (1 − tx) ; c Γ(b)Γ(c − b) ˆ0 t(1 − t) 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification.
    [Show full text]
  • Integral Transforms Involving the Product of Humbert and Bessel Functions and Its Application
    AIMS Mathematics, 5(2): 1260–1274. DOI:10.3934/math.2020086 Received: 10 October 2019 Accepted: 06 January 2020 http://www.aimspress.com/journal/Math Published: 19 January 2020 Research article Integral transforms involving the product of Humbert and Bessel functions and its application A. Belafhal1, N. Nossir1, L. Dalil-Essakali1 and T. Usman2;∗ 1 LPNAMME, Laser Physics Group, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Choua¨ıb Doukkali University, P. B 20, 24000 El Jadida, Morocco 2 Department of Mathematics, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Lingaya’s Vidyapeeth, Faridabad-121002, Haryana, India * Correspondence: Email: [email protected]; Tel: +917417803673. Abstract: In this paper, we develop some integral transforms involving a product of Humbert and Bessel functions with a weight e−γx2 . These integral transforms will be evaluated in terms of hypergeometric functions. Various transformation formulae are also evaluated in terms of Appell functions to complete this study. Some special cases of the evaluated integrals yield some infinite series of generalized hypergeometric and Appell functions. As application, one of our main results is investigated to give an expression of the Generalized Humbert-Gaussian beams (GHGBs) propagating through a paraxial ABCD optical system. Keywords: integral transforms; Bessel functions; Humbert functions; Appell functions; Hypergeometric functions Mathematics Subject Classification: 33B15, 33C10, 33C15 1. Introduction Integral transforms involving special functions have gained considerable attention in the bibliography. In the last decade, many papers are investigated to study the integral transforms involving the product of Bessel and other special functions (see [4,8,9]). In view of this, it is worth investigating a general integral transform involving Humbert and Bessel functions with a weight e−γx2 .
    [Show full text]
  • Mathematics 2003
    A CBRTAIN CLASS OF GENERATING FUNCTIONS INVOLVING UNILATERAL AND BILATERAL SERIES DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFItWENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR TME^WARO OF TH^ DEGREE OF MATHEMATICS i' By BABITA AGRAWAL Under the Supervision of PROF. M.A. PATHAN DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 2003 A\a^* Azaa \^i>^. S'^^ '^^ "'^^''n, Un^S^"-^- 2 OJUL ?009 Dedicated to Ply Husband who has been a constant source of inspiration to me throughout the duration of my work italta (£^a^iauMil DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH - 202 002 (U. P.), INDIA Phones: (Off.): 0571-2701019;(Res.):0571-2701282 Fax: 0571-2704229 E-maiI:[email protected] Prof. M. A. Pathan CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the contents of this dissertations entitled "A Certain Class Of Generating Functions Involving Unilateral And Bilateral Series" is the original work of Mrs. Babita Agarwal carried out under my supervision. Her work is suitable for the award of the degree of Master of Philosophy in Mathematics. 7)^<^^. Prof. M. A. Pathan (Supervisor) CONTENTS Acknowledgement 1 CHAPTER 1 : PRELIMINARIES 1-14 1.1 : INTRODUCTION 1 1.2 : THE GENERATING FUNCTIONS 1.3 : GAMMA FUNCTION 1.4 : FACTORIAL FUNCTION 1.5 : GENERALIZED HERMITE POLYNOMIALS 10 CHAPTER 2 : GENERALIZED HERMITE POLYNOMIALS 15 32 OF TWO VARIABLES 2.1 : INTRODUCTION 15 2.2 : HYPERGEOMETRIC FORM 17 2.3 : ANOTHER GENERATING RELATION 20 2.4 : n"' DIFFERENTIAL FORMULA 21 2.5 : INTEGRAL REPRESENTATION 28 CHAPTER 3 : GENERALIZED INCOMPLETE GAMMA 33-57 FUNCTION
    [Show full text]
  • Scratch Work
    Scratch Work Introduction In the introduction, partially on the basis of several pages of scratch work, we tendered the conjecture that Ramanujan had devoted his last hours to cranks before his suffering became too intense to work on mathematics in the last four days of his brief life. In this short appendix we briefly examine some of the pages of scratch work. Most of the scratch work that we can identify pertains to calculations involving theta functions, cranks, or the partition function. We emphasize that these pages contain no exciting discoveries. The scratch work gives us glimpses of some of Ramanujan’s thoughts, but perhaps more importantly, the scratch work demonstrates the importance of calculations for Ramanujan. We discuss pages in the order in which they appear in [283]. Page 61 As discussed in Chapter 4, the first five tables are preliminary versions of the tables given on page 179. These tables are followed by seven lists of num- bers, three belonging to residue classes 1 modulo 3, three belonging to residue classes −1 modulo 3, and the last belonging to multiples of 3. However, gen- erally, neither the numbers nor the values of p(n) for these n belong to the requisite residue classes. The seven classes contain a total of 71 numbers, with the largest being 130. Below the tables is the quotient of (apparently) infinite products (q; q)2 ∞ . (q3; q3)∞ The scratch work at the bottom of the page contains several theta functions depicted by the first several terms of their infinite series representations, in particular, G.E.
    [Show full text]