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Patronesses and "mothers" of Roman collegia

Hemelrijk, E. DOI 10.1525/ca.2008.27.1.115 Publication date 2008

Published in Classical Antiquity

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Citation for published version (APA): Hemelrijk, E. (2008). Patronesses and "mothers" of Roman collegia. Classical Antiquity, 27(1), 115-162. https://doi.org/10.1525/ca.2008.27.1.115

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Download date:29 Sep 2021 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162 fabrum upr.Ias hn h nnmu edr for readers anonymous the thank also I support. nVlii odsusa motn su:tec-paino the co-optation the of issue: magistrates important an discuss to Volsinii in mvr rtflt h ehrad raiainfrScien for Organization Netherlands the to grateful very am I l ae nti ril are article this in dates All ore,btol o tl.Frrcn tde fRoman of studies recent For Italy. s for a provide only 2000 but Apicella sources, and Mennella fundamental; still is oyih 08b h eet fteUiest fCaliforn of http: at University website reproduc the or Permissions and photocopy of Rights to Press’s California Regents permission for The requests 027 all by ISSN direct 2008 115–162. pp. © 1, Copyright Issue 27, Vol. Antiquity. Classical DOI:10.1525/CA.2008.27.1.115. h ai-paigWs,seAsute 92 atro 19 Patterson 1982, Ausbu¨ttel see West, Latin-speaking the fwmn hra arnse ee sarl,otiest t to outsiders rule, a as were, patronesses Whereas women. of ae collegii mater fwmnatdo eafo the of behalf ranks on the acted within women from of climbers social mostly were “mothers” nte2r fJnayi 224 in January of 23rd the On them. gave (rgu)eg ole)u (srm gr instituerit agere n(ostrum) coll(eg)ium / p(rimi) erga Gallus Laberius e(gregius) adfectione quantaque amore quanto a uu nns/cnaacon conlata / nos in dudum iam ooe di honored fa of xrm/eius / uxorem ti netgtdwysome why investigated is It xetdfo hs oe n a hr n di any there was and women these from expected nIayadteLtnsekn rvne fteRmnEmpir Roman the of provinces Latin-speaking the and Italy in hspprsuistemaigadfnto ftette “pa titles the of function and meaning the studies paper This Roman of “Mothers” and Patronesses .FrRoman For 1. ,oeo h he anRoman main three the of one ), collegium ff erently. een mt ilsbtdntddsic ucin exercis functions distinct denoted but titles empty no were ntebsso pgahceiec ti rudthat argued is it evidence epigraphic of basis the On ? collegia collegium fi Collegia imAcaiqodmClrsboa)meoie v(iri) m(emoriae) b(onae) Celeris quondam Anchari liam Collegia  h xesv td yWlzn 8510,tog fcourse of though 1895–1900, Waltzing by study extensive the . collegia hrfr,hdgo esn odsigihbtentetit the between distinguish to reasons good had therefore, , the , collegia quinquennales ootdfml arn rapitd“ohr. htwas What “mothers.” appointed or patrons female co-opted hydds nadi a in so did they ,  fi collegia mn tie nhra Lupercam Anchariam ideo et rmant lsia Antiquity Classical h soito fbidr ( builders of association the ff //www.ucpressjournals.com/reprintInfo.asp. rnebtena“ohr n patroness a and “mother” a between erence collegia ril otn hog h nvriyof University the through content article e , aetefloigproposition: following the made , 1 plmn ohscleto fepigraphic of collection his to upplement 2ad19,KopnogadWilson and Kloppenborg 1994, and 92 -66p;16-34(e). 1067-8344 8-6656(p); e ntheir in met ti fi eerh(W)frits for (NWO) Research c nteipra eidi tl and Italy in period imperial the in ML HEMELRIJK EMILY rns”ad“ohr of “mother” and troness” fthe of ff rn a.Mroe,te were they Moreover, way. erent a l ihsrsre.Please reserved. rights All ia. nthe in e o hi huhflcomments. thoughtful their for he e arn h chief The patron. new a f collegia collegium schola fi bene db di by ed s he centuries three rst (lrs v(ir) p(ilaris) arn collegii patrona huhbt types both Though . E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP fi hypatronized, they i eius cia (clubhouse) ff rn classes erent collegium outdated, fi collegia e they les nancial and  . E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162 e er 06 n nwmnin women on and 2006, Perry see nteGekEs,sevnNj 97 nmdr coasi of scholarship modern on 1997; Nijf van see East, Greek the in aeisGlu.W a sueta,sm ieatrdraftin after time some that, assume A may to We belonged Gallus. apparently Laberius which Volsinii), (ancient Bolsena 96 glafGie n cafr20;for 2002; Scha¨fer and Egelhaaf-Gaiser 1996, 116 h rnepau ihti erewsfudi the in found was decree this with plaque bronze The i eeatoswihh ic oghssoee nu.Ltu Let us. on showered a has as long co-opt since he fore which benefactions his uu rlse rspaonbshnrbsptien(ostr patriae honoribus omnibus prosapia / fi et proles cuius h agtro h aeAcaisClr fbesdmemory, blessed of Celer, Ancharius late the of daughter the pigadfml ful family and spring lostu o e rnesau ntecuhueo our of clubhouse the h in traditional statue her bec bronze of a and purity her them the for of up and honor set morals in also her her of co-opt chastity us the Let manner. trustworthy ino the of rion a aei i rciet c oad our towards act to practice his it made has otwrh arns,adta esol rc rnestat bronze a erect our should of we clubhouse that the and in patroness, worthy most collegium their for asked ( When magistrates chief Gallus. our Laberius that: decided husband, unanimously her all of that to actaeidlse icpia armn() ta pra etiam caerimoni(i)s disciplinae et et honest indolis recte Lupercam sanc/t(a)e Anchariam c(ensuerunt) ut Ga n(ostros) i(ta) q(uid) Laberium q(uin)q(uennales) ponamus u(niversi) eun/dem / p(laceret) n(ostri) iuxta collegi(i) colle f(ieri) aeream schola / in ei suum patronam maritum etiam (!) statuam sanctitatae cooptemus consuetudinis priscae iam nshl olg()noti ut udmLbru Gallum erga Laberium eius eundem ei ut iuxta quonda ponamus statuamque n(ostri) suum Anchari cooptemus collegi(i) patronam memoriam schola in dignissimam in / et eius n(ostri) v patris / e(gregii) collegi(i) p(rimi)p(ilaris) Galli patroni Laberi honorem in / inam evsbefrali h ulcve,adas hta that also and view, towa public the goodwill in our all and us for towards visible be devotion her that so Gallus, eatce to attached be noe ihfeig frlgosvnrto,i oo fh of honor in veneration, Gallus, religious of Laberius feelings with endowed Ancha co-opt should we honorable that an proposed deservedly and rightly ulc ta visione etiam publica ooeu ad eius domo ihhwmc oeada and love much how With efn/aeti ooe ou tpomrmeu attte( castitatae eius morum pro et eorum honorem in est func/ta de    n nmmr fhrfte,telt nhru ee,a a as Celer, Ancharius late the father, her of memory in and , fi s ail)adadsigihdmn( feusra rank), equestrian of (= man distinguished a and maniple) rst fi matrona 〈 gi. wall a patrona primipilaris { 〉 fi =o qetinrn)o uecaatradhabit, and character pure a of rank) equestrian of (= m ldalmgsrce forct nasneeand sincere a in city our of magistracies all lled nhrhouse. her in collegia collegium } four of osiitrtblmqoqeptoiae in patrocinalem quo/que tabulam conspiciatur ff { cinLbru Gallus, Laberius ection a itnuse a n arno our of patron a and man distinguished a , ishan2004. Hirschmann , } o itse otaeg a vo/luntas eam erga nostra et pietas nos collegium scholae ett hto e ubn,Laberius husband, her of that to next of collegia i ie nhraLuperca, Ancharia wife, his collegium CIL oue2/o /pi 2008 1/April 27/No. Volume tablinum e olan19;for 1998; Bollmann see , Roman auapatronatus tabula I 72= 2702 XI, quinquennales primipilaris edit eiortlse/ retulisse merito collegia cai uec and Luperca ncharia scon is faRmnhuein house Roman a of ii aiieius mariti (iri) collegium 〈 mmatronam am am=IS h ereand decree the g ii n(ostri) gi(i) ()ea r(e) e(a) d(e) bt.Ltus Let abits. i Luperca, ria E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP d e will her rds e sincera ae) rhusband er hs o whose Celeris m aiu / maritum ILS fi ic Mommsen since eo her of ue eem/ aeream mdby rmed opinion there- s ueof ause (centu- 〉 have ) )/et / !) 7217 fem- llum next sto is collegia ff - E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162 duplomum patronatus hn oevr the moreover, when, e amn 97 uhy18aadb for b; and For 1984a 314–15. Duthoy 1973: 1957, Meiggs Harmand 10–12; see 2002: Bendlin 234–36, 1994: for 79= 5749 r“ohrod of “motherhood” or arn,seNcl 90 o arnse fcte:Nicols cities: of patronesses for 1980; Nicols see patrons, niciiaeylists indiscriminately  ht“ahr”ad“ohr”wr mmeso h collegium the of “members were “fathers” and “mothers” hand and one “fathers” the that on patrons between distinguishes lse f women? of) classes nesadhrptoaeadta fwmnlk her? like women the the of of that for patron and merits de a patronage her her being considerable of understand had husband honor whom her in of city, but both the merits, husband, own her her and seems—for it so place—or suigtesle ftecneto hi rsetv pat prospective their of the consent the of themselves assuring con xettos htsrie i arnse rvd n wh and provide patronesses did services What expectations? 8510:vl ,40sget htte a aebe h sa the been have may they that suggests 430 I, vol. 1895–1900: centuries ootto fml n eaeptos h esn o co-o for reasons in The much patrons. very female seem and male of co-optation tl n h ai-paigpoicso h oa miei Empire Roman the of provinces Latin-speaking the and Italy eaevrus(hsiyadpitn ite n h sco- is she and virtue) pristine and (chastity virtues female etwdo oa nacuto e aerltvs rd the sa do the for or used relatives, titles male these her were di so, of the if account And, on function? woman actual a on bestowed tablinum ep n hti h eainhpbtenteepatronesse these between relationship of the is “mothers” what And reap? arn?Wa did What patrons? hsmksoewne bu h oeo edri h patronag the in gender of role the about wonder one makes This a of generally— organization i oeo hs esnilymsuiesocieties” masculine “essentially these of some did of patrons pater collegium fi ti elkonta nterpoeueo ootn patrons co-opting of procedure their in that known well is It nti ae etitmsl optoessad“mothers” and patronesses to myself restrict I paper this In .Frteognzto of organization the For 3. .For 319. 5. 1973: Meiggs 4. .Btentefra osn ftepto(s)adtepres the and patron(ess) the of consent formal the Between 2. collegium mn,adcmeoaig h co-optation. the commemorating, and rming, ff AE rne ewe hmpitt itntfntosexercised functions distinct to point them between erences and hr twudb nfl iw ofr hr sn di no is there far, So view. full in be would it where , eevn her receiving osdrbetm ih lpe sapasfo h example the from appears as elapse, might time considerable 92 6 = 562 1992,  collegia pater : mater arnse n Mtes fRmnCollegia Roman of “Mothers” and Patronesses rmteRpbia eidn vdnefrfml patronag female for evidence no period Republican the From . collegia etdlgtst e os oo to house her to delegates sent , i oecssmr hntna ie,afwwmnd appear. do women few a time), a at ten than more cases some (in mater seuvln to equivalent as arscollegii matres collegia eemn u o xlsvl o mn h ueospatrons numerous the among so: exclusively not but men, were fl 5 ILS auapatronatus tabula ecdb edr nhraLprai rie o typically for praised is Luperca Ancharia gender: by uenced and hudw sueta ohwr ueyhonori purely were both that assume we Should ? collegia collegia 21,wotgte ihhrhsadadsnwsco-opted was son and husband her with together who 7221), filia collegia collegia xeto their of expect sprl honori purely as mn h ml n eae arn of patrons female) and (male the among patronus uvvs o steeayfo aeantiquity, late from any there is nor survives, hne nsbtne esol o forget, not should We substance. in changed re fl mttdtecities. the imitated nymc later. much only cigta ftect,Kopnog19:2,Patterson 26, 1996: Kloppenborg city, the of that ecting aua patronatus tabulae and fi patronae patrona ils atig19–90 o.I 447–48; I, vol. 1895–1900: Waltzing titles: c ff collegium rhrtebronze the her er 99adHmlik2004. Hemelrijk and 1989 ibnm19:28 lmne1972 Clemente 218; 1890: Liebenam , n mtes nteohr suggesting other, the on “mothers” and 2 nsm o some in n o i hyprs their phrase they did how and 4 epersons me h ugi nawl nthe in wall a on it hung She ii arng nteLtnWest, Latin the in patronage civic ootwmnaogtheir among women co-opt n h ootto fmunicipal of co-optation the and 3 isl.Hwsol we should How himself. naino h bronze the of entation iect arn most patrons city Like oes h ebr of members the roness, ffi fVsaMria( Martina Vesia of pe o nthe in not opted ilposition.” cial ff efnto?O do Or function? me . tn e,however, her, pting tbene at rnebtenthe between erence n h puzzling the and s collegia lpebr 96 25 1996: Kloppenborg of e auapatronatus tabula the n E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP collegium collegia of esdfather ceased a ntheir in —as y(di by loWaltzing also ; fi ml an imply y collegia sddthey did ts fi s three rst fi titles c ff fi CIL Why . rst tabula erent fi 117 and per XI, rst in e E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162 fhnri the in honor of cities. bec fwmnfrom women of absence arnse n wnyoeisrpin etoigtwent mentioning inscriptions collegia twenty-one and patronesses ai, e oe 01 6–10. 2001: Bodel see habit,” swl sa potnt o h ebr oful to members the for opportunity an co as a burial, well communal as and sociability fellowship, provided aeptoswtotatnint edro otedi the to or were gender but to attention attention, without scholarly patrons any male received hardly have they hm arnse n mtes of “mothers” and patronesses them, as terms lrl(e.g. plural ecnetdwt h oa eirpi habit” “epigraphic Roman the with connected be h oe btntteatal or n ideclasses middle and poor) actually the not (but lower the r”ad“ahr” of “fathers”) and ers” rlgos soitos(itnuse ntebsso th of the basis use the here on will I (distinguished convenience associations of “religious” sake the for bo reli Nevertheless, the that professional, agree scholars in blurred, modern 1895–1900 most discarded; Waltzing generally by division rigid cultores r raie ntebsso omnlpoeso,cl rl or cult profession, communal a of basis the on organized are rtclyrveigerirlssadadn new adding and lists earlier reviewing Critically arnse n mtes of “mothers” and patronesses loue o the for used also of ilb e gis h akrudo aeptoaead“fat and patronage male of background the against set be will oee,ta h iiaino h vdnet the to evidence the of limitation the that however, 118 o.I,3846lss29ptos(nldn oe) 8“mo 18 of women), (including 372–73) patrons (pp. 249 lists 388–406 IV, vol. arnse h r xlddhr o aiu esn set (see reasons various for here excluded are who patronesses arssynagogae matres fte, mte”ad“rte” nascain n syna and associations in 2007. and “brother”) 2005 and “mother” “father,” 92 13 1972: hmtrewmn n oe“ohr”of “mothers” some and women) three whom collegia 0 atig19–90 o.I,397 1 mtes)ad3 and “mothers”) (18 369–70 IV, vol. 1895–1900: Waltzing 10. oprdt aeptosof patrons male to Compared .Mculn18;fra xeln umr fmdr discus modern of summary excellent an for 1982; MacMullen 6. .O,ls ncrnsial,the anachronistically, less Or, 7. .Ceet 92lss22isrpin etoigml and male mentioning inscriptions 292 lists 1972 Clemente 9. an 1992 Patterson 1982, Ausbu¨ttel 1996, Kloppenborg See 8. 8 collegia    h ai emnlg svre;i nldsaatfrom includes—apart it varied; is terminology Latin The patronae sodalicium wt h aeo h arngd n h aeo h ebr in members the of name the and god) patron the of name the (with rmtecte fIayadteLtnsekn rvne (s provinces Latin-speaking the and Italy of cities the from fabri olwrcn pno de opinion recent follow I obnn rfsinladcli neet ihconvivia with interests cultic and professional combining collegia collegium ( CIL rodecurionum ordo or n 4isrpin mentioning inscriptions 14 and collegia ,4411= V, , centonarii avdaGerr 95ad19 brie 1998 and 1995 Guerrero Saavedra . sodalitas oto hmmninn oeta n arn atig1895 Waltzing patron. one than more mentioning them of most , EETN H EVIDENCE THE SELECTING hc eebyn hi ec ntepbi ieo their of life public the in reach their beyond were which , collegia InscrIt , .T lcdt di elucidate To ). collegia corpus lb media plebs ,5 0 = 204 5, X, fthe of neriro ae eid.I ydiscussion my In periods. later or earlier in collegia collegia collegia n,frismembership, its for and, aelf eaieyfwtae.Moreover, traces. few relatively left have fi collegium igte svlnayascain of associations voluntary as them ning e a if19:18–23. 1997: Nijf van see , o h s ffmla emnlg (especially terminology familial of use the For . ILS arscollegiorum matres ams orhnrdaeknown) are hundred four (almost i names). eir 74and 6724 ilb icse eaaey both separately; discussed be will ff rne n iiaiisbetween similarities and erences naisbtenteeascain are associations these between undaries ousi h re at e Harland see East, Greek the in gogues efloignote). following he fi ovninltrs“rfsinl and “professional” terms conventional iu n uilascain snow is associations burial and gious ), hr”(p 6–7)ad2 “fathers” 23 and 369–370) (pp. thers” fi d,Ihv olce fourteen collected have I nds, oue2/o /pi 2008 1/April 27/No. Volume 6 ff populus aitaisadpositions and magistracies l fi rnebtentertitles. their between erence ahrta iha actual an with than rather eaeptos(nldn “moth- (including patrons female CIL s he centuries three rst fl icse 7ptos(among patrons 57 discusses y 3(11 73 ino h oa “epigraphic Roman the of sion 94 a if19.The 1997. Nijf van 1994, d I 95)adsvrlother several and 29756) VI, 7 lciesca identity social llective fubnsceythat society urban of eho”of herhood” iyadcmua burial. communal and lity oee,bt include both However, . and otylse among listed mostly -i mtes of “mothers” y-six patronae ordo ocation. collegium— numerus E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP (confusingly n Clemente and ) etables). ee collegia Collegia further ,  –1900: such may the 10 9 . E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162 aiy nisrpin,sc domestic such inscriptions, In family. InscrIt Vigiles e atig19–90 o.I,296. IV, vol. 1895–1900: Waltzing see instance, for see, patronesses, as addressed being on nRm,epcal,btntecuiey mn h la the among exclusively, freed(wo not and but slaves especially, p of for Rome, in Associations Italy; from found 2007. all Harland see inscriptions, six East, discusses she 57–72: oo;seKopnog19:2.We ndut aeexclud have I doubt, in When t ( 23. having Grania 1996: organized thus, Kloppenborg similarly see were honor; they since counterparts, o yaousas synagogues For olgs uha hto the of that as such colleges, nterlsso arn of patrons of 388–4 IV, lists vol. 95 their Castre´n 1975: 1895–1900: in Waltzing see cautious, Pompeii; of rightly is forum 184 the at building her in al r et) ial,Crei rcl ( Procula Cornelia Finally, cent.). 3rd early sisters ic h em ob ooe stemte ftepto n be and patron the of mother the as honored be to seems she since Paterna, inee Antinoi et Dianae atao( Carthago tte e pby up set statues fa of h ncito,aeomitted are inscription, the nyfrterbnfcin to benefactions their for only ( etot ic hssest earlgosfnto;c. fo cf., function; religious a be to seems Paulina, this since out, left = on( town h abbreviation the of  n aiybcgon ftewmni usin srgrsth regards As question. in women the of background family and vnlkl—htntse u e ubn a arno the of patron a was husband her but she, not likely—that even oehtdi somewhat a ymi rtro sta oa a ob xlctycalled explicitly be to has woman a that is criterion main My avdaGerr 98 3 mn h mtes of “mothers” the among 132 1998: Guerrero Saavedra yaous(n the (and synagogues soitoso lvsadfedw)e rmtesm house same the from patrona freed(wo)men and slaves of associations CIL ILS collegia 4 o the For 14. 3 o instance, For 13. 2 h etkoneapei uaha h—ihu en ex being who—without Eumachia, is example known best The 12. 1 hsecue aei otlaCipn,woi address is who Crispina, Hostilia Laberia excludes This 11. is,w utivsiaetedsrbto forevidence our of distribution the investigate must we First, ,83—a encle arns ftefles eas o because fullers, the of patroness a called been 813)—has X, 38 n aei utlaa( Curtiliana Valeria and 7308) uirsTrebulanae mulieres collegium bhnrmscimatratus sacri honorem ob ,5 145, 5, X, ngtpto)i oe(h eentognzda a as organized not were (who Rome in patrol) (night arssacrorum matres ae aae facta et nata mater n a and CIL ro hi let n remnol.TtaVlra( Valeria Titia only. freedmen and clients their of or : CIL arnse n Mtes fRmnCollegia Roman of “Mothers” and Patronesses II 41 = 24519 VIII, patron collegium ahrta samte fthe of mother a as than rather , ff CIL mater rt eadesda uhb a by such as addressed be to or , I 04)i xldd ic h a ihra either was she since excluded, is 10346) VI, collegia rn basis. erent collegia CIL ,48 = 4387 V, ITIUINADSCA STATUS SOCIAL AND DISTRIBUTION loigboth allowing , fa of collegia arssynagogarum matres : ,7= 7 X, fthe of e ihrsn19;fr“ohr”o yaous e Broo see synagogues, of “mothers” for 1996; Richardson see , AE agaeo ntain) h eiae natrt eeean Semele to altar an dedicated who initiation?), of grade (a fthe of collegium Augustales AE 96 0,seHmlik20) u loAlaCnia( Candida Allia also but 2004), Hemelrijk see 106, 1946, InscrIt o oe,woaentepiil called explicitly not are who women, for 12 14 AE ( o te oe ooe ihasau ya by statue a with honored women other For . 89 6= 46 1899, CIL Augustales, collegia Augustales, n h aehlsfrisrpin riigwomen praising inscriptions for holds same the and CIL 95 305; 1985, collegia II 24= 8244 XIII, ,5 8 and 180 5, X, eoe otecl fJptrHmo abrsSlau in Silvanus Barbarus Hammon Jupiter of cult the to devoted patron(i) ,50) ic ti neti hte hywere they whether uncertain is it since 5904), X, n “private” and , CIL . 13 ILS I,21 = 2112 XIV, r oeie adt itnus rmtercivic their from distinguish to hard sometimes are pace ’rs20;fradsicinbteno between distinction a for 2000; D’Arms collegium huhsmtmscmae to compared sometimes Though and huhtheir though CIL 47.Frtesm esn xld Reginia exclude I reason, same the For 4427). r lolf u,a r h domestic the are as out, left also are ) ILS lpebr 96 25. 1996: Kloppenborg CIL patron(ae) ,42 = 4324 V, 34 ooi gipnnim em Inf., Germ. Agrippinensium, Colonia 3384, olga arssacrorum matres collegia, collegia ntne epoi asl n Valeria and Salsula Sempronia instance, r rna ilsi yaousi h Greek the in synagogues in titles arental I 405. XI, 6adCeet 92d o nld her include not do 1972 Clemente and 06 itself. collegium esm aitaisadpstosof positions and magistracies same he ILS n eey20:26 oga 1988: Jongman 246; 2003: Severy and mno rn oshlsaemainly are households grand of )men g sta rge collegium eiiAugustales seviri das ed 22= 7212 ae tpsil—n perhaps possible—and it makes , CIL eatro the of nefactor e lpebr 96 16–17. 1996: Kloppenborg see , InscrIt collegium dteisrpinfo ylist: my from inscription the ed patrona ff h ttete e pfrher for up set they statue the f ro oetcassociation; domestic a of or ) fmmeso h imperial the of members of s X 13 sntlse,since listed, not is 3183) IX, patrona AE lctyadesda such as addressed plicitly ,5 110, 5, X, n h oilstatus social the and , od e,Id ita list do I Yet, hold. . 93 8)i excluded, is 181) 1983, ftedcroso the of decurions the of 11 patrona ytewmno her of women the by hs honori Thus, E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP sognzdon organized is olgu salutare collegium huhlse by listed Though . collegium inscriptions e of CIL patronae CIL collegia e divine her d collegia or ,45 = 4355 V, e 1982: ten patronae I 3229 II, without mater ffi 119 cial fi are in c , E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162 vdneicue ncitosfo h iyo Rome. of city singl the from and inscriptions 4 Inferior), includes (table Moesia Tarraconensis evidence and Hispania and (Dacia Dalmatia regions respectively Danube the in ngorpia ag hyaesmlrt hs o “fathers for those to similar are they range geographical in patr male of that of absence than “mothers” their narrower and somewhat exception) range one geographical (with Italy to restriction ae ntescn n al hr etre,wihi nlin for in is and which patrons centuries, male third for early evidence and second the in dated hi oilsau.Lk hi aepes ut e patro few a quite peers, male their Like status. social their etitd optoessof patronesses no restricted: ro fterfe birth. free their of proof for fteisrpintesca ako oeo hmi unknown, is them or of brevity some of the rank to social Due the consul. inscription a 1) the of of (table daughter elite was senatorial even or Certiana) equestrian the of members were oa eirpi ai”i otrgoso h ai West). Latin the of regions most in habit” “epigraphic Roman collegia aiylnug a oheriradmr iepedta in than widespread more and earlier both was language family collegia hi ubr,fml arn ontdi not do patrons female numbers, their fGli n h aknadDnb ein,wihyedampl yield which regions, Danube for and and Balkan patrons male the for and Gallia of mentioning 120 n h aknadDnb regions. Danube and Balkan the and h rdmnneo tl noreiec o aeptosof patrons male for evidence Tho our 1). in table Italy (see of Italy predominance central the especially Italy, from come o ocre ihteqeto fteoii fteueo fam of use mak the however, of 2007, and origin 2005 the Harland of by question contributions the recent with concerned not inscr 100 than more provinces. counts cou 54 Spanish Of 2004: Italy. Kulikowski central instance, especially for Italy, from stems evidence rmOtaadPru) 7se rmIlra 4fo Gallia, from dist 24 geographical the Illyria, mentioning For ( from inscriptions Macedonia. Italy stem from from one 37 and are Portus), provinces 1972 and Clemente Balkan Ostia by the Germ from listed for for 40 165 inscriptions provinces, 292 Gaul, Spanish the for the for 190 55 Rome, provinces, for African 766 Rome), (without o eesrl enta hs oe eefedoe since freedwomen were women fi these that mean necessarily not ito a sdls n esfeunl;seRye 98 5 1988: Royden see frequently; less and less used was liation 7 atig19–90 o.I,327 it 23 lists 372–73 IV, vol. 1895–1900: Waltzing 17. 8 xetosaeBasaVr,Icni rm n Valeria and Prima Iscantia Vera, Blassia are Exceptions 18. 6 f lmne17,Blmn 98 7 egs17:32 P 332, 1973: Meiggs 17, 1998: Bollmann 1972, Clemente Cf. 16. 5 h hr oueo h td yWlzn 8510 conta 1895–1900 Waltzing by study the of volume third The 15. collegia otisrpin etoigptoessad“ohr”of “mothers” and patronesses mentioning inscriptions Most osiuu di conspicuous A    a osdrbylwr(al ) pr rmtowmno equ of women two from apart 4): (table lower considerably was ssra oehtwdr i ncitoscm rmRmnc Roman from come inscriptions six wider: somewhat spread is patronae ngnrltegorpia ag fptoessseseve seems patronesses of range geographical general—the in collegia collegia oee,aedsrbtdmr iey ohi ubr and numbers in both widely: more distributed are however, , ff of rnebtenptoessad“ohr”of “mothers” and patronesses between erence collegia 18 collegia nteLtnWs,seas ub¨tl18:3–3 two-thir 32–33: Ausbu¨ttel 1982: also see West, Latin the in oprdt hm h oilrn f“ohr”of “mothers” of rank social the them, to Compared collegia tsrksteeeta,wt n xeto,all exception, one with that, eye the strikes it , collegia ngeneral. in r tetdi oeo nteprovinces the in or Rome in attested are ff rmrel rmml ns u their but ones, male from markedly er ngnrl(n ihtepa fthe of peak the with (and general in patres 15 s,nwisrpin aeapae since: appeared have inscriptions new rse, h vdnefr“ohr”of “mothers” for evidence The naad1 o rti.Temjrt of majority The Britain. for 11 and ania pin etiigt soitosi the in associations to pertaining iptions iuino h oeta w thousand two than more the of ribution 1,icuig2 rmRm n 47 and Rome from 24 including 218, of 9. h ai-paigworld. Latin-speaking the oue2/o /pi 2008 1/April 27/No. Volume rmtescn etr nad the onwards century second the from la hti h re East Greek the in that clear e eeia h ako a of lack The Severina. rmArc,5fo h Spanish the from 5 Africa, from 7 collegia, la emnlg nassociations; in terminology ilial n auergos 9frthe for 99 regions, Danube and fteeassociations. these of ” n 9 ncitosfrItaly for inscriptions 890 ins tesn19:253.Iam I 235–36. 1994: atterson .Mroe,teItalian the Moreover, ). rmRm aetheir make Rome from n fte (Egnatia them of one ; ihteepigraphic the with e g hsare with agrees this ugh otyfo eta Italy central from mostly n.Isrpin for Inscriptions ons. 16 u their but essof nesses rgetr state fragmentary ntne from instances e hs pr from apart Thus, E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP collegia collegia evidence e collegia fi fi ito does liation ito is liation collegia more n —-and so the of ds estrian a be can fi ities ctive is 17 E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162 collegia h usinwhether question the bmrt arse pis/p(osuit) / ipsius et patris / merita ob isnaAhoiewsa was Aphrodite Cissonia the u,hrhsadadodrsn led en t arn.Th br her patrons. of the its that to by being next praised stood already larly probably sons Paulina Rutilia older of and honor husband her nus, rmbigc-pe spatronesses. as co-opted being from collegia fabrum n mtes of “mothers” and a the and members. atro 94 3–8 o h pno htte a civic a had they that opinion the For 234–38. 1994: Patterson eieae Di deliberate. a oeadwehrteette niae di indicated titles these whether and done was 4adMnel n pcla20:2–4 hsnto a rec 7–18. has 2006: notion Perry this and 2002, 22–24; and 2000: 1999 Ausbu¨t Apicella 176–81, 320, 1997: 1973: and Meiggs Mennella 351–55, and and 24 194–208 II, vol. 1900: eilnmtgte ihhrhsad n ei atn,he Martina, Vesia and husband, her with together Mediolanum ybodo arae hs nhraLprawsc-pe as co-opted was Luperca Ancharia t Thus, appear patronesses marriage. and or patrons blood these of by Some 2). table (see  collegia tatm.Tu,orptoesswr rbbyntteol on only the not probably were patronesses our Thus, a time. a at e mtes h eeo ihrn eeapitdsll yt by solely appointed were rank member high the of as prominent were society of who classes “mothers” ori same citiz few the foreign Romanized from their recently freedwo or recruited names or freed were some were descent In they to that freed status. seem suggesting of slave all of were rank, possibly many one equestrian) classes; perhaps sub-elite (or the decurial of one and ueyhonori purely dendrophori collegium patronus olgatria collegia matres 9 ub¨tl18:7.The 77. 1982: Ausbu¨ttel 19. 21. 20. olgu fabrum collegium Many ny u si a aebe necpini hsrset Sa respect. this in exception an been have may Ostia but only, CIL Pace ntetwso tl n h etr rvne;tgte,th together, provinces; western the and Italy of towns the in fPsuu oehrwt e one o ernu Au Petronius son younger her with together Pisaurum of eogdt h idecasso oa oit n htthey that and society Roman of classes middle the to belonged htas trce elh iiesee ftedcra c decurial the of citizens—even wealthy attracted also that 19 X 3181: IX, collegia collegia, : ezg18:9 h,o h ai feiec rmOta assu Ostia, from evidence of basis the on who, 90 1983: Herzig ftesame the of arnse n Mtes fRmnCollegia Roman of “Mothers” and Patronesses n,i at nsm ncitosas te arn r men are patrons other also inscriptions some in fact, in and, hscnpcosdi conspicuous This “recrir, once ihtecl fMgaMater), Magna of cult the with connected (“tree-carriers,” or , fi ff ,wl edsusdbelow. discussed be will c, rn ilswr ie owmno itntclasses. distinct of women to given were titles erent olgaprincipalia collegia matres collegia (i)RtloCa)fii)/Plaia alc roAug ordo / Gallico Pal(atina) / f(ilio) C(ai) Rutilio C(aio) seilytelre mn hm a oeta n patron one than more had them, among larger the especially , the eiiAugustales seviri fhrhmtw nrcgiino e ubn,wowas who husband, her of recognition in hometown her of eewatywmnwoerltvl o oilsau debar status social low relatively whose women wealthy were fabri collegium ugssta h itnto ewe h w ilswas titles two the between distinction the that suggests patrona fabri (builders), AIYAFFAIR? FAMILY A ; RE , centonarii e,frinstance, for see, ; A uiis(9,cl 1262. col. (19), Rutilius 1A, ff eiaIsawsc-pe ythe by co-opted was Iusta Setina . rnei oilsau ewe patronesses between status social in erence fthe of fCor of centonarii and olgu arme centonariorum et fabrum collegium dendrophoroi fi ff imfrhspatronage. his for nium rn ucin,o eeperhaps were or functions, erent CIL txiewreso rdr)and traders) or workers (textile e 92 17,Kopnog1996: Kloppenborg 71–78, 1982: tel oeas role nl encalne yvnNijf van by challenged been ently ,78 n 7905, and 7881 V, ywr oeie niae as indicated sometimes were ey vdaGerr 98discusses 1998 Guerrero avedra eetetrems important most three the were fi eeapitdb religious by appointed were re n.Aprnl,they Apparently, ens. te,wowssimi- was who other, fi aebe related been have o hes atig1895– Waltzing ghters, i hnsthrough shines gin ubn Coretius husband r e htboth that mes of s aeblne to belonged have e themselves, men ttebs in base statue e sa(u)/patrono / ustal(ium) E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP spatronizing es fi etremost three he collegia a isVictori- dius 20 CIL patrona privileged 21 collegium h this Why lass—as I 5749, XI, Finally, patronae e them red tioned The . 121 of of E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162 fthe of ucsadtersnCrtu aiu eeptoso the of patrons were Sabinus Coretius iorum son their and Fuscus 122 hti a ae nanto fhrdtr patronage. hereditary of notion a mea on emulati based seems stimulate was decree to it that perhaps co-optation and the patron(ess), in prospective mentioned sometimes are en:pto(seswr etvl rsne ihthe with presented festively were patron(esse)s means: aiya family a hi iisadby and cities their 04 216–20. 2004: a o eeiay ahpto a ootdproal ya by personally co-opted was patron each hereditary: not was oetlig(al ) o xml,i oo ftelt Memm late the of honor in example, For 5). (table telling more fsbeiecasarltosi ihohro other with relationship a class sub-elite of may “mother” one than same more the patrons, by with together sometimes see nti ieto,w hudntoeetmt h oeo the of role the overestimate inscrip not some th should though we of However, direction, sake this merit. the in personal for their chosen for being than families upper-class wealthy ncleimnsrmappellarentur nostrum collegium in e rnsn oeisSbns eeptoso the of patrons were Sabinus, Fusc Coretius Coretius son, her grandson, her association”); our of patrons called mtes”“ahr”o duhes of “daughters” or “fathers” “mothers,” ebr fwatyadin and wealthy of members aehlsfrEntaSlin n e ubn.Tu,tedi of the “mothers” ta Thus, and such husband. no her “fathers” and and received Salviana have patron(esse)s to Egnatia for seems holds “mother” same a as Memmia whereas sapto,Crtu ucsi rsne ihtebronze the with presented is Fuscus Coretius patron, a as akwr oeie eae optosof patrons to related stand connections sometimes other or were two title Instead, rank “father.” hereditary a a of was wife the “motherhood” that indication no is fthe of = h ils“arns”o mte”frMmi itra tho Victoria: Memmia for nostri “mother” numeri or mater “patroness” titles the sterpto.At patron. their as o,Mmi itrai ae rue ihhrrltvsa p as relatives her with grouped later is collegium Victoria Memmia son, arno hsascain n gai avaawsappoi was Salviana Egnatia and association, the this by of patron a a hi arna el see well; as patron their was AE CIL 22. 23. o mtes of “mothers” For 92 6 = 562 1992, collegium I,31( o ftev) o iia oeo h aiyi c in family the of role similar a For twelve). of boy (a 341 XIV, olgu fabrum collegium fSniu.Ti assteqeto hte arng of patronage whether question the raises This Sentinum. of CIL CIL    dendrophori . ff X 64 patron 1684: IX, 23 I 78= 5748 XI, i n ehp vnhrdtr,mnadi oecsswomen cases some in men—and hereditary, even perhaps and air e,ee eetedsicinbtentette is titles the between distinction the here even Yet, collegium ILS h atta arng rbnfcin efre yrelat by performed benefactions or patronage that fact The . 21 oeisVcoiu,poal eaie( brother? (a relative a probably Victorinus, Coretius 7221. collegia ILS fi fLvnu ttesm iea hyc-pe e husband her co-opted they as time same the at Lavinium of s ih,teesest aebe oecnuina to as confusion some been have to seems there sight, rst collegia “ohr forcu)i the in club) our of (“mother” 7220: CIL sarl,n aiyrltosi ewe individual between relationship family no rule, a As . baoe maioribus et avo ab fSniu,hrsnCrtu ucswsc-pe as co-opted was Fuscus Coretius son her Sentinum, of u iemncplptoae arng of patronage patronage, municipal like But . I 5750. XI, tprodnmgnrssionsi ueu (srm patro / n(ostrum) numerum in omnes sui generis ordinem per ut fl “nodrta l fhrfml nsceso ili u clu our in will succession in family her of all that order (“in eta aiiswr rfre sptosbt by both patrons as preferred were families uential di a ff rn itr per.Aatfo en listed being from Apart appears. picture erent locide eesmtmsc-pe spatrons, as co-opted sometimes were children also ; collegia olgu centonariorum collegium collegia ffi il ftesame the of cials collegia s e agtri-a ei atn and Martina Vesia daughter-in-law her us, a eetbihd hs there Thus, established. be can oue2/o /pi 2008 1/April 27/No. Volume hra mn “mothers” among whereas , auapatronatus tabula sudrie ymaterial by underlined is vcptoae e Hemelrijk see patronage, ivic auapatronatus tabula n ahrta indicate than rather on, u:“ohr”o elite of “mothers” out: n htwsgvnto given was that one olgu centonar- collegium family. in emt point to seem tions auapatronatus tabula i aiisrather families eir tda “mother” as nted g drse as addressed ugh tnto between stinction aVictoria, ia fCrtu Fuscus, Coretius of ) collegium o n E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP see ; tt oo the honor to nt fi toso the of atrons eappointed be myupheld: rmly ffi 22 collegia lt n the and blet, CIL ildecree cial fcourse, Of collegia I 5749 XI, o her for seems mater —of ya by ives was be b ni , E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162 arnzdb aei eeia(al 2). (table Severina Valeria by patronized fJptrLtu) the Latius), Jupiter of n fteeaefml ebr tetd h incomplete the attested: members female are these of one the and Bellona) of cult rmti,wmnaefudaogtemmeso h unidenti the of members the among found are twe among women women this, three lists from Latius” Jupiter of “worshippers ru of group 53.Ti od seilyfrthe for a especially be holds occasionally This also could 35–36. professions other with persons tems miiu n elh rfse ntw” e also see town”; in craftsmen wealthy the ass that and occupational ambitious primarily not most were “the 2002 and 1999 179, 1997: nreligious in nw ohv ootdptoess the “rel three patronesses: only co-opted contrast, have to By known activities. convivial its from former fthe of skono h ebrhpo the of membership the of known is Augustales oo fCadaRu Claudia of honor ueu Herculanorum iuvenum h uto ecls n—ehp o aiyfrthe easily—for too and—perhaps Hercules, of cult the a eaepiss see priests; female had eed anyo h otiossria of survival fortuitous the on mainly depends  necuieyml ebrhpi locmol sue for assumed commonly also is membership male exclusively An = eeainfo the from delegation patres ihfml ebr.O h otay ee arnse wer patronesses seven contrary, the fabri On members. female with of membership the for evidence our that mind in keep ass “religious” in especially found be to perhaps “mothers” ee“rfsinl soitoswtota a sw know we as far without—as associations “professional” were between distinction a draw to us allows evidence the Yet, members? the among women had that arnse n hs ponig“ohr. sapasfro appears as “religious” As by especially “mothers.” co-opted not were appointing patronesses those and patronesses ic ie r o omlymnindi uhlss tseem it lists, such in mentioned normally not are wives Since CIL 4 egs17:37 codn oAsute 92 2 fema 42, 1982: Ausbu¨ttel to according 327; 1973: Meiggs 24. 6 xetosd cu:the occur: do Exceptions 26. 5 shsbe adaoe(.)tetr poesoa”asso “professional” term the (n.8) above said been has As 25. 7 The 27. Which I 82,woacrigt lmne17:10wr h wives the were 160 1972: Clemente to according who 5812), II, Augustales and Augustalis collegium and collegiati. fLtru as Liternum of collegia centonarii collegium : matres collegia arnse n Mtes fRmnCollegia Roman of “Mothers” and Patronesses fthe of fMsnm and Misenum, of n eeatr samme fterascain e D’Arms see association; their of member a as benefactor, and . fi awowsalce samme ftecleeof college the of member a as adlected was who na of arnzdb aei eeialists Severina Valeria by patronized AE centonarii the , collegium pone arnse r“ohr” r arnse and patronesses Are “mothers”? or patronesses appointed collegia 93 7:Csi itrawas Victoria Cassia 477: 1993, aedsAugustalium sacerdos olgu hatfrmOstiensium (h)astoforum collegium nascaino on e eiigisnm from name its deriving men young of association an , utrsclei Larum collegii cultores H OOTN COLLEGIA CO-OPTING THE nautae Augustales a o eeyapoesoa soito,btrte priv a rather but association, professional a merely not was . AE fabri hra ocmeoaietbe skonfor known is tablet commemorative no whereas , sipr)adthe and (shippers) 01 5:Mri oyin slse nthe in listed is Polybiane Marcia 854: 2001, , centonarii tricliniares, fMsnmalce eeates h io fa of widow the benefactress, a adlected Misenum of 24 27 . nbocigteeqetosw should we questions these broaching In nsot opeoiac f“religious” of predominance no short, In utrsIvsLatii Iovis cultores CIL and I,35 = 3657 XIV, lacollegii alba fi cpe smmes e ub¨tl1982: Ausbu¨ttel see members; as ccepted dendrophori, wrhpigteLrs.I only In Lares). the (worshipping aedsAugustalium sacerdos te e n i oe ( women six and men fteen cain u omdasau ru for group status a formed but ociations a oelkl htte eefemale were they that likely more s parasiti ub¨tl18:7–5woargues who 74–75 1982: Ausbu¨ttel collegium emmesaefudespecially found are members le ito hudb ae loosely: taken be should ciation InscrIt fsm fteml members. male the of some of oitoso by or sociations gos soitosare associations igious” Augustales cain rin or ociations collegia h codn ovnNijf van to according who lu collegii album Augustales fml members. —female atr) l fwhich of all (actors), cnetdwt the with (connected t-ormn Apart men. nty-four mmesi lists). (membership dvtdt h cult the to (devoted collegia als1ad2, and 1 tables m V ,22i e pin up set is 212 1, IV, eiigisname its deriving ootdb the by co-opted e E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP the fi n benefactress and ssac and scarce is 00 hyalso They 2000. ed nTibur. in . 26 sodalicium AE album collegium co-opting collegia Nothing collegia 96 120 1946, fthe of ileged fthe of 123 25 E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162 εο δοÔµου ÉεροÜ δενδροφìρων ytowmn a women, two by 95 abetbe ihtenmso h ebr ntreco three the in bearing members preserved are the column of third names the of the most with and second tablet marble a 1925: dendrophorum AE eaemmes o the for members; female o 0,adifan.29. infra and 101, no. ii raiain uha the as such organizations civic = oa ihteRmnname Roman the with woman CIG rmSria(ha. hwn h ae fsxfml member female six of names the showing (Thrac.) Serdica from hs itnuse ruswr elpae oc-p high- prominence. co-opt public to enjoyed placed that well families were groups distinguished these iae o eaeptoaecmsfo h elhetadms impo most and wealthiest collegia the from comes patronage female for nbt id of kinds both In vernaculorum collegium satse na ncito fRgu uimi oo feig of honor in Iulium Regium of were inscription whom an in attested is t “mother.” its a ehp sueta hr eefml ebr loi the in also fr members Reasoning female were members. there naculorum female that some assume lists perhaps may Inf.) (Moes. Istrum ascertain been actually have members female them of several Hygiae hmone whom the Inf.), (Moes. ebr fthe of members of or associations 124 rcieeegs is,“religious” First, emerges. practice o oedw ou n hymyhv ahrdfrdi for gathered have may they wor and textile us and to cobblers down of come association not “an it calls 55 2004: fthe of arnse:ascain fpol on yacmo origi common a by bound the people of associations patronesses: mtes eeapitdb yeof type a by appointed were “mothers” fMgaMtr,the Mater), Magna of rum, ILS 95 0;frteGekisrpino a of inscription Greek the for 305; 1985, 9 o the For 29. 28. fthe of olgu Asianorum collegium 49Lydia: 3439 hnoeeaie the examines one When 27 o h ncito e pb the by up set inscription the for 7227; hto the of that olgu Asianorum collegium Dumus    pa nipratrl,apitn lvn“ohr”i all in “mothers” eleven appointing role, important an —play sc sthe as —such collegium ae collegii mater fSln,wihhdPaii aae h sas aldRu called also is who Damale, Placidia had which Salona, of h eodclm faGreek a of column second The . nSria(ha. ae2dery3dc) e loTacheva also see c.); 3rd 2nd—early late (Thrac.; Serdica in sacerdotes h ai rncito fteGreek the of transcription Latin the , 29 collegium aty an Lastly, . olgu Asianorum collegium η δενδροφìρων µ τηρ εä δοܵο̋ Éερä̋ oevr h (incomplete) the Moreover, collegia olgu Rm]nnemaius [Rom?]anense collegium dendrophori collegia adtre“ohr”.Mxdmmesi fthe of membership Mixed “mothers”). three (and lu collegii album ntebsso h cuain fsm ftemmesKuliko members the of some of occupations the of basis the On . fabri, olgu ieipatris Liberi collegium fthe of n hto the of that and ) hr a aebe ie-edrmmesi n in and membership mixed-gender a been have may there o os-onsae n remn)i aoa(Dalm.). Salona in freedmen?) and slaves house-born (of ΟÎαλερÐα once ihtecl fCybele; of cult the with connected ) nNpc Dc) the (Dac.), Napoca in lu olgiBchivernaculorum Bacchii collegii album ihfml ebr sfud nta,ms evidence most Instead, found. is members female with the nNpc it eete eaemmes(among members female seventeen lists Napoca in collegia n the and collegium n an and iuvenes centonarii nNpc,see Napoca, in fthe of h was who ‚ρχιραβδουχØσα collegia dendrophori ponig“ohr”(al ) di a 4), (table “mothers” appointing εο δοÔµου ÉεροÜ dumus collegium olgu dendrophorum collegium lu collegii album n the and olgu dendrophorum collegium n nafamnayGekinscription Greek fragmentary a in and η δενδροφìρων µ τηρ n the and δοܵο̋ 28 sc sthe as —such album ff CIL rn esn,sc sacmua cult. communal a as such reasons, erent altrecnetdwt h cult the with connected three (all es”bttenm fteascainhas association the of name the but kers,” Augustales n the and olgu Romanorum collegium fRgu uim(t) see (It.), Iulium Regium of htde o peri u itof list our in appear not does that nLmnu Hs.a. n the and (Hisp.Tar.) Laminium in I,80= 870 III, ae ffml ebr n a and members female of names nSria(ha.,see (Thrac.), Serdica in afml edro h wand-bearers), the of leader female (a sue o eiiu soitos(cf. associations religious for used is nTmsfo 200–201 from Tomis in nautae— oue2/o /pi 2008 1/April 27/No. Volume fa unidenti an of un;ol h oe ato the of part lower the only lumns; cf olgu eclpiet Aesculapii collegium also . ILS emyasm that assume may We . olgu cannopho- collegium fLn see Luna of akn oe from women ranking fa(osbyall-female) (possibly a of n rmprestigious from and d hs the Thus, ed. tn “professional” rtant rsau,sc as such status, or n 01 7ml n 17 and male 27 4061: Htv 93 116–18 1983: -Hitova twmn w of two women, ht GBulg. IG maaoy we analogy, om E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP nNcplsad Nicopolis in nLn two Luna in olgu ver- collegium fi n a and s ute,four Further, . ed dendrophori CIL GBulg IG  collegium V 95 a 1925: IV, CIL nTomis in sheaded is I 1355 XI, fi ff album µ τηρ a as na, ,7= 7 X, erent mater wski IV, . fil- E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162 r rie o (speci for praised are rohrsrie r en;i see osbeta oservi no that possible even is it meant; performed. are services other or olgiBchivernaculorum Bacchii collegii  e ahv-ioa18:9–5n.4;aogteml magist male the among 48; no. 93–95 1983: Tacheva-Hitova see ebr tbe5.Cmae ote,ol e mtes have 4: “mothers” few table only (see them, associations to “professional” Compared 5). (table members npbi oo ewe arnse n mtes ssigni is “mothers” and patronesses between honor public in oeptoessaepasdd o aecerwhether clear make not do praised are patronesses some nCassta lists that Classis in pr rmte,ArlaCecni n ei atn r pr are ( Martina Vesia generosity and their Crescentia for Aurelia terms them, from Apart aty n(all-female?) an Lastly, ihtoml olaus sataPiarsoe h templ the restored monument Prima unknown Iscantia an of colleagues, male dedication two the with benefac celebrate for to evidence money little and very only of have we patronesses 3, table in seen ebr see member; builders), o h ny o vntemi,rao o noigpbi ho public enjoying for reason o public main, assumed prestigious the a usually even or is rank nor than only, the straightforward not or thoug direct honor, less public been and benefactions between relationship oe smmes ncmiainwt hi oilrn,thi rank, social their patronesses, with ones unlike the combination that, been In have members. to as mainly women seem “mothers” appointing those eeptoessad“ohr”of “mothers” dona the and patronesses benefactions, were tangible with start us Let rewarded? eea pno hr a ls eainbtenbenefact between received. relation they honor close public receive a the they and was patrons privileges there or opinion honors general public the and generosity r“ohr”of “mothers” or hta that elho their on wealth ebr fthe of members atro 92 21. 1992: Patterson 0 e loKopnog19:2 n egs17:38 Simil 318. 1973: Meiggs and 25 1996: Kloppenborg also See 30. 1 e,frptosof patrons for See, 31. 2 eerj 06 o h eiinso ulcsaus se statues, public of recipients For the for 33. 2006; Hemelrijk 32. hsbig st h usino h oe eec-pe spa as co-opted were women why of question the to us brings This ae synagogae mater fabri beneficia CIL : 33 arnse n Mtes fRmnCollegia Roman of “Mothers” and Patronesses hywl edsusdi h etscin hts e patron few so That section. next the in discussed be will They X 2480. IX, collegia and collegia collegium collegia and EEATOSADPBI HONOR PUBLIC AND BENEFACTIONS a a le,vnrbemme ftecommunity.” the of member venerable older, “an was olgu canoforarum collegium fi centonarii fi e“ohr”as assdw h ae fsvnfemale seven of names the down passes also “mothers” ve merita )bnfcin stemr eakbe ic u evidence our since remarkable, more the is benefactions c) collegia lsi eacnrbtdt itiuino ra,wine bread, of distribution a to contributed Vera Blassia : n htwsterltosi ewe their between relationship the was what And ? matres : htsrie i hypoieadhwwr they were how and provide they did services What . CIL nquestion. in nhonori in beneficia ffi a if19:8–5 1 n 1,Ceet 92 215–20, 1972: Clemente 119, and 117 82–95, 1997: Nijf van , I,65 47(iooi dItu;Mei n. 227 inf., Moesia Istrum; ad (Nicopolis 7437 = 6150 III, .Tu,ulk the unlike Thus, ). ewscrucial. was ce eeotncoe rmaogte(eaie of) (relatives the among from chosen often were fi collegia ncitos e obs19:12–21. 1996: Forbis see inscriptions, c 30 and nSeiu I. e patmsoefrafemale a for tombstone a up set (It.) Saepinum in fullones 31 munificentia culybnfcrse pnigtheir spending benefactresses actually e,a aeage lehr,this elsewhere, argued have I as Yet, 32 nti oncin h di the connection, this In collegia (fullers), loly17 n 1984. and 1979 Alfo¨ldy e ae hr sa is there rates .The ). ry roe 92 9assumes 69 1982: Brooten arly, ino oe rgoods: or money of tion ootn patronesses, co-opting motn,myhave may important, h fi aca benefactions nancial ?Acrigt the to According d? eeatoswere Benefactions . ar navales fabri e a sytbeen yet as had ces fthe of e in efre by performed tions ehp suggests perhaps s oscnerdby conferred ions fi merita htwr pnto open were that πατ ρ at scnbe can As cant. ie ngeneral in aised o;hg social high nor; E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP enfudin found been n,together and, o the For . collegium o which for tronesses fi ff nancial erence (ship- esses album 125  ). . E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162 patronatus rnse r elrpeetd lotalwr ooe wit honored were all almost honori represented: well are tronesses rr,ams l ulcsausadhonori bene and tangible statues to public relation all apparent almost no trary, in stand honor of marks ihsca ttso ipytefc htsewsterpatro their was she honori that of fact conventions the the qualitie of simply moral part enjoye or the they status emphasizing social services terms, high or favors possible the vaguest to the a referred Instead, they relationship. their section, of side economic the ignored orcr uhbenefactions. such record to a aebe twr nteLtnWs.Ide,i dedicating in Indeed, o West. in them.” Latin or to the patroness in t awarded their work that honors at been the patrons have bought for may having prestigious) as a more perceived generosity (because between important connection was the obscures deliberately legia o arnse of patronesses for 126 eoddi hs ncitosde o,hwvr enthat mean b however, any not, hardly does That 3). inscriptions (table these known in are recorded benefactions no whom of mie novnNj onsotta h honori the that out points Nijf van Onno Empire, hyrcie.Hr,w aemr og n(al ) ln,or Alone, 6). (table on go to more have we a Here, reaso what received. for and they statue public a receive to entitled was who aiyrvltems eeosdntosfo aeptoso patrons male from donations generous o l most the foundation the of a b rival up benefactions their easily set substantial of and The buildings celebration Marcellina). and Pom (Salvia communal land Zosime, the donated for or Iunia Arria) fund Nona, a Flavia to Civitas, contributed (Domitia statues or h iyo yacvccletvt,sc sa as such collectivity, civic a by or city the emsinfo h iycucl huhti sntawy m always not is this though a council, Though city 1992). the from permission loCeet 92 1–0 o nisgtu icsinof discussion insightful an For 215–20. 1972: Clemente also lui ri a eertdb the by the celebrated within was honored Arria were Claudia they Instead, honor. r nlddhr eas hywr ulcypeetdb an by presented publicly were they because here included are edn ebr fthe of members leading e i 07 Ia eygaeu oteato o loigme allowing for author the to grateful very am (I 2007. Liu see pater 4 ihtetr pbi”hnrIma tte n te hono other and statues mean I honor “public” term the With 34. 6 ub¨tl18:4:gfso oe yptosaone t amounted patrons by money of gifts 44: 1982: Ausbu¨ttel 119. 36. 1997: Nijf Van 35. hsbig st h ulchnrte received. they honor public the to us brings This e snwtr otebnfcin efre y“ohr”an “mothers” by performed benefactions the to turn now us Let niepto(ses oee,“ohr”of “mothers” however, patron(esse)s, Unlike i o efr n.I i td of study his In any. perform not did fi    ncito nsm nnw ouet rwt rnetabl bronze a with or monument, unknown some on inscription c ramgsrt fthe of magistrate a or ye fisrpin htoewudepc—eetypical expect—were would that—one inscriptions of types , auapatronatus tabula collegia collegium ff rn e a her ering . osssmsl fhonori of mostly consists a ipae ntehueo h patron(ess), the of house the in displayed was collegium fi agae u tmyas re also may it but language, c auapatronatus tabula collegium collegium collegia fi mtes of “mothers” , alt eeaaddt patronesses to awarded were tablets c n e pi ulcpae(hc required (which place public a in up set and , avaMreln hrdi the in shared Marcellina Salvia , collegium fi h mato eeatoson benefactions of impact the nteesenpr fteRoman the of part eastern the in ora e ril eoepublication.) before article her read to agaeue o patronage for used language c collegia oue2/o /pi 2008 1/April 27/No. Volume nindi h ncito;seEck see inscription; the in entioned o , ffi fi collegia ildlgto ossigo the of consisting delegation cial ncitosand inscriptions c 34 ,0–000ssecs see sesterces; 2,000–50,000 o s-etoe “mother” ast-mentioned esalsei h next the in see shall we s ri collegia nti epc u pa- our respect this In tef h itdyof birthday the itself: fi 35 ouet adfrby for paid monuments c —rhpdfor—in hoped d—or i o no public enjoy not did faptoes her patroness, a of s dpbi oo:“It honor: public nd ulcsau,an statue, public a h atos ntecon- the on factions: es hsi surely is This ness. f n. arnse of patronesses e hudntbe not should hey iia practice similar A lotcompletely almost collegia 000sesterces 50,000 f fl rhas(Claudia irthdays oi Victorina), ponia ulcsau to statue public a c elnsa to as feelings ect E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP aua patronatus tabulae nfcin are enefactions oae altars donated oehrwith together h rewards the d . 36 t These et. ysuited ly tabulae collegia col- , E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162  = itiuin fthe of distributions IPOstie-B a 320 ca. h,acrigt avdaGerr 98 3n2,wso sl of was 132n.26, 1998: Guerrero Saavedra to according who, ttt fteascain hc a ipae nteclubh the in the displayed of was benefactor which chief association, the of statute aeo h siace”(h edro the of leader (the “spirarches” the of name ounlss2 aemmes h ih n 6fml members female 16 one right the members; male 27 lists column oeiec uvvsta h ae fptoesswr car were patronesses of ass may names we the Moreover, survives—that importance. evidence her of no members the reminded stels w fthe of two last the as quinquennalis h rnesau fAcai uec nthe in Luperca Ancharia of statue bronze the cie n h riayml ebr;tefml ebr ar members female the members; male ordinary the and scribes h ae f“ohr”rcie lc fhnri h member the in honor of place a received “mothers” of names the aebe ersnaiefrta f“ohr”i general. in wer “mothers” distributions of the that Salvia for which Since of representative two?). been interest each have the members from capital ordinary the the (and four each he mtes”two “mothers,” three 27 ieB hc sboe ttetp it 9nmso e ( men of names 29 lists top, the at broken is which B, side 7227: oo,i per,wscoeybudu ihhg oilstan social superior high The re with was up world benefactions. outside bound tangible the in to closely related was p indirectly enjoyed appears, have to it seems publicly honor, “mother” no were them benefactions of her all despite almost but benefactions, tangible the n the and cuidi the in occupied decurionum alba n mtes of “mothers” and tahdt h alo the of wall the to attached collegii lc mtes cuyi the in occupy “mothers” place w n h riaymmesec n.A h niesr ft of anniversary the At one. each members ordinary the and two te oiin fhnr raecre fe oeo h magi the of some after carved are or honor, of positions other etnsadbnut.Tu,the Thus, banquets. and meetings nyhastels ffml ebr fthe of members female of list the heads only the of patrons the of those follow usually names ebr.I n ae(ppda h a aebe fsaesta slave of been have may who (Epipodia, case one In contributions) from members. exemption entailing honor of position locon also ILS pater 39. 37. 8 a if20:323.For 332–33. 2002: Nijf Van 38. nrseto hi eeatosadtepbi oo hyen they honor public the and benefactions their of respect In 09 h mte”hastels f(ae members. (male) of list the heads “mother” the 4069: plebei mater AE CIL .These ). n the and 4:1 arn olwdb 6 by followed patrons 13 344: , fi mdadpreutdteitra irrh fthe of hierarchy internal the perpetuated and rmed 97 6b the 265b: 1977, I 03 = 10234 VI, : odnr members). (ordinary fthe of arnse n Mtes fRmnCollegia Roman of “Mothers” and Patronesses mater n the and , alba collegium filiae schola collegia arn allecti patroni ftetws ytermnmna ieadtepaethey place the and size monumental their By towns. the of fthe of collegium hc eecre nlremrl rlmsoeplaques limestone or marble large on carved were which , ILS oeml ebr n one and members male some , fi pater collegium collegium e“ohr”aelse fe h arn u eoethe before but patrons the after listed are “mothers” ve 23 ttebrha fAtnnsPu the Pius Antoninus of birthday the at 7213: hywr nfl iwfrtemmesdrn their during members the for view full in were they eet eev three receive to were schola, eeplsaat arnse ethrl n eodof record any hardly left patronesses apart: poles were fl ce yterpsto fhnrwti the within honor of position their by ected AE 37 meitl ob olwdb the by followed be to immediately , ladecurionum alba na qa otn ihtecifmgsrt,the magistrate, chief the with footing equal an on n h smnindrsetul hogotthe throughout respectfully mentioned is she and 01 5:the 854: 2001, eet eev six receive to were lacollegii alba quinquennales eemdle nteheacial organized hierarchically the on modelled were e aei mentioned is name her alba collegium i o ipyls h ebrhp but membership, the list simply not did denarii e awy20 n hsanl1978. Chastagnol and 2000 Salway see , mater ,wihetnsoe w oun,teleft the columns, two over extends which ), schola collegium 1 , bisellarius re denarii ae h hr h eevdmynot may received she share the made, e mater, collegium fl n the and ah the each, csterhg oiin their position: high their ects v status. ave etoe last. mentioned e CIL patroni fthe of acliawstemi oo of donor main the was Marcellina 14 he . ah the each, eddb the by headed . aedsAugustalium sacerdos I,80= 870 III, CIL 39 honorati collegium u eoeteordinary the before but , )floe ytwo by followed ?) immunes olgu fabrum collegium fi I,26= 256 XIV, ooe.B contrast, By honored. n ihrpeeeall precede either and ttso patronesses of status tae or strates s fal Moreover, all. of rst ue nfc,a the as fact, In ouse. corporati quinquennalis bi oo.Public honor. ublic immunes oe,patronesses joyed, collegium ILS e-aitae)and (ex-magistrates) E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP CIL and e mn,or among, ved the hplss( lists ship igbtonly but ding u)the tus) mater ume—though 01 ne the under 4061: . AE quinquennalis I 35= 1355 XI, curatores immunes CIL and amatores collegium 95 8 = 182 1955, (Epipodia) the , curatores immunes, . r listed are I,7532 III, 38 mater alba duly pater The 127 each the , ILS (a ; , E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162 otepto’ oncin ihwatyadhgl lcdi placed highly and wealthy with connections patron’s the to ,Sla 00 4–8 o iyptoessHmlik2004 Hemelrijk patronesses city for 140–48; 2000: Salway b, receive. arnfrhis for patron patrons co-opt to custom time-honored ak r con are tasks auapatronatus tabula eito ntecs fcon intercessio of advice, case or the help in legal mediation interests, (economic) of 92 2–3 odn18:1–6advnNj 97 95–100. 1997: Nijf van and 15–16 1988: Royden 220–23, 1972: arn of patrons arnse defensor et patronus fte“ees”ad“rtcin ( “protection” and “defense” the of ndeededss ti uni xma diligentiam eximiam / tuendis in et se d[efend]endis in / ees ftecins interests clients’ the of defense h neeto hc itiuin eemd otemembers the to made were distributions benefa which his of for interest thanks expresses the Salviana, Egnatia wife, his rcsl de precisely epniiiiso arn fcletvte,sc scit as such collectivities, of patrons of responsibilities nteels w etosdaigwt h evcste may they services the with dealing sections their two for last these In o aeptos u othe to Due patrons. male for hsscinad“ohr”i h et eoeadesn th addressing Before next. the in “mothers” collegia and section this w ice,adpoal nteee fms fhrflo cit fellow her of most of eyes the collegii in probably and circles, own ttsadprestige. and status meitl fe,toeo aeptosa h o fthe of top the at patrons male of those after, immediately 128 hmevst erpeetd n eebrd s“mothers” as remembered, Luci and women (Fabia the represented, that altar be clear or to make statue themselves inscriptions a These dedicated Zosime). they Iunia Placid when Basilissa, names Marcia their Optata, Gavillia (Claudia, tombs fpbi oo eebyn e ec.Yt rvtl funded privately Yet, st reach. a status, her being social beyond that modest were her honor of public Because of city. the in position fhnri h irrh fthe of hierarchy the in honor of aeo mtes hnswr di were things “mothers” of case 0 e,frtentr n ucino uiia patronage, municipal of function and nature the for See, 40. 41. sw aese,ptoessad“ohr”di “mothers” and patronesses seen, have we As AE    41 a nipratapc fawmnssca dniyadenha and identity social woman’s a of aspect important an was xetdfo hi arnse,ltu brie us let patronesses, their from expected collegia 91 1:a 713: 1991, otisrpin,hwvr r ooiul au st the to as vague notoriously are however, inscriptions, Most collegia, fi nueaii beneficia innumerabilia fi ae collegii mater e,btms coasareta,aatfo eeosbenef generous from apart that, agree scholars most but ned, mdb h oeoutspoken more the by rmed o (is evlu idrs hc a oido i stat his on copied was which Diodorus, Servilius C(aius) for XETTOSADTRSO PRAISE OF TERMS AND EXPECTATIONS fthe of hywl hrfr edsusdsprtl:patronesses separately: discussed be therefore will they , hc,aatfo etoigtepto’ eeoiy spea generosity, patron’s the mentioning from apart which, auapatronatus tabula olgu lenunculariorum collegium ARNSE OF PATRONESSES a oreo rd:tettewscre ntheir on carved was title the pride: of source a was fl csad“rkrg”ta ie h let access clients the gives that “brokerage” and icts fi fl collegium ; r eesoe(t uean(ostra) tutela (et) defensione pro ue rmnnl.Ti a opieprotection comprise may This prominently. gures i aueo oa arng,tedte and duties the patronage, Roman of nature uid ff CIL rn:tog a though erent: fthe of defensio I,44 = 4144 XIV, olgu fabrum collegium hr r osgsta h a similar a had she that signs no are there , aua patronatus tabulae and COLLEGIA: . nOta h spraised is who Ostia, in to adnto f2,0 etre from sesterces 20,000 of donation (a ction CIL ILS ae collegii mater tutela o arn of patrons For . oue2/o /pi 2008 1/April 27/No. Volume I 1649: VI, 13 nhonori an 6173: fthe of e and ies ios18,Dto 94 and 1984a Duthoy 1980, Nicols ff fl the ) fFdni I. paso their of speaks (It.) Fidentia of rdi ayrespects. many in ered unt h evidence the to turn y collegium aDml)o de to added or Damale) ia nbhl fclients, of behalf on n n rie h prospective the praises and te n te signs other and atues arn tdefensori et patrono lacollegii alba zn,tetitle the izens, ndividuals. collegium collegia nqeto wished question in of rsne omale to presented ouet show monuments l,Fai Nona, Flavia lla, usinwhat question e cuidaplace a occupied E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP collegia, fi n h oethat hope the and ) collegia ncito o a for inscription c aeprovided have ebs e pby up set base ue bisge eius insignem ob antbe cannot , cdher nced oe to hopes 40 actions, Clemente nthe In . nher In . precise These mater The . in k E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162 ulte instead. qualities arng fidvdas hc suulypeetda dis as presented usually is which individuals, of patronage  ewl eg oacp hmi i arng ( patronage his in them accept to deign will he evcso bene or services eain.B rsnigtepto sadsneetdfrie disinterested a friend as of patron language the the presenting on By draws relations. collectivities of patronage 8 = 282 fptoaei akd oevr ysrsigtermutual their stressing by Moreover, collegium masked. is patronage of ohr ( mother” n hntec-paindces o i the did How decrees. co-optation the then and rs oka h ncitosfrpatronesses, for inscriptions the at look fresh a e arnse r rie o hi eis leti very in albeit denoting merits, their words for praised are patronesses few em once ihtheir with connected terms nhonori in atmnindkn srr:aatfo uei Crescentia Aurelia (T from qualities apart femina moral rare: pudicissima her is referr kind publicizing words epithets last-mentioned distinguished: and be patr can patroness the praise a praising of brief, kinds very Two usually only. are patronesses for up arnse n nwa em i hyprs hi expectat their phrase they did terms what in and patronesses osbedntosadohrsrie othe to services other and donations possible atadtoehpdfri h uue o ntne hnAur when instance, unidenti For and future. benefactions the material in for praised hoped is those and past n the and e ahr h ciefr ( form active The father. her ptoswodsremr)adVlraSvrn n e male her and pr(a)estanti Severina et Valeria fe(licissimis) et and as merentissimis more) honored patronis are deserve who husband her (patrons and a Aphrodite Th as Cissonia them. addressed awarded honor is the patroness deserve they that suggesting way, o evcspromdo nodrt norg arns t patroness a encourage to order whet future. nor the in in meaning, or exact expectations their performed out Th services make cannot for patrons). we devoted that is and terms excellent propitious, deserving, fthe of 4 lin eeiei ooe ste“uetwf”( wife” “purest the as honored is Berenice 12. Alliena and 9 44. 1996: 1982. Forbis Saller 96, 93, 43. 1997: Nijf Van 42. h honori The e steeoelo tteeisrpin rmadi a from inscriptions these at look therefore us Let AE collegia collegium ae piissima mater 00 243. 2000, fi ncitosstu by up set inscriptions c bmrt tbeneficia et merita ob assisl otelvlo h arn e s ihti nm in this with us, Let patron. the of level the to itself raises : arnse n Mtes fRmnCollegia Roman of “Mothers” and Patronesses fi etn pteisrpin.Truhteefruacphras formulaic these Through inscriptions. the up setting fi fi ncitoso ttebssadohrpbi ouet se monuments public other and bases statue on inscriptions c 42 aca eeatos icse ntepeiu eto,v section, previous the in discussed benefactions, nancial iial,RtlaPuiai rie o her for praised is Paulina Rutilia Similarly, . sapto ih rvd,pasn i o i oa n civi and moral his for him praising provide, might patron a ts hsde o enta ohn a xetdfo i.Like him. from expected was nothing that mean not does This ,btti si nisrpinstu yhrhsadadson. and husband her by up set inscription an in is this but ), vr hsewmn,n rdtoa eaevrusaefoun are virtues female traditional no woman), chaste (very merita arnebn merenti bene patronae merens emyudrtn hs od sindicating as words these understand may we , collegia fi r used. are d“te”srie o h bene the for services “other” ed eest h arn’mrt na indirect an in merits patrons’ the to refers ) o ti letl u eieedignatur recipere sua clientela in et nos o hi patronesses. their for collegium Merita collegia xrsanctissima uxor fi s h honori the rst wl-eevn patroness), (well-deserving smse pientissimis et ssimis sagnrctr covering term generic a is ohtoeful those both , arnspuamerentibus plura patronis rieter(prospective) their praise au em.Aatfrom Apart terms. vague ff neetdfriendship, interested rn esetv:that perspective: erent ns ngnrlterms general in oness dtepro the nd rbe ihthese with problem e h spasda a as praised is who , ions? be n ) The 3). and 2 ables hpademotional and ship n ohrmrt as merits her to ing merita s h anonymous the us, n ms devoted “most a and ) mtoa isthe ties emotional 44 e hyaeused are they her ieu othe to up live o E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP fi laCrescentia elia nta,qiea quite Instead, inscriptions c olausas colleagues fi ;see ); n hs of those and ftecity the of t fi fi ldi the in lled al side table n,take ind, AE arious sthe es (very 1998, 129 43 d c t E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162 uiiiepuionmr lou gloriantem filiorum numero plurimo pudicitiae n eaoilrank. senatorial and n gai etaawo steisrpinpodyassert proudly inscription A the like consul. as women a who, of for Certiana appropriate Egnatia highly and are terms such question, patronatus h soito e ra tr yteptoaeo hsfami this of patronage the emph by are store members great its dec set of possi the status association wherever wording, senatorial the patrons: the its the and of In family” rank the patronage. exalted the the to in deference included was family di ficmaal hsiy h ae rd ntevr ag n large very the in sena pride of takes Iusta, ( who Setina wife chastity, his incomparable also of patroness our as co-opt we eearayptoso the of patrons already were h a led arno the of patron a already was who the with start us Let exuberant. more praise of terms the and honestissima CIL rfe erec-pigStn ut n e onetson youngest her and Iusta Setina co-opting collegium decree a drafted eiaIsa etn ntheir in Meeting Iusta. Setina nhonori in too. ee ftehnrn,wt hmte eeascae ntei the in associated it were person they whom placed association” with highly “status honorand, a the with of level relationship its publicizing so ihrrn.A ehv en(al ) otpatronesses re most is rank 1), high (table their seen for concern have The we elite. As the to rank. belong higher of is honori u lot h rttd fthe of gratitude the desired or to actual, also the to but only not attention drew dedicators 130 h eoyo h esntu ooe.Btthe But sta honored. public thus a persona person the Moreover, the and of importance. rank memory prime high by the of the recognition was merits, its patron(ess) on the depended of status s acknowledgement social recipient: and (informal) dedicator(s) and both public of a up prestige Setting the enhanced relationship. thus ongoing an reciprocate, as to patronage of patroness the incited probably statue te eia utmclrsia)feia)cnugmeiu coniu/gem f(eminam) c(larissimam) Iustam Setinam et ut ff rn sense. erent 6 obs19:2 n 9 fcus,teei oa ieto side moral a is there course, of 69; and 27 1996: Forbis 46. 5 hstr sbroe rmvnNj 97 0 5 n 4,t 245, and 155 60, 1997: Nijf van from borrowed is term This 45. oprdt h honori the to Compared I 35= 6335 XI, fi    ncito hwdisl ob otycin.Te“gift” The client. worthy a be to itself showed inscription c fi fe ubypyn hi epc ohrhsad Petroniu husband, her to respect their paying humbly After . ncitosaemil sdfrproso epcieye respectively of persons for used mainly are inscriptions c o nhraLpra eiaIsaadVsaMriaaemuc are Martina Vesia and Iusta Setina Luperca, Ancharia for ms itnuse)and distinguished) (most ILS 45 46 28.A per rmtetx htflos e le sons elder her follows, that text the from appears As 7218). stemr eadn hntepto(s)i question in patron(ess) the when rewarding more the is rwn teto otesca ttso h oe in women the of status social the to attention Drawing collegium fi schola ncitostec-paindceson decrees co-optation the inscriptions c collegium collegium nPsuu n256 in Pisaurum in iehrhsad ota o h entire the now that so husband, her like , praestantissima hc ystigu ttewt an with statue a up setting by which , h sebe ebr eie “that decided members assembled the , . . . oue2/o /pi 2008 1/April 27/No. Volume collegium arnmnbs/cooptari / nobis patronam honestissima  teghnn h notion the strengthening ms xeln) which excellent), (most eiso h patroness, the of merits , neapro’ prestige person’s a ince fl og s ti slightly a in it use I hough ttewt inscription with statue the auapatronatus tabula ce nteepithets the in ected l,te“pedrof “splendor the ble, oilrn,awoman a rank, torial yad ned they indeed, and, ly ,wstedaughter the was s, me fhrsons” her of umber szd Apparently, asized. asdisl othe to itself raised h ulc public public, the rlaCrescentia, urelia olgu fabrum collegium lopro also sptoso the of patrons as incomparabilis s srpin Such nscription. e hw great shows ree E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP u perpetuated tue ite fa of virtues l ms honorable) (most Victorinus, s fapublic a of i indeed did questrian fi longer h e:by ted: tabulae for : E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162 paso h icmaal oetwrsorcu n worthi and club our towards love “incomparable the of speaks nos amor ( The Iusta. Setina of  seilyfo hto eiaIsa owo hstbe was tablet this whom to Iusta, Setina of that from especially eius na raetlfaei h omo epefçd ihCori with façade temple tria a the of in form prows relief the ship’s in in on Medusa frame of ornamental head an a in with plaque bronze large oa ulig rbbytefml’ os,i iarm w Pisaurum, the did in What house, wall. the family’s on the hung probably building, Roman agtabig a caught pligadi rma,wssmwa eodtecpct of capacity the beyond somewhat was The grammar, in and spelling osl mn t members. its among consuls eoddconstantly: recorded oew atnt ootas i ieStn ut,o senato of Iusta, Setina wife his also ( co-opt to patroness” hasten the we dignity,” vote whose to deference eia utmclrsia)feia)cnue ispat eius coniugem f(eminam) c(larissimam) Iustam / Setinam ftefml.B tesn hi own their distincti stressing the By to family. attention draw the to of omitted is opportunity no nauaoytrs the terms, adulatory in ( Victorini Petroni / domus claritatem ti rte nahgl raeadsmwa otosstyle, tortuous somewhat and ornate highly a di in written is it edi eln furgency. of a feeling to a haste it expressing lend words various Moreover, way. emphatic itnebtenteptosadthe and patrons the between distance the lbtwrsteilsroshueo ernu Victorinus Petronius of house illustrious the towards club “oad h lutiu os fPtoisVcoiu,a Victorinus, Petronius of house illustrious the (“towards remn e Fronto, see freedmen, rw teto otesntra ttso h ebr fth of members the of status see family, senatorial his the to attention draws er l]o eaoilrn n u patron”); our and rank senatorial of old] years h eaoildgiyo ernu itrns on man addition young a the Victorinus, mentioned, Petronius is of dignity senatorial i(uvenis) the c(larissimi) Victorini [Petr]onis gaudium beuodgiaieu nonbsparentes omnibus in eius dignitati obsequio ffi i icmaal”lv oad the towards love “incomparable” his ; .h oeo eeec ssrkn:teptoesadpatro and patroness the striking: is deference of tone ).The 7 o example: For 47. 8 For 48. dignitas ute otetasao n hc,cnieigtenumero the considering which, and translator the to culties At h motneo h aiyi re is family the of importance The auapatronatus tabula 〈 i=E fi . . . s ih,tedce srte au st oie n expect and motives to as vague rather is decree the sight, rst 〉 obsequium : amplificari ti ueu otu dig/nation nostrum numerum in et PIR arnse n Mtes fRmnCollegia Roman of “Mothers” and Patronesses beuodgiaieius dignitati obsequio fterptos h oilsproiyo h arn n t and patrons the of superiority social the patrons, their of fi h h aiywso ihsntra akadhdhdseveral had had and rank senatorial high of was family the sh: 2 collegium 1 n 1 (stemma); 318 and 317 P fl dignatio dVerum ad nigtetx.I a on ntermiso nimpressive an of remains the in found was It text. the anking ncaiae ou ern itrn (aism)i(uve c(larissimi) Victorini Petroni / domus claritatem in e obs19:5;froeine( obedience for 54; 1996: Forbis see , ytec-pain hnteby rwu h apns ( happiness the up grow boys the when co-optation; the by ) (aisms i(uvenis) c(larissimus) tefi sont sterwrs tcnit fa unusuall an of consists it words: their as ornate as is itself collegium 〈 e=F rjie”( “rejoices” ..The 2.7. 48 47 n s“noeinesbitn ohswrhns nalres all in worthiness his to submitting obedience “in is and ) 〉 u,pou eaoi dignitat senatoria proque ius, collegium collegium collegium eocstm n gi nterptoaeand patronage their in again and time rejoices laetamur “nareetwt h pedro i aiyadwith and family his of splendor the with agreement (“in collegium .The ). . . . r eei lrtt rqesntradignitat senatoria proque claritate generis pro RE fl collegium ce ntecr hyseto h decree: the on spent they care the in ected obsequium rn nm tvt properamus voto et animo prono 9Ptois(77). Petronius 19 xetfo h arng fti family, this of patronage the from expect , dignitas ihst hw“uloeineo h oeo our of love the of obedience “full show to wishes nisptosadishpiesee increases even happiness its and patrons its in ) sol aalldb h icmaal”chastity “incomparable” the by paralleled only is (aism)f(emina) c(larissima) set,“ihfvrbemn and mind favorable “with asserts, 〈 on a [ man young ( ” i=E and ln beuaaoi ueinsr in nostri numeri amoris obsequia plena r ruh u na unusually an in out brought are sfml.FrPtoisVcoiu and Victorinus Petronius For family. is oboedire fsntra ak) ahtm name a time Each rank”). senatorial of 〉 oeine opine and compliance) (obedience, fPtoisVcoiu,“in Victorinus, Petronius of ) dignatio 〈 e=IS i.e. satr sdfrcinsand clients for used term a as ) 〉 nadsntra rank senatorial and on fPtoisVcoiu are Victorinus Petronius of ogl ewe 0ad40 and 20 between roughly , dig/nation es ( ness” heetepatronage the chieve o ronam or smsae ohin both mistakes us ff hc oe many poses which glrtpadset and top ngular clrsii pp(ueri) cc(larissimi) eei uthave must it here ered? saeaddressed are ns ilrn,a our as rank, rial E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP tincolumns nthian i)ptoinostri patroni nis) h dedicators. the inconparabili . . . 〈 i=E felicitas cooptasse tos It ations. esocial he 〉 dignitati 〈 e=IS . . . pects” )—of 131 〉 et y / E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162 ootdb u lba arn ymaso rte document written a bronze of a means by with patrons as club our by co-opted eldsre oo nacrac ihtermrt”( merits” . their . with . accordance in honor well-deserved u patroness our aime ei()Mria oicm! is/ptoa sed patronam / coll eius / coniucem(!) trium Martinam patronum Vesia(m) et et sed palium n(ostrae) patriae decurione(m) ( fortw n arno h he main three the of patron and town our of os fPtoisVcoiu”( Victorinus” Petronius of house eosrt orlv o t.” eiaIsa“lre”in “glories” Iusta Setina etc.)”; to, love (our demonstrate the and parents the 132 one o s“aegoiu”( glorious” “made is son younger unanimously: lr r sdbt o h arnes n o the for and patron(ess) the for both used are glory ti ueu nostrum numerum in et at:“ehse”( hasten” “we haste: fthe of ut n e onetsn eg oaonu ihpreulg perpetual with us adorn to deign son] our ( of youngest us” love her the and understanding fully Iusta “that hope the expresses incomparable ec”tecifmgsrtspooe ta oeisFuscu Coretius “that proposed magistrates chief the cence” patronatus rsnigtenwptos“sqikya possible”—throug as quickly ( “as magistrates chief patrons the new the Presenting collegium agn from ranging e arn r oln preulgoy ( glory” “perpetual lend to are patrons new aetrsfrte(rsetv)ptosadptoesa fo as patroness and the of patrons speak (prospective) they the for terms same eptagoi raee ovr o digne nos fo/vere et ornare gloria perpetua uypeetdVsaMria oehrwt e ubn and husband her with together Martina, Vesia presented duly hr nterpetg n hto hi aiy h “status The family. means their linguistic subtle of by that underlined is and achieve to prestige desired their in share hmevswt hshg-akn arns n e o,th son, her and patroness high-ranking this with themselves (mrm (srm exhibentibus n(ostrum) ( club” n(umerum) our towards love of sition nbhl fthe of behalf on rohrpsil eeatosbsoe ytepatron(ess) the re which by patron(ess) the bestowed of status benefactions possible other or rn nm tvoto et animo prono 49. r]ueaeiiu()s uci ieu oeimFuscum Coretium videtur cunctis si icitur(!) [re]munerare ttevr n ftedce h xettoso the of expectations the decree the of end very the At e er ae,i 261 in later, years few A umpiu i fer ti lnmitleetsaoe n amorem intellegentes plenum / in ut offerri eis primum quam collegium Amor    xet rmterhgl lcdptos Fvr a inclu may “Favor” patrons. placed highly their from expects eern nterdce oter“rqetbenefactions “frequent their to decree their in Referring . amor (iesrm c(onsensu) u(niversorum) fthe of , fi auapatronatus tabula oehrwt oeisSbns hi o,wohv ogago long have who son, their Sabinus, Coretius with together aca eeato olglpoeto r(oiia)int (political) or protection legal to benefaction nancial collegium properamus collegium fPtoisVcoiu oad the towards Victorinus Petronius of oad h rsetv arnes,advroswrsden words various and patron(ess), prospective the towards .Frtefeun eeecst hi ihrn,sen4.F n.47. see rank, high their to references frequent the For ). amor collegium h lr fthe of glory The . quinquennales fPtoisVcoiu oad the towards Victorinus Petronius of emyasm—nrae.O ore h ootto a de was co-optation the course, Of assume—increases. may we , n a ona osbe ( possible” as soon “as and ) preulgoy a efudi euiu buildings beautiful in found be can glory” “perpetual ; oad h arn:“h oeo u lbtwrsteillust the towards club our of love “the patrons: the towards mrsnmr otii lrttmdms/PtoiVictorin Petroni / domus claritatem in nostri numeri amoris dciigloriae adscribi  the , fl othat so , rbi eeci tafcinmaoi [erg]a / amoris adfectionem et beneficiis crebris cso the on ects and eptagloria perpetua n eiig“ormnrt hi muni their remunerate “to desiring and ) olgu centonariorum collegium —ihthe )—with collegium rn consensu prono yhsuaiosc-paina arn the patron; a as co-optation unanimous his by ) 〈 hi patronage their collegia 〈 collegium n : 〉 collegium eosrr gloriosum demonstrari tur h ubro e os( sons her of number the othe to ) auapatronatus tabula umprimum quam .Fvradfm r htthe what are fame and Favor ). n wt aoal idadvote” and mind favorable “with and , collegium n i ieVsaMartina, Vesia wife his and , oue2/o /pi 2008 1/April 27/No. Volume collegium : uicetam [eo]rum / munificientia(m) nqeto.B associating By question. in uu noprbl amor inconparabili cuius collegium 〉 the : eoe nw with known becomes u loi h high the in also but , collegium ,illustrious s, e lbte ie Setina [i.e. they club ). itself. hmevs Thus, themselves. r fnab Sentinum nearby of . collegium r o presented now are , collegium o,wt a with son, eirm princi- (egiorum) eeainof delegation a h soito”they association” E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP [sp]lendidum / oyadfavor and lory the , i sgoiu to glorious is “it 49 r expressed. are repesosof expressions or tCoretiu(m) et gloriantem mr nostri umeri eservices de n fthat of and n dispo- and collegium ervention oe to hopes ssthe uses decurio tabula oting i 〈 been ;her ); ;the ); creed rious i=E fi - 〉 E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162 h oeta hydint cettehnrta so is that honor the accept to deign they that hope the  (sr)cottsnn aua eemptoau i off eis innotescat patronatus aeream meri/tis / pro tabulam nunc cooptatos n(ostro) Sa reeiu oeiFsiptoiV patroni Fusci Coreti praeteritum ul n euiul—h erei locre naboz t bronze a in carved also is decree beautifully—the and ously ihtesm eln fa of feeling f same f come the the perpetually in will also with now, that experience hope we now Coretius what we from from (?), similar love and Cor their from patroness with our agreement benefactions in Martina, admirable Vesia accepted from have patron, we past expectati and the motives in their expressed members the proposal uceimi uuu o ismlaqa ucsniu per sentimus praes nunc / adfec/tione beneficia pari quae processura dissimilia amore(!) eorum non futurum erca(!) in etiam eorum nunc fili(i) Sabini Coreti eeoetam u atu du ucru dicnentur(!) pulchrius sus adque lautius quo benevolentia(m) ae olwo ite eeae,wo“nawrh manner” worthy a “in who delegates, sixteen of follow names opeettetbe otepatrons. the to tablet the present to nte nteftr.Teascaingaeul reciproca gratefully association The ( future. honor” the deserved in them on assisl otelvlo t ihrnigptoswt w with patrons respect. and high-ranking love its mutual of of level relation a the to itself raises fdsneetdfinsi:teptosaespoe obe to supposed a are love, patrons relationsh of the the however, friendship: time, disinterested same the of At client. worthy a be collegium and ntebgnigo hsatce lcstepopciepat prospective the places article, this of beginning the in atn,hrhsadadhrsnhdbe arn fthe of patrons been had son her expectati and and husband wishes her its Martina, in business-like, almost forward, aitae aprnl ehmefwsnt.Atrmention After not). a was and himself “love he (apparently magistrates nielocso ormn h arn,adtepbi,o th of public, the and patrons, the muni remind benefactions, to outstanding occasion ideal an oo fhrfml.Sei ootdi oo fhrhsad p husband, her of honor in co-opted is She family. same her of bosom ueosbnfcin.Frthe tablet For bronze the benefactions. with numerous presented festively were they before oo fhrhsadadfte,an eas fhrtraditio her of because a´nd father, and husband her of ( honor benefactions his by manifested 〈 { b=D oprdt h erefrStn ut n e o hstx i text this son her and Iusta Setina for decree the to Compared ieteohrto the two, other the Like i merita } collegium cipere 〉 nmfiimermimprid iam eorum filium inum hs pr rmudriigternbecaatr,the characters, noble their underlining from apart Thus, . ff : ,wihs the which—so ), cinadbnvlne( benevolence and ection ff arnse n Mtes fRmnCollegia Roman of “Mothers” and Patronesses { cin ( ection” dignentur n nmmr fhrlt ahr hs eaie eelocal were relatives whose father, late her of memory in and , eiohonore merito , amor CIL } ertme ntbl ee esrpu eis perscriptum / aerea tabula in et decretum ff cin n ormnrt hi benevolence—in their remunerate to . . . and ection, I 79= 5749 XI, collegium and auapatronatus tabula fi collegium fa of ) beneficia ec n te eis( merits other and cence adfectio { m 〈 〈 } e=P amor e=I speramus auapatronatus tabula AE oe—hywudcniu showering continue would hoped—they 〉 〉 ,tedce rpsst oothrin her co-opt to proposes decree the ), oad the towards ) h eeoiu rsnainprovided presentation ceremonious the siae arnsprdpou numero a duplomum per patronos / m , 92 6 = 562 1992, adfectio { siae . . . o nhraLpra quoted Luperca, Ancharia for } ta eueadm/eorum / remunerandam ad et , atnae/pto() et patron(a)e / Martin(a)e benevolentia ILS ff collegium n.W er htVesia that learn We ons. collegium hssoigisl to itself showing thus , rdte oeglori- more them ered ooe iioblatum sibi / honorem beneficia nrcmes o their for recompense in n sflos “Since follows: as ons oiae yfeelings by motivated o twsbudin bound was it hom pi rsne sone as presented is ip riu eiohonore merito ut erri 21.Acpigthe Accepting 7221). rhfo hi house their from orth roness tr hnsntdis- not things uture e ihte“well- the with ted a eaevirtues. female nal eu xdomum(!) ex petuo tt susceperimus /tita n e husband’s her ing aiu hi son, their Sabinus tu ucs our Fuscus, etius i rqetand frequent eir [dicne(!)] be”( ablet” E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP oestraight- more s , hc were which , oad the towards ) o oetime some for fi munificentia to fthe of atron myi the in rmly .Te the Then ). collegium udin quod were 133 E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162 odc oad h os n’ eaie n,hr,the here, and, relatives one’s gods, the towards conduct hc smsl sdfrtefeigo odwl nbene in will good of feeling the for used mostly is which l ntepbi view.” public the in all and arnlrltosi nwhich in relationship patronal eo) u h oeta h ol ieu otegnrst o generosity the to up live would she reason that actual hope virtuousnes the the female but traditional virtues, below), suspect—her clubho feminine may the her containin not—we in for tablet was erected bronze praise a be receive ample to to is the is she her and husband of her statue of bronze a Moreover, 134 hsi ugse ytewrsa h n ftedce:“otha “so decree: the of end the at words the by ( suggested is This o ocuefo hsthat M Vesia this and from already, conclude patrons not being sons elder her together and co-opted is husband Iusta Setina her father, Lupe and Ancharia husband families: her their of of context the in patronesses aiispoal nie h rvlgdascain ft of associations privileged the incited prominen probably h (local) of The families honor section). in following herself. the co-opted of (see for because Victoria explicitly patrons even as expectations was co-opted husband or be Martina’s also duties could no men (n.22) involving above patron a of part. rhr w ih.Gne xettosmyhv eninvolve been p a have was may them expectations of Gender each right. yet, own possible; her, as or members many as co-opt to ohv enc-pe eas ftecatt fhrmrl ( morals her of chastity r the this of in because explicit most co-opted the been is have Luperca to Ancharia for decree The h shnrdfrhrpr hrce n ai ( habit and character ( pure her custom for of honored is purity she old-fashioned her and fwihsest ebudu ihgne.Frt l he dec three all First, gender. with up remarka bound show be to Italy) seems central which of (third-century area and period eevdfo hi ahro husband. or father s their their from indicating inscription for received in and propriety mentioned traditional regularly of reasons are fathers or husbands hi patroness, their ere ftoo h arnse whose patronesses the of two of decrees fternaetml relatives. male nearest their of pietas 0 e loFri 96 85–87. For 1996: 51. Forbis also See 50. 2 e eerj 99 11 n 2004. and 11–12 1999: Hemelrijk See 52. auapatronatus tabula adfectio osdrdtgte,tethree the together, Considered eod rdtoa eaevrustk rmnn lc i place prominent a take virtues female traditional Second, 51 oad sadorgowl ( goodwill our and us towards )    voluntas , pietas collegia and ol emnfse ybnfcin;tgte with together benefactions; by manifested be could pietas, ncnucinwt e ubn n o.Yt eshould we Yet, son. and husband her with conjunction in Pietas ol adyfi omnintesca ttsadmerits and status social the mention to fail hardly could e obs19:5 n 58. and 52 1996: Forbis see patrona samliaetwr eern oapro’ dutiful person’s a to referring word multivalent a is fi aca eeoiymyhv lyda important an played have may generosity nancial aua patronatus tabulae ipywsa honori an was simply 52 voluntas aua patronatus tabulae hrfr,we ootn oa as woman a co-opting when Therefore, acia rsa consuetudinis priscae sanctitas oad e ilb iil for visible be will her towards ) acaidlse disciplina et indoles sancta oue2/o /pi 2008 1/April 27/No. Volume ca tts hc women which status, ocial eo hs ihyplaced highly these of ce rmruhytesame the roughly from he c sc-pe nhonor in co-opted is rca fi collegium ihhryugs son, youngest her with l iia ris part traits, similar bly o oe ohfor both women for s ire,i onst a to points it ciaries, aebe preserved. been have h ere Despite decree. the g fi fabri rees nadi a in d smte,Memmia mother, is il o h wife the for title c hi aiy Vesia family; their set h ssaid is she espect: o hc more which (on s sw aeseen have we As o ootn her co-opting for h co-optation the n attsmorum castitas to(s)i his, in atron(ess) e husband. her f E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP s ett that to next use fi riareceived artina and e devotion her t mypaethe place rmly Like . ff rn way: erent centonarii voluntas ,and ), amor and ) 50 ) , E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162 odslyher display to esnladeoinloe ytu soitn tefwith itself the associating t thus standing present By one. praised, emotional relatives—are and male personal her she—and which for sas on ntec-paindce o nhraLuperca Ancharia for decree co-optation the whose in found also is h atta h sadesda a as addressed is she that fact The led eosrtdhrvlea arns eoesewas she before patroness a as patronatus value tabula her demonstrated already edrd n oe o nteftr.Yt loi e ae p case, her in the also Yet, benefactions; future. bestowing in the in consist for merely hoped and rendered, aosmy fcus,hv comprised have course, of may, favors uhrt h omne nacuto e ihrn n conne and the rank to high her important of more account been on commanded she authority uthv huh—h rsieo e ihsca ttsrub status social high her of prestige thought—the have must h cetdteptoae ylnighrnm ihtheirs— with name her linking By patronage. the accepted she ` vss ihypae esn ato h preulglor “perpetual the her of to bring Part to person. expected a was placed highly so a`-vis lvtdsntra ak obnfcin r eerdto— referred wh a are deference, expect benefactions patr not greatest No the the rank. of shows senatorial status Iusta elevated social Setina the for with decree connected The be to seems which lgtdi slight n eaeptos si h riefrtheir for praise the is as patrons, female and o yial eaevrus h eremnin e incom her mentions decree the virtues: ( female typically for ihtecmo rieo aepto o i hrce n m and character his for patron male a of praise common the with u also but o akdydi markedly not ahr en oilyacpal em o ooigaRoma a honoring for terms acceptable socially being Rather, n a esmaie ytehp xrse ntedce o S for decree the in nos fo/vere expressed et hope collegium ornare the gloria by perpetua summarized be may and atn o r hypoieti h honori r the are in prominent virtues they female are typically nor no Martina However, unmentioned). go  os( sons e eiist ( religiosity her s o hudw eiv htte on oalf con life a to point s they virtues that believe domestic we these should appear, nor do us, they When benefactions. ehv en nyArlaCecni shnrda ms ch “most a as honored is Crescentia Aurelia only ( seen, have we noprblspudicitia incomparabilis uiism femina pudicissima oedw-oerhattd sdslydtwrsVsaMa Vesia towards displayed is attitude down-to-earth more A aty h bene the Lastly, lrm ueofiliorum numero plurimo amor ff amor rnei mhssbtentethree the between emphasis in erence oe oaheefo aeptos nti epc patrones respect this in patrons; male from achieve to hoped : and arnse n Mtes fRmnCollegia Roman of “Mothers” and Patronesses collegium collegium , pietas adfectio ff adfectio armn() reiafemina praedita caeremoni(i)s rfo hi aecounterparts. male their from er hsmnin evcs( services mentions this : fi mn te quali other among ) oad the towards sthe ts omninsc aa hn as thing a banal such mention to oe osaei e rsie uh“ttsassociation” “status Such prestige. her in share to hoped and eemnfse by manifested were n lue ohrfriiyb etoighrnumerous her mentioning by fertility her to alludes and ) collegia collegium benevolentia, collegium nwo h ae ra rd psil daughters (possible pride great takes she whom in ) collegium insiapatrona dignissima oe ogi rmterptoaeaealike are patronage their from gain to hoped . ao n aewr h anast a assets main the were fame and Favor . fi fi a rbbyfudi h eefc that fact mere the in found probably was aca eeoiy u h in the but generosity, nancial ain eern ohrsca ttsand status social her to referring cations r omntrso riefrmale for praise of terms common are ybnfcin.Btta a o all. not was that But benefactions. by beneficia beneficia dignitas fi aua patronatus tabulae ncitoso ttebss as bases: statue on inscriptions c .As eiaIsai honored is Iusta Setina Also ). amor Merita , , h a rbbyexpected probably was she , munificentia fi adfectio and e ohueadfamily. and house to ned ms otypatroness) worthy (most , fi beneficia aca eeoiyvis- generosity nancial oa fhg social high of woman a n nedoewould one indeed and pietas e o bed oa,they woman, n ”ta eiaIusta Setina that y” iehrhusband, her Like . erltosi sa as relationship he c geswt her with agrees ich ol o mislead not hould ns nquestion. in oness cre o Vesia for ecorded and rsne iha with presented toaeddnot did atronage othe so aal chastity parable tosmyhave may ctions rlexcellence. oral e,teei a is there Yet, . E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP ff icse here, discussed , , tn.Sehad She rtina. sewomen” aste munificentia nte.Her them. on benevolentia merita fl tn Iusta: etina ec and uence collegium e did ses both ) fi 135 in t , E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162 fhreeyPatau.Toisrpin rmcnrlItal central from inscriptions Two as women Plautianus. enemy her of o hi eeatos u hi ilsd o emt imply ( to citizens a seem died fellow not who her do Concordia, priestesse by Fonteia titles were L(ucia) their they inscription but funerary cities: benefactions, their their to for value considerable of n 39;Kuho 93–94; and held. were distributions and banquets which women); spoetesso h oa ryadteEpr ngeneral. could—a in empresses the Empire emperor the the to and empresse access army their the and Roman wealth of the Domna? of some Julia protectresses to and as given younger titles the country), Faustina the and senate h ry and army) the hr a di a was there 95 305: 1985, o ieu n nomto bu htwsepce fhr Sh her. honori of mainly expected was a what in about it information any us give not ukon ot otect,btpsil lobcueo her of because also possibly but city, the to worth (unknown) en arns,teeoe mle rae ag fact of range greater a implied throug therefore, prestige conferring it patroness, lending a by and Being association, the of behalf ncitosstu by up set Inscriptions e e ra-rnsn) see great-grandsons); her see efr eeatos u eeatesswr o necessa not were benefactresses but benefactions, perform ihsadn rt eygnru eeatess e a Br van see benefactresses, generous very to or standing high collegium oa eid(seilyi h n n r centuries 3rd and 2nd the in (especially period Roman otiest the to —outsiders iy ro ii oissc stecuclo the or council the as such bodies civic of or city, oe,otno qetino eaoilrn,adlk mos and—like rank, senatorial or equestrian of often women, ulnsse la:a ue arnse of patronesses rule, a to as person clear: from seem varied have outlines may discovered—and fully be never fsntra ak h ootto ere fteeequest these of benefactions. decrees on emphasis co-optation greater the rank, senatorial of rw teto ohrmrt n eeoiya arns a patroness a in as personal generosity and and prominence merits her to attention draws 136 5 o hs ils e eprn 98 17 n 02 250 2002: and 61–78 1978: Temporini see titles, these For 55. 4 o oebnfcrse of benefactresses some 1972. For Clemente 15–16, 54. 1988: Royden 53. h title The huhtepeierltosi ewe a between relationship precise the Though    CIL ae municipii mater bmnfieta au uednrpoo honoraverunt / dendrophoros quae / earum munificentiam ob ybsoigbnfcin,b sn hi in their using by benefactions, bestowing by fi I 405: XI, AE COLLEGII: MATER aca eeatos fwih sw aese,w nwvery know we seen, have we as which, of benefactions, nancial ff ae collegii mater ff rnebtenbnfcrse n arnse:patroness patronesses: and benefactresses between erence ae atou tsntse patriae et senatus et castrorum mater 93cnet h nrdcino ui on’ il nRom in title Domna’s Julia of introduction the connects 1993 bmunificentiam ob collegium um()/sme ie ate appellave/runt ma/trem cives semper / (!) quem fi collegia or es,sc stetitles the as such sense, c CIL municipalis I 58= 2538 XI, fl spzln,ee oeta htof that than more even puzzling, is ec.Yt hncmae oStn ut,wowas who Iusta, Setina to compared when Yet, uence. hyptoie.Te eeepce ofvrtheir favor to expected were They patronized. they collegia nhnro eeatesscon benefactresses of honor in ; OOII IL ROFFICE? OR TITLE HONORIFIC CIL see , h r o drse spatronesses: as addressed not are who , ILCV I 31 oaino aia u rmteitrs of interest the from sum capital a of donation 4391: XI, AE 55 58(lsu,I.7 r ..I saMnri the in Minor Asia In c.). 3rd 7, It. (Clusium, 1578 98 1 and 416 1998, gerousia hs ilspeetdteempresses the presented titles These  h o eycmo il mte”o the of “mother” title common very not the ) collegia collegium h g fsvny a ald“mother” called was seventy, of age the t fteipra utadwr praised were and cult imperial the of s mn19:177 n pedx3. appendix and 167–70 1996: emen a otygvnt oe fvery of women to given mostly was , ntesm eidhnrmunicipal honor period same the in y nata ucin codn oher to According function. actual an oue2/o /pi 2008 1/April 27/No. Volume ae castrorum mater l g n o and age old CIL eewaty upper-class wealthy, were fl mte fteam,the army, the of (mother ec rcnetoson connections or uence I 72 ohwmnwere women Both 5752. XI, n t arnes will patron(ess) its and sau association.” “status h n 7,Lvc 07 42 2007: Levick 276, and iypatronesses. rily inptoesspta put patronesses rian flo h ae feight of names the (follow ,prasbcueo her of because perhaps ), ela ohrsocial her to as well s dsmtmsdid— sometimes nd fi vte hnmerely than ivities mtento that notion the rm esntemain person—the ff udw interpret we ould ,priual to particularly s, aepatrons male t huhb their by Though pig(h ie to lived (she spring E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP patrona ihtefall the with e CIL mte of (mother smight es tdoes it : ,7= 7 X, 54 little. AE 53 E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162 ntepaeta mtes cuidi the in occupied “mothers” that place the in o ee ih rimdaeyblw aeo male below, immediately or with, level a hi epciehsad n ie,te i o erteti the bear not did they contrary wives, “f the and On and marriage. husbands “mothers” or these blood respective by that their related rule, indication a no as is were, there but n.17), ilsa h ie of wives the as titles the setbe5). table (see ieba iia titles. similar bear wife itrn wt a (with Victorina hyse ohv enivle nteamnsrto fthe of administration the in involved been have to seem they  n h ebr fthe of members the and n 6). and 5 fteEpr tlre slcigfrterltosi betwe o relationship army the for the lacking and is empress large, the at Empire between the relation of the for essential aall u itnt ils sfra eaeifre ft of informed are we as far As titles. distinct, but parallel, elbnfcin.Sol eitrrttette“ohr o “mother” title the interpret we empress the Should upon, called benefactions. symbolic when a real saint—though, to patron im a point not of they that course, Rather, of do, functions. titles administrative these power, considerable wield h ilso retse fteipra ut e Hemelrij see cult, 89–11 imperial 1991: the of Horst der priestesses van of see titles the conclusions, same the reaching as sda a fhnrn motn eeatr n leaders, and met benefactors important parental synagogues. honoring East and of Greek way the a in as that used argues convincingly 2007 ups hs fhrbohri-a,wowas who brother-in-law, her of those surpass anyapitdby appointed mainly r and duties certain involve actually it the did or vein, similar mtes oprtdo neulfoigwt aemmes( members male with footing bestow equal when o an Secondly, and on relatives. cooperated their “mothers” or members wer the “mothers” among patronesses, unlike that, suggests evidence oothr paety hyatda h he magistrates chief the as acted they Apparently, her. co-opt 7,de o ertetitle the bear not does 37), auapatronatus tabula ftesm oilcasa ebr of members as class social same the of ffi ae collegii mater il con cials 6 avdaGerr 98 3 sue hti ocrsa concerns it that assumes 133 1998: Guerrero Saavedra 56. 8 o etnn rtcs fti a fraoig e Bro see reasoning, of way this of criticism pertinent For 58. 7 loSlutaCipn ( Crispina Sallustia Also 57. collegium collegium Thirdly, eea ruet on otelte.Frty h oild social the Firstly, latter. the to point arguments Several ffi il fthe of cials 56 h ls oprto fa“ohr fa of “mother” a of cooperation close The : fi arnse n Mtes fRmnCollegia Roman of “Mothers” and Patronesses 57 matres m htsewsoeo hm hssuggestion This them. of one was she that rms u hr sn vdnet con to evidence no is there but , . ? hs hr sn esnt ups ht“ohr”rcie t received “mothers” that suppose to reason no is there Thus, o ei atn a Martina Vesia for quinquennalis r tetdi qa ubr as numbers equal in attested are collegium mater patres collegia 58 emyraoal ocuethat conclude reasonably may We collegium . CIL si fe o aiyasmdwe ubn and husband when assumed easily too often is as , I,92,wf fthe of wife 912), XIV, oii iia wt a (with Civitas Domitia : htwr pnt oe smmes n the and members, as women to open were that .Tegfso avaMreln vnamply even Marcellina Salvia of gifts The ). sw aese,“ohr”wr mostly were “mothers” seen, have we As . pater fi mti view. this rm collegia n a and ffi pater lacollegii alba 05 narcn otiuinHarland contribution recent a In 2005. k il nteitra irrh of hierarchy internal the in cials pater oepriual,te were they particularly, More . parens rohrfntoais fassociations of functionaries, other or pos(fte”ad“ohr)were “mother”) and (“father” aphors collegium ftesame the of tn18;framr oe account, sober more a for 1982; oten .Frtesm rbe regarding problem same the For 0. .Dmtu trau ( Aterianus Domitius Q. um honoraria summa patres aetepooiinto proposition the made sal erie from recruited usually e fthe of sosblte towards esponsibilities hc uste on them puts which , pater pater l culmltr or military actual ply rtcinmc like much protection nthe en fi noa sw know we as insofar , edte of duties he ihismmesor members its with d ute support further nds tes of athers” a f tle of ol etwvery bestow could collegium collegium collegium n benefactions ing h inhabitants the r n Pomponia and ) E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP and collegia collegium pater lui Arria) Claudia sac htis that istance ae collegii mater mater o e o her for or collegia nthe in : CIL patres having (tables (supra mater were na in heir XIV, 137 ffi ce , E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162 o h term the For ecno ueottepsiiiyta h a eaie or relative, the a of was status she freeborn that the possibility Whereas the out rule cannot we h uhrt obigo bring to authority the 138 instance, pater uhpofo rebirth. free of proof such fteproceedings. the of natrt uie piu aiu ythe by Maximus Optimus Jupiter to altar an li add,LcnaMcdnc,te“ohr fthe of “mother” the Macedonica, Licinia Candida, Allia sal ful usually nyvr aeyifr so ucin rtss loo thos of also tasks, or functions of us inform rarely very only perpetua ye fisrpin o arnse n mtes:mainl “mothers”: and patronesses for inscriptions of types n ncito,hwvr osgv sahn:we the when hint: a us give maius does however, inscription, One of o of oieisrpini otvo(a.Sp)tenmso the of names the Sup.) (Pan. Poetovio in inscription votive a AIJ eeuulycutdaogtemgsrtso nassociatio an of di magistrates local the for allow among counted usually were h ako honori of lack The oieisrpin a n ftedte fmgsrtsof magistrates of duties the of one was inscriptions votive gesas ihtecmo pgahcpatc o aeo male for practice epigraphic common the with also agrees no an ar (mr)noti tHli eern()parente 2007. Perecrino(!) Harland Heldio and et 64–72 n(ostri) col n(umeri) eiusdem patre sequella habenti/bus numerum c(entonariorum) ncitosand inscriptions aeaddcto oIi nbhl ftheir of behalf on Isis to dedication a made see ihtehonori the with diinleiht tbe6.Ti sprl u otedi the ment to is due title partly bare is her This only 6). cases (table most epithets in additional exuberant: less much sisl h euto hi ismlrquali dissimilar their tab of (cf. result “mothers” the by, itself and for, is inscriptions dedicatory and praefecti fe hs fteptos u eoetedcroso the of decurions the before but patrons, the of those after collegia CIL 2 o h ak fmgsrtsof magistrates of tasks the For 62. 61. 0 e respectively See 60. 59. 4 Peoi,Pn.Sp) nPtis nDcaa Dacia in Potaissa In Sup.). Pann. (Poetovio, 341 ffi hsbig st u orhpit hi ciiis Unfort activities. their point: fourth our to us brings This atbtntlat esol osdrtetrso rieuse praise of terms the consider should we least, not but Last ffi ilfunction? cial vreigteddcto fa la.Tu,LcnaMacedo Licinia Thus, altar. an of dedication the overseeing ilo the of cial fLmnu Hs.Tr)adhrcinsadfede—e u freedmen—set and clients her Tar.)—and (Hisp. Laminium of ,74= 784 V, CIL CIL    CIL fLmnu ( Laminium of tecifmgsrts,btbfr the before but magistrates), chief (the ote ho ih nwa a xetdfo hm ncompar In them? from expected was what on light throw they Do . I 29= 3229 II, fi curante I 79= 5749 XI, I 6 n 1117, and 868 VI, ldb the by lled InscrAqu fi collegium aua patronatus tabulae agaeue o arnse,tepas o mtes wa “mothers” for praise the patronesses, for used language c ff , curantibus rne.Myw ne htalso that infer we May erences. 61 fi ILS CIL CIL ptesfr“ohr, hrfr,i o upiig It surprising. not is therefore, “mothers,” for epithets c ,27 codn oCeet 92 6 (cna Macedonic L(icinia) 160 1972: Clemente to According 247. I, uevso fteeeto fsausado honori of and statues of erection the of Supervision AE ffi 38(aiim Hisp.Tar.): (Laminium, 7308 I 21,i h aepro sor“ohr fthe of “mother” our as person same the is 3231), II, quinquennales I 35= 1355 XI, ilpooiin eoeismmes ucinta is that function a members, its before propositions cial 92 6 = 562 1992, CIL . or , 62 aiiaperpetua flaminica I,12 2,10 6,19 35 34 5345. 5344, 4365, 169, 168, 160, 128, 102, XIV, ua agentibus curam collegia ILS collegium olgu veteranorum collegium o arnse,and patronesses, for ILS 27(ua t )and 7) It. (Luna, 7227 . 59 e odn18:213;frteddcto of dedication the for 231–32; 1988: Royden see , nan In 7221: , sidctdb her by indicated is fi CIL o iia ocuin e roe 1982: Brooten see conclusions similar For . ain o eevn ulchonor. public receiving for cations pater sdfrtemgsrtsi hrese for see, charge in magistrates the for used vnafedoa,wt h aename. same the with freedwoman, a even I,82= 882 III, lu collegii album etn ntiln()dmsc(ollegii) domus triclini(o) in Sentini uat iii aeoic matre Macedoni/ca / Licinia / curante quaestores e(i)iirfrniu aii Severo / Casidio referentibus ibi lec(ii!) n a and arscollegii matres oue2/o /pi 2008 1/April 27/No. Volume quaestor fAquileia of olgu [Rom?]anense collegium collegium ILS CIL collegia lacollegii alba collegium fi e n ) e,this Yet, 5). and 2 les . ff ito,te“ohr lacks “mother” the liation, 4361. 60 ntl,inscriptions unately, rnebtenthe between erence patres ffi I,44 = 4045 III, fml o male of e ,tog emust we though n, ulchonori public y Apparently, fthe of nLn I. and (It.) Luna in il btntfor not (but cials E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP o “mothers” for d ubpteTi/tiano patre su/b we ; a ncharge in was , a oekind some had oe without ioned iaatdas acted nica olgu Isidis collegium ratrthe after or , r recorded are ttefor statue a p collegium fi funerary , a, ILS das a also nd flaminica ffi fi patres 34= 7304 and c cials. ison but , fi c s , . E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162 gaimSlinm is(xrm,mte opeu tpe et cooptemus matrem suscipere patrona/ti (uxorem), aeneam eius tabulam / ( Salvianam, patronage” Egnatiam of tablet bronze the accept pedd natus splendide sn niainta h a ebro o h or of member a honor was in she co-opted that was indication Salviana no is Egnatia decree, this from t oothma arnadEntaSlin,hswf,as wife, his Salviana, Egnatia and patron as behal him on co-opt “to sesterces 20,000 of to foundation base his statue his about on letters carved was of it because known is Salviana, rttd o i eeato,temmeso the of members the benefaction, his for gratitude fMmi itra sterpto bcueo h oo and assoc honor our the of of mother memory, “because blessed of patron Victoria, their Memmia as late Victoria, Memmia of fte(lost) the of a nsado h ooal odc fhsmte”( mother” his of conduct honorific matris honorable et the of and ents nostri numeri matris femin(a)e lt ak h mteho”o gai avaaadMemmia and Salviana Egnatia of “motherhood” on recorded The rank. elite of ee fti ihrnigfamily. high-ranking this of level hs pgahcly mtes eetetdi h aewa same the in treated were “mothers” epigraphically, Thus, oeisFsu]mybte nesadorwyo bestowing of way our understand better may Fuscus] Coretius emaVcoi spshmul rie o her for praised posthumously is Victoria Memmia emnlgclcrepnec the correspondence terminological  orificentia and husband) her rcs enn n au o otmoayRmn sls ea less is Romans on “honora contemporary book or for her value “honor” In and and meaning “devotion,” or precise “piety” “dignity,” as arn! of patrons!) it n tnigadt eoeteron“otillustrious “most own their denote to and standing and birth didus itrarfrigt bt e eeoiyadhrstatus.” her and generosity her “both to referring Victoria ugsigta hr eeacoerltosi n hrdv shared and relationship close Coret a on bestowed were mater themselves there they that honor the suggesting for word same the 〈 t=D collegia 4 o h ihrn fCrtu Fuscus: Coretius of rank high the For 64. 3 obs19:56; 1996: Forbis 63. ovrey the Conversely, hr r w xetos hc—o unexpectedly—concern which—not exceptions, two are There h arnadthe and patron the , r eetdyue ohfrCrtu ucs “illustrious Fuscus’ Coretius for both used repeatedly are 〉 u intt eieVcoiequon/dam Victoriae Memiae dignitate que . satr frsetue otyfrptosadi h aeo M of case the in and patrons for mostly used respect of term a as : aua patronatus tabulae auapatronatus tabula arnse n Mtes fRmnCollegia Roman of “Mothers” and Patronesses o hi own their for ; collegia uiia ite nteRmnEmpire Roman the in Virtues Municipal honorificentia { i olgu fabrum collegium } t/ptu honorific potius / ut h r otyidctdwt hi aeado and name their with indicated mostly are who , ni CIL entia collegium collegium o (is evlu idrs ubn fEgnatia of husband Diodorus, Servilius C(aius) for n o teeapeo h eoino i par- his of devotion the of example “the for and ) o hi aerltvs(ubn n o) h text The son). and (husband relatives male their for huhteetrsmyb ogl translated roughly be may terms these Though . I 78= 5748 XI, : 64 peddsiu (mrm n(ostrum) n(umerum) splendidissimum { fabri . , 63 i } i pe/iu oeisFuscus Coretius splen/didus vir AE fSniu ootdCrtu ucs son Fuscus, Coretius co-opted Sentinum of ni ota ou intel/legat modum nostrae entia lctia(e nvri arnu)eum, patron(um) universis itaq(ue) placet iial,tewords the Similarly, 98 8 = 282 1998, yblclyrie hmevst the to themselves raised symbolically ffi ILS ilo the of cial 20.I hsdce o e son her for decree this In 7220). collegium dignitas honor”). { xepopeai parentium pietatis ex/emplo INDOLES AE collegium .Fri regards Forbis E. , e,the Yet, 00 4) sappears As 243). 2000, mater , fthe of f nnmul decided unanimously pietas ” ehrwt dossier a with gether splendor l odc, their conduct,” ble sml o male as y collegium le ewe the between alues ain ( iation” rhsad there husband; er } n oakhmto him ask to and and =equestrian) (= ” u ucs thus Fuscus, ius “nodrta e[= he that order (“in E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP au be ut eo ab tamus yt establish. to sy m and collegium herself. tgte with (together int fthe of dignity 〈 collegium oeisFuscus Coretius mtes of “mothers” itrawas Victoria e=V pedrssui splendoris and ffi nhonore in ythis By . 〉 eonly. ce moriae emmia ffi splen- cials hon- uses 139 In . . E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162 a aecomprised have may hto e ubn a aebe xrse ytermuni their by expressed been have may husband her of that uhrt.Tewr scmol sdfrhgl lcdperso placed highly for used in commonly their is word The authority. hs f“ohr”of patron( prai of “mothers” of those terms of resemble the those suggest, status, they that social activities high the her with combination In 140 ute study. further e ihsau n o e bene her for and status high her ed o the for deeds e onain oee,seeetdacnieal in considerable a exerted she however, foundation, her drsighra mte”o h soito u ruigh grouping surprising. but not is association n.23), the (supra patrons of as “mother” relatives as her addressing h nin rhbto o oe odikwn,sePlin. see wine, drink to 1982 women Ausbu¨ttel for wine. prohibition of ancient distribution the the of recipients the name. her onain o hc avaMreln addw h condi the down laid Marcellina Salvia which for foundation, ntedsrbtoso oe u o—oi em—ntoeof those seems—in it not—so pa but she money banquets of the distributions in the participate in not did Marcellina Salvia fteascain ned h entire the Indeed, association. the of acliaw a ahrta mte”myhv eninvolv the been for have feasts may and banquets “mother” a organizing, that perhaps and gather Fro may duties. we religious Marcellina and administrative other perhaps and fthe of ia ral in greatly lina, th among stonecutter. banquetin name the her in by of inscripti omission participate absence the an the not however, (but did inscription, well she the as of that bread believes of 238 1987: distribution the in share uevso fteeeto fsausadisrpin nt Maced in Licinia inscriptions tasks of and Her statues inscription of the sense. erection the of of biological view supervision the in in and, perha mother woman, “fathers” adult a of an also was she probably that and expect may 5)—we table (see togysgetta,a ue mte”o a of “mother” a rule, a as that, suggest strongly rmterltvso aeo male t of of members relatives female the the from among from recruited probably was who rfrhrcaatradaheeet.T itnus e fr her distinguish To soc her achievements. wealth, and her collegia for character elected her been for have or may “mother” A them. 5 For 65. 6 o e hr ntedsrbtos e .7spa Howev supra. n.37 see distributions, the in share her For 66. 7 i 07cnicnl rusta usata donation substantial that argues convincingly 2007 Liu 67. ial,the Finally, aho hs ruet a eidcsv nisl,bttake but itself, in indecisive be may arguments these of Each collegium    fl arr il htapasol nei h ncitosdeal inscriptions the in once only appears that title rare —a ec o h bene the for uence 67 pietas fl ecdteognzto of organization the uenced collegium and dignitas h ue fwihwr u oni the in down put were which of rules the , dignitas fi aca eeoiyadteueo e esnlin personal her of use the and generosity nancial collegia . 65 srbdt emaVcoi eoe e ihsau and status high her denotes Victoria Memmia to ascribed e obs19:5–9ad79–81. and 56–59 1996: Forbis see , ae oehr emaVcoi spasdbt for both praised is Victoria Memmia together, Taken fi ffi fteddctr ..the i.e. dedicator, the of t il.Ulk arnse,teeoe h a n of one was she therefore, patronesses, Unlike cials. e collegii lex eni hslgttecnuino h decree, the of confusion the light this in Seen . fi collegia etatvte oad the towards activities cent nsm ae vnaonigt reorganization a to amounting even cases some in , saotrgltn h s fteitrs fthe of interest the of use the regulating about is 7asmsta hswscnetdwith connected was this that assumes 57 : NH nde o culysys) Flambard so), say actually not does on .Cnieigtengietredaction negligent the Considering g. collegium eiinso iemywl edeto due be well may wine of recipients e in.Ti sa interesting an is This tions. 4 89.Asmn htseddnot did she that Assuming 88–90. 14. oue2/o /pi 2008 1/April 27/No. Volume ,sc stoefo avaMarcel- Salvia from those as such s, collegium fl r h sntmnindamong mentioned not is she er, collegium ec nteorganization the on uence enm fthe of name he sesmr lsl than closely more esse)s h xml fSalvia of example the m fi a eaeo female a was dfr o h shared she for for, id e collegii lex eue o e,and her, for used se ec rohrgood other or cence nc,icue the included onica, m“agtr”of “daughters” om ti osbethat possible is It . collegium rwt e male her with er eascain or association, he s h exercise who ns, eebe those resembled wine. Her . E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP a prominence, ial see elderly, even ps oehrthey together n di funding, in ed ihhere with t 66 pietas collegium Through heading fl which , fi uence. ffi l for eld cial and E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162 togysgetthat suggest strongly oa’ oil rpbi,identity. public, or social, woman’s itntfntoseecsdb di by exercised functions distinct en arns ra“ohr fa of “mother” a or patroness a being eegetdi great were eg h ebr fa of members the (e.g. eie ob rsne yohr,i h yso h ulcor public the of eyes the in prese others, to by chose presented people be for how wh to only of desired not generations—shows record choice future lasting The for a also bronze—as questions. or modern stone to in not recording t are ins inscription, which “ all the recorded, and like or of honored Moreover, patronesses persons the all. of of at glimpses number only inscription unknown an o the were received to that never relate kn inscriptions not they the do how of we nor representative conclusions: way drawing any in in are cautious be to us compels oildsac ewe hmadteascain,tebene the associations, the and them between distance social oeo hs aemmeswr arn of patrons were of members families to male belonged whose they of that some in “mothers” other the from n h a hyaepasd d otesmlrt ewe th between similarity the to add praised, of are they way the and tpltn h odtosudrwihi a ob sd(tab used be to was build it her several which to under land, money conditions of from the sum apart large stipulating a point: donated in she case statue, a is Marcellina h otprivileged most the oei hi eainhpwt their with relationship their in role opnaefrterde their for compensate ebr.Bcueo hi oetsca tts“ohr”of “mothers” status social modest their of Because members.  opublic no icpieadisiln hmwt rdtoa values. child traditional her with of them education rela the instilling family and supervised Roman who discipline in person, ( since socializing powerful authority, possibly, a of and, position supervising a in suggests role a to points soito h a aebe seilyivle ihtef the all not with since involved so, especially exclusively been not have but may she association collegia 8 io 1988. Dixon 68. e huhte a e h ncitosaermral cons remarkably are inscriptions the be, may they though Few h ml ubro ncitosfrptoessad“mothe and patronesses for inscriptions of number small The h he mtes feiern r xetos hywr o were they exceptions: are rank elite of “mothers” three The h agaeo aiya family of language The . fi : ue;te eevdn ulcsauso ouet.Perhap monuments. or statues public no received they gures; arnse n Mtes fRmnCollegia Roman of “Mothers” and Patronesses ff rne ewe arnse n mtes of “mothers” and patronesses between erences collegia patrona collegium fi inyi oilsadn,bnfcin lyagreater a play benefactions standing, social in ciency (the and ff CONCLUSIONS cinta pasfo h title the from speaks that ection ff ar,centonarii fabri, .I hsrset h ncitoscon inscriptions the respect, this In ). ae collegii mater rn lse fwmn sw aese,there seen, have we As women. of classes erent collegia collegia collegium hni hto h arnse.Salvia patronesses. the of that in than , ponig“ohr”hdfemale had “mothers” appointing collegia een mt ilsbtdenoted but titles empty no were collegium a niprateeeto a of element important an was and dendrophori tbe n ) lothe Also 5). and 4 (tables 68 e)mmes talso It members. new) rpin,te present they criptions, sa“ohr fan of “mother” a As o esig precisely feasting, for ioe otepurpose the to ailored c rce o them, for erected nce fi e6). le ihsca standing, social high sepce fthem of expected ts madpatronesses and em in ohrwas mother a tions otmoaisbut contemporaries faspeci a of nsadamarble a and ings collegia ttesle,or themselves, nt twswrh of worthy was at e,maintaining ren, wwehrthey whether ow ml members, emale E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP l ootdby co-opted nly s of rs” mater ohr”who mothers” collegia n di and ) set they istent: nalmost in fi fi collegia perhaps group c mthat rm ff were ered to s 141 E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162 ooal title honorable e pdrn hi ieie n ntertms hs o w a for Thus, tombs. their t on in a and both title being lifetimes pride the rank, their with but during mentioned period, up was certain set it a lives: for their or throughout life for appointed were n qetinfmle uthv enepcal importan patronage, especially their been for have co-optation must gratitude the families accepting equestrian publicly and by prestige its enhance rsreo h lcl lt—hyrcie eonto fr honor— recognition public received elite—they enjoy (local) not the did donat of by “mothers” preserve association Though the to contribute benefactions. to expected were they r tetdi qa ubr n nruhytesm ra as areas same the roughly in and numbers equal collegia in attested are lc fhnri h monumental the in honor of place itr scer nacrac ihtersca tnigp standing social their of with accordance in clear: is picture ulcsausadhonori and statues public oiia rtcini e w esnbtaatfo besto in from her but—apart use person could own she her in protection political fwih notntl,w r o nomd ie“fathers Like informed. not are we unfortunately, which, of aknadDnb ein.Teratvte eebethose resemble o activities male Their regions. Danube and Balkan collegium pnec te:teptoesb hwn e oefrteass the for sta love social her merits, her showing recognizing by publicly by patroness association the other: each upon eaemmeso rmterltvso aemmesado and members male fro of recruited relatives the probably from were or they members status female members; or origin their cult, among common a women of basis the on organized were ihsca ttsadterproa fml)vrus The virtues. th of (female) a personal well-being and the their to patroness and status devotion and social love high their merits, other oal etitdt tl otieRm) hycoeyre closely they Rome), (outside collegia us, Italy to to known patrons few restricted male Though totally hundred members. four as almost women the no to had compared which privi of or most prominent towns, more their the relatives—by male with together opnae o hi ako tts hywr otyco-op their mostly were cases They individual status. of in lack but their for background, compensated social humble, of ee sarl,fo aiiso h lcl lt n—iem and—like elite (local) the of the families to from outsiders prest rule, more a the were as Patronesses were, here. discussed aspects all 142 collegia srgrsterpeieatvte uhrmisi h dark the in remains much activities precise their regards As nieptoess ot“ohr”of “mothers” most patronesses, Unlike ffi    rmrl eta tl icuigRm)adteRmncit Roman the and Rome) (including Italy central primarily : nalohrrset.O ore arns ol o iel give not could patroness a course, Of respects. other all in il,poal nldn h uevso finscriptions of supervision the including probably cials, h raiaino aqesaddsrbtos n perha and distributions, and banquets of organization the , ful ae collegii mater fi ae collegii mater collegia lddsic ucin,wihcoeyrsmldtoeo t of those resembled closely which functions, distinct lled collegium fl ec n oncin o h bene the for connections and uence hyptoie.Te eemil co-opted—sometimes mainly were They patronized. they fi ncitos riigte o hi eeoiyand generosity their for them praising inscriptions, c a,a es aty yblc ohcnerdhonor conferred Both symbolic. partly, least at was, nacdhrsca prestige. social her enhanced a etwdo hmadternmswr ie a given were names their and them on bestowed was collegia lacollegii alba eaddte with them rewarded collegia ed o nwwehrthey whether know not do We . oue2/o /pi 2008 1/April 27/No. Volume eeo oet oeeven some modest, of were toessad“mothers” and atronesses u n oa excellence. moral and tus fi ebeml arn of patrons male semble fteascainand association the of t oe fsenatorial of Women . mthe om goso h w:they two: the of igious f“ahr”adother and “fathers” of igbenefactions— wing n oe n other and money ing ee soitosof associations leged n te o other and ” xhnebtena between exchange eandwt them with remained eisrpin they inscriptions he n hc fe had often which and aua patronatus tabulae nti epc.In respect. this in t e by ted soito,their association, e s aepatrons— male ost ffi n huhalmost though and mno sub-elite of oman elhmyhave may wealth il.“Mothers” cials. u h general the but , cainadthe and ociation E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP mn these among m hc a the was which collegium nnmesas numbers in sohrtasks other ps e pb the by up set collegia ftes of “fathers” glhl or help egal e fthe of ies ffi cials, the : heir that , E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162  aecutrat,teptosad“ahr”of “fathers” and patrons the counterparts, male sciei o atcptn ncvclife. civic comp in achievement w participating or for Roman associatio commitment criteria the civic as personal in from perhaps that women and shows keeping status bar attested, impenetrable are an they not that fact the Yet, ecnaeo l arn nw ou n,tog mtes a “mothers” of though pa and, “fathers” us as female to numbers known associations: patrons all male of predominantly percentage the in minority : arnse n Mtes fRmnCollegia Roman of “Mothers” and Patronesses collegia oohrcleit o collegiate other no , collegia nvriyo Amsterdam of University ffi hywr nyatiny a only were They . e eeoe othem. to open were ces [email protected] rn omasmall a form trons eatse nequal in attested re s elh social Wealth, ns. tdwt gender with eted rdgne was gender orld E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP 143 E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162 Prima Iscantia nprnhss h ei fItaly of regio the parentheses: In * Iusta Setina Certiana Egnatia Paulina Rutilia acaUlpia Marcia V[erecun]da Cat[—-]ia Calligona Sossia Aphrodite Cissonia Crescentia Aurelia lsi Vera Blassia al 1: Table 144 Luperca Ancharia Berenice Alliena aeCru Social Corpus Name 69 70 h a loaptoeso h iy e aaa19:3 n He and 30 1990: Kajava see city; the of patroness a also was She e olan19:322. 1998: Bollmann See    69 arnse of Patronesses CIL AE CIL AE ILS = 6335 1578 CIL 3182 CIL 177 CIL = ILS = 5869 CIL ILS ILS = 6310 AE ILS = 4894 CIL 72= 2702 CIL 5368 CIL AE 96 7eusra iu t 1 ae2nd– late (1) It. Tibur equestrian 77 1956, 98 1OtaI.()211 (1) It. Ostia 31 1948, 01 908 2001, 7218 6730 7217 3082 = 6554 XI, XI, IX, IX, ,59 ou t (11) It. Comum 5295 V, V, IX, XI, IX, 1958, eaoilBnvnu t 2 n–r c. 2nd–3rd (2) It. Beneventum senatorial eaoilCor senatorial eaoilPsuu t 6 256 (6) It. Pisaurum senatorial qetinMdoau t 1)md3dc. 3rd mid (11) It. Mediolanum equestrian qetinTrebula equestrian qetinVlii t 7 224 (7) It. Volsinii equestrian status collegia Mutuesca iarmI.()2dc. 2nd (6) It. Pisaurum Picenum Firmum iyPoic*Dt (all Date Province* City TABLES fi imI.()lt 1st– late (4) It. nium t 4 243 (4) It. t 5 n c. 2nd (5) It. oue2/o /pi 2008 1/April 27/No. Volume al n c. 2nd early al r c. 3rd early dates 70 erj 2004. melrijk CE ) E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP sodalicium parasiti olgu fabrum collegium olgu fabrum collegium olgu fabrum collegium collegium cultores iuvenum olgu fabrum collegium tricliniares eiiAugustales seviri tcentonariorum et Herculanorum Ostiensium (h)astoforum collegium oi Latii Iovis Comensium nautarum tcentonariorum et arns of Patroness E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162 unknown 9. n eerj 04 213n.23 2004: Hemelrijk and 29n.6 202. Martina Vesia  Severina Valeria 72 71 72 e aei ple sVsaMriab obs19:n.38an 328 no. 1996: Forbis by Martina Vasia as spelled is name a Her was she that assumes 299 no. 110 1957: Engesser 71 : CIL 225 InscrIt = 4432 ILS = 562 AE = 5749 CIL = AE arnse n Mtes fRmnCollegia Roman of “Mothers” and Patronesses CIL 1992, 96 120 1946, 7221 V, XI, I 5812 II, X,5, qetinSniu t 6 261 (6) It. Sentinum equestrian rxaI.(10) It. Brixia eiau ipTr 3 unidenti 239 Hisp.Tar. Segisamum patrona ftect,btseKjv 1990: Kajava see but city, the of apatCale 2005: Raepsaet-Charlier d E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP collegium cultores centonariorum olgiLarum collegii collegium fi ed 145 E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162 *Ptosadfml ebr fthe of members female (i and depth Patrons and ** width height, respectively fragment. of dimensions Max. * Certiana Egnatia aeInscription the Name of members female and patrons related 2: Table 146 Aphrodite Cissonia Luperca Ancharia V[erecun]da Cat[—-]ia Vera Blassia Berenice Alliena Crescentia Aurelia arn h—sfra eko—eentrltdt h patrone the to related not know—were we as far who—as patrons    arng n olgaefntoso eaie fpatrone of relatives of functions collegiate and Patronage ttebase statue honori monument and inscription honori ttebase statue patronatus tabula base statue honori collegii? album base statue honori honori fi fi fi fi fi c c c c c details* Archaeological inscription the of middle the in hole square re-used: the in found top, triangular m, with 0.48 × 0.70 plaque: bronze large m × 0.60) (ca. 0.71 × 1.22 damaged badly letters m; 0.15 × (0.34) × (0.50) and m × 0.15 (0.58) × (0.33) plaque: limestone large a of fragments two re-use for re-cut m, 0.68 × (0.56) × (0.71) base: limestone oa house Roman a tablinum collegium of etoe ntesm ncito.Lse r only are Listed inscription. same the in mentioned collegium relatives of functions collegiate and Patronage same arkae and patron, husband: h city the of patron husband: collegium. same the of patron husband: curator collegium ! fthe of (!) decurio nw) nprnhss incomplete parentheses: In known). f oue2/o /pi 2008 1/April 27/No. Volume ss. natus Fortu- Messius C(aius) patron: udaLea. Suedia Capria, Vicria [C]ari[t]e, Vibia members: Female Cornelius. Seneka P(ublius) and Severus Fremedius M(arcus) patrons: male Two members** female and patrons Non-related E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP ss non- sses, E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162 nnw honori unknown Martina Vesia Severina Valeria Iusta Setina Paulina Rutilia Calligona Sossia Ulpia Marcia Prima Iscantia  : arnse n Mtes fRmnCollegia Roman of “Mothers” and Patronesses inscription patronatus tabula tessera bronze patronatus tabula base statue honori base statue honori inscription building fi fi fi c c c incomplete .5×04 × m 0.06 0.44 × 0.65 plaque: bronze .0×02 m 0.22 × 0.30 plaque: bronze m 1 × 1.55 frame): m; (with 0.05 × 0.68 × 0.90 frame): (without ing; build- Roman a in found frame ornamental and top triangular with plaque bronze large the near Bellona, of temple the in found the schola hastiferi of principalia ( and the of patron being also husband collegium same the of patrons were son and husband her collegium same the of patrons already were sons older their and husband her her; with together co-opted is son youngest her racollegia tria dendrophori her , . ) fabri Severa Oct(avia) Avana, Val(eria) Britta, Valeria Botia, Donata, Val(eria) Caliope, Anti(stia) members: Female Cassianus. Turellius G(aius) and Lupus Valerius G(aius) Pressus, Severius G(aius) Flavus, Sempronius G(aius) patrons: male Four [Iu]stus Rubrius C(aius) and Fortunatus Rubrius C(aius) patrons: male two E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP 147 E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162 aeDdctrs il and Title Dedicator(s) Name Crescentia Aurelia Luperca Ancharia Berenice Alliena Vera Blassia al 3: Table 148 V[erecun]da Cat[—-]ia    arnse of patronesses tricliniares and citizens fabrum collegium son and husband oi Latii Iovis cultores Comensium nautarum collegium collegia justification patro(nae) femin(a)e pudicissim(a)e et / honestissim[ae] collegium pietas her for praised and patrona dignissima a called is She reiafemina praedita a was she because and disciplina et indoles sancta consuetudinis, priscae sanctitas her of because and father and husband her of honor in co-opted n(ostri) collegi(i) / patronam cent(onariorum) et fab(rum) col(legii) / patr(onae) piisimae / . . . sanctissim(ae) / uxori ins conlata se [i]n / saepe be[ne]ficia et merita patroni pa[t]r[o]n[is] matri caerimoni(i)s castitas, oad the towards il,justi title, : . . . . ob . , oehrwt a with together eeatosPbi honor(s) Public Benefactions ntspeci (not beneficia collegium the of member each to a half and wine bread, distributed she patron male fi ain eeatosadpbi honor public and benefactions cation, denarius fi ed) oue2/o /pi 2008 1/April 27/No. Volume ulcstatue public hto e husband) her of that the the in statue patronatus bronze ulcstatue public e birthday her on dedicated statue public collegium tabula E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP adbronze (and schola etto next of E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162 Severina Valeria Iusta Setina Paulina Rutilia Calligona Sossia Ulpia Marcia Prima Iscantia Certiana Egnatia  Aphrodite Cissonia : arnse n Mtes fRmnCollegia Roman of “Mothers” and Patronesses collegium unidenti cives fabrum collegium Augustales seviri Herculanorum iuvenum sodalicium patrons three the patronae parasiti riorum centona- et fabrum collegium fan of fi ed nostr(a)e patron(a)e Severin(a)e Valeri(a)e pientissimis et pr(a)estantissimis et / fe(licissimis) et merentissimis patronis dignetur nos fo/vere et ornare gloria they that hope the in and pudicitia incomparabilis her and sons her of number the husband, her of because co-opted n(ostri) n(umeri) patronam ipsius / et patris merita ob / patronae patronae Ostiensium (h)astoforum patroni praestantissimae merentibus plura / patronis , perpetua ...... , l age old from ruins in fallen had that Bellona?) (of temple the restored she patrons male two with together ulcstatue public aepatrons male four and Severina Valeria of honor in plaque bronze patronatus bronze ulcstatue public ulcstatue? public monument honori unidenti fi tabula c fi ed E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP 149 E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162 aeDdctrs il and Title Dedicator(s) Name al 3: Table 150 Martina Vesia unknown    ( continued cultores riorum centona- collegium Larum collegii ) justification ntefuture. the in continue will these that expressed are collegium the towards benevolentia amor their for and munificentia their for honored are son and husband her Martina, Vesia eemerenti bene / patronae merita beneficia, and adfectio, hopes ; and eeatosPbi honor(s) Public Benefactions ntspeci (not munificentia beneficia and fi ed) oue2/o /pi 2008 1/April 27/No. Volume per patrons already were patronatus bronze ulcstatue? public duplomum tabula E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP (they ) E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162 ui Zosime Iunia n eaChreste Sera and Felicitas Lartia Herais, Aurelia Prima, Eusebia Cy[s]enia, Herois ailaOptata Gavillia lvaNona Flavia ai Lucilla Fabia lvaFesta Flavia Epipodia oii Civitas Domitia  gai Salviana Egnatia lui Arria Claudia aeCru oilSau iyPoic aeMtrof Mater Date Province City Status Social Corpus Claudia Name 4: Table 75 74 73 ahv-ioa18:7–0n.14. no. 78–80 1983: Tacheva-Hitova 132n.26. 1998: Guerrero Saavedra 327. 1973: Meiggs See arscollegiorum Matres : arnse n Mtes fRmnCollegia Roman of “Mothers” and Patronesses CIL CIL CIL AE AE CIL IScM CIL CIL CIL 265b AE 230 and D I 5, 483 2, III IDR = 854 = 243 AE = 282 ILS = 37 326 ILS = 599 AE = 5450 ILS 1998, 2001, 1977, 2000, 1999, 75 4114 7248 AE I,6 rewmnOtaI.()2nd– (1) It. Ostia freedwoman 69 XIV, X 67fedoa eenaI.(4) It. Aesernia freedwoman 2687 IX, XIV, XIV, I,870 III, IX, I,1207 III, 2 4061 I 160 II, 1964, rewmnCassI.()2734unidenti 287–304 (8) It. Classis freedwomen qetinAuu ai r c. 3rd Dacia Apulum equestrian slave? qetinLvnu t 1 228 (1) It. 2nd late Lavinium (1) It. equestrian Ostia freedwoman rewmn si t 1 2nd– (1) It. Ostia freedwoman? rewmnFalerio freedwoman 74 oi os n.180–192 Inf. Moes. Tomis ienmI.()late (1) It. Liternum aoaDca235 Dacia Napoca Piceni t (5) It. r c.? 3rd 211–217 n c. 2nd r c. 3rd –early r c.? 3rd or E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP collegium collegia collegium collegium sodalicium collegium phorum dendro- collegium riorum centona- dumus riorum centona- et fabrum Augustales Asianorum phorum dendro- phorum canno- collegium phorum dendro- collegium fullonum 151 73 fi ed E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162 avaMarcellina Salvia yMig 93 1 n acab avdaGerr 98 134 1998: Guerrero Saavedra by Marcia and 319 1973: Meiggs by Victorina Pomponia uee Ru et quae Damale, Placidia ei Iuliane Menia emaVictoria Memmia acaBasilissa Marcia Macia Macedonica Licinia aeCru oilSau iyPoic aeMtrof Mater Date Province City Status Social Corpus Felicitas Numitoria and Crispina Titinia Iulia, Lepidia Name al 4: Table 152 76 76 lmne17:15 huhteisrpinrasMca her Macia, reads inscription the Though 195. 1972: Clemente    Menophile ( continued fi na ) CIL CIL CIL CIL CIL ILS = 10234 = CIL CIL IScM = ILS = 5748 = AE = 160 344 IPOstie-B = 182 = ILS = 3229 CIL ILS = 1355 CIL ILS IScM AE ILS ILS 7213 7220 7308 7227 88 11 1888, I,256 XIV, VI, XI, I,83 aoaDl.2nd– Dalm. Salona 8833 III, XI, II, I 8796 VI, I,7505 III, I,7532 III, 2 1955, 1700 09= 4069 31= 2311 I 129 II, 2 V, , rewmn oeI.(1) It. Rome freedwoman? equestrian(?) / decurial rewmn?Ota/ Ostia ? freedwoman oeI.()153 (1) It. Rome oi Moes. Tomis etnmI.()260 (6) It. Sentinum remsMoes. Troesmis Portus aiimHisp.Tar. Laminium uaI.()2nd– (1) It. Luna oue2/o /pi 2008 1/April 27/No. Volume Inf. Inf. t 1 early (1) It. . aei ple sMaecia as spelled is name r c. 3rd r c. 3rd –early 2nd late 170 after ? cent. 3rd r c.? 3rd E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP collegium collegium collegium collegium tHygiae et Aesculapii ieipatris Liberi lorum vernacu- collegium Romanorum collegium fabrum phorum dendro- collegium navalium fabrum collegium maius [Rom?]anense phorum dendro- collegium E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162 Salviana Egnatia aeInscription Name eentrltdt h “mother.” the same to the in related not mentioned were “daughters” (i “mothers,” depth and “Fathers,” ** width height, respectively fragment. of dimensions Max. * Civitas Domitia lui funerary Claudia ftes”“ohr”ad“agtr”adfml ebr of members female and “daughters” and “mothers” “fathers,” Arria Claudia  al 5: Table arng n olgaefntoso eaie f“mother of relatives of functions collegiate and Patronage : arnse n Mtes fRmnCollegia Roman of “Mothers” and Patronesses husband her for Salviana Egnatia by up set base statue monument and inscription dedicatory with base statue stele oafund a to contributors of list .6×08 m 0.80 × 0.96 × 1.61 sides: three on inscribed base marble details* Archaeological n bear a and lion a roses, two between bird a with top on decorated m); 0.10 × 0.505 × (1.60 stele limestone the the from possibly m, (0.55) × 0.75 plaque; marble incomplete dendrophori schola of collegium same the of patron and benefactor husband: fAttis of statuette a for base marble small relatives of functions collegiate and Patronage ulr swell. as fullers fabrum collegium quaestor) (magister, magistrates were sons and husband her o these holding husband her ffi e ihthe with ces ncito h—sfra eknow— we as far who—as inscription nw) nprnhss incomplete parentheses: In known). f , fthe of see Crispina; Sallustia a to married was he household; same the from freedman a (perhaps Aterianus pater their birthdays of order the to according listed are contributors (male) the Patres eaemembers** female filiae the mater CIL .Domitius Q. : and collegium , non-related s,” , matres I,912). XIV, n other and , E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP . 153 E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162 Optata Gavillia Nona Flavia Lucilla Fabia al 5: Table 154 aeInscription Name Festa Flavia Epipodia    ( continued album inscription funerary altars votive father-in-law her for stele(?) funerary monument and Augustalium album collegii ) incomplete etr al worn badly m, letters 0.60 × 0.60 × 1 and m 0.145 0.12– × 0.74 × 1.01 altars: limestone two of fragments details Archaeological .4×10 × m 0.04 1.01 × 1.94 pieces: three in found plaque marble incomplete abeplaque marble incomplete relatives of functions collegiate and Patronage oue2/o /pi 2008 1/April 27/No. Volume Valerianus pater etlnsNepos Vettulenus pater eddb the by headed members female lists 16 column last the ohv enadded later) been have to seem names (some / Paula / Victorina / Corni / Iustina Tzinta / / Maximina / Tiberina / Asclepiodote / Augusta / Valentina / mater Epipodia rc Ru / Greca / Hilara / Vera / Cornelia / Longa / Patres eaemembers female filiae Aurelius : T(itus) : and , matres fi na mater , E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP fi cia : E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162 eaChreste Sera Felicitas, Lartia Herais, Aurelia Prima, Eusebia Cy[s]enia, Herois Zosime Iunia Felicitas Numitoria Crispina, Titinia Iulia, Lepidia  Macedonica Licinia Menophile Macia Basilissa Marcia Victoria Memmia : arnse n Mtes fRmnCollegia Roman of “Mothers” and Patronesses collegii album inscription votive collegii album Candida Allia for base statue collegii album stele votive o e son her for patronatus tabula nbt sides. both on inscribed × m; 0.074 0.68 × 1.78 plaque: marble large ivrstatuette silver a for column marble small phorum dendro- collegium the of those B. tig(nariorum) fabrum collegium the of members the lists A. incomplete. both plaques, marble Two abebase marble abeplaque marble incomplete .5m 0.15 × 0.60 × (1.33) two, in broken m 0.40 × 0.60 ca. plaque, bronze and wife) his Martina, Vesia 2 under table further collegium same of the patron son: (see i Aphrodite Dia / Sabina Oclatia / Valeria Aurelia / Procula Volusena / Naevia Tullia / Victoria Iulia / Sura Statia members: female 7 by followed members male 55 amatores 5 male patrons, 14 lists B Side dendrophorum 1 whom among members male by 5 followed Athenais, Fl(avia) and Probit(a) ptos) 2 (patrons?), men 29 B: Plaque 3 pleb(ei) honorati mater 6 patrons, male 13 quinquennales matres olwdb 14 by followed bisellarius 2 , scribes, 2 , n a 320 ca. and matres filiae immunes E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP 1 , 12 , Iulia : 155 , E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162 Marcellina Salvia Victorina Pomponia Damale Placidia al 5: Table 156 aeInscription Name Iuliane Menia    ( continued e collegii lex inscription votive with base statue stele funerary monument and collegii album fronton; a by crowned stele marble ) ag marble Large .9×00 m 0.05 × 1.19 × 0.70 plaque: details Archaeological tree a snake around coiled a and boar a chasing dog with horseman fronton: the m. of 0.33 Decoration × 0.85 × rkno broken part Lower ff (1.05) : pater Zeno): Aelius (P. brother-in-law relatives of functions collegiate and Patronage oue2/o /pi 2008 1/April 27/No. Volume 1 birthplaces) their (with members male 11 Patres eaemembers female filiae mater and , matres olwdby followed , E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162 opbi oo satse nteinscriptions the in attested is honor public no * arn ftecity. the of patrons lvaNn lvaNn,a Nona, Flavia Nona Flavia ailaOtt her Optata Gavillia ai uil ai Lucilla Fabia Lucilla Fabia ai Festa Fabia oii iia oii iia and Civitas Domitia Civitas Domitia Epipodia gai Salviana Egnatia lui Arria Claudia  al 6: Table aeDdctrs il and Title Dedicator(s) Name lui sons Claudia 77 e loly20:71,wo oee,msael sue t assumes mistakenly however, who, 7–16, 2000: Alfo¨ldy See arscollegiorum: Matres : arnse n Mtes fRmnCollegia Roman of “Mothers” and Patronesses collegium uutlsmat(er) Augustales olgu?matr(is) collegium? collegium h association the of (standard-bearer) dumi a Asianorum dendrophorum cannophorum collegium pater otbrai ar colleg(ii) matri contubernalis n a and fthe of vexillarius il,justi title, pater fi ae coll(egiorum) mater ar sodalic(ii) / matri centonarior(um) / cent(onariorum) et fabr(um) / atrdumi ma/ter Aug(ustalium) mater pe spto nthe inscription in same patron as opted co- is of who husband her benefaction the of mater as co-opted is she mat(er) piisimis / parentib(us) fullon(um) justification ain benefactions* cation, nrecognition in . . . 77 a ohwr ootdas co-opted were both hat h otiue HS contributed she hydedicated they oehrwt a with together scaidumi) (sacrati initiates the of name the in Cybele(?) to altars votive collegium the of members the by birthdays their of celebration communal the for fund a to 6,000(?) cannophorum collegium the of to Attis statue a donated the of Benefactions E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP collegium pater she 157 E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162 lcdaDml husband Damale Placidia ei Iuliane Menia opnaVcoiaM Aurelius M. Victorina Pomponia emaVictoria Memmia ai Menophile Macia iii Macedonica Licinia uioi Felicitas Numitoria Crispina, Titinia Iulia, Lepidia acaBslsasister-in-law Basilissa Marcia ui oieInaZosime Iunia Zosime Iunia aeDdctrs il and Title Dedicator(s) Name eaChreste Sera Felicitas, Lartia Herais, Aurelia Prima, Eusebia Cy[s]enia, Herois al 6: Table 158    ( continued ) collegium collegium olgu armmti ueinostri numeri matris fabrum collegium collegium Romanorum opnaVictorina Pomponia and Successus maius [Rom?]anense dendrophorum collegium armnavalium fabrum collegium unidenti fi ed matre ar vernaculor(um) / matri mater subscriptorum Romanorum matrem ieipatris Liberi coll(egii) / mat(er) tpisme/ piissimae et fidelissi/mae uxori / feminae incom/parabili et / optimae honorific matris et parentium pietatis exemplo femine m[e]moriae indoles quondam Victoriae Memmiae dignitate a(t)que as co-opted patron is son her dend(rophororum) / matre mat(res) mater matres justification nhonore in { i } . . . entia(e) oue2/o /pi 2008 1/April 27/No. Volume ; h oae a donated she ttet Liber to statue a collegium quinquennalis a with together othe to silver of pounds two of Virtus of statuette Benefactions E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP dendrophori h dedicated she fthe of E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162  avaMarcellina Salvia : arnse n Mtes fRmnCollegia Roman of “Mothers” and Patronesses olgu Aesculapi collegium tHygiae et ar collegi(i) matri nmmr fhrlate her of memory in as Zeno, days. oe rfo on food or money the receive collegium the of members sixty the which of interest the from 50,000 HS and banqueting, for terrace roofed a and Aesculapius of statue marble a pergola, a a shrine, with land of piece a donated she husband S10,000. HS collegium E dtr’Peeec 2.24—T Preference Editors’ NEP sportulae eeto were pater donated , fi of of xed 159 E –04 3/30/2008 - X–10:45 PAGE PROOF CA 27.1 3/30/2008 06CA2701˙115-162 lmad .M 97 “E 1987. M. J. Flambard, obs .P 1996. P. E. Forbis, rmn .C a,1996. van, C. H. Bremen, nesr .15.“e tdptoa nIainuddnWes den und Italien in Stadtpatronat “Der 1957. F. Engesser, glafGie,U,adA cafr d.2002. Scha¨fer, eds. A. and U., Egelhaaf-Gaiser, olan .1998. B. Bollmann, edi,A 02 Gmishf,O “Gemeinschaft, 2002. A. Bendlin, 1982. M. Ausbu¨ttel, F. lo ly .17.“idrgam ndnr¨ice Sta¨dt ro¨mischen den in “Bildprogramme 1979. Alfo¨ldy, G. 160 oe,J d 2001. ed. J. Bodel, c,W 92 Erne urProe oe soziopolitisch hohen Personen fu¨r “Ehrungen 1992. W. Eck, lmne .17.“lptoaoniclei el meoR impero dell’ collegia nei patronato “Il 1972. G. Clemente, roe,B .1982. J. B. Brooten, aten .1975. P. Castre´n, hsanl .1978. A. Chastagnol, ’rs .H 00 Mmr,MnyadSau tMsnm Thr Misenum. at Status and Money “Memory, 2000. H. J. D’Arms, io,S 1988. S. Dixon, uhy .18a Sn tfnto uptoa uiia du municipal patronat du fonction et “Sens 1984a. R. Duthoy, o mshnBrf- ut n uutln olge nIta in Kollegien Augustalen- und Kult- Berufs-, ro¨mischen ece i ikein”P.ds.Uiest¨ Freiburg. Universita¨t diss. Ph. Diokletian.” bis Reiches ooayInscriptions Honorary ams olqimi atnvm2 i .Mi1990 Mai Tu¨bingen. Funktionswand 4. bis Der 2. Chr. vom Xanten n. in Jahrhundert Kolloquium Raumes. 2. im Stadt ro¨mische ouarsd atepr.Aayed ugtd ulusco ed., quelques Hinard, de F. romain, In budget du d’Italie.” et Analyse Rome haut-empire. du populaires FAS Heidelberg. 19. Wissenschaften der Akademie delberger Phil Wissenschaften, der Heidelberg. 3. Akademie Klasse Heidelberger der lungen i:dsZunsdrStatuenpostamente.” der Zeugnis das sis: Hmnj acaBlioIV) Bellido Garcia a (Homenaje n rvtnBrih”I .J cals .vnHsegand Hesberg von H. Schalles, H.-J. In Bereich.” privaten und nekne udnMsenscae rnn nRm”I .Eg U. In Rom.” in Ordnung Scha¨fer, eds., A. socialer Mustern den zu Anmerkungen ati h elnsi n oa Periods. Roman and Hellenistic the in East ica n akrudIssues Background and Rome. Orientali 145–56. rmthe from    94.“cnro ec-paindsptosmncpu e municipaux patrons des co-optation de “Scenarios 1984b. . 2000. . 1984. . 6 23–48. 46: 1 Kallmu¨nz. 11. 1–4 ce uclou eCe,2–2nvmr 95 Caen 1985. novembre 20–22 Caen, de colloque du Actes 215–44. collegium 1 142–229. 21: o msh tte nVntae iti.EirpiceQue Epigraphische Histria. et Venetia in Statuen Ro¨mische rvni ipnaSuperior Hispania Provincia h oa Mother Roman The ropplsu opins oiyadSceyi oa Pom Roman in Society and Polity Pompeianus. populusque Ordo pgahcEiec.AcetHsoyfo Inscriptions from History Ancient Evidence. Epigraphic uiia ite nteRmnEpr.TeEiec fItali of Evidence The Empire. Roman the in Virtues Municipal oe edr nteAcetSngge ncitoa Evid Inscriptional Synagogue. 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