Late Pleistocene Glaciations, Beringia

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Late Pleistocene Glaciations, Beringia GLACIATIONS/Late Pleistocene Events in Beringia 1057 Espizu´a, L. (2004). Pleistocene glaciations in the Mendoza Extent and Chronology, Part III (J. Ehlers and P. Gibbard, Andes, Argentina. In Quaternary Glaciations – Extent Eds.), pp. 285–291. Elsevier. and Chronology, Part III (J. Ehlers and P. Gibbard, Eds.), Ton-That, T., Singer, B., Mo¨ rner, N., and Rabassa, J. (1999). pp. 69–73. Elsevier. Datacio´n de lavas basa´lticas por 40Ar/39Ar y geologı´a glacial Espizu´a, L., and Bigazzi, G. (1998). Fission-track dating of the de la regio´n del Lago Buenos Aires. Revista de la Asociacio´n Punta de Vacas glaciation in the Rı´o Mendoza valley, Geolo´ gica Argentina 54(4), 333–352. Argentina. Quaternary Science Reviews 17, 755–760. Hall, K. (2004). Quaternary glaciation of the sub-Antarctic Islands. In Quaternary Glaciations – Extent and Chronology, Part III (J. Ehlers and P. Gibbard, Eds.), pp. 339–345. Elsevier. Heine, J. (1995). Late Quaternary glacier advances in the Late Pleistocene Events in Ecuadorian Andes: a preliminary report. Quaternary of South Beringia America and Antarctic Peninsula 9, 1–22. Heine, J. (2004). Late Quaternary glaciations of Ecuador. In S A Elias, Royal Holloway, University of London, Quaternary Glaciations – Extent and Chronology, Part III Surrey, UK (J. Ehlers and P. Gibbard, Eds.), pp. 165–169. Elsevier. J Brigham-Grette, University of Massachusetts, Ingo´lfsson, O. (2004). Quaternary glacial and climate history MA, USA of Antarctica. In Quaternary Glaciations – Extent and Chronology, Part III (J. Ehlers and P. Gibbard, Eds.), ª 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. pp. 3–44. Elsevier. Kaplan, M., Douglass, D., Singer, B., Ackert, R., and Caffe, M. (2005). Cosmogenic nuclide chronology of Pre-last glacial maximum moraines at Lago Buenos Aires, 46 S, Argentina. Introduction Quaternary Research 63, 301–315. Mahaney, W. (2004). Quaternary glacial chronology of The region of the western Arctic stretching from the Mount Kenya massif. In Quaternary Glaciations – Extent and Lena River in northeast Russia to the Mackenzie Chronology, Part III (J. Ehlers and P. Gibbard, Eds.), pp. 227– River in Canada, is geographically know as 231. Elsevier. Beringia. From a glaciological standpoint, Beringia, Mark, B., Seltzer, G., and Rodbell, D. (2004). Late Quaternary glaciations of Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. In Quaternary including the vast continental shelves of the Bering Glaciations – Extent and Chronology, Part III (J. Ehlers and and Chukchi Sea, has presented a great anomaly P. Gibbard, Eds.), pp. 151–163. Elsevier. throughout the Cenozoic. While nearly all other Meglioli, A. (1992). Glacial geology of Southernmost Patagonia, high latitude regions of the Northern Hemisphere the Strait of Magellan and Northern Tierra del Fuego. PhD Dissertation, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, USA. were covered by ice sheets during each glaciation, Unpublished. the lowlands of Beringia remained ice-free, thus pro- Mercer, J. H. (1976). Glacial history of Southernmost South viding a refuge for high-latitude flora and fauna. Due America. Quaternary Research 6, 125–166. to the build up of continental-sized ice sheets over Osmaston, H. (2004). Quaternary glaciations in the east African North American, Greenland, parts of Eurasia, and mountains. In Quaternary Glaciations – Extent and Chronology, Part III (J. Ehlers and P. Gibbard, Eds.), pp. 139– other regional mountain ranges during Pleistocene 149. Elsevier. glaciations, global sea level repeatedly dropped sig- Porter, S. (1981). Pleistocene glaciations in the Southern Lake nificantly exposing large portions of the continental District of Chile. Quaternary Research 16, 263–292. shelves. For instance, during the last glaciation, glo- Rabassa, J., and Clapperton, C. (1990). Quaternary glaciations of bal sea level dropped by 120–130 m (Lambeck et al., the Southern Andes. Quaternary Science Reviews 9, 153–174. Rabassa, J., Coronato, A., and Salemme, M. (2005). Chronology 2002) exposing the continental shelf regions of the of the Late Cenozoic Patagonian glaciations and their correla- Bering and Chukchi seas between Siberia and Alaska. tion with biostratigraphic units of the Pampean region These vast shelves lie only about 30–110 m below (Argentina). Journal of South American Earth Sciences 20, modern sea level. Therefore, as continental ice sheets 81–103. grew, sea level dropped, and the shelf regions Rodbell, D. (1993). Subdivision of Late Pleistocene moraines in Cordillera Blanca, Peru, based on rock-weathering features, between northeast Russia and Alaska became dry soils and radiocarbon dates. Quaternary Research 39, land forming the Bering land bridge. By mapping 133–143. the 120 m contour of the sea floors for the Bering Schubert, C., and Clapperton, C. (1990). Quaternary glaciations in and Chukchi seas, it is possible to roughly trace the the Northern Andes (Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador). outline of the former land bridge region (Fig. 1). Quaternary Science Reviews 9, 123–135. Shanahan, T., and Zreda, M. (2000). Chronology of Quaternary This land bridge was no narrow isthmus between glaciations in East Africa. Earth and Planetary Science Letters two continents. Rather, from north to south, the 177, 23–42. land bridge extended more than 1,000 km and may 40 39 Singer, B., Ackert, R., and Guillou, H. (2004). Ar/ Ar and K-Ar have existed for nearly 10,000 years (from 30,000 to chronology of Pleistocene glaciations in Patagonia. Geological Society of America Bulletin 116, 434–450. 20,000 years ago) during the last glacial advance. Suggate, R. (2004). South Island, New Zealand; ice From east to west, the land bridge was narrow at advances and marine shorelines. In Quaternary Glaciations – the center (in the Bering Strait region) but broad at 1058 GLACIATIONS/Late Pleistocene Events in Beringia Figure 1 Map of northeast Asia and northwestern North America, showing the regions of western and eastern Beringia, and the Bering Land Bridge. both the north and south ends. The area of the land Western Beringia is comprised of the regions of bridge was larger than the state of Texas. northeast Russia, from the Verkhoyansk Mountains When it existed, the Bering Land Bridge cut off in the west, to the Bering and Chukchi Sea coasts in circulation between the waters of the North Pacific the east, and the Sea of Okhotsk in the south. The and Arctic oceans. This in turn greatly increased Verkhoyansk Mountains lie along the eastern margin continentality and diminished the in-land flow of of the lower Lena River Basin, and form the western relatively warm, moist air masses from the North limit of some characteristic Beringian plant taxa. The Pacific. Beringia was also influenced by being down- central sector of Beringia is that area of the Bering wind of large ice sheets in Scandinavia and the Land Bridge that is now submerged beneath the Eurasian north, themselves creating widespread arid- Bering and Chukchi seas, forming what was once a ity during full glacial conditions (Siegert et al., 2001). broad, relatively flat landscape with only a few high- Moisture stripped from the westerlies by these ice lands (the modern islands of the northern Bering Sea sheets left little but strong dry winds to sweep the region). Eastern Beringia is defined as the unglaciated landscapes of Beringia. Consequently, despite being regions of Alaska and the Yukon Territory. The east- cold enough to accumulate glacial ice, the desiccating ern boundary of Beringia has been considered to be environment of the land bridge restricted glaciation the lower Mackenzie River in the Canadian to isolated mountain ranges and kept glacial ice out Northwest Territories (Hopkins, 1982). This places of the lowlands of Alaska, the Yukon Territory, and the eastern edge of Beringia along the margin of the eastern Siberia, plus the land bridge itself. The largest Laurentide ice sheet at its maximum extent. of the Alpine glacier complexes was, in fact, the The vast regions of Beringia contained enormous westernmost extension of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet topographic diversity, spanning over more than 20 that once occupied western North America. This ice of latitude and 80 of longitude (Fig. 1). One of the sheet covered the Alaska Range, and extended south principal differences between western and eastern and west to the Alaskan Peninsula and the continen- Beringia is that the former region is topographically tal shelf regions of Prince William Sound and the more complex and rugged than the latter (Brigham- Gulf of Alaska (Mann and Hamilton, 1995). The Grette et al., 2004). The northward-draining river Beringian lowlands remained ice-free throughout basins of the Lena, Indigirka, and Kolyma are broken the Pleistocene. by steep mountain ranges, as well as broad uplands. Beringia is most conveniently partitioned for dis- The geography of eastern Beringia is marked by three cussion into three geographic sectors: western sets of mostly east-west trending mountain ranges. Beringia, central Beringia, and eastern Beringia. From south to north these comprise (1) the Pacific GLACIATIONS/Late Pleistocene Events in Beringia 1059 coastal ranges that continue southwest along the modern levels as well. However, not all researchers Alaska Peninsula, (2) the Alaska Range, about agree on these temperature reconstructions. For 100 km inland from the Gulf of Alaska, and (3) the instance, periglacial features that developed during Brooks Range, separating the interior lowlands from the LGM, indicate that mean annual temperatures the North Slope region. The interior
Recommended publications
  • Distribution of Freshwater Midges in Relation to Air Temperature and Lake Depth
    J Paleolimnol (2006) 36:295-314 DOl 1O.1007/s10933-006-0014-6 A northwest North American training set: distribution of freshwater midges in relation to air temperature and lake depth Erin M. Barley' Ian R. Walker' Joshua Kurek, Les C. Cwynar' Rolf W. Mathewes • Konrad Gajewski' Bruce P. Finney Received: 20 July 2005 I Accepted: 5 March 2006/Published online: 26 August 2006 © Springer Science+Business Media B.Y. 2006 Abstract Freshwater midges, consisting of Chiro- organic carbon, lichen woodland vegetation and sur- nomidae, Chaoboridae and Ceratopogonidae, were face area contributed significantly to explaining assessed as a biological proxy for palaeoclimate in midge distribution. Weighted averaging partial least eastern Beringia. The northwest North American squares (WA-PLS) was used to develop midge training set consists of midge assemblages and data inference models for mean July air temperature 2 for 17 environmental variables collected from 145 (R boot = 0.818, RMSEP = 1.46°C), and transformed 2 lakes in Alaska, British Columbia, Yukon, Northwest depth (1n (x+ l); R boot = 0.38, and RMSEP = 0.58). Territories, and the Canadian Arctic Islands. Canon- ical correspondence analyses (CCA) revealed that Key words Chironomidae : Transfer function . mean July air temperature, lake depth, arctic tundra Beringia' Air temperature . Lake depth' Canonical vegetation, alpine tundra vegetation, pH, dissolved correspondence analysis . Paleoclimate E. M. Barley· R. W. Mathewes Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A IS6 Introduction I. R. Walker Departments of Biology, and Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Palaeoecologists seeking to quantify past environ- Kelowna, BC, Canada VIV IV7 mental changes rely increasingly on transfer func- e-mail: [email protected] tions that make use of biological proxies (Battarbee J.
    [Show full text]
  • Post-Glacial Flooding of the Bering Land Bridge Dated to 11 Cal Ka BP Based on New Geophysical and Sediment Records
    Clim. Past, 13, 991–1005, 2017 https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-991-2017 © Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Post-glacial flooding of the Bering Land Bridge dated to 11 cal ka BP based on new geophysical and sediment records Martin Jakobsson1, Christof Pearce1,2, Thomas M. Cronin3, Jan Backman1, Leif G. Anderson4, Natalia Barrientos1, Göran Björk4, Helen Coxall1, Agatha de Boer1, Larry A. Mayer5, Carl-Magnus Mörth1, Johan Nilsson6, Jayne E. Rattray1, Christian Stranne1,5, Igor Semiletov7,8, and Matt O’Regan1 1Department of Geological Sciences and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden 2Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark 3US Geological Survey MS926A, Reston, Virginia 20192, USA 4Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden 5Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA 6Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden 7Pacific Oceanological Institute, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia 8Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia Correspondence to: Martin Jakobsson ([email protected]) Received: 26 January 2017 – Discussion started: 13 February 2017 Accepted: 1 July 2017 – Published: 1 August 2017 Abstract. The Bering Strait connects the Arctic and Pacific Strait and the submergence of the large Bering Land Bridge. oceans and separates the North American and Asian land- Although the precise rates of sea level rise cannot be quanti- masses. The presently shallow ( ∼ 53 m) strait was exposed fied, our new results suggest that the late deglacial sea level during the sea level lowstand of the last glacial period, which rise was rapid and occurred after the end of the Younger permitted human migration across a land bridge today re- Dryas stadial.
    [Show full text]
  • The Archaeology of Beringia
    The Archaeology ofBeringia FREDERICK HADLEIGH WEST Columbia University 'Press New York, 1981 ARLIS Alaska Resources Library & Information Services Library Building, Suite 111 .3211 Providence Drive Anchorage, AK 99508·4614 This document is copyrighted material. Alaska Resources Library and Information Services (ARLIS) is providing this excerpt in an attempt to identify and post all documents from the Susitna Hydroelectric Project. This book is identified as APA no. 2316 in the Susitna Hydroelectric Project Document Index (1988), compiled by the Alaska Power Authority. It is unable to be posted online in its entirety. Selected pages are displayed here to identify the published work. The book is available at call number F951.W5 1981 in the ARLIS Susitna collection. Contents Figures Vll Tables IX Preface Xl Acknowledgments XVll Introduction 1 l. Northeastern Siberia and Alaska: The Remnants of Beringia as They Exist Today 5 2. Reconstructing the Environment of Late Pleistocene Beringia 31 3. Archaeology: The Beringians 75 4. Origin and Relationships of the Eastern Branch of the Beringian Tradition 155 5. The Beringian Tradition and the Origin of New World Cultures 183 6. Epilogue: The Beringians and Beyond 211 References 233 Author Index 255 Subject Index 259 Figures Frontispiece Beringia at Wiirm maximum. 1. Climates of northeast Asia and northwest America. 13 2. Vegetation associations, northeast Asia and northwest America. 15 3. Native languages, northeast Asia and northwest America. 30 4. Local vegetational successions in the late Quaternary summarized from pollen studies. 36 5. Generalized regional vegetational successions in western Beringia. 47 6. Summarized vegetation successions at archaeological localities in western Beringia.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeology Resources
    Archaeology Resources Page Intentionally Left Blank Archaeological Resources Background Archaeological Resources are defined as “any prehistoric or historic district, site, building, structure, or object [including shipwrecks]…Such term includes artifacts, records, and remains which are related to such a district, site, building, structure, or object” (National Historic Preservation Act, Sec. 301 (5) as amended, 16 USC 470w(5)). Archaeological resources are either historic or prehistoric and generally include properties that are 50 years old or older and are any of the following: • Associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history • Associated with the lives of persons significant in the past • Embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction • Represent the work of a master • Possess high artistic values • Present a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction • Have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in history These resources represent the material culture of past generations of a region’s prehistoric and historic inhabitants, and are basic to our understanding of the knowledge, beliefs, art, customs, property systems, and other aspects of the nonmaterial culture. Further, they are subject to National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) review if they are historic properties, meaning those that are on, or eligible for placement on, the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). These sites are referred to as historic properties. Section 106 requires agencies to make a reasonable and good faith efforts to identify historic properties. Archaeological resources may be found in the Proposed Project Area both offshore and onshore.
    [Show full text]
  • Migration: on the Move in Alaska
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Alaska Park Science Alaska Region Migration: On the Move in Alaska Volume 17, Issue 1 Alaska Park Science Volume 17, Issue 1 June 2018 Editorial Board: Leigh Welling Jim Lawler Jason J. Taylor Jennifer Pederson Weinberger Guest Editor: Laura Phillips Managing Editor: Nina Chambers Contributing Editor: Stacia Backensto Design: Nina Chambers Contact Alaska Park Science at: [email protected] Alaska Park Science is the semi-annual science journal of the National Park Service Alaska Region. Each issue highlights research and scholarship important to the stewardship of Alaska’s parks. Publication in Alaska Park Science does not signify that the contents reflect the views or policies of the National Park Service, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute National Park Service endorsement or recommendation. Alaska Park Science is found online at: www.nps.gov/subjects/alaskaparkscience/index.htm Table of Contents Migration: On the Move in Alaska ...............1 Future Challenges for Salmon and the Statewide Movements of Non-territorial Freshwater Ecosystems of Southeast Alaska Golden Eagles in Alaska During the A Survey of Human Migration in Alaska's .......................................................................41 Breeding Season: Information for National Parks through Time .......................5 Developing Effective Conservation Plans ..65 History, Purpose, and Status of Caribou Duck-billed Dinosaurs (Hadrosauridae), Movements in Northwest
    [Show full text]
  • Spanning the Bering Strait
    National Park service shared beringian heritage Program U.s. Department of the interior Spanning the Bering Strait 20 years of collaborative research s U b s i s t e N c e h UN t e r i N c h UK o t K a , r U s s i a i N t r o DU c t i o N cean Arctic O N O R T H E L A Chu a e S T kchi Se n R A LASKA a SIBERIA er U C h v u B R i k R S otk S a e i a P v I A en r e m in i n USA r y s M l u l g o a a S K S ew la c ard Peninsu r k t e e r Riv n a n z uko i i Y e t R i v e r ering Sea la B u s n i CANADA n e P la u a ns k ni t Pe a ka N h las c A lf of Alaska m u a G K W E 0 250 500 Pacific Ocean miles S USA The Shared Beringian Heritage Program has been fortunate enough to have had a sustained source of funds to support 3 community based projects and research since its creation in 1991. Presidents George H.W. Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev expanded their cooperation in the field of environmental protection and the study of global change to create the Shared Beringian Heritage Program.
    [Show full text]
  • The Interactions Between a Midlatitude Blocking Anticyclone and Synoptic-Scale Cyclones That Occurred During the Summer Season
    502 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW VOLUME 126 NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE The Interactions between a Midlatitude Blocking Anticyclone and Synoptic-Scale Cyclones That Occurred during the Summer Season ANTHONY R. LUPO AND PHILLIP J. SMITH Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 20 September 1996 and 2 May 1997 ABSTRACT Using the Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheres Goddard Earth Observing System 5-yr analyses and the Zwack±Okossi equation as the diagnostic tool, the horizontal distribution of the dynamic and thermodynamic forcing processes contributing to the maintenance of a Northern Hemisphere midlatitude blocking anticyclone that occurred during the summer season were examined. During the development of this blocking anticyclone, vorticity advection, supported by temperature advection, forced 500-hPa height rises at the block center. Vorticity advection and vorticity tilting were also consistent contributors to height rises during the entire life cycle. Boundary layer friction, vertical advection of vorticity, and ageostrophic vorticity tendencies (during decay) consistently opposed block development. Additionally, an analysis of this blocking event also showed that upstream precursor surface cyclones were not only important in block development but in block maintenance as well. In partitioning the basic data ®elds into their planetary-scale (P) and synoptic-scale (S) components, 500-hPa height tendencies forced by processes on each scale, as well as by interactions (I) between each scale, were also calculated. Over the lifetime of this blocking event, the S and P processes were most prominent in the blocked region. During the formation of this block, the I component was the largest and most consistent contributor to height rises at the center point.
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture 21 Scale Interaction
    MET 200 Lecture 21 Previous Lecture – Lost at Sea: Synoptic-Planetary Scale Interaction Hurricane Force Wind Fields and High Impact Weather and the North Pacific Ocean Environment The Global and Synoptic context of High Impact Weather Systems 1 2 Typhoon Haiyan Typhoon Haiyan Last Friday’s super typhoon Haiyan struck the Philippines. Officials estimate that 10,000 or more people were killed by Haiyan, washed away by the churning waters that poured in from the Pacific or buried under mountains of trash and rubble. But it may be days or even weeks before the full extent of the destruction is known. A 6-meter (20-feet) storm surge swept through Tacloban, capital of the island province of Leyte, which saw the worst of Haiyan’s damage. While the storm surge proved deadly, much of the initial destruction was caused by winds blasting at 235 kilometers per hour (147 mph) that occasionally blew with speeds of up to 275 kph (170 mph), howling like jet engines. 3 4 Typhoon Haiyan Typhoon Haiyan 5 6 Typhoon Haiyan Typhoon Haiyan 7 8 Typhoon Haiyan Why Wasn’t the Population better Protected? The Philippines, which sees about 20 typhoons per year, is cursed by its geography. On a string of some 7,000 islands, there are only so many places to evacuate people to, unless they can be flown or ferried to the mainland. The Philippines’ disaster preparation and relief capacities are also hampered by political factors. It lacks a strong central government and provincial governors have virtual autonomy in dealing with local problems.
    [Show full text]
  • Radar Observations of Arctic Bird Migration in the Beringia Region A
    ARCTIC VOL. 62, NO. 1 (MARCH 2009) P. 25–37 Radar Observations of Arctic Bird Migration in the Beringia Region A. HEDENSTRÖM,1 T. ALERSTam,2 J. BÄCKmaN,2 G.A. GUDMUNDSSON,3 S. HENNINGSSON,2 H. KarLSSON,2 M. ROSÉN2 and R. STraNDBErg2 (Received 17 August 2007; accepted in revised form 17 April 2008) ABSTRACT. Bird migration was recorded by tracking radar and visual observations in the Beringia region. The data were subdivided into seven areas extending from north of Wrangel Island southeastward toward the Bering Strait and then northwestward off the coast of Alaska to Point Barrow. The studies, which took place during a ship-based expedition between 30 July and 19 August 2005, recorded a total of 557 tracks (average duration 120 seconds) of bird flocks or individuals on post-breeding migration. The dominant eastward-flying flocks were likely composed of shorebirds on their way from breeding areas in central or eastern Siberia to intermediate stopovers and final destinations inN orth and South America. The courses were more southerly into the Bering Strait, possibly because of topographical influence. At two areas, the Chukchi Sea and Koluch- inskaya Bay, there was also a westward component of migrants. At the Chukchi Sea these were almost certainly passerine birds migrating from Alaska to wintering areas in Asia and Africa, while at Koluchinskaya Bay, king eiders on molt migration could represent an important part of the westward component. The overall mean altitude of flights was 1157 m, and flight altitude was positively correlated with latitude. The mean ground speed was 15.9 m/s and the mean airspeed was 14.1 m/s, indicating that on average the birds were experiencing a small tail wind component.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 36D. South Pacific Ocean
    Chapter 36D. South Pacific Ocean Contributors: Karen Evans (lead author), Nic Bax (convener), Patricio Bernal (Lead member), Marilú Bouchon Corrales, Martin Cryer, Günter Försterra, Carlos F. Gaymer, Vreni Häussermann, and Jake Rice (Co-Lead member and Editor Part VI Biodiversity) 1. Introduction The Pacific Ocean is the Earth’s largest ocean, covering one-third of the world’s surface. This huge expanse of ocean supports the most extensive and diverse coral reefs in the world (Burke et al., 2011), the largest commercial fishery (FAO, 2014), the most and deepest oceanic trenches (General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans, available at www.gebco.net), the largest upwelling system (Spalding et al., 2012), the healthiest and, in some cases, largest remaining populations of many globally rare and threatened species, including marine mammals, seabirds and marine reptiles (Tittensor et al., 2010). The South Pacific Ocean surrounds and is bordered by 23 countries and territories (for the purpose of this chapter, countries west of Papua New Guinea are not considered to be part of the South Pacific), which range in size from small atolls (e.g., Nauru) to continents (South America, Australia). Associated populations of each of the countries and territories range from less than 10,000 (Tokelau, Nauru, Tuvalu) to nearly 30.5 million (Peru; Population Estimates and Projections, World Bank Group, accessed at http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/population-projection-tables, August 2014). Most of the tropical and sub-tropical western and central South Pacific Ocean is contained within exclusive economic zones (EEZs), whereas vast expanses of temperate waters are associated with high seas areas (Figure 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Timeline for Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge
    Historical Timeline Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge Much of the refuge has been protected as a national wildlife refuge for over a century, and we recognize that refuge lands are the ancestral homelands of Alaska Native people. Development of sophisticated tools and the abundance of coastal and marine wildlife have made it possible for people to thrive here for thousands of years. So many facets of Alaska’s history happened on the lands and waters of the Alaska Maritime Refuge that the Refuge seems like a time-capsule story of the state and the conservation of island wildlife: • Pre 1800s – The first people come to the islands, the Russian voyages of discovery, the beginnings of the fur trade, first rats and fox introduced to islands, Steller sea cow goes extinct. • 1800s – Whaling, America buys Alaska, growth of the fox fur industry, beginnings of the refuge. • 1900 to 1945 – Wildlife Refuge System is born and more land put in the refuge, wildlife protection increases through treaties and legislation, World War II rolls over the refuge, rats and foxes spread to more islands. The Aleutian Islands WWII National Monument designation recognizes some of these significant events and places. • 1945 to the present – Cold War bases built on refuge, nuclear bombs on Amchitka, refuge expands and protections increase, Aleutian goose brought back from near extinction, marine mammals in trouble. Refuge History - Pre - 1800 A World without People Volcanoes push up from the sea. Ocean levels fluctuate. Animals arrive and adapt to dynamic marine conditions as they find niches along the forming continent’s miles of coastline.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Dispersal from Siberia to Beringia: Assessing a Beringian Standstill in Light of the Archaeological Evidence
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ScholarWorks at Central Washington University Central Washington University ScholarWorks@CWU All Faculty Scholarship for the College of the Sciences College of the Sciences 12-2017 Human Dispersal from Siberia to Beringia: Assessing a Beringian Standstill in Light of the Archaeological Evidence Kelly E. Graf Ian Buvit Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/cotsfac Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons, and the Genetics Commons Current Anthropology Volume 58, Supplement 17, December 2017 S583 Human Dispersal from Siberia to Beringia Assessing a Beringian Standstill in Light of the Archaeological Evidence by Kelly E. Graf and Ian Buvit With genetic studies showing unquestionable Asian origins of the first Americans, the Siberian and Beringian ar- chaeological records are absolutely critical for understanding the initial dispersal of modern humans in the Western Hemisphere. The genetics-based Beringian Standstill Model posits a three-stage dispersal process and necessitates several expectations of the archaeological record of northeastern Asia. Here we present an overview of the Siberian and Beringian Upper Paleolithic records and discuss them in the context of a Beringian Standstill. We report that not every expectation of the model is met with archaeological data at hand. The paleoanthropology of northeastern Asia and Alaska is and arid conditions during the LGM (e.g., Kuzmina and Sher paramount to understanding initial human dispersal in the 2006; Szpak et al. 2010). Here we consider the archaeological Western Hemisphere because of their Late Pleistocene con- records of Siberia and Beringia in the context of the Beringian nection by the Bering Land Bridge, the now submerged con- Standstill Model (BSM), a hypothesis proposed by geneticists tinental shelf below the Bering Strait between far northeastern to explain late Pleistocene dispersal of modern humans from Russia and western Alaska.
    [Show full text]