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www.jungsteinSITE.de untersucht. Bei der Frage nach Bedeutungsinhalten verschiedener verschiedener Bedeutungsinhalten nach Frage der Bei untersucht. Zusammenfassung influences. by many-sided was shaped phenomenon Beaker Bell Danish the of culture material the that arguing but asingle origin, of source rejecting influence, of directions the discusses article this Finally, society. Neolithic Late of organisation social the of standing under our for implications wider has This ly,traditions. matrimonial consequent and, patterns learning reflect may pottery of tribution at Bejs found ware coarse of types different also but Beakers, Bell only not comprising potsherds of selection comprehensive a of analysis detailed a is article this for point starting others? in The rejected but regions some in adopted Beakers Bell whyare bution? Furthermore, distri of area wide their over all same the beakers of meaning bolic sym the is and forth, so and religion rank, gender, to respect with identities social reflect pottery the Does questions: following the to answers seeking and pottery distinctive this of meaning the on ing Abstract Torben Sarauw, Aarhus* Phenomenon Danish –the Case European of the Beaker Bell Outskirts the On dern zahlreicher Einflussrichtungen. zahlreicher dern son einzigen, einer Resultat als nicht Glockenbecher dänischen die sieht Autor Der diskutiert: Glockenbecher dänischen die auf tungen Einflussrich werden Artikels des Ende Am Gesellschaften. lithischer das Verständnis spätneo für hat Konsequenzen Dies widerspiegeln. Traditionen matrimoniale Konsequenz, als und, Lernmuster dürfte Siedlung der innerhalb Keramik der Verteilung räumliche Die land. Glockenbecher-Siedlung in Nordjüt einer Keramik aus Bejsebakken, nicht? in anderen akzeptiert, Regionen inmanchen Glockenbecher Werden identisch? Verbreitungsgebiet gesamten ihrem in Becher der Bedeutungsinhalte symbolischen die Sind erkennbar? Religion) terschiedlichen Keramiken soziale Identitäten (z. im Vordergrund: WerdenAspekte Keramiken in folgende un stehen Ausgangspunkt der Studie ist eine repräsentative Stichprobe von Stichprobe repräsentative eine ist Studie der Ausgangspunkt Dänemark in Glockenbecher-Phänomen das wird Artikel dem In This article explores the Danish Bell Beaker byphenomenon focus e bakken, bakken, a site settlement Jutland. in The intra-site northern dis B. B. Geschlecht, Rang, ------* er from Solbakkegård. from er beak the of drawing unpublished an use me letting for Siemen Palle to ed indebt am I Finally, collections. their through looking was I when sistance as kind and information providing for Museum, Grenå and Sønderskov at museum the Museum, Viborg um, Muse Skive Museum, Randers Muse um, Vesthimmerlands Haderslev Museum, especially museums, of as thanks well to the staff Many at a number English. my correcting for art Coz Stacey and Sarauw Lone to go also Thanks article. this of versions er earli on comments useful providing for Simonsen John and Jensen, Juel Helle Vandkilde, Helle to thankful is The author Bell Beaker phenomenon. Danish the of aspects different yses anal dissertation The Aarhus. of sity Univer Archaeology, Prehistoric of Department the at progress in tion This article is part of a PhD disserta PhD a of part is article This September 15,September 2007 ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 is not to be seen as representing a homogenous coherent culture. coherent homogenous a representing as seen be to Beakers not is Bell of distribution the Furthermore, 2004). Nielsen 2005; Møbjerg/Mikkelsen 1983; Simonsen 1993; Boas (cf. sites settlement on found mostly 1970,(cf.areClarke beakers Danish the 4), whereas in equipment central Europe and on the British Isles occurs in graves Beaker Bell most that fact the by shown is This adopted. and cepted ac blindly However,not areas. were customsother new in on going some least at that and interaction, or exchange of networks the measure followed some in practices religious also that indicate cremations sometimes and graves, archery graves, tiered as such practises ary mortu within customs new of dispersal the Also 39). 2006, Sarauw of loom weights on sites settlement (cf. Jensen 1972, 90; 1996,177 (Vandkilde axes flat copper of production Danish first the to led ter and metallurgy gained a footing in domestic life and culture. The lat weaving both Furthermore, 2007). (Sarauw arrowheads sure-flaked pres and daggers flint bifacial flint: in weapons of types new in ly indirect resulted continent the from influences the – Beakers Bell 1987,ratt 84 Bronze Age cultures of central Europe (cf. Shennan 1993, Early 154 the and Beaker-phenomenon Bell the within embedded ture innovation and material in cul prosperity escoincide general a with Cul ture (SGC) Grave and the beginning Single of the Late the Neolithic (LN). These of chang end the marks culture material in change This 2005).2001; dag 1973; Vandkilde Lomborg flint (cf. BC bifacial 2350 about and gers pottery Beaker-like Bell of Jut form of the in parts land northern and central the in emerge culture material 1. Introduction 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Contents in material culture (cf. Vandkilde2005, 30). to various of types local Late Neolithic or Early Bronze Age groupings placements in time and usually as smaller bound beaker islands next dis small with appears culture material Beaker Bell contrary, the On olwn a eea Erpa dvlpet nw rdtos in traditions new development, European general a Following References 8.2 8.1 Catalogues outpost? aremote or identities shared – Denmark in Culture Beaker Bell Conclusion: influence of –directions Europe in culture Beaker Bell Jutland in chronology Beaker Bell the on Notes graves in and sites Danish at other pottery Beaker distribution: of context the Expanding 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 study –acase Beakers Bell Danish The identities? social of display The Pottery. Beaker Bell Introduction people in Denmark and elsewhere were aware of what was what of aware were elsewhere and Denmark in people Catalogue B. Burials with straight-walled or curved beakers curved or straight-walled with Burials B. Catalogue pottery Beaker Bell with sites Settlement A. Catalogue Bejesebakken from pottery The classification and Definitions criticism source and contexts on Comments Beakers? Bell of border northern to the –close Bejsebakken with Bell Beaker-like ornament Beaker-like Bell with 3.4.4 3.4.3 3.4.2 3.4.1 ff.), whereas weaving is documented through several finds several ff.), through documented weaving is whereas Spatial distribution Spatial Decoration techniques Ornamentation charcterisation General ff.).In Jutland, besides the –new the andpottery special

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September 15, 2007 choices, gender and so on might have been the same or similar (cf. similar or same the been have might on so and gender choices, technological exchange, organisation, social occupation, regarding pr some that suggest they contrary, the On ignored. be ply sim cannot spatial distances and temporal of regardless societies in blances in material and culture, pattern so forth disposal, settlement 399 2000, (Costin past the translating and culturematerial interpreting for models ble indispensa with us provide analogies ethnographic However,ers). oth 1999, and (Gosden 9 another" of past the interpret to simply ty in archaeology because "… we can never use the present of one socie (cf. 1986, Hodder 109 straightforward seldom and multiple is culture material of meaning symbolic the that studies ethnoarchaeological several from know of fundamental aspects social practice. This would be a sincepity we some revealing of instead 'cultures', archaeological and objects of descriptions only concerning to relapse might archaeology proach, from and social theory anthropology. Thus, without a theoretical ap material ethnographic both discusses which paper, this of chapter were intended? messages these whom for And conferred? beakers the messages what question the travelfar.not raises did This apparently and household the haveleft never might pottery Beaker Bell Danish the document analyses tion sec thin of majority the As contexts? local various to adjusted and meaning of the totally pottery changed when adapted in other identity?the was Or social of kind some perhaps reflecting tribution dis of areas vast the in value symbolic same the have did beakers the Furthermore, phenomenon. Beaker Bell the of distribution tal to the within areas other from people to sense made patterns the if and Beakers meanings Bell on what ornamentation special ask the to attached particular were in might One answers. than tions ques more to rise gives naturally – Denmark in house sunken a in or Britain, in henges with connection in Spain, in cave a in found er wheth – ornamentation the and profile curved the especially rope, 272 1991; Rice 2006, (cf.Weedman female were potters most that sume as we if Accordingly, practices. matrimonial their and settlements associatedbe primarily with the social organisation of Late might it below, However, argued as differences. chronological in ed root part in or the wholly be hypothetically might distribution site. This within ornaments of distribution internal the concerning tails de interesting some as well as material, comparative of body large a provides approach this Furthermore, emerges. it which in context Late the and Denmark in pottery Beaker-like Bell Neolithic Late early the about knowledge of lack general the to due chosen is strategy This 17,950 and potsherds. houses Neolithic Late 23 ing compris Bejsebakken, site, key excavated recently a from pottery BeakerBell difficultconcept. to maintaina be would it age'. and ornamentation without this of pottery kind special Indeed, 'pack Beaker Bell the of core the constitutes it because vestigation in the of focus the is pottery The others. and Hobsbawm Jenkins, Barth, as such scholars of work the in sought therefore is spiration In pottery. Beaker Bell Danish of selection a of analysis contextual subsequent the of background theoretical the provide will identity 2001; 1978;David/Kramer Hodder 2000; Hegmon 1985). Kramer The point of departure, though, is a comprehensive selection of of selection comprehensive a is though, departure, of point The social of display the to connected as culture material Beaker Bell Criticism against the raised has parallels use of been ethnographic next the in discussed further be will more and questions These overall EuBeakers Bell between resemblance of degree high The f.; Wright 1991, 214), one must ask if the learning patterns of, for for of, patterns 1991,Wright learning f.; the if 214),ask must one f.; Weedman 2006, 248). Furthermore, the resem the Furthermore, 248). 2006, Weedman f.; ff.; Miller 1985). Neolithic Neolithic Neolithic o cesses areas ------1

1 cultural capital. capital. cultural and (1977) social Bourdieu’s includes 1986, der 124), extreme, the in which, Hod (cf. ideas and symbols sociated as of content the to particular in fers In this article the term 'meaning' re 'meaning' term the article this In - - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 pose a number of questions in this regards. Does it relate to some some to relate it Does regards. this in questions of number a pose and Beaker-like decoration Bell toinvestigateis of cern meaning the con particular my analogies, ethnographical to addition in culture material and identity of theories current addresses which chapter, 1994,97 Barrett (cf. status social of expression the as especially identity, social of kind some of to ascribed huge importance the beakers in social strategies as overt symbols have scholars Thus, 2004). Linden Vander 1984; Richards 1991;Thorpe/ Thomas 1995; Mizoguchi (cf. models explanatory cal (Boast theoreti complex of functional heart the at are 1995,they studies 69),many in strictly been have might meaning original their identities? social of display The Pottery. Beaker Bell 2. Scandinavia. South of not inthe rest but here ed adopt was phenomenon materialthiswhy on focusing Jutland, ern 2005, 16 (cf. them Kristiansen/Larsson ject material culture are adopted in areas, certain whereas other areas re Besse 2004, 142). Moreover, the discussesarticle why of types certain (cf. culture Neolithic Late indigenous within locally for searched be should culture material Beaker Bell of adoption the for reasons the Instead existed. origin of place exact thatno case Jutish the garding 1976,(cf.Clarke phenomenon Beaker 461), Bell entire the for re and account can model general no that argued is it work present the in 1976; (Shennan However, 1977). elite emerging an defining as seen are items associated and beakers where model', prestige 'the is ter the dispersal of new trends in material culture. An example of the lat or changes explain to models general other or migration either ing nations are rooted in or cultural-historical processual approaches us such exami Often to phenomenon. Beaker tributing theDanish Bell an uxorilocal or virilocal pattern of residence (cf. Hallgren 2000, 188). instance, mother/daughter or mother-in-law/daughter-in-law implied sender (ibid. 21–22). (ibid. sender the by intended were they as interpreted and received are signals the that sure be cannot one though even receiver the by validated tobe has also identity This signals. controlled less or more some ing tion of social identities it is not bytoenough an identity send assert the definitionsofoffered oneself by others (ibid. 20). Inthe construc include processes external the while self-definitions, on-going cern con processes internal The processes. external and internal be tween interplay simultaneous and dialectical the as model same the using understood be can identities social collective and individual thatis conclusionskey Jenkins’ 5).of (ibid. One others" of and selves are, people and, reciprocally, other of people’s them understanding that states "social is identity of our who understanding we are further and of who other He difference. and similarity of basis the on ers oth with relations social their through others and themselves guish distin people which in ways the concerns identity social 4),(1996, the 3 of the end value, same and symbolic was it 'readable' in of large Europe parts at the have pottery of kind special this did Finally, customs? sociated ge these for identities cultural shared about talk to all at possible it Is ethnicity, religion etc. on a groups, Jutlandic, or maybe regional even European, rank, scale? gender, of field the in identity social of kind Following the sociologist and anthropologist Richard Jenkins Jenkins Richard anthropologist and sociologist the Following that possibility the and pots, just are beakers that fact the Despite north of phenomenon Beaker Bell the reassess Finally,article this con influence of directions the explores article this Furthermore, o graphical areas on the basis of a few types of artefacts and as and artefacts of types few a of basis the on areas graphical rd millennium BC? millennium ff.; Boast 1998, 386; Shennan Shennan this 1986).386; In Boast ff.; 1998, ff.). ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 selves and others. others. selves and them categorised and of perceived prehistory in people how cisely pre tell never can we because categorical become then identities social past Most existed. actually never that identities collective or categories creating of danger the entails over.This left be may nals sig what read to attempting archaeologists but people past other 82).(ibid. However, is not the observer context in this archaeological observers by constituted is collective the and collective the of ence exist the of ignorant be may members the second, the In it. prises com what and who knows and existence own its of aware is lective two differentways of looking atsocial interaction.In the first,the col in common. Thus, we findtwo different kinds ofcollectiveidentity or haveto believed are they what and other each to similar are people (1996, 80 Jenkins of minology ter the in identities' 'collective of concept the to comparable gree 95). (ibid. life-cycle or style life- place as such relevance general culture, of code social a material to according people in patterns through explorable are which identities, categorical that states Sørensen 110). (ibid. Furthermore, groups' several 'cultural by shared and wealth in differences cross-cutting were categories these of some of principles the Apparently groups. between than rather within differences of and construction the women, among especially differences, categorical express to made were intensity 101). (ibid. varying of standing social Efforts be binations displaying regionality, contacts, social categories and may com different of lot a in used were fittings dress and ornaments its and costume female the Germany southern of Age the Bronze in Middle example, For identities. social of kinds certain displaying in used actively was Age Bronze the in culture material that shows ly convincing who (1997), Sørensen is these of One 1983). Wiessner tential is shown by several (cf. scholars Gosselain 2000; Bowser 2000; po such holds actually culture material That identity. social cerning signalscon passsending material for culture aspotential a medium is not view encom that of point does it an archaeological from seen fined and expressed through action or everyday practice and ma and practice everyday or action through expressed and fined changeable. highly more torobust change later in life than other identities, which are all 21). Such early in which life identities, byare formed are socialisation 1996, (Jenkins kinship and ethnicity humane sometimes and gender, selfhood encompass ness, which identities primary added be might this To humorous. or warrior father, husband, example for – way same the in systematised be couldnot which identities other of of member clan X (ibid.). might The same person also hold a number or Kikuyu Kenyan, African, as example, for described, be could tity who calls thattoattention by the a Eriksen, fact person’s social iden given is identities social segmentary of complexity the illustrating example An relevant. is fellowship or group which decides context groups can be activated if (ibid.; necessary Lucy 2005, 101). The social certain of memberships or identities different other.These each lap all are persons of members many differentgroups which partly over Eriksen to Accordingscale." large the to small the from move we as or concentric circles, which includes an increasing number of boxes Chinese of series a as actor an of identities social the imagine of view is presented by (2001, Thomas Hylland Eriksen 272): "We may point similar A studies. archaeological in ignored been have layers have individuals manythese of that and overlappingidentities most We might then say that social identity is socially and culturally de culturally and socially is identity thatsocial say We then might that stresses rightfully also (1997, she 93),Sørensen to Returning Sørensen’s concept of 'categorical identities' is then to a certain de framework theoretical Jenkins’ in weaknesses greatest the of One ff.), which concern the ways in which in ways the concern which ff.), people people ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 tribal boundaries, while others respected them. In the central Barin central the In them. respected others while crossed boundaries, tribal items material some how shown further has He 85). (ibid. flow" information of networks or distinctions ethnic disrupt, or tain main deny,to or emphasise to used be may types artefact dividual culture and that materialplay in materialsymbols an social active part strategies: "In of nature complex the showed moreover studies were actively used to express identity while others were not. His case culture material of forms certain that demonstrated (1982)has der may manyorder include items different relating to material culture. nals of the firstorder areof interest to thebecause this archaeologist sig Especially orientations. value basic and – houses of types or ing dress of ways example, for – identity show to order in exhibit or for i. signs, or signals overt orders: two the tocultural contentBarth, of ethnic toseems categorisation of be According ignored. are others difference, of emblems and signals as actors the by used are features cultural Some significant. as regard themselves actors the which those only but differences, 'objective' of sum the not are account into taken features The differences. and similarities cultural and units ethnic between relationship simple a in isolation (Lucy 2005, 100). He also thatstressed we cannot assume studied be cannot therefore and inter-connected closely are terms ideas mayabout ethnicity also concern these social because identity Barth’s of Many borders. ethnic particular in and groups ethnic tain the differentprocessesHe explored problems. that create and main these of some addressed indeed has Boundaries",Barth Fredrik and thing to share and/or about. different be some – groups between contact of kind some be to has there tity So, for a group to become aware of its own ethnicity or cultural iden groups that differentkinds of oridentity occurethnicity (Barth 1969). other with contacts through only is it and culture, material in trasts one belongs to. The cultural borders are established by creating con which is, or of showing group one who tery, isburials and on so part pot ornaments, clothes, as such culture 1977).Material Wobst 273; 1997, 120 Jones (cf. culture terial 209). Furthermore, Gosselain finds that the technological style re style technological the that finds (ibid. Gosselain interaction Furthermore, 209). of networks loose through space in distribution wide gain and over time fluctuate consequence,they a As copied. ly salient stage of decoration techniques and their motifs, they are easi the to Due 2000). (Gosselain pottery Beaker Bell of meaning ciated and asso discussiondispersal of the wide a basisprovide further for and technological style fashioning and social identity in Africa might explan an However,1985,88). Kramer (cf. model explanatory general a create to attempted has nobody that wonder no is it and added, be could examples 241). more 2000, Many (Browser identity political presses ex Amazon Ecuadorian the in potters female by made decoration pottery on And domination. male against protest ritual and bolic sym of means a as Sudan in women by used was pottery mented Weedman272 2006, of or groups individuals (cf. 1992, Hegmon 522 identity the displaying communication non-verbal as acted or aries bound maintained and havemarked only not may decorations The topics. many with associated and multiple be might pottery on tion competition. tive inbetween-group role ac an played distinction material the So expected. havebeen could opposite the though even borders across interaction vivid of spite in maintained were study,distinctions materialculture clearcase go According to other ethnographic studies, the meaning of decora of meaning the studies, ethnographic other to According Using of studies Ianfrom ethnographic differentAfrica, parts Hod In his famous work from 1969, the "Introduction" in "Ethnic Groups a tory model focusing on the dispersal and correlation of of correlation and dispersal the on focusing model tory f.). Hence, according to Braithwaite (1982), orna . Lc 20, 0; isnr 1983, 101; Wiessner 2005, Lucy f.; e. the features that people look look people that features the e. ff.; Kramer 1985, 83 ff.; ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 the orientation of the body changed (cf. changed Vander the body of 2003). Linden the orientation may have taken place in this This region. is illustrated by the that fact or religious in changes major period, previous the in as burial of type same the in used were they However, though even 2001,Turek/Černý604 (cf. pottery decorated bell-shaped and gear archery daggers, of kinds different by placed graves of central Europe where battle axes and AOC beakers were re nan 1977, 53; Strahm 2004, 122). Beakers are, for instance, seen in male (Besse 2001, of more styles local to pottery appear next 277 and traditions and contexts local existing already enter beakers the 86 2001, Kunst (cf. settlements fortified the Iberian Peninsula, Bell Beakers even occur in and long-term large On 2004). 1995; Linden 1980;StrahmVander Harrison (cf. on so and barrows cemeteries, grave flat caves, tombs, megalithic including of types different in or henges sites, settlement at dominant are simply too different: in areasgeographical different they are pre tural identities across wide areas. The contexts including Bell cul shared symbolised have 2001, 278)or Besse (cf. value symbolic same exact the have had chapter,this cannot they of beginning the ways thingsthe shared (ibid.). doing of through generated continually be haveto that identities communal the articulation of social which practices, typesof differentconstruct in factors key are production and use of context social Here, in interactions. culture material of uses the through studied best is tities 101(2005, Lucy Sam lines, same the Along affiliation. cultural and kin of networks social reflecting gender and castes divisions, language with coincides sion diffu 210) their that(2000, demonstrates Gosselain Africa, in ioning fash pot of kinds particular of dispersal the at Interestingly,looking 102).2005, 1986; Lucy 1990;Lemonnier (Edmonds context historical opératoires chaînes group. to aparticular importance ideological or meaning symbolic haveadditional could it that preclude not does he though even identity, of facets temporary and situational, superficial, flects beaker-free beaker-free areas and in the Corded Ware culture (see above). For in gion and belief at a very detailed level since they are also prevalent in However, these customs are not necessarily due to similarities in reli anonymous. more are graves female the whereas conspicuous, is ty identi warrior idealised of kind some havingas males the depicting tradition the Especially age. and gender with connected be to seem traditions burial as observed, be may tendencies overall some gion, 1998). al. et Benz also see (Clarke space and 1976; time Shennan 1977; in differ might intensity whose networks, interaction superior by together joined and text, but con cultural local region, the on depending likenesses, tooverall certain with region from somewhat varying customs, and ob jects specific of gathering a as viewed be should phenomenon the others, and Shennan following partly and Instead, regions. bouring neigh some between or level regional very a on most ethnic at identities, or collective sharing people of groups reflect not did enon phenom Beaker Bell the view of point my in Hence, mark. local the to due different quite also but familiar looked have might beakers 'foreign' and beakers, the of distribution wide the of aware not ably presum were populations Such populations. unaffiliated culturally among often thereby and life of conditions different with ronments envi geographical and climatic different very in adopted also were With regard to beakers and the display of gender, rank and reli and rank gender, of display the and beakers to regard With they that clear is it beakers, of distribution wide the at Looking at asked questions the of some and Beakers Bell the to Returning The same is not true for other categories of production (notably the ) and use constituted within a specific social and and social specific a within constituted use and ) ff. )��

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September 15, 2007 (Case 1995, 60). associatedbe with gender, since the males received the largest ones ious spheres of life in society. Also the sizes of British beakers seem to ferent groups age-class areflecting basic principlestructuring invar beakers Wessex of (1995, Mizoguchi dif graves, represent from they that 184) suggests sample a of investigation the on the Based for burial. made especially were beakers some that indicating good, treatment was surface their and designs complex gravesin very had settl at found ers beak the than fabric to regard with quality poorer a of were burials 72 (1995, Boast context. funeral a in behaviour of norms or relatetotraditions 1997, 1977,(Brodie 2001,Shennan Salanova 99; 300; 56); graves contemporary most in occur they since wealth and prestige ciety. it Nonetheless, is difficult tosee the beakersalone assignalling wealth and that mightthe deceased have in status so a special held indicating the parameter a be of to seems quantity quality their also the but beakers only not however, graves, such In 2003). 2002; (Fitzpatrick Wiltshire in Amesbury aswealthsuch gravessupreme of in and ones ordinary quite in both 1970,4), (Clarke graves most in to as meaning compared the 'common symbolic ware'.a particular Černý 2001, well have may606). Beakers very Bell In thisheld region, 1977,Turek/ 53;1978;Shennan (Havel graves male than pots more often present in male graves, whereas female graves frequently have age or gender (Müller 2001, 592). In fact, Bell Beakers proper are more of Bell Beakers or 'common ware', occurs in most graves regardless of via the situation was Here, pottery, insomewhat different. the shape (Sarauw 2007).Mora sphere and tomale the Bohemia In connected especially were they that implies This arrowheads. and daggers flint In banquets. and this region idealised identities focused on feasts the display of like occasions special on particular in used was and tus exclude the possibility that the might pottery have held a special sta not does However,this activities. domestic to connected be should they part most the for therefore and burials in used rarely only were of a stamp more local stance, in Jutland the and Beakers Bell pottery visible material often transmitted messages regarding group or eth or group regarding messages transmitted materialvisible often 521). 1992,Highly (Hegmon stylistically transmitted information of terial visibility, the marking of social distance, and the kind particular al comparison, Jones and Hegmon found a ma connection between choices(cf. Friedman1994, 1983, 29;Wiessner 259). cross-cultur a In obvious more much are of hairstyle or clothes as such culture materialtypes distinct more and other which for like, the or ethnicity of not the intended for display ment sites. were Suchprobably beakers passive and way. relatively superficial a in still but communalidentities or collective of creation the of part may, then, in combination with other material culture and people, be way that was obvious to the The participant. use of beakers in graves a in society surrounding the and relatives, deceased, the value depicting symbolic high of items be also might goods grave the ever, How after-world. the to journey the on necessities as viewed been havemight they and belief, and traditions of continuation cultural a with connected be must graves in beakers of use The normal. been have might customs other areas other in 2001, whereas 47), Linden Vander 186;1990, (Barrett practiced been have reasons might social feasting and for display on put been have may goods grave the and deceased the areas some 91).1994, In (Barrett actions emonial cer same the of part necessarily not were beakers regions, various h sm sgas a b poie b baes sd n settle on used beakers by provided be may signals same The in graves of types different in occur beakers that fact the Despite occur beakers Here traditions. other had turn, in Isles, British The ff.) has demonstrated that in that demonstrated has ff.) e ment sites. Furthermore, often the often Furthermore, sites. ment general ekr i British in beakers beakers found found beakers rather,they ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 sented above, I will proceed to examine the Danish case in greater in case Danish the examine to proceed will I above, sented pre Beakers Bell and identities social on thoughts the upon Based time. through and region to region from considerably varied have well could networks interaction these of character The BC. lennium 3 late and mid the in society in prosperity and innovation of flow general a by created were that interaction of networks the by enabled culture material of categories particular sharing people of groups different mirror to seems pottery Beaker Bell of distribution the Instead, sphere. social same the from people or ideology same the presenting as beakers of interpretation universal a justify ever, how not, do similarities Such level. unconscious and passive a on though identity, communal of kind some maybe and age, gender, regarding level general very a on re similarities reflect some therefore gions in similarities Contextual same. the not were burials the of contexts the burials, with associated mostly are beakers though even Hence, appear. beakers the which in contexts determined ally cultur and environmental different the by indicated is This bution. distri of areas geographical different their in same the exactly been cial identity suggests that the meaning of the beakers could not have Danish 2005 (Klassen cently case examined beakers are thought to have contained beer, as made known by a re 209 1999, Tite 2003; al. et Craig 2005; al. et Copley (cf.analysis other or residue pid li investigationsusing future by documented and expected be to is 298 1997, use 1987,2001,a Linden 47)Sherratt such 1995, Vander (Brodie 60; Case 96; beakers with connection in documented erly prop not is alcohol of consumption the though even Furthermore, shape. and size their to due surprise a as come not may vessels ing drink as used were probably beakers most that1994, 319). fact The tion with feasting, celebrations banquets, or visiting travellers (Vencl connec in used vessels visible socially as and life everyday in used (ibid.). systems belief or ritual about messages transmitted often domains private for intended materials visible less whereas boundaries, nic places in the mostly sandy subsoil. sandy places inthe mostly area was used for farming, which resulted in plough in marks various the excavation, the to Prior on. so and pits layers, culture houses, ic 2002;Age 1976),(Nielsen Ørsnes 23 LateNeolith thearea contained Iron Late the from site settlement large a revealing 1). Besides (Fig. Lim and Aalborg development town to to due 2000 and in excavated 1999 was close fjorden, Hill Hasseris on located – sites Danish Beakers? Bell of border northern to the –close Bejsebakken 3.1 materialized. phenomenon Beaker Bell Danish the which in context typical the understand to order in necessary is forth so and houses the settlement, the of tion descrip short a intoDanishregion, the beakers of adoption the and potters local of identities associated the investigating further and 3. level. aregional on phenomenon Beaker Bell the explain subsequently and pinpoint to trying detail, The settlement site of Bejsebakken – one of the northernmost northernmost the of one – Bejsebakken of site settlement The Denmark and Bejsebakken from pottery the presenting Before To conclude: this small-scale investigation into Bell Beakers and so items as both interpreted be may Beakers Bell perspective, this In The Danish Bell Beakers – a case study –acase Beakers Bell Danish The ff.). Besides, already from the beginning of the SGC, SGC, the of beginning the from already Besides, ff.). 2

a, 39;a, 2005 b). rd mil f.; ------2 of daggers is published elsewhere elsewhere press). in 2006; (Sarauw published is daggers of manufacture the concerning pects as and structure, settlement the es, A detailed description of all description A the detailed hous - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 10 of two houses with sunken east ends at Bejsebakken document that document at Bejsebakken sunkenends with east houses two of analyses phosphate Thus, work. or storage for used area an or area habitation the of part the as seen at be should situated house, the of typically end eastern part, sunken The subsoil. one the almost into dug metre sometimes was part sunken the 70–110 and m², (Fig. inthe third house 3). was not preserved a construction such whereas tonorth, the found were posts wall inner and outer of more, in of two the houses traces consisting of a setting post double 15.5 m and lay almost E-W, turned slightly 5.75to the Further north-west. about measured roof, the supporting postholes five had of group same the by constructed were houses these Presumably, houses. of concentration south-eastern the in situated houses similar almost three by illustrated as constructions, identical 61). In houses general, the without sunkentwo-aisled hadfloors very of sort some shed or shack for as working or for storing food functioned or the like (Sarauw probably 2006, which houses, sunken-floor small four were exceptions only The sizes. and constructions similar Age.likely dating toBronze the Early most mound burial more one yielded area the excavation, this to or pri investigated mounds three and mounds burial protected two from 2).Apart (Fig. areas four or three within clustered houses lithic As regards the large huts with sunken floors, the sizes vary from from vary sizes the floors, sunken with huts large the regards As The 23 houses, both with and without sunken floors, displayed very Within the c. 80,300 m² large area that was excavated, the Late Neo A173 A170 Aalborg A67 A66

L i m

Protected mounds Protected mounds f

j Raised LitorinaSea-bed o The HasserisHill

n H a s s e r i s

A210 Å A542 A192 O

A525 A530 A505 A499 st erå BEJSEBAKKEN A568 A679 A407 A222 A237 A556 A606 A539 A214 A500 A104 A896 A827 3 people. They They people. 0 Burial mound hu Sunken-floor hous Tw 50 t o-aisled e A713 A643 100 x 14– m N - - ben von feuchten Niederungen. feuchten von ben umge Halbinsel, oder Insel eine um sich es handelte Spätneolithikum Im resgrundes. Mee Littorina angehobenen des Bereich „The te im Kalksteinformation Hasseris Hill“ brei km 2,7 und lange km 4,5 Die 1. Abb. 2006). Sarauw (after wetland a by or surrounded peninsula island an likely was area the lithic Neo Late the In seabed. Littorina raised surrounding the and Hill' formation Hasseris 'The limestone wide km 2.7 long km 4.5 and approximately The 1. Fig. ably belong to the Early Bronze Age. The The Age. Bronze Early the to belong ably presum but undated are mounds burial tures in included the Most analysis. of the ture layers and other struc contemporary cul houses, Neolithic Late the of cation lo the showing Map Bejsebakken. 2. Fig. + 57 NN von m auf. Höhe Das zezeitlich. nordöstliche Areal weist eine frühbron wahrscheinlich aber undatiert, tigt wurden. Die der Mehrheit Grabhügel ist die in tige der Befunde, Analyse berücksich gleichzei andere und Kulturschichten ser, Häu Abb. Spätneolithische 2. Bejsebakken. 2006). Sarauw (after level sea area was up to 57 m above north-eastern ------ www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 11 However, 22 radiocarbon datings, as well as the find material, clear material, find the as well as datings, radiocarbon However,22 have bones No press). preserved. been in (Sarauw, I type of daggers several them among tools, and flakes flint of thousands and charcoal, stones, included fire-cracked pottery, the besides which, materials, find rich (see 1992,ing Zimmerman also 192 build the of out drafts and cold keep to easier was it because haps toin order save periods and per wastimber tion favoured in certain construc of 1997).type this (cf. Age Nielsen Bronze probability all In Single Grave Culture (Boas 1993; Hvass 1977) as well as from the Early even though comparable constructions are also known from the late Jutland northern and central of milieu Beaker Bell Neolithic Late the 1987,Asingh 146 footnote and 21; 52). 2006, Sarauw here (cf. place took sometimes activities special that indicates floors sunken some of bottom the at located depressions small of number (ibid.). the part non-sunken meets In the addition, part presence of a sunken the where or part sunken the in situated often are present, when fireplaces, that fact the on relies interpretation this thermore, 56 2006, (Sarauw stables as used not was floor sunken the part of part maythe artefacts be ascribed to the habitation phase, and of wereof ments bifacial daggers However,present. limitedonly a very frag discarded of number a that fact the to due dis family a tinguished of house the 2758) (THY Thy in houses the of one considers (cf. 1997, Earle in press). (ibid.), 29;Earle Prieto-Martinez, instance,for house the of time habitation the with waste deposited secondarily from and Bejsebakken most other similar from sites. Many scholars, however, pottery wrongly equate the the with case the also is This the house house deposited after waspits (Fig.former 4).abandoned in or pits in depositions secondary of part as earth dark in found is sites settlement from pottery the of most Thus, criticism. related source to aspects on focusing inspection closer deserves context of ciated with houses sunken-floor (seepp. 48 criticism source and contexts on Comments 3.2 have later asomewhat dating (c. BC). 2200–2000 huts sunken-floor the of part major the whereas 63), 2006, Sarauw seem to tobelong an early phase of the habitation (c. 2400–2200 BC, sunkenfloor a without houses 2005, 9). kilde two-aisled the Many of (Vand I) (LN BC 2350–2000 approximately Jutland, northern of lieu ly place the within settlement the early Late Neolithic Bell Beaker mi 0 Since the majority of the Danish Bell Beaker-like pottery is asso is pottery Beaker-like Bell Danish the of majority the Since below. discussed further be will habitation the of duration The As indicated above, the sunkenof the parts houses contained very to attributed particularly are houses similar context Danish a In A2 2 11 4 m A210 ff.). A206 ff.Catalogue A), thistype A207 A192 A193 ff.). A208 3 Fur ------ lichen Typs.lichen unterschied Flintsicheln bifazielle vier cher floor ohne Haus Im Beziehung. phische stratigra klare über ohne allerdings Häuser schneiden, zwei sich wo Fall, den einzigen um sich handelt Es datieren. thikum ohne floor und mit Häuser schiffiger zwei Beispiele Zwei Bejsebakken. 3. Abb. 2006). Sarauw (after types various of sickles flint bifacial four contained holes post two floor sunken a without house two-aisled clear the In no relation. with stratigraphic but other, each lapped over houses two where place only the is This LN. Early the to dated both floor, en sunk a two- without and of with houses Example aisled Bejsebakken. 3. Fig. 3 berg 2000, 172). 2000, berg Ethel 98; 1989, Björhem/Säfvestad 26; 2000, (cf.Artursson Age Bronze ly and dated to the Late Neolithic or Ear floor sunken a without houses aisled A similar result is achieved with two- with achieved is result similar A de ed i ds rh Spätneoli frühe das in beide die , enthielt die Füllung zweier Pfostenlö zweier Füllung die enthielt sunken sunken sunken ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 12 Late Neolithic when the site was abandoned (Boas 1993, the site when was abandoned Late Neolithic 132; Jensen the in already likely most times, several ploughed were sites dump (LaMotta/Schiffer activities" 1999, past of representations 21). fossilized be to presumed be cannot assemblages floor way, "house suchwhen a behind Putashouse was another tools abandoned. left facto de few in result conditions planned under abandoned sites house that ment process using comeanalogies, ethnographic to the conclusion by houses. near by areas refuse as reused were pits house former such that ed conclud be may it 1982, 147;so 1999), Hodder (cf.LaMotta/Schiffer deposited secondarily ones the from separated be cannot they ten tion. Apparently, in most cases the pots were already broken when when broken already were pots the cases most in Apparently, tion. preserva state of havethe to on seem any influence not does floors ing. This is shown by plough the that fact the maximum depth of the as sunken such activities to ascribed be cannot alone pottery the of state fragmentary The deposition. the before processes mation for different to subject was pottery the cases most in that fact the to point might which considerably, varies weight average the table, Schiffer 1987,(cf. processes 265 mation for the of character the at hintto order in forth, so and erosion face sur as such pottery the of state general the against held be should e. as structures similar within found potsherds the of weight average the of comparison a Tablealso 1; 3). (see potsherds fragmented highly 717 often of consisted semblage among 30 houses sunken-floor dated to the early LN, the average as that fact the by 1984,supported 68; is view Reid of point 1989). This (cf. Scarborough pottery the reduced further have might tivities ac other or ploughing with connection in oxen and humans by site the of though trampling the Furthermore, detected. even seldom are traces such place, took certainly almost ploughing similar house other sites, from pottery the of preservation of state general the people Apparently 38).knew that 2006, such areas possessed a high manurial value. Judging from Sarauw 26; 2004, Nielsen 1972, 67; The degree of destruction of the pottery is further illustrated by illustrated further is pottery the of destruction of degree The At and Bejsebakken on other sites it is also documented that these abandon the of nature the studied have who others, and Schiffer artefacts (Schiffer 89 1987, (Schiffer artefacts 4

g. sunken floors (Table 1). Such a comparison comparison (Table a Such 1). floors sunken g. f) i. ff.), ff.; 276). As illustrated by the by illustrated ff.; 276).As . sbe utrl material cultural usable e. ------Abb. 4. Bejsebakken. Der Der Bejsebakken. 4. Abb. north-east. the from Seen A170.house of infillings the and part en of the sunk Example Fig. 4. Bejsebakken. von Nordosten. von Blick A170, Hauses des Füllmaterials das 4 are included in these statistics. statistics. these in included are Myrhøj from houses three and 2758, houses three from Diverhøj, houses from Thy two 2756, Thy Svapkærret, Hovergårde, Tastum, Stendis, tation, Plan Hemmed from a house bakken, eie sxen oss rm Bejse from houses sixteen Besides sunken floor sunken und und - - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 13 each displaying certain characteristics and found at different verti different at found and characteristics certain displaying each vessels, different four to ascribed be could potsherds of number a light areas. fillwith numerous sandy black homogeneous an irregular layer with a maximum thickness of 8 cm consisting of in However,servable. at levelthe bottom of there the was central parts depth of 42 cm (Sarauw 2006, 17 sunken measured approximatelyfloor 6.5 the Here 6). (Fig. A173 house sunken-floor the from potsherds the on out carried was test One units. chronological as perceived be bly justifia could floors sunken the in material find the if see to ducted con were pottery the of refitting a on based analyses of number a artefacts. of distribution heterogeneous rather sometimes (Schiffer1987,infilling the in involved were 218 processes natural and cultural both 1983, cases such monsen 82). In Si 64; 1972, (Jensen layers floor as excavator the by interpreted are in the infilling(Jensen 1972; Simonsen 1983, 82).Some of these layers were present, indicating that more complex processes were involved layers stratified several Skive, Tastumnear at house the and Myrhøj (Skov1982). at However, houses three the including houses, some in are seen at many other sites such as Stendis area in Jutland north-western floor sunken the in depositions Similar deposited. when were actually they than homogeneous more look depositions the have made might cultivation Subsequent 218). 1987, (Schiffer pit house the of sides the of weathering the and ploughing both from rived (LaMotta/Schiffer 1999, 20).Moreover, some sediment must havede works and displaced subsoil other possibly refuse from construction abandonment. The depositions containing the represented artefacts after time short a within refilled culturally was area floor sunken the the sunken floor areas consistedof uniform dark implying earth, that (Fig. 5). floors sunken the of depositions the in present was pot each from sherds of representation minimal a why explains which deposited, A539 A222 Sunken floors In In order to clarify the nature of the depositions in the sunken floors, in depositions the Bejsebakken, at houses the of majority the In Among the 1,200 potsherds present in the soil of the sunken floor floor sunken the of soil the in present 1,200potsherds the Among A568 A556 A505 A A499 A A606 A237 A525 A173 A896 A827 A170 A643 A192 A539 A222 66 67 2099 634 Number of sherds 1109 1173 1009 1202 2054 2099 634 208 504 431 263 459 347 146 626 181 536 16945 4356 Weight (gram) 16945 ff.).No general stratification was ob 4356 1341 3043 2581 6459 1336 2236 1659 5239 4494 5204 8804 2623 1991 620 695 8.07 6.87 x 7 m and had a maximum Average weight 6.45 6.04 5.99 5.82 5.08 4.87 4.78 4.67 4.45 4.33 4.29 4.25 4.19 3.84 3.71 8.07 6.87 ff.). This explains the explains ff.).This 83 24 Max. depthof Max. sunken floor (cm) 20 14 20 30 16 32 18 38 46 42 60 14 28 40 20 83 24 ------Pflügen. auf Hinweise es gab A643 und A192,A525 beiNurdenHäusern angegeben. ken floors sun der Tiefe größte die ist Zusätzlich ken. floors sunken der Scherbenzahl absolute die und wicht Keramikge durchschnittliche Das 1. Tab. ploughing. of traces held A643 A192, and A525houses Only given. is floor sunken the of depth maximum the Furthermore, sebakken. Bej at situated houses 17 of areas sunken floor the from potsherds total of and number weight average The 1. Table aus 17 Häusern in Bejsebak in 17 Häusern aus - - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 14 i. . ceai peetto illustrat presentation Schematic 5. Fig. fung zu erkennen. zu fung Vertie genutzten landwirtschaftlich weise möglicher einer an Hausstelle ehemalige die ist später Jahre Einige C beteiligt. rials Füllmate des Entstehung der an sind zesse und Pro natürliche und abgerundet Kulturelle zertrampelt. ist Boden der entfernt, Bauholz gesamte das und verlassen rade kohle o. Holz Scherben, einige könnte Fundpaket „unsichtbares” nahezu dünnes, – phase ein eines stehung Ent der Darstellung Schematische 5. Abb. Drawing: Hilmar, Moesgård. Louise depression. cultivated likely most and small a as appears area house former the years few a After C infilling. the in involved are processes formation natural and Cultural floor. sunken the of sides trampled and rounded the in ing result removed, been has timber usable All abandoned. just is house The B on. so present containing a charcoal few and potsherds, be may assemblage floor ible' 'invis almost thin, a – phase habitation The A area. floor sunken the of infilling formation of may haveinvolved in processes kinds the been different how ing ä. enthalten. B ä. enthalten. Das Haus wurde ge sunken floors sunken . A Die Wohn Die A . ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 15 justify treating the artefacts from a single house site as a chrono a as site house single a from artefacts above the treating presented justify arguments the inhabitation, of period to due long the expected be must artefacts of mixture some though Even the in situated 1987,148 Asingh material (cf. houses artefact the of character uniform the by for goes this str both Apparently, short. rather been have to seems filling back the of time the that conclusion the to leads contexts find lar simi from presented evidence with along artefacts of distribution potsherds. of distribution vertical the in division stylistic no revealing way similar a in tested was tion distribu vertical the infilling, of process longer a assume might one Regarding houses where the sunken size. floor consistedof several extreme layers, and where its to due reservations certain with taken A542thisbythebe investigationin en layerculture should included giv information The examples. similar provide houses Other unit. inter-related contemporary a be to appeared filling the m, 6.5 as ly wide as distance a over distributed were pot same the from sherds cal positions (Fig. 6). of the Bell Beaker-like the Bell of decoration. meaning the of aspects revealingto contribute may analysis of kind 1985, (cf.Arnold on 231 so and aspects cal ing the analysis of unornamented rim potsherds, sherds, technologi a and more traditional comprehensive also approach holistic includ mainly focusing on decorations and pattern designs instead of using in involved danger the of aware fully am I Bejsebakken. – sites key theof the ornamental aspects design of the material from one of the analysishave on focusing and selective chosen to present a detailed 1987,Asingh 150; Skov 1982). sites,ed by above asmost of described thesettlement (cf.published support further is assumption This forth. so and ornamentation of composition types, pottery on information detailed and useful vide sion that most of the settlement material was too fragmented to pro conclu the to came I sites, other from pottery the through looking ing Bell Beaker-like pottery. However, working with Bejsebakken and contain sites settlement Danish all on used been have to thought classification and Definitions 3.3 unit. closed logically As an alternative, and governed by the specific aim of this study, I this of aim specific the by governed and alternative, an As was classification following the study this of beginning the At horizontal and vertical the regarding analysis small-scale This a tified and un-stratified layers and it is further supported supported further is it and layers un-stratified and tified 5 As seen from the horizontal distribution, where

ff.; Boas 1993, 132; Jensen 1972, 63 1972, Jensen 132; 1993, Boas ff.; ff.). Still, I believe that this that ff.).believe I Still, Sunken floor 0 2 laye Thin culture r 4m N

f.). ------5 von Haus A173. Haus von des Keramik mensetzbaren zusam der Verteilung Bejsebakken. Abb. 6. A173. house of floor sunken the of deposition the in found pottery refitable of lection se a of Distribution Bejsebakken. 6. Fig. lected separately (Sarauw 2006, 12). mented potsherds etc. orna were often col potsherds, of layers. Concentrations respective the to attributed ed within square metres and the finds turelayers, all potsherds were collect In the sunken-floor houses and cul and houses sunken-floor the In ukn floors sunken ------

www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 16 as illustrating the exact number of different sherds of a certain tech a of certain sherds different of number exact the as illustrating seen be not should below presented tables The 7). (Fig. pattern fill ornamentation, line pattern, band pattern, pattern design, and back of technique elements: following the of presence on/off the to ing ineach structure. tery pot of weight total the in included are but counted not were 1 cm² than smaller Potsherds separately. registered were sherds rim and than 1 cm² were counted and weighed, whereas ornamented sherds analyses. ate statistic or multivari of kinds different out carry can that programs to thereby to and an spreadsheet Excel directly and the transferred data can be searches of kinds different enables database the Furthermore, 25). 1974, Hulthén (cf. recordable are design complete only the of parts thatsmall mind in keep course of should one However, attributes. more of combinations or design pattern the involving analyses plex analyses of,simple instance,for different andmore techniques com both allows it that is registration of means a such using of vantage ad The 2003). (Madsen Andresen Jens and Madsen Torsten by ed develop ArchaeoInfo, database, Access an in recorded were layers occupation and pits, houses, Neolithic Late the from potsherds the 1970,Clarke (cf.24 pottery tact in on use for developed part the most Suchare for systems pottery. Bell analysing in used systems classification current any use first group comprises coarse ware with a wide pan-European distri pan-European wide a with ware coarse comprises group first The Beakers. Bell with contexts in mayoccur which of both – classes general more into two separated may ware be character. coarse The coarse ware, which is undecorated often and of a coarser and plainer lerup 1991, 50). More remotely associated with the Bell Beakers is the Schiel 4; Fig. 2000, Karsten/Knarrström (cf. pottery Beaker Bell any Live (cf. 'Myrhøj-phase' the than later sites settlement on present also is pottery such Additionally, character. local more a of thereby is and ish Bell Beaker sites, Dan the at ware the of integratedpart an tobe below,shown seem as grooves, horizontal with decorated beakers curved though Even like ornamentation does occur on such beakers (Vandkilde 2005, 20). Beaker- Bell SGC, late the with associated clearly are beakers straight- walled While ornaments. zone by encircled and figures metrical latter usually involves beakers with a broad zone decorated with geo The with Beaker-decoration. Bell typical with or decorated style maritime a in zones entirely either beakers straight-walled or angular of some only However, below. used be will these registered. were forth so and tempering sherds, the of thickness profiles, rim concerning attributes other of number a addition, In element. decoration one than more include may design of patterns complex with sherds since design, or nique Line When When definingBell Beaker-like pottery the criteria used are curved- The Late is Neolithic pottery classified in a hierarchicalway accord potsherds the all Bejsebakken, from pottery the Among to possible not is it pottery, the of state fragmentary the to Due r ae 03 43 2003, sage Pa ttern ff.) and on settlement and burial sites without without sites burial and settlement on and ff.) 6 such pottery alone is such not pottery affiliatedwith Band P Te chnique ff.). As an alternative, the majority of majority the alternative, an ff.).As attern Backfill P Pa attern ttern Design beakers beakers Beaker Beaker larger larger ------sifikationssystems verzierter Scherben. verzierter sifikationssystems Klas des Darstellung 7. Abb. Schematische made. is backfill way the the describes and pattern band the and design pattern the comprises pattern' fill 'Back Beakers. Bell the decorating often frieze' 'picture characteristic the to refers design' 'Pattern made. are bands izontal hor the way the to refers pattern' 'Band such oration as a lines. line, single double 'Line pattern' to refers the dec horizontal ornamentation. of technique the to fers re 'Technique' potsherds. ornamented concerning system classification the ing illustrat 7.representation Fig. Schematic 6 B3-beakers or Jensen form 1 (Glob (Glob 1944, 66 1 form Jensen or B3-beakers Such beakers Such are beakers to equivalent Glob’s ff.; Jensen ff.;Jensen 1972, 95). ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 17 tion should not be seen as resulting from the quality of the pottery. pottery. the of quality the from resulting as seen be not should tion pots. different of number the pottery. This is illustrated by Table 2, which presents an estimation of original the of fraction tiny a represents only potsherds of number the and preservation of state fragmentary very a in is material the 2006, 139). Nevertheless, many sherds vary from reddish to brown brown to reddish from vary sherds many 139).Nevertheless, Papmehl-Dufay 2006, 50; 1998, Hulthén (cf. circumstances depositional post- to due be cases some in may which variable, very is potsherds the of colour The fired. well were potsherds most contrary, the On like pottery may appear very homogeneous. However, viewing the viewing However, homogeneous. very appear may pottery like Beaker- Bell Danish the view bird’s-eye a from Thus, site. the of tern the of pat settlement internal the to some concentrationscorresponding house within generations of couple a over followed be can organisation, social and kinship with connected deeply are which ror Such potters. differentgroups, groups, identity probably identity mir may pottery Beaker of styles in similarities and differences that argued is It offered. is explanation of model alternative an stances, circum chronological to connected as pottery of styles in ferences following a traditional framework of interpretation allexplaining dif of Instead site.this of character the understand to is aim the if rated sepa be cannot they since character, local more of ware namented or the and pottery Beaker-like Bell the both including Bejsebakken Bejsebakken from pottery The 3.4 phenomenon. Beaker the Bell theafter time since describes it ated Bell Beakers. However, in my opinion such a phase is misleading (2003), who also operates with a late Beaker of Bell degener horizon 1962/63,Tilander Fig. 5.). 1983, Simonsen 85 1971/72,1993, 1991,Callmer 139;Rasmussen 8; Schiellerup Fig. 48 1995;(cf. Burgess Beaker-free almost are which Sweden, of parts ern south the in as well as Age Bronze Early the and II LN in occur also the aforementioned beakers ornamented with cordoned rims, which with illustrated be could This pottery. Beaker-like Bell the than ings dat and distributions broader has typically ware Beaker coarse since Bell sites the defining in used not is ornamentation Beaker-like 1944). however, Bell In without the work, present alone such pottery 1977, Ebbesen (cf. 1985, decoration 62;29 without and with both beakers straight-walled Jutish the as such character regional or local more a of vessels of consists group Fig. 1;second The 2004).2001, Besse (cf. rim the near cordon a with beakers as such bution es, at Bejsebakken that is presented (Table2). presented is that Bejsebakken at es, hous the especially structures, rich very and large the from pottery ornamented the primarily is it analysis following the press). In in ez, Prieto-Martín 90; 1972, (Jensen respectively potsherds 4,143 3,025 of and consisted 2758' 'Thy settlement the or Myrhøj from terial ma rich of the comparison, By 2).a number Fig. (see holes post and pits and smaller layers, culture four sinkhole, one floors, sunken with houses two-aisled seventeen on distributed 104.3 kg or sherds 3.4.1 uation. sit complex and diverse rather a reveals macro-scale a on material The Late Neolithic pottery from Bejsebakken includes 17,950 includes Bejsebakken pot from pottery Neolithic Late The from pottery ornamented the of chapterpresentation givesThis a Liversage of those to contrast in seen be should definitions These General characterisation General f.;Stilborg2002, 78 8 However, the poor state of preserva of state poor However,the ff.; Strömberg 1991/92, Fig. 21; 7 As mentioned above, mentioned As ff.; Glob Glob ff.; f.; ------8 7 1993, 41; 1984). Baudou Rasmussen (cf. sherds ornamented and sherds rim of number the of ysis excavated. were er of the small Only laysamples culture excavated. completely were sinkhole This estimation is based on an anal an on based is estimation This All the houses and of the majority the - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 18 (Rasmussen 1993, 71). 10 mm c. is thickness average the where settlements, from pottery 1987,Age Bronze Early of sample 150).a also with contrasted be can This see 8; (Fig. mm 6.4 of average an with 16.4 mm, to 2.6 to fire. exposed been secondarily had potsherds many Furthermore, visible. were straws and grain of impressions potsherds of number a On smoothed. fully care more was surface outer the general in and material tempering finer a had often pots thin-walled and fine the contrast, By pottery. such on visible was crust burnt instances of number 140).a In 2006, Papmehl-Dufay 97;1985, Arnold (cf. process drying the during pot to minimize strictly the of shrinking the or served than other pottery heat to tolerant more jars in resulted have may material tempering rough Such rim. cordoned or part neck the over all grooves zontal decorated with hori often jars, was in or cooking large used storage 5 mm c. to up material tempering large-grained rule, 1993,a 39). As Rasmussen 97; 1983, (Boas floors sunken the in quantities huge in present was which stones, cooking of crushing the from comes ably prob material tempering the of Most occurs. also feldspar though occur. also yellowish and black potsherds and greyish brown – sometimes sherds from the same pot, although Total structures Other A679 (culture layer) A542 (culture layer) (sinkhole) A500 A896 A827 A643 A606 A568 A556 A539 A525 A505 A499 A237 A222 A192 A173 A170 A67 (house) A66 Structure The The thickness of the rim sherds and ornamented sherds varies from even granite, sharp-edged is material tempering preferred The

Potsherds 17950 1165 1317 1437 1912 2054 2099 1009 1173 1202 626 464 188 146 181 347 208 504 431 263 638 586

104300 Weight (gram) 19779 16945 1430 6377 6139 8804 1659 1341 3043 4494 2581 1336 5239 4367 2272 5204 2623 2254 7098 620 695

1601 (8.9 %) Rim sherds Rim 322 (16.8 %) 107 %) (5.2 197 (9.4 %) 154 (24.1 %) 162 (13.5 %) 22 (15.1 %) 19 (10.5 %) 14 (4 %) 16 (7.7 %) 45 (8.9 %) 67 %) (6.6 33 (7.7 %) 10 %) (3.8 70 (6 %) 35 (6 %) (7 %)44 (13.864 %) 78 (6.7 %) 69 %) (5.2 %) (4.5 64 9 (4.8 %) (%)

Asingh Asingh Ornamented 2031 (11.3 %) 162 (7.9 %) 187 (8.9 %) %)233 (36.5 %) (28.6 344 138 (29.7 %) 194 (10.1 %) 50 (34.2 %)50 (34.2 65 (35.9 %) 15 %) (4.3 28 (13.5 %) 70 (13.9 %) (6.7 %)68 15 %) (3.5 15 (5.7 %) 65 %) (5.5 52 (8.9 %) (15.899 %) 58 (5 %) 24 (12.8 %) 74 (5.6 %) 75 %) (5.2 sherds - - ezetn cebn n 17 in Scherben verzierten und Randscherben von Verteilung 2. Tab. in found 2006. Heinemeier is datings the regarding tion each informa Further in estimated. is represented structure pots of number the Furthermore, sinkhole. one and ers, lay culture two houses, sunken-floor 17 among sherds ornamented and rim sherds potsherds, of Distribution 2. Table Sinkloch. einem und Kulturschichten zwei Häusern, Estimation of of Estimation 542–633 c. 28–38 c. c. 12–16c. 55–65 42–60 30–35 24–30 41–60 32–36 15–20 40-50 c. 100c. c. 25 c. 25 c. c. 20 c. c. 26 c. pots c. 16c. c. 11c. ? ? ? ? 2200–2030/ 2130–1950 BC 2120–1940/ . . . . 2200–2030 BC 2460–2280/ 2620–2470 BC 2030–1900 BC . BC 2280–2040 2200–1980/ . 2210–2040 BC 2280–2040/ . 2130–1950 BC 2200–1970/ . 2020–1900 BC (1 sigma) age Calibrated . . . . . 2200–2020 BC ukn floor sunken - - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 19 ent types are present on the pottery from Bejsebakken (Fig. 9).Nar (Fig. Bejsebakken from pottery the on present are types ent 3.4.2 investigated this at of the end chapter.further be will view of point This household. each within style pot regards as preferences personal to related been havemay this like Changes continuously.place took pottery the of decoration and shaping the in changes vague that assume must one and contemporary, not ly from as resulting certain are houses LN seen be early 23 The differences. chronological small also could differences such However, stor large (Table 4). structure this a in present was of decoration such with jar age part huge a that fact the by caused is in A222 house grooves horizontal with decorated potsherds of concentration sequent formation processes. As an example, the already mentioned some In cases these 3).differences maybe seen 2; asaccidental and (Tables related to sub Bejsebakken at structures other and houses the among considerably varies ornamentation of degree the sites, 10 20 30 Thy 2758,Thy III house 2758,Thy II house I 2758,Thy house annex 2758,Thy I house 2756Thy layer occupation Diverhøj houses Diverhøj Tastum Plantation Hemmed Stendis Svapkærret Hovergårde GAB house Myrhøj EAB house Myrhøj D house of W -area Myrhøj D house Myrhøj site Settlement % 0 eadn te raetto tcnqe, t es eee differ eleven least at techniques, ornamentation the Regarding settlement other to compared as and 2, Table in documented As 2–2.99 Ornamentation techniques Ornamentation 4–4.99 1627 117 535 183 450 c. 308 300 c. 183 339 1575 412 1817 6–6.99 Potsherds 1380 c. 300 c. c. 450c. 1627 1575 1817 308 339 221 535 183 183 176 412 117 63 mm 8–8.99

? ? ? 228 (12.6%) Rim sherds Rim 201 (12.8 %) 55 (16.3) 36 (8.7 %) 21 22 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 10–10.9 9

7(1%) (21 37 %) (36.5 23 %) (7.2 16 Ornamented Ornamented 669 (37.2%) 12–12.9 171 (50.4%) 408 (26%) 658 (40.4%) 136 (19%) 102 (24.8%) 27 (8.8%) 50 (16.7%) 32 (17.5%) 19 (16.2%) 37 (21 %) 23 (36.5%) 16 (7.2%) sherds ? ? 9 - - - - - 9

Abb. 8. Bejsebakken. Wandstärke von von Wandstärke Scherben. verzierten und Randscherben Bejsebakken. 8. Abb. sherds. ed ornament and sherds rim of thickness the of Distribution Bejsebakken. 8. Fig. 9 Table 3. Distribution of potsherds, rim rim potsherds, of Distribution 3. Table Glockenbecher-Fundstellen. jütländischen in Keramikverteilung 3. Tab. excavated. were sunken Tastum and III the house 2758, Thy in of floors parts Only 1982). Skov in press; 1983;Simonsen Prieto-Martínez, Asingh 1987; 1986;Boas 1993; 1972; Jensen after 1984; (information houses floor sunken- including 2453/2757 Thy cept ex all sites, Beaker Bell Jutlandic other among sherds ornamented and sherds, are used on the same potsherd. same the on used are techniques different two cases some in that fact the to due is 2 Table and table this between pottery mented h dfeec i te u o orna of sum the in difference The - - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 20 the cordon and fingergrooves, two differenttypes oftechnique were from statistically. Apart with dealt when havesignificance notmuch However, do and number smalldisputein rather of are suchmatters grooves. finger broad two a in cordon wasthe areapresent between when instance, for – another or group one to belonged nament or an whether determine to difficult proved it cases some In often. as nearly used not are these 9),(Fig. though cardium and ornament, decorating techniques are fingergrooves, cordonedrim/cordon, line impressions for %, 5.2 and cardium comb for 10.115.3 %, %. for ornaments line %, 66 for account grooves zontal hori investigatedstatistically,is ornamentation the of character the where site settlement Danish other only the is which 85). Myrhøj, At 1987, 150; Boas 1986, 320; 1993, 132; Skov 1982, 40 other Danish settlement sites with Bell Beaker-like (cf.pottery Asingh most on occurs techniques of repertoire similar A lot. a quite varies ( total the of 35 % about constituting each ones, common most the row grooves horizontal and comb impressions ( A173 A170 A67 A66 Structure Total Total (%) structures Other A679 A542 A500 A896 A827 A643 A606 A568 A556 A539 A525 A505 A499 A237 A222 A192 9). Still, within the different houses their distribution distribution their houses different the within Still, Fig. 9). Table 4;

746 35.5 29.6 13.3 27.4 13.3 42.7 40 41.9 20 11.3 24.8 42.9 40 18.5 95.7 31.6 25.9 42.7 39.3 20 7.1 . Narrow grooves

46 14.3 2.2 4 1.2 3.6 0.6 2 2.7 6.7 2.8 6.4 2.9 7.7 1.8 0.3 3.3 ...... Wide grooves

144 13.3 46.7 39.3 10 19.8 15.8 10 6.9 5.3 8.3 7.6 4.3 6.7 7.7 1.7 1 ...... Finger grooves

92 12.9 21.6 10.5 4.4 7.4 5.3 7.1 6 4.2 2 5.7 1.5 1.3 3.1 1.9 2.9 1.7 . . . . . Line ornament

68 14 10 1.4 7.4 5.7 4.6 2.8 3.9 4.3 3.2 2.7 3.6 1 3.5 2 4.1 ...... Cardium At Bejsebakken dentated spatula

ff.; Simonsen 1983, 7 0.3 0.3 1.3 1 1.8 ...... Circular impression

33 2.8 6.7 1.5 5.3 1.7 4.9 2.9 1.6 3.7 2.7 2.4 1.5 0.6 2 2.7 ...... Impressions, miscellaneous other ) are

11 24 12.3 -

0.5 0.4 1.1 5.8 1.1 1.2 2.3 ...... Nail/arch impression

11 10 %). (in Bejsebakken in Tab. 4. Verteilung der Verzierungstechniken shown. are techniques ferent dif on distributed potsherds of number total the and structure each in potsherds Further ornamented of number total percentages). the more, in (expressed Bejsebakken at structures in techniques ornamentation of Distribution 4. Table 730 32.1 67.6 27.2 21.4 86.7 53.3 32.3 61 35.9 50.7 34.7 51.9 40 33.3 47.2 14 46 25.7 20 potsherd. same the on registered is groove ger various ornaments. represent % 3.4 remaining In In such cases both a cordon and a fin 1972, Jensen The 92. from Calculated 0.4 6.7 . Comb impression

36 10.8 17.3 4.3 1.7 6.7 ...... Barbed-wire

129 11.9 10.8 58.3 10.7 10.5 7.1 4.3 6.7 0.4 7 2.8 2.9 6.1 7.4 4 3.1 2 . . . . . Cordon/cordoned rim

47 8.6 4.6 1.8 0.9 1 2.2 4 4.8 9.2 3.5 1.4 6.7 ...... Not determinable ornamentation

2102 195 171 202 234 351 103 140 27 75 84 50 74 15 28 71 70 15 15 65 57 60 Total number of registration . - - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 21 10; Harrison 1977, 22) sometimes had white paste in SGC the decoration. preceding the (Jensen1972, from 107) and British potteryand European Bell both Besides, 95). 1972, (Jensen Djursland1986,(Boassettlementsiteson 322; 1993, 132) Myrhøjand horizontalor lines.Incrustation alsopresentispotsherds on foundat ed with comb impressions forming differentkinds of horizontal bands the same curved beaker, whereas the others are from beakers decorat sherdsfrom house A67 and two in A556 (Fig. 13.4). The latter are from binations such as too (see grooves Fig. occurred, 13, cardium and pressions aswere (see Fig. used backfill 12, zontal bands where the grooves outlined the band and the hori comb im with connection in present was combination this Often total. 13 found was which impressions, combgrooves times narrowand is combination occurring often most The pot. same the on used rarely ean o wie at o icutto wr fud n or pot four on found were incrustation or paste white of Remains 9 5 1 A168 1 1 2 6 0 1 7.9). However, other com 3 7 1

Beakers(Clarke 1970, A500 3 8 4 A67 4). 2 - - - - - Abb. 9. Verzierungstechniken in Bejsebakken. rim. Cordon/cordoned 11 Barbed-wire. 10 impressions. Comb 9 impressions. Nail/arch Impressions, 8 miscellaneous. 7 impressions. Circular 6 ger grooves. 4 Line 5 ornament. Cardium. Fin 3 (>3 grooves. mm)Wide Narrow 2 grooves. 1 Bejsebakken. at represented of ornamentation techniques the various Fig. 9. Schematic illustrating presentation formen von Bechern. von formen Gefäß für Beispiele Bejsebakken. 10. Abb. 1:3.Scale Jepsen. B. Jeppe by Drawn found. was er beak the which in structure the to refers beaker each below number The zone. ed by undecorat a broad separated lines tal horizon of bunches as placed pressions im comb by decorated beaker curved 3 Large spatula. by a dentated decorated blank at bands the centre of the pot, narrow horizontal two with but in style, AOO decorated beaker Straight-walled 2 grooves. A170. house to close posthole a in Found horizontal with decorated er Fig. 10. Bejsebakken. 1 Small curved beak ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 22 of the beaker (Fig. the beaker of 10) all over. is thenot beaker ornamented if 11), (Fig.grooves part or impressions upper the at situated usually is as well (cf. Fig. 11, group this to assigned be probably should line double a or single a with decorated potsherds fragmented very the of many Moreover, tuting more than 50 % of all potsherds decorated with a line pattern. Table5, from straight-walled small on beakers, sometimes with a and somewhat curved profile (Fig. sizes 10).As seen different of beakers curved on Beakers. Bell frieze' of situated inthe 'picture the pattern scribes de design pattern respectively,whereas asbands, or technique line in out carried decoration horizontal to refer patterns band and Line 7). Fig. (see designs pattern and patterns, band patterns, line tion: 3.4.3 Total Total (%) structures Other A679 A542 A500 A896 A827 A643 A606 A568 A556 A539 A525 A505 A499 A237 A222 A192 A173 A170 A67 A66 Structure Line patterns typically occur on two different kinds of vessels: of kinds different two on occur typically patterns Line ornamenta of types three into separated be can decoration The Decoration

12 120 multi-lines are the most common decoration, consti decoration, common most the are multi-lines 64.2 14 13 34 10 4 4 2 8 1 1 3 3 2 3 9 6 3 . . . . Horizontal band 6). Such which decoration, is made in mostly comb

48 25.7 12 11 1 7 3 1 1 5 5 2 ...... Multi-horizontal band Pattern Band

4 2.1 1 1 2 ...... Multi-horizontal bands, contracted

6 3.2 1 5 ...... Band of triangles

3 1.6 1 1 1 ...... Band of triangles, double

6 1 1 1 3 3.2 ...... Band of angles

330 11 62 10 21 43 15 36 17.6 20 10 40 12 4 2 5 8 8 3 9 2 8 1 Single line

358 14 54 28 10 12 10 55 22 16 10 19.1 15 14 26 32 11 11 Line Pattern Line 3 6 4 5

. Double line

1055 124 208 189 56.3 42 65 28 30 53 88 12 32 41 65 22 20 10 5 6 8 6 1 Multi-line - - -

53 14 15 2 1 1 1 4 2.8 1 2 2 9 1 ...... Horizontal bundles of lines 12 gruppen an den verzierten Scherben. verzierten den an gruppen Tab. 5. Die Anteile verschiedener Ornament percentage. isin groups three the of each within distribution tal band to the Only pattern, design. pattern and pattern, line of groups into tion distribu their and potsherds namented or illustrating table Instructive 5. Table

79 ing triangles. triangles. ing hang and lines single bands, zontal hori with ornamented is potsherd a when instance, for – group every in present be to potsherd a for possible is it Furthermore, pot. same the from originate potsherds some house ual individ the within that fact the sider con not does table The potsherds. This table includes all ornamented ornamented all includes table This 14 11 3 2 3 2 3 8 7 1 1 4.2 2 5 8 1 8 . . . . . Uncertain line

24 10 33.3 1 1 1 2 2 1 6 ...... Hanging triangle

Pattern Design Pattern 21 29.2 13 1 1 4 1 1 ...... Vertical band

12 16.7 2 4 1 1 3 1 ...... Standing triangle

4.2 3 3 ...... Standing angles

16.7 12 1 1 1 3 1 5 ...... Uncertain design ------ www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 23 sisting sisting of four single or more lines framing a horizontal band without bands. The horizontal bunches of lines can also be rather broad, con horizontal with style maritime a in decorated pots continental bling decorated with horizontal bunches of lines (Fig. 11, A small group of potsherds found in twelve differentstructures are 7 4 1 |A643 |A192 |A170 7 4 1 |A170 |A556 |A827 10 |A643 8 5 2 8 5 2 |A173 |A192 |A827 |A643 |A192 |A67 11 |A67 7–9) almost resem 3 6 9 9 3 6 |A643 |A192 |A67 |A173 |A173 |A173 - - ner Linienmuster. ner verschiede 11.Beispiele Abb. Bejsebakken. 1:2. Scale Jepsen. B. by Jeppe Drawn impressions. comb by made lines horizontal of bunches 7–9 grooves; 5 pression; line in single horizontal broad im comb in multi-lines 4 grooves; zontal hori in multi-lines 1–3.6 kinds pattern. line of different with decorated pot sherds of Examples Bejsebakken. 11. Fig. b. 2 Bjeakn Bipee unter Beispiele Bandmuster. horizontaler schiedlicher Bejsebakken. 12. Abb. 1:2. Scale Jepsen. B. by Jeppe Drawn chevrons. bands and triangles of horizontal made 11 band; horizontal 9 figures; geometrical of kinds ent differ with combination in band zontal with rows of comb impressions; 5.7.8 hori combination in band horizontal 3 bands; multi-horizontal 2.4.6.10 bands; tioned posi Closely 1 pattern. band horizontal of kinds different with pot decorated sherds of Examples Bejsebakken. 12. Fig. single single ------ www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 24 any decoration (Fig. 10,(Fig. decoration any standing and sometimes in combination with vertical bands (Figs. bands vertical with combination in sometimes and standing or hanging (Tableeither 5). houses triangles are ly designs Common primari structures, different twelve within known are and quency (Fig. 12, chevrons of are seen also bands horizontal with combination in triangles standing and/or hanging 12,(Fig. situated are es friez picture the where pot the of parts upper or central the frame 126, 12, maritime 12,(Figs. a style in bands multi-horizontal as occur both bands izontal 12, (Fig. preservation of state fragmentary the of because markedly dominates band horizontal single a structures, 42, 1978,plate37, Gebers (cf. Schleswig-Holstein including Germany northern and area Rhine middle 292–93),1970,the Clarke (cf. Isles the from known instance for are and havedistribution wide a impressions comb in made typically lines of bunches horizontal as beakers coarser (Fig. 10, and larger from are potsherds few a However, 8). cups (Fig. 11, drinking straight-walled or smallnating curved from origi likely most surface, polished nicely a with thin-walled tremely Finally, potsherds with a pattern design have a rather limited fre limited rather a have design pattern a with potsherds Finally, the of most in present are which patterns, band the to Turning ) eebig otr fo te ae G (f Hbe 20, Fig. 2005, Hübner (cf. SGC late the from pottery resembling 1) 9; Kühn 1979, plate 10, f; Ebbesen 2006, Fig. 32,Fig. 2006, Ebbesen f; 3). Beakers decorated with rows of horizontal grooves as well 1 |A173 2.4.6; 13, 2.4.6; 5.7.8). A few times horizontal bands made of of made bands horizontal times 5.7.8).few A 5) and sometimes as contracted bands (Fig. bands contracted as sometimes and 5) 3). Most of the potsherds in this style are ex are style this in potsherds the of 3). Most 3; Strahl 1990, 79 1). bands horizontal the cases several In 5 4 3 |A500 |A556 |A896 11). f. plate 14). 9; Table 5). The hor The 5). Table 9; 2 |A173 British 14; 7– ------made by a dentated spatula. 3 curved curved by and decorated beaker both horizontal 3 are spatula. dentated Both a by lines. made and bands by horizontal or lines horizontal by either bands framed vertical with decorated beakers 1–2Straight-walled 13.Bejsebakken. Fig. Becher. verzierter Beispiele Bejsebakken. 13. Abb. style. 1:3. Scale maritime Jepsen. B. by Jeppe Drawn a in decorated beaker curved 5 cardium; and grooves izontal hor in decorated beaker curved 4 ment; orna line and grooves in bands vertical - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 25 interesting questions arise. I shall therefore investigate whether the whether investigate therefore shall I arise. questions interesting more structures, and houses different the in techniques and tation 3.4.4 shapes. different of to beakers straight-walled next type nary ordi most the to have seem been shapes many and of sizes beakers curved beakers, ornamented reconstructed few the by indicated as 13,(compareFigs. beakers curved from those ble resem could beakers such from sherds rim small cases some in that a dentated spatula had often a rather concave profile,with the result by decorated beakers 'straight-walled'that fact the by underlined ly especial is statement This from. originated they pots of type the to sible to make general assumptions relating the decorated rim sherds most likely originated from large storage jars (Fig. 15). It was not pos or grooves cordoned rims were normally thick-walled, which indicates that wide they with decorated Potsherds function. another had these general thatdisplayingin probably pots, thick-walled tomore belonged typically hand, other the on wire, barbed and grooves of horizontal design, pattern 10;13;Figs. of (cf. 14).kinds pattern Different band or lines of kind bunches some with often thin- pots, on walled used normally were impressions comb Accordingly, cur. oc exceptions though even pots specific on preferred or for served re apparently were techniques design in and documented ornamentation certain As made. be could observations general hatching (Fig. 12, 12,(Fig.hatching horizontal in made frequently very not but also is backfill Bejsebakken at However,93). 1972, (Jensen 12, Fig.Table 6; respectively; (51cross-hatching36 % and or % oblique- ferent pattern designs or band patterns are most commonly made in beakers (Fig. 13, 13, distribution reflects different identity groups such as family units or units family as such groups identity different reflects distribution Turning to the general distribution of different kinds of ornamen of kinds different of distribution general theTurning to few a type, pottery the and ornamentation of style the Regarding 5–6). Similar observations are made on the material from Myrhøj Myrhøj from material the on made are observations Similar 5–6). 14). The latter are seen both on curved and straight-walled straight-walled and curved on both seen are latter The 3; 14). Spatial distribution Spatial distribution 2 4 |A827 |A173 1-3). The patternbackfill seen inwith connection dif 2–3). 1 |A643 3 5 |A827 |A556 1 and 5).However, and 1 11) vertical and Table 7, ------Strukturen. 19 in Füllmuster der Prozentanteile 6. Tab. is174.tions 19 registra of number among total The structures. pattern backfill of per centage in expressed Distribution 6. Table licher Mustergruppen. Abb. 14. Bejsebakken. Beispiele unterschied 1:2. Scale Jepsen. B. Jeppe by Drawn sions. impres comb in made lines horizontal with combination in triangles hanging 5 hori 4– beaker); same the (from and bands zontal standing with combination in triangles 2–3 grooves; finger by lined out triangle Hanging 1 design. pattern of kinds different with decorated sherds 14. Fig. -mustern. und zierungstechniken Ver verschiedenen mit Keramikscherben der Wandstärken 7.Durchschnittliche Tab. isshown. calculation the in used sherds of number total The design. and technique of kinds different in out (millimetres)ness carried of sherds Table 7. thick average of the Distribution Comb impression Wide grooves nation withmulti-line Narrow-grooves in combi ofornamentation Style Cordoned rim Horizontal bundles Pattern design of lines Barbed-wire Band pattern Indefinable-hatching Horizontal-hatching Vertical-hatching Oblique-hatching Cross-hatching Backfill pattern Bejsebakken. �� xmls f pot of Examples �� - thick ness 6.63 5.82 8.00 5.86 7.85 5.58 5.82 7.28 Av. 51.1 36.2 % - 5.2 3.4 4

Num 431 227 126 ber 36 41 29 34 18 ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 26 ditional perspective, the distribution rather mirrors some kind of of kind development. chronological some mirrors rather distribution the perspective, ditional tra more a in as whether, or traditions different following potters a band pattern and pattern design even though only a minority of of minority a only though even design pattern of and pattern presence band a the to due group this to relates strongly A896 House 16).(Fig. above described houses the as group same the within ter clus these analysis, correspondence the In A827 4). 2; Tables and 2; Fig. A643 (see is ornamentation Beaker-like Bell with potsherds many as well as respectively) % 34.2 (35.9 and potsherds % mented 2280–1940 (Table BC 2). 4; 5). Two (Table potsherds the on seen often are impressions comb because and pattern band a of presence the to due also group, this to tied is A173 and A67 houses A170 ornament House in-between 2).(Table situated ed are houses two the in potsherds the all of respectively % 28.6 and 29.7Moreover, % 5). (Table designs pattern or bands as such ornamentation Beaker-like Bell of degree high a by acterised char both are and 2) Fig. (see other each to close very situated are occur. do A67 materialthe actually Houses in A173, and example, for clusterings small 5, and 4 Table from and analysis this from shown (Fig.As 16). structures other two and houses different 16 in niques a from results analysis, the correspondence with tables these comparing by strengthened further is view of 151).1982, point This Hodder also (see structures or houses specific of location physical the to tied are pottery ornamented of degree the and ornamentation of kinds certain that -2,5 nte mnr ocnrto o hue cnann mn orna many containing houses of concentration minor Another direction the in points 5 and 4 Tables of comparison a Hence, Barbed-wire -2 Wi de groove A568 14 Cordon/cordoned ri C 3 1 |A170 �� -datings from A170from -datings dateroughly this group of tohouses A679 |A539 -1,5 A237 A556 A500 Finger groove -1 A606 m Comb impression Cardiu A66 13 A173 -0,5 which involves the distribution of tech of distribution the involves which A539 m A542 -2 -1 4 0 2 3 1 0 A525 A170 A67 A827 Line-ornament A192 0, 5 A896 A643 A173 2 4 A170 |A539 |A237 1 A67 A66 Narrow groove 1, 5 A542 A192 A525 A568 A896 A679 A222 A606 2 A556 A539 A500 A827 100 other A222 m A643 2, N 5 ------the analysis. the in included are red) and yellow, (green, objects coloured the Only physi location. cal their to according coloured are houses/structures the map distribution small the on and plot the on Both bles). (varia ornamentation of techniques ent differ and (objects) houses/structures of a selection including analysis spondence 16. Fig. Kochgefäße. rats- oder Vor großer Beispiele 15. Bejsebakken. Abb. 1:4. Scale wire. Jepsen. B. by Jeppe Drawn barbed with decorated potsherd 4 rim; cordoned a with decorated sherd pot 3 respectively; grooves finger and grooves beakers horizontal wide with decorated curved 1–2 character. plainer and coarser a of jars cooking or storage 15. Fig. 13 Hausstrukturen. ter ausgewähl Verzierungstechniken der lyse Korrespondenzana Bejsebakken. 16. Abb. ss se asn 95 18, 14 1988, 1990, 121Nielsen 1985; Madsen see anal ysis, quantitative multivariate the For further information describing describing information further For �� Bejsebakken. �� Bejsebakken. ff. �� Examples of large large of Examples lt rm corre from Plot �� f.; ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 27 2006, 63 2006, (Sarauw people imply same the by built were together, houses the of some that ing close lying houses among similar forth very so also and were sizes constructions, house cases, more In sumption. sponding corre almost addition, In pattern. complicated a in another one to structures sitesand dump or houses various the connect pottery ed ornament of frequencies and types the regarding practices tional deposi the in patterns certain that illustrate above presented ples are concentrated houses all these area at Bejsebakken. inthe same wire ornamentation are closely related to this group. Apart from A66, and A66 but also that in the by houses characterized having barbed- A539 houses in material the only not analysis, correspondence the layto next each other (Fig. 2). As seen from Table 4 and the plot from and 4) (Table grooves finger with ornamented sherds many tained con which of both A606, and A568 houses to attention call will ly,I 1980 2280and Final A237, from BC. ist between pottery the placing also 13,(cf.Fig. isstructures these in found pottery Beaker Bell typical although these, is of all decoration in present barbed-wire dominate, impressions comb that fact the and 2),(Table potsherds ornamented of degree low relatively a from 16). 2; Apart A679(Figs.A237, and A500, structures nearby the ( 2280–2040 BC A192 from datings between Two fall radiocarbon axes. principal the on differently situated being them in result impressions comb with ornamented sherds fewer the ornamented and grooves are horizontal that narrow with houses these in found potsherds Ho 5). many 4; the (Table grooves narrow and pattern band of sence pre frequent relatively a to due well as groups these to connected are A192 A222 houses and Furthermore, groups. two the in houses the between contemporariness certain a for allowing thereby A896, A827in and obtained samples 2200–1940radiocarbon four from BC to dated is houses (7.9 of ornamented group are %). This sherds the three houses can be interpreted as representing three generations generations three representing as interpreted be can houses three sitesame at the (Fig. households indifferent seen and erations 17). gen 3–4 atleast in style pottery in development contemporary less or more and parallel the of fragments reflect well might area whole the of material the Similarly, generations. four or three in style tery burial mounds (Fig. 2) – is a development and/or continuation in pot may see – for instance, in the area situated west of the hypothetically two protected then we What next. the to generation one from ted transmit was craft pottery the that and tradition ceramic same the to belonged people of generation next the that indicate may areas these within sites dump the by reflected as material pottery the in similarities The area. settlement local the within house old the of ity farmsThe single presumably renewedinwere proximthe en floors. floors sunken 63 without 2006, (Sarauw houses two-aisled of consisted mainly BC, 2200 and 2400 between somewhere beginning phase, first The eas. ar different in situated households contemporary three or two by years 200–300 for inhabited was Bejsebakken that assume may we Thus, houses. of concentrations individual the in farmsteads ferent dif the within coexisted types and styles pottery different that cate indi also may data of the in clusterings the period Otherwise, a years. 200–400 over style pottery in development the and reflect site thereby the of structure settlement the within differences logical An analogous situation may well be present at Myrhøj, where the where Myrhøj, at present be well may situation analogous An As mentioned above, such a pattern may illustrate internal chrono exam the that stated be may it detail, into further going Without from pottery the within found are similarities characteristic Other ff.). 14 C �� -datings, relatively few as they may be, support this as this support be, may they as few relatively -datings, Table 2). ff.). From c. 2200 BC most of the houses had sunk had houses the of most BC 2200 c. ff.). From 5). Two radiocarbon datings ex 5).datings Two radiocarbon w ever, ------ www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 28 interpretative implications regarding the understanding of pottery pottery of understanding the regarding implications interpretative (c. 1972, 37 Jensen 26 %, 50 % and % respectively; 90). ornamented were potsherds all of degree high a houses three all in ference by one or more Finally,potters. it should be emphasised that pre personal a as seen be may D house in used often that was cardium fact The frequently. very used not are impressions comb and 91). Thus, horizontal grooves and line dominateornaments (ibid. 92), 2001,Salanova (cf. too conservatism, of degree certain a to nected con occasionally was pot a decorating for technique of choice the dental (compare Jensen 1972, and figs.46–48 59 and 61). Apparently, straight- as motifs decoration walled beakers found in house same EAB, which can hardly the be seen as acci had GAB house in found Bell Furthermore, grooves. horizontal of rows with mented orna pots for preference the in evident especially is This tradition. pottery same the to belong clearly houses three the pots, of types dition. tra pottery tosame the belonging people of thereby and houses of differentkinds of grooves, cordonedrim andso forth often belonged whereas Beakers, Bell as such ware fine for reserved generally were impressions Comb used. were techniques other many though even pots decorating of ways preferred the were multi-lines horizontal of approach shape the in impressions comb groovesand thathorizontal showed statistical The evaluation. critical for submitted context find the and analysed were Bejsebakken of site at residential key structures the settlement other and houses former 17 from sherds styles. pottery of dispersal the with connected highly is it since 6 section in resumed be will discussion This farm. new a establishing or farm the over taking before period a for family her or his with live to had have well very may groom and bride the 1987)? Furthermore, bich Her (cf. pattern learning a mother-in-law/daughter-in-law reflects residence)? Or is it possible that the evidence presented above movedtraditionally in with the wife’s family (an of pattern uxorilocal males young the that implies above described pattern the whether 1973;1991;Rice 272 2006, Weedman world from familiar is wide ethnographic parallels (cf. as Arnold 1985, 101 potters, female by mainly perhaps and was in made households instance, we assumecan that pottery most For society. of and production of organisation social the and craft as umn u o catr , hg aon o onmne pot ornamented of amount huge a 3, chapter on up Summing some haveabove stressed patterns matrimonial the Nonetheless, 1 14 Although this difference exists in the distribution of certain certain of distribution the in exists difference this Although A Resource area 2 3 4 C f.;Wright 1991, 214). Weask can 1 2 B 4 f.; Murdock/Provost 2 3 3 Beakers Beakers rather rather 1 ------u whed ie Proe o c. 100 ca. Jahren. von Periode einer während kum Spätneolithi frühen im Siedlungsmusters des Rekonstruktion Bejsebakken. 17. Abb. empty. have been could area er anoth whereas farms, more of consisted have may area an phases some in and 4) (1– renewed continually were farms The (A–C). areas settlement independent in with situated are farms contemporary less or more three on, so and wood ing obtain grazing, for used area resource joint large a Within years. 100 c. of riod pe a during LN early the in like looked have might pattern settlement the what 17. Fig. 14 houses D and EAB as contemporary. as EAB Dand houses saw who 104), (1972, Jensen of that This interpretation contrasts with with contrasts interpretation This Bejsebakken. �� Model illustrating illustrating Model - - - - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 29 4. patterns. learning and organisation social development, ological sites gave surprising results that may display a combination of chron niques and of frequencies of ornamented in pottery the tech of distribution intra-site the of analysis The ware. coarse tothe of an almost intact Bell Beaker and a side from another Bell Beak Bell another from side a and Beaker Bell intact almost an of parts as well as weights loom 17 contained pit a where Jutland, of findsfromtraordinary Nørre Holsted III, situated in thesouthern part ex the by illustrated are latter A).The Catalogue (Table8; lay pits or ers occupation of consisted only sites of number a whereas huts, floor sunken often were These remains. house with sites from was sites, found on almost assumed 50settlement % Among the pottery 31,Fig. 85 2006, (Ebbesen farmstead medieval a of excavation an during Zealand of part southern the at found was find, stray a likely most Beaker, Maritime possible a Nonetheless, islands. Danish the from known are sites settlement proper no Similarly, 18). (Fig. finds Beaker Bell without totally is 100 km, c. of distance a to responding cor sites, Danish southernmost the and Schleswig-Holstein of coast west the between area the enough, 19).Oddly 2005, 338;2001, de 1990,2001,35;(cf.Rasmussen Jensen exist 524; does Vandkil nance predomi certain a though even phenomenon Jutlandic northern ly strict a as seen be to longer no is phenomenon Beaker Bell Danish the consequence, a As Kolding. and Esbjerg between halfway area of Jutland in the the centralparts from are also and southern known However, Djursland. on sitesof and clusters Limfjorden more of part western the of areas coastal the in especially sitescluster the ments, on sites settlement pottery is shown in Figure 18. As the figuredocu Expanding the area of research, the distribution of Bell beaker-like Bell of research,distribution the areaof the Expanding Beaker pottery at other Danish sites and in graves in and sites Danish other at pottery Beaker distribution: of context the Expanding 4 4 14 14 15 13 3 3 11 12 5 16 16 2 1 1 10 10 6 8 9 7 single single dump 6). ------ckenbecher-Keramik in Norddeutschland. in ckenbecher-Keramik Glo von in Verbreitung die und Glockenbecher-Siedlungen Dänemark 18. Abb. gård, 16 Gammelbygård. Tørsig15Holsted, Nørre 14Hovergårde, Bakker,1110Sem Enkehøj, 12Stendis, 13 Lyng, Glæsborg 9 Svapkæret, 8 Diverhøj, tum,Hemmed6Plantation andChurch, 7 (Mortens Cliff TasDitch),5 Bodbjerg site, LodbjergBarrel Sande, 4 2758, Thy 3 Myrhøj, 2 Bejsebakken, 1 are article the in mentioned sites important most The 2003). Mertens after (data Germany ern north in sites from potsherds or Beakers pp. •• Catalogue A) and distribution of Bell (see Denmark in pottery Beaker-like Bell Fig. 18. Distribution of settlement sites with 62 Siedlungen (Anzahl gesamt 1 gesamt (Anzahl 62 Siedlungen in Fundkontexte Unterschiedliche 8. Tab. 1,747).tal (to sites find settlement 62 different within contexts of Distribution 8. Table Miscellaneous Miscellaneous layer Culture finds Surface pits Only Houses Context 17.7 14.5 48.4 % 9.7 9.7 747). - - - - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 30 ment sites instead of following the distribution of settlement pot settlement of distribution the following of instead sites ment clusters rather distribution strongly in the southeast in an area without the any known settle why ask might one burials, in decoration milieu. Beaker Bell the to connected somehow and LN early the to dated cremations al sever of one just is cremation 410). This no. 1993, (AUD ornament Beaker-like Bell with potsherds two included also being human a of cremation remains the containing besides which – Vandborga – known is burial settlement, Beaker Bell a to close and Jutland of part northern the In graves B). flat (Catalogue and SGC, the of cists stone 286). In this area straight-walled beakers are found in burial mounds, Fig. 1996, Vandkilde (cf. picture mixed more a offer Jutland of parts northern the whereas B), Catalogue •• pp. (see LN in reused graves passage in found are beakers the of most area latter the In Funen. concentratetypes in the coastal areas in the especially on southeast, developed and Maritime of beakers curved the whereas Mors, and Bell emerges picture strange with beakers rather straight-walled exceptions, few a 19).(Fig.with Hence, a sites, burial of distribution the 46). (Sarauwvation 2006, exca proper a of lack the or houses two-aisled preserved badly ing separat in difficulties with instance, for connected, problem critical source- a as seen be sitesmust some on houses of lackcontrary, the the On sites. special representing as seen be not should findings ed a in found were beakers undecorated two least at from potsherds and 24, Fig. (see er Investigating the distribution of the curved beakers with Bell with sites settlement the by given distribution the Comparing n Beaker-like ornamentation are concentrated in Himmerland Himmerland in concentrated are ornamentation Beaker-like other pit (Fig. 24, (Fig. pit other K3 K4 Curved/Bell Beaker 10 1 6 2 2–3; Rindel 1993, 20 1993, Rindel 2–3; 3 15 9 6; AUD 1992, no. 275). However, such isolat such However,275). no. 1992, AUD 6; Beitrag Sarauw 7 11 8 Ab 14 5 b. 19 4 13 13 f.). At Sem Bakker, a Bell Beaker Beaker Bell a Bakker, Sem At f.). 12 Beaker Beaker - - - - - 15 Go K ud 2 ud tiwnie Be steilwandige und K2) und K1 (Glob Glockenbecher Becher, Maritime 19. Abb. lebakke. Bård 13 Helsinge, 12Kirke 11 Frederiksgave, 10 Solbakkegård, Blære, 7 9 Ljørslev, Østergård, Dørup 6 8 Bigum, Mark, Blenstrup 5 strup, Vand 1 Blen 4 Frammerslev, 3 are Rødding, 2 borg, article the in mentioned 50 pp. (see mark Den in graves in found groups) K4 and beakers K3 (Globs straight-walled ornament Beaker-like Bell with and K2 and groups) K1 (Glob’s Beakers Bell Beak and ers Maritime of Distribution 19. Fig. (Glob K3 und K4) und Dänemark. K3 in (Glob Verzierung Glockenbecher-artiger mit cher 106). 2004, (Ebbesen Smørup and (Lambertsen 1993), Nørremark 110), 2004, Søndersø (Ebbesen 611), no. Rammedige 1999, (AUD IV Sol bakkegård 2004), Ebbesen 84; 1973, borg Ste 86 1954, 1978), (Kunwald nildgård (Simonsen Fjallerslev Others are Blære (Fabech are 1986,Blære 62Others e ff. Catalogue B). Sites Sites B). Catalogue ff. sø, 14 Harndrup Møl Harndrup 14 sø, . Lom f., ff.), ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 31 of of these represent beakers an early of horizon placeinfluence taking some or these do Or types? pottery and customs foreign of 'testing' Do the differences displayadoption, interpretation,local and maybe beakers. straight-walled of distribution of pattern the in asseen tery or or Fig. 22, 13,Fig.(cf. bands horizontal two or one by separated also is ration gles (Glob’s group;K3 see Fig. 22). Sometimes this deco geometrical trian standing with combination in lines or bands vertical of sisting con frieze bypicture a comb separated impressions horizontal with decorated beakers straight-walled of group little a in evident is This styles. and traditions toexisting intofit adjusted or already changed but adopted were continent the from designs ornamental when LN early the of onset the from occur changes ornamentation, to regard frequently used (cf. Hübner 2005, 170 traditions, where especially line ornament and comb impressions are SGC with accordance in are techniques of 57–61).types Figs. These or a combination of line ornament and narrow grooves (Jensen 1972, fewabove beakers, all are Myrhøj, from also decorated with cardium a However, impressions. comb with decorated are beakers curved (cf. also exist beakers Fig. 13, straight or slightly concave sides. Nonetheless, several with barrel-shaped out-turned to straight-sided from vary beakers the of profiles 228 2005, (Hübner beakers walled (Fig. 20) which generally do not differ in size as compared tostraight- pottery. of types the different of engaging in this discussion we need a more general characterization (1975) Lomborg by suggested Before others?as and SGC, late the in

The straight-walled beakers are all relatively small drinking cups drinking small relatively all are beakers straight-walled The Height 10 20 30 0 0 1). A more simplifiedway of making thisdecoration is made Straigh Curved beaker t- 1 5 walled beaker 2). of Most both the straight-walled and 1 0 Diamete ff.). As seen from Figure 21, the 21, Figure from seen As ff.). ff.; Simonsen 1987, 148 r 5 20 ff.).With 25 1 - - Fig. 21. Profiles of 17 straight-walled straight-walled 17 of Profiles 21. Fig. Becher. geschwungener und steilwandiger Randdurchmesser und Gefäßhöhe von Streudiagramm 20. Abb. catalogues. the in mentioned beakers curved and straight-walled rim of diameter and heights between relationship the illustrating diagram Scatter 20. Fig. der Gruppen Glob K3 und K4. und K3 Glob Gruppen der Abb. 21. von Profildarstellungen 17Bechern of 5 box a within to fit scaled all group K4 and K3 Glob’s from beakers x 5 cm. www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 32 occur especially in burials, but they are also found at the settlement settlement the at found also are they but burials, in especially occur they where Jutland, northern in concentrate primarily namentation 2005,ner 750 classification (Hüb accordingHübner’sto SGC the of 3 and 2 period ornamented and beakers arezone-decorated sporadically seen from context of material continuation from the late Hence,SGC. both fully a within occurred I LN in traditions pottery foreign of imitation and Glob 87 cf. 1944, group; K6 and K5 (Glob’s beakers of group this to belong remotely more beakers straight-walled ornamented fully of group small a Furthermore, areas. blank by separated lines vertical four or up by Glob’s K4 group. Here the picture frieze is decorated with three siggård siggård (Kjersgaard 1963–65), and one of the beakers from Nørre Hol 1972, Tør(Jensen from Myrhøj beaker 48),the from Fig. beakers the of one for except 20) (Fig. group homogeneous rather a as appear settlement. single the within pottery the making or using people the by preferred was uniformity of degree certain a sometimes that suggest might one similar dec ly but straight-walled different chevrons. somewhat and two triangles the cross-hatched Recalling of band broad a of prised 2, Fig. 2003, (Liversage Thy from and 61)59;1972, Figs. (Jensen EAB house in found Myrhøj from beakers Fig. 13). Finally, it should be pointed out that on a few straight-walled 1988,(Fabech Blære in cist stone the from one on 1972, and 57) Fig. (Jensen Myrhøj from beaker a on as such beakers straight-walled on 10,(Fig. Bejsebakken from one similar a 1977, and (Ebbesen 9) Fig. burial Rødding the from beaker lines imitating band decoration – for instance, on the straight-walled 267 2006, Ebbesen are styles tery also seen within other areas of the SGC (cf. Hvass 1986; pot regional or local Such potters. affiliated by or potter same the by made were beakers these of thatsome likely (cf.22),Fig. very is it pots different the between similarities the to Due Bejsebakken. of With regard to the size of the curved beakers or Bell Beakers, they Beakers, Bell or beakers curved the of size the to regard With of bunches as occur decorations horizontal the cases, several In or metope with beakers above,straight-walled the mentioned As o rated beakers from house A173 at Bejsebakken (Figs. 13,A173(Figs. house Bejsebakken from at beakers rated ff.; 1952, Figs. 452; 453; Vandkilde 2005, 20). The adoption adoption The 20). 2005, Vandkilde 453; 452; Figs. 1952, ff.; ff.; see also van der ff.;der van also see Waals 1984, 11 ff.). 4 1 2). True band decoration is also seen seen also is decoration True2). band ) te itr fiz i com is frieze picture the 9), f.). 1.2), 2 5 3 - - - - - Abb. 22. Steilwandige Becher aus Gräbern. aus Becher 22.Abb. Steilwandige 1:3. c. Scale Jepsen. B. by Jeppe photos from Drawn Blenstrup. 5 Ljørslev, 4 Mark, Blenstrup 3 provenance), known (un A2103 2 Frammerslev, 1 graves. in found all beakers Straight-walled 22. Fig. - www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 33 (Skov 1982, Fig. 1). Another group of Bell Beakers – for instance, Tørinstance, for – Beakers (SkovBell 1982, of 1). Fig. group Another similar A shape, but potter. with a protruding foot, is single seen on the beaker from Stendisa of shape preferred the likely most is This shape, round-bodied often broader than it is high (Jensen 1972, and low 98 their by characterised are which Myrhøj, from beakers the is this to exception 24).An Fig. (cf. designs pattern the and 23) (Fig. pots of selection a of profiles the regards as both seen is rogeneity these beakers are almost twice as big as that of the others. More hete III (Fig.sted 24, 2; AUD 1993, no. 437). height and rim The diameter of 6 3 1 9 4 7 1 0 f.). 8 5 2 - b. 3 Poidrtlugn o 1 Glo ckenbechern. 15 von Profildarstellungen 23. Abb. all Beakers Bell of 5 box a within 15 to fit scaled of Profiles 23. Fig. b. 4 lcebce ud Glockenbe Keramik. cher-ähnliche und Glockenbecher 24 Abb. 1:5. Scale Jepsen. B. (6–7)and by Jeppe Hilmar Louise by made (1–5) Drawings Lom borg 1975), (after 10 (after Myrhøj 1972).Jensen Ljørslev 9 Solbakkegård, Frederiksgave, 8 7 Bakker, Sem 6 Mølle bakke, Harndrup 5 Nørre Bårdesø, 4 2–3 Holsted, Gammelbygård, 1 pottery. Beaker-like Bell and Beakers Bell 24. Fig. x 5 cm. - - - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 34 justifies such a justifies term. and great is Diverhøj from Beaker Maritime the and beakers these ish islands (ibid. 70 to the belonging Period late beakers of Axe the rounded Dan Battle as but Beakers, Bell maritime as these see however,not does besen, 24, (Fig. Funen on pit gravel a in and Als, at mound burial a in Langeland, found on grave passage beakers a in more three of know we style, maritime a in orated dec beakers curved mentioned already the to addition In daggers. (Fig. Bejsebakken from 13, Beaker was dated toMaritime 2200–1975the as BC. house same the from charcoal of piece a Diverhøj 670 2005, Hübner 1976,36 Waals der Lanting/van (cf. Netherlands the in than area Danish the in longer lived have may style a such that indicates This style. maritime a in decorated beaker curved large a revealed also excavations sites, these of 21–22). 1987,both AtFig. (Asingh bands horizontal as well press),as in Prieto-Martínez, 1986,320; (Boas tion ornamenta metope with pottery had have Diverhøj to Both seem 2758 21). Thy Fig. and 1993, (Boas Plantage Hemmed and 5) are Fig. designs pattern (Skov1982,Stendis instance, equivalent for at, found potsherds the on present of fragments preserved, poorly ornament. line with in combinationvertical filled withbands hatched triangles of made bands horizontal uniform of consists tion on whereas regularly,less or more repeated is zone broad the in ration deco the 24), (Fig. Frederiksgave and Bakker Sem as some such On vessels, bands. or lines vertical by metopes into separated ically typ are forth so and chevrons Triangles, rhombs, look. individual er rathhasa cases most in which frieze, picture horizontal broad a ing fram bands horizontal cross-hatched or hatched the to applies This tion and theonly some overall between resemblance exists varia of degree high a shows Beakers Bell the of design pattern the (cf.Europe 2005, 280). Hübner north-western in exist not does which type, pottery 1),a 2001,Fig. 14;Figs. press in 15 vessels(Prieto-Martínez, Kunst cf. and cylindrical Bell two example, For sherds. few very on based are they cases many in tions and thereby the form arerepertoire somewhat optimistic, since However, categories. different three in reconstruc these opinion my Fig. 7)(ibid. whichof 19 pots 68 are into classified Beakers struct Bell recon to manages Prieto-Martínez 124 pots, c. representing sherds Even press). in Prieto-Martínez, though the rather fragmented material pottery 2758; consists of only 3,025 (Thy houses sunken-floor three of consisting Thy in site Beaker Bell a from material the clude narrow entrance 2005, (Hübner and Fig. 135, belly broad its by latter the and 3), Fig. 2005, bjerg/Mikkelsen (Mø profile curved slightly only and rounded its by first the differ, of northern and central Jutland? The latter might be revealed by fu by revealed be might latter The Jutland?central and northern of settlements Beaker Bell the with contemporary as seen be to they are or beakers of horizon early an to belong they Do Denmark. tral cen in Beakers Bell curved of distribution the concerning chapter files (Fig. 24, pro curved faintly have only IV Solbakkegård from beaker the and (Fig. belly ed 24, carinat a by characterized are – Ljørslev and Bakker, Sem siggård, This may be traced back to the discussion at the beginning of this of beginning the at discussion the to back traced be may This very is material settlement above-mentioned the though Even beakers, straight-walled the to contrast in but Correspondingly, in we if multiplied further is Beakers Bell of repertoire form The others, others, such as Kirke Helsinge (Ebbesen 2006, Fig. 50), the decora Beakers are reconstructed to resemble Spanish or Portuguese Portuguese or Spanish resemble to reconstructed are Beakers 8). Also the beakers from Enkehøj 6.9), III Holsted Nørre from whereas beakers the two ff.; see also Boast 1995, 73; Thomas 1999, At 120). Thomas 73; 1995, Boast also see ff.; f.; 85 footnote 15). Still, the resemblance between 5) I was found in the ascontext same type 5), respectively (Ebbesen 2006, 83). Eb83). 2006, (Ebbesen respectively 5), 17 Furthermore, a Maritime Beaker a). 16 and Dørup Østergård beakers. beakers. ff.; ------17 16 ( Møbjerg). Tinna commun. (pers. LN late the to dated be might beaker atypical this K-4720, first standard deviation deviation standard first K-4720, that suggest datings Radiocarbon Asingh 1987,Asingh 151; 152 16). footnote www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 35 sure-flaked tanged and barbed arrowheads (AUDbarbed and tanged sure-flaked 1999,no. 611). pres four and strike-a-light, a type, knife feeding the of dagger flint a buttons, conicalamber four of theshape in equipment Beaker Bell classic contained which of one graves, flat of group small a in found IV (Fig. concern 24,Solbakkegård beaker from the curved 80 2006, (Ebbesen phase ment sites corresponding to the Late Battle Axe Period or a transition settle LN early on found ones the than older somewhat be may sø, from the Danishbeakers islands such as developed Kirke Helsinge, Frederiksgave, the and Baarde of some as well as Beakers, Maritime period. On the other hand, we cannot exclude the possibility that the derlines the fact that many of the Bell Beakers should be dated to this settlement sites such as Myrhøj, Stendis, and Bejsebakken, which un LN early several at found are beakers Beaker. Finally,developed Bell at Bigum were deposited together, this dating must also apply to the grave passage the in vessels two the 1977, if consequence, 61).a As (Ebbesen daggers bifacial I type with along found to have said been are types similar of beakers straight-walled Års, and Rødding from finds burial excavated non-professionally but old two in ditionally, Ad milieu. Beaker-influenced the majori Bell LN early the in pottery place such of ty clearly kinds different of tools flint bifacial with along found Bejsebakken from beakers straight-walled the above, shown 211). as However, 2005, Hübner 41; footnote 1977, 1983 61; without any clear evidence stratigraphic (cf. 1975;Lomborg Ebbesen but chamber, the inside found also were daggers I type several and of ject some debate due to the fact that both Glob’s K type battle axe 1975, (Lomborg sub the been 1–2).has Fig. burial this of dating The straight-walled K4 type Glob’s to close situated was Bigum at grave passage the from Beaker Bell the Jutland, 1984,Waals6). In der van 1969; (Bloemers daggers I type Lomborg’s and K4 axes type battle both with along occur types developed of beakers lands, 1955, 173 no. 578; Lanting/van der Waals 1976, Fig. 24). In the Nether K1 (Struve axe battle type a with along found was Beaker Maritime a Schleswig-Holstein, Grossenbornholt, In artefacts. contemporary by fer much help due to the lack of closed find circumstances and there of not does burials these of context Funen.The excavations on ture gårde near Ringkøbing and the passage grave at Bigum, Hübner Hübner Bigum, at grave passage the and Ringkøbing near gårde 1985,Skaarup 379 this areJutland totally absent areafrom (cf.like in northern the ones in sitesthis illustrated bythat area. This theis settlement fact further footing gained never therefore and rejected rapidly but tested was burials in it using and pottery such making of tradition the Perhaps burial. the continent: the on use of context the to similar context a seems in used were Zealand western Funen and It on found beakers the that Europe. north-western in pottery similar emulate clearly 85), but 2006, (Ebbesen manufactured locally were pots such singe, pottery. Beaker Bell of tion the of distribution wristguards is clearly associated with the distribu context known a differences, in chronological possible of found 1972,spite16). Fig. In (Jensen piece Danish only the is and form ern west the has which Myrhøj, from wristguard the by supplemented 1, Fig. 1960, (Becker land Jut northern from known also are form eastern the of wristguards thatthree fact 56).the by shown is 2006, However, clarity of lack the 1974;21;1969/70;(Skov 2005,Ebbesen Sangmeister Vandkilde type early Sangmeister’s of form area, eastern broad adjoining the have the which of and some this in wristguards more of presence the Using the evidence from the Bell Beaker settlement site of Hover of site settlement Beaker Bell the from evidence the Using Hel Kirke from beaker the with connection in documented As explain might Funen on beakers of horizon early an Furthermore, ff.; Ebbesen 2006, ff.; 2006, Ebbesen 147). ff.; Hübner 2005, 2005, 210Hübner ff.; c; Skov 1969/70, Figs. 1; 4). This might be be might This 4). 1; Figs. 1969/70,Skov c; f.). A similar date may date similar f.).A 8) that was beaker beaker ------ www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 36 ty in general as well as sites. within the single ingeneral ty finds likesettlement Myrhøj may revealhomogenei a stylistic larger chapter. well-preserved in the next discussed future Besides, further be will Denmark in phase Beaker Bell the of duration the of matter The pottery. the in reflected toought be somehow which years, 400 300– havelasted may Jutland in period Beaker Bell the that mind keep in should one However, style. local one only reflecting as terial ma Danish the interpret to difficult is it Myrhøj, from beakers neous homoge the and beakers straight-walled the disregarding quently, Conse decoration. and shape to regard with variation great saw we Beakers, Bell curved the Regarding extent. limited a to decorations Beaker-like Bell 'new' the with provided only was – beakers walled straight- the – pottery local the Additionally, pottery. and burials of types local of favouring the in resulting conservatism of degree tain cer a by characterised was society the that seems It ground. gained never really pottery Beaker Bell using of custom the burials, In enon. phenom Jutlandic a is Denmark present-day in pottery Beaker Bell not. or were made tools bifacial if this sitefrom clarify would waste flint the of investigation future A 67).1984, (Jensen dating er young a indicate to seems arrowhead pressure-flaked a of preform and theornamentation thethermore, presence of both barbed-wire tools such as daggers at Hovergårde must be seen as accidental. Fur flint bifacial of lack the Nevertheless, overnight. happen not do logy LN I is very likely, since major changes in material culture and and/or SGC ideo the between phase transition 1987,211;A 223). Liversage conclusions (cf. 2005, chronological Hübner general basis for proper a provide to slight too probably is general in and Lodbjerg from materi al the furthermore, and, documented properly be to yet has groups logical among the Bell Beaker However,pottery. such a claim typo-chrono three of existence the (2003,45)claims Thy, Liversage in cliff atsitesseveralmaterial the atLodbjerg found on Based tools. the SGC and the LN but with without Bell bifacial Beaker flint pottery (2006, 211; 228) argues for the existence of a transition phase between phase lasted at least 100 years. However, such an assumption is not is assumption an However,such years. 100 least at lasted phase transition the that supposes and BC 2250 at SGC the of end the sets 689) (2006, Hübner 166). 1996, (Vandkilde LN I or 251) 2001, daggers (Apel I type the of duration supposed the to analogous almost 1930 and 2340 (1. BC between 410 c. sigma)of duration a with years, lies phenomenon Beaker Bell the of dates(Fig.25), brated range the 2001,(cf. 465; Czebreszuk/Szmyt 2007; Sarauw inpress). tion for, the introduction of Bell Beaker in pottery Jutland (see below) rowheads ar seems to with, be connected and maybe even a precondi pressure-flaked and daggers I type of distribution the that fact the to due included are graves from dates The arrowheads. flaked pressure- cases some in and daggers I type including graves from ten and Beaker-likepottery Bell with sites settlement from datesare 45Fromthese, Jutland. of parts northern and central the in tributed 14 dis sites charcoalfrom different 55on datesmainly includes tion markedly.dates of number the creased 2006),have in (Heinemeier Bejsebakken siteof settlement the from al. 1996, 187; Hübner 2005, 667 1996, (Vandkilde in Denmark 166; Beaker phenomenon Vandkilde et Jutland in chronology Beaker Bell the on 5. Notes As As shown from the sum of the probability distribution of all the cali Bell the with have dealt studies chronological recent Eventhough of distribution the sites, settlement the at shown as up, sum To ff.), aof number new dates, especially 18 Accordingly,investiga this ------ 18 emailing the author. the emailing by available is database the of copy 1995; Ramsey v4.0 (Bronk Cal 2001). A Ox using 2004) al. et (Reimer curve calibration terrestrial IntCal04 the by The 25. Fig. made and processing data the vised super kindly most Aarhus, of versity AMS meier, Heine Jan 1996. al. et Vandkilde and 1996 Vandkilde in used database the Helle Helle Vandkilde most kindly provided 14 14 C-ages were calibrated calibrated were C-ages -aig ete Uni Centre, C-Dating - - - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 37 tect a specific sourceorigin? of aspecific tect tode possible all at 2350 it is And c. BC? Neolithic, Late the of onset the from Jutland in ground gained really only Europe western ces of influen that idea the explain we do 165).how 1996, But (Vandkilde BC 2300–2200 about at groups local of number a and Age Bronze ly Ear the by replaced is Europe eastern and central in phenomenon Beaker Bell the whereas Europe, western with accordance later,in is Fokkens 2001; 2001, Drenth/Hogestijn 310). Beek/ der (van BC 2500/24502000 and c. between approximately is 2001,Hogestijn 312). (Drenth/ the Netherlands of period Beaker the Bell Thus, scholars some by denied is phase a such of existence the time Mari of sum calibration the Similarly, probability). % (68.2 1930 BC 2410 from toranges beakers such of sum calibration the this, to ing 669 2005, (Hübner Netherlands the from types Veluwe and developed of Beakers Bell with coincides dates Beaker Bell dic Jutlan of range the (1976)(1979)Waalsthat Pape der suggests and of processing new A 45). 1998, Brodie 1991,38; al. et (Kinnes model' Dutch 'The following division logical 2001; Clarke 1970, 277 1993;(cf. Case groups local more of presence the suggests evidence 1991, al. et 39),(Kinnes datesand radiocarbon to according BC 1800 2600– from years 800 almost of span time a cover Beakers Bell the 2001;Beek/Fokkens 2001, Drenth/Hogestijn 310). On the der British Isles, van 73;2001, (Müller/Willigen BC 2500 about at started period Beaker Bell the where Netherlands, the and Europe central both of chronology the to compared when late rather begin they Beakers, 6). discussion insection ther fur (see society in trend general the followed thereby and weapons been replaced by new generations who had a desire for new of types have must weapons, these carrying ones the were who men, elder, more, in of a or period generation so the conservative, presumably Further symbol. prestige male and weapon main the as axes battle the replaced have must daggers the then By so. or generation a for ly that axes battle and type 1996, al. et Vandkilde 186482; Fig. ibid. few the of because supported statistically Relative probability In sum, the Danish Bell Beaker horizon, even though starting a bit bit a starting though even horizon, Beaker Bell Danish the sum, In Comparing the Danish radiocarbon dates to other areas with Bell Bell with areas other to dates radiocarbon Danish the Comparing 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 2 6 8 0 4 Beakers dates to 2580–2230 BC (Hübner 2005, 670), although although 670), 2005, (Hübner BC 2580–2230 to dates Beakers 3000BC

ff.;Thomas 1999, 120 2500BC Sum I daggers I were daggers only in use contemporary Danish BB, Calendar dat Calendar 2000BC f.).alternative,likeisan it As e

Σ 14 14 C 55 f.) but no general chrono �� -data from Lanting/van Lanting/van from -data C

�� -dates from this period period this from -dates 95.4% probabilit 95.4% probabilit 68.2% 2600 BC (95.4%) 1750 BC 1750 (95.4%) BC 2600 BC 1930 (66.8%) BC 2310 1.4%) ( BC 2340 1500BC ff.). Accord ff.). y y

2320 BC 2320 1000BC ------Glockenbecher-Phänomens in Dänemark. in Glockenbecher-Phänomens des Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilung 25 Abb. enon. phenom Beaker Bell the Danish for tions distribu probability of sum The 25. Fig. - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 38 1976, 13 Waals der (Lanting/van daggers Grand-Pressigny pseudo and signy flat (ibid.; daggers Vandkilde 1996, 180 copper tanged including Europe north-western in circulatingdaggers were of types different many LN I, of onset the before just and great, is daggers Danish 249 2001, (Apel ones Danish the than earlier cases some in and with rary contempoare them of majority the (ibid.)therefore and beakers ed including develop burials in are from suchcontexts known daggers 1973, (Lomborg 91counterparts British their of itations surely effected by thefact thathe saw the Danish flintdaggers as im was assumption This Isles. British the particular in Europe, western of groups beaker the by influenced be to pottery Myrhøj the lieved are totally ignored? others whereas desirable artefacts certain only region?whyare And beakers adopted and copied in one region but not in a neighbouring culture material such as of Whyartefacts and traditions. are, for instance, of types some types specific of spread the on considerations affiliated and materialand culturehabits. tery gers was instrumental in attaining about knowledge Bell Beaker pot dag flint I type of distribution the that suggesting framework tory explana an provides and multi-directional were influences the that Lomborg 1973; Liversage 2003;82; Vandkilde 2005). 2006, This article suggests Ebbesen (cf. Jutland of culture material the explaining in areas key as seen been works previous in have etc. Veluwe-region the and Mecklenburg, Isles, British the Both exception. no is area ish 1994,12 Brodie (cf. come have to thought is influence which or from place origin the of place the for searching into put been has effort much influence of –directions Europe in culture Beaker Bell 6. general level, which could easily include other regions in Europe, Europe, in regions other include easily could which level, general However, exist. thismotifs do onis a very similarities zone, broad the filling the of some and Myrhøj, from ones the especially beakers, the of shape squat the Regarding design. ornamental specific their and beakers curved the of profile angular the to attention calls she is kind, of (2005, a that the general 20)resemblance kilde underlines Bell and daggers flint bifacial notably culture, material other partly by only supported is it However, interpretation. convincing very a certainly seems This Jutland. northern Ve and Rhine the Lower the between at area bonds luwe tight particularly of indication sees an she as and this Europe, north-western from originated technology and supplies, objects, metal Danish the her, to 20).According 2005, 2005,de 25 (Vandkil Brittany in mined probably type Beaker Bell Dutch the of be to seems example, for period, this from items copper Danish the of much where metal, as such evidence archaeological other by ed support not is England eastern and Jutland northern instance, for between, connection direct of kind some of presence the thermore, 1989, Agthe also (see 62 type foreign specific a of imitations as gers is tery not at it all is difficultoutstanding, very tosee the Danishdag Bell Danish and foreign between resemblance the that Another point of view is put forward by Vandkilde (1996, 296; 296; (1996, Vandkilde by forward put is view of point Another (1975, Lomborg 30 influence, of question the to Returning some offers also chapter this case, Danish the discussing Besides concerningstudies In themost regional Beaker Bell phenomenon, f.; Brodie 1997,1979,53311; Brodie Kühn f.; ff.).However, British and between resemblance eventhe though

ff.; Struve 1955, 130).Thus, in myopinion, and due to thefact ff.; Mertens 2003 ff.;Mertens Beaker pottery. As to the pottery, and to the fact that Vand to and the fact to As the pottery, pottery. Beaker ff.). 19 a;RassmannDan 2003).the thisrespect In one must bear in mind that at the time time the at that mind in bear must one ff.; Rassmann 1993, 18 1993, Rassmann ff.; f.) as well as both Grand-Pres ff.).In Beaker pot Beaker ff.). Fur ff.). ff.) be ff.) Britain Britain ------19 Fig. 2; Clarke 1970, 448; Ebbesen Ebbesen 448; 1970, 82).2006, Clarke 2; Fig. 2001, (Brodie daggers flint few remark ably has England Furthermore, 70). 69; Figs. 1980, Harrison 60; Fig. 1973, Lomborg 1; Fig. 1932, Grimes 5; Fig. 1982, al. et Green (cf. ones ish Dan and the to compared as broad shorter very somewhat seem gers ay f h pbihd rts dag British published the of Many - - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 39 ing to the Vistula basin in Poland as the north European Bell Beak Bell European north the as Poland in basin Vistula the to ing stretch Baltic the along area the and Jutland describing by further even go others and Czebreszuk connections, eastern the of subject the On 49). (ibid. pottery of distribution the in trans-cultur reflected are elites new al among belief or power of ties the that claiming 1976;1977),Shennan (cf. others and Shennan of interpretation old the endorses Liversage Furthermore, 48). (ibid. style and types tery burg, even though he pinpoints a number of differences inboth pot Mecklen to connections strong of existence the for pleads he stead In style. Veluwe the from derive Beakers Bell Danish the that idea 2003 1998; 13;Czebreszuk 1984,Waals der van 2003; Liversage (cf. ences 2001, (Drenth/Hogestijn Schleswig-Holstein of 325). coast east the from or Germany of north-western Helgoland, from flint made were they that indicate to seem Drenthe of province the from daggers I type the of origin the of investigations new Besides, press).in 1969; Sarauw, 2001, Bloemers 295; (Apel daggers I type 28 have quite been small, as illustrated by thatthe fact we only know of might Netherlands the reached that daggers Danish of amount the VeluweHowever,the area. in frequently quite occur daggers Danish beakers. 95 1976, Leeuw der (van pottery the of shape the affected that bands flexible of wraps with constructed were that many Veluweof the beakers stressed be should it 6).1984,Finally, Waals der (van found been have pots tact in of number huge a which from area, Veluwe the in than smaller much is material the because be may this but style, Veluwe the as 24). the Fig. addition, In (cf. undecorated typically are beakers Danish the whereas ed, decorat heavily often is bottom the to extending pot the of part er low the also Furthermore, ones. undecorated by separated zones gen 1955, 24 Waals/Glasber der van (cf. neck the at especially zones contracted with decorated are typically in Veluwe style Beakers Bell too. Hence, seen as multi-directional and perhaps shifting from time to time de from shifting perhaps and as multi-directional seen be must influences contrary, the On identity. cultural shared of kind some of as an expression seen couldand not be scale general a very on thus is Poland of parts and Jutland instance, for between, blance resem The community. Beaker Bell European larger a within zone wide-ranging a of part as Jutland separate to or fluence band. metope inthe broad the motifs beakers from veloped the British Isles is great in as particular regards de and Veluwe and beakers Danish the between resemblance the that out 13).points also (ibid. (ibid.)Waals Jutland northern However,der van and central to Funen over Mecklenburg from extending Sangmeister’s eastern sees type, Jutland as of part of a Bell Beaker zone wristguards of distribution the and pottery Myrhøj the on cially espe based also, (1984), who Waals der van on leans partly tation interpre Their Province'(ibid.). 'Northern the in traits Beaker Bell all of source major the as Rhineland Lower the holds scholars of group (ibid.).This remains house with settlements and graves from known ent areas is tosaid build on common SGC traditions and is especially differ the in phenomenon Beaker Bell the Moreover, style. pottery of flintdaggers and a concurrentdevelopment of changesstylistic in (2003, 285), breszuk/Szmyt by thepresence this together area is tied 107 2003, er pr Yet, in my opinion it is not possible to detect a single area of in of area single a detect to possible not is it opinion my in Yet, haveMore scholars argued for the existence of more eastern influ that assumes 296) (1996, Vandkilde daggers, flint the Regarding o a, 481; 2003 481; a, vince (Czebreszuk 1998;vince (Czebreszuk 2003 f.; Czebreszuk/Szmyt 2001; 2003, 285). According to Cze to According 285). 2003, 2001; Czebreszuk/Szmyt f.;

ff.),whereasthe Danish ones are with usuallydecorated 46 (2003, Liversage b).

Danish 'style' does not appear as homogeneous as homogeneous appear not does 'style' Danish

ff.). This technique is not known from Danish Danish from known not is technique This ff.). a, 481; Czebreszuk/Kryvaltsevich 481;a, Czebreszuk/Kryvaltsevich f.), for instance, rejects the rejects instance, for f.), geographic geographic ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 40 the new pottery, other types of material culture, and ideology. Later Later ideology. materialand culture, of types other pottery, new the to introduced been have well may people the some hamlets, to Jutlandic came journeymen when or journeys their During patterns: (cf. Friedrich 1970; 1986, Larick 276; 2000). Gosselain or motifs on in societies pots ethnographic some artefacts of certain diffusion the by illustrated as straightforward quite be might nation expla the case Danish the In explanations. local for look should we (cf. Chapman 1987, 74; Clarke 1976, 461; phenomenon 1999, Thomas Beaker 122 Bell entire the for account can model gration mi a or model' prestige 'the as such explanation of model general graphical and cultural differences like theones mentioned above, no place towards the north. In my opinion and due to chronological, geo in regions Europe. different of the beakers 1992), al. between et man similarity of lackthe explains partly which Ebbesen 2006, 79; Brodie 1997, 301; Drenth/Hogestijn 2001,(cf. 325;imported be Reh to believed are beakers European or Danish the of pean or German (Lomborg type 1975, 24). However, none or very few 1978, Fig. 16). Also the beaker from Bigum is said to be a central Euro 1973, (cf.Behrens 63, Germany Fig. central in found 24, (Fig. Gammelbygård and iksgave Freder from beakers the on decoration tied bow the Furthermore, in parallels the area Mediterranean (cf. Gramsch 1995; 1995).Griesser closest their have may lozenges, undecorated forming triangles ed direct havewhich Bårdesø, oppositely or of bands Helsinge asKirke wrist the guard from Myrhøj, which is of is the beakers Other suchwestern type. above, made point the illustrating but this, to dictory 2, 1976,Fig. Wetzel 13;1984, Waals der van 48; 2003, Liversage 1979,92;(Kühn motifs and shape to regard with Meck lenburg from beakers and Myrhøj from Beakers Bell the between ty similari the emphasising in right be Liversage indeed mayWaals der van pottery. and Beaker Bell Danish the of some of view a by ed commodities. tain cer for demand and alliances regional as factors such on pending cessful ethnic groups nearby (Larick 1986, 276 1986, (Larick nearby groups ethnic cessful suc more from were copied Kenya newstyles spear where northern in instance, for – surroundings the manipulate to way active an in well-known how isparallels material ethnographic culture from used is sometimes It attractive. items material their made have would which others, to compared when somehow successful looked have definitely might old people Such surroundings. their from from and customs themselves detached regions certain of people the that result the with metallurgy, and clothing, in fashions new naments, or gold or axes flat copper as such well, as culture material of kinds (cf. Vandkilde1996,duction 262 pro independent an up setting for preconditions are material raw dispersal of metallurgy, and where know-how knowledge, obviously access the to to applies same The 96). 2001, Salanova 2000; selain 1997, (Brodie exist 307;to Gos had potters between contacts some revealingthesituation is different, thattempering, or thefashioning as such aspects, technical more to comes it When 44). 2004, Linden 2001,1982,Salanova 91;Vander 190; (Hodder quickly very happens therefore designs ornamental of diffusion Be the others. borrowed, easily of ing descriptions the from probably or was memory This from either tradition. done or style local the with agreement in copied and adjusted by a few progressive so potters that it remained been have could pottery foreign the of style the hamlets, the in on n h ln tr sc hmes ot iey lo dpe other adapted also likely most hamlets such term long the In exchange by illustrated be might diffusion straightforward Such Subsequently, we might ask how Beakers ofBellthe diffusion took The changing or multiple of directions influence mightbe illustrat ff.). 1) is very common on beakers beakers on common very is 1) ff.). The presence of presence The ff.). 21 64, f;

17). o; Shennan o; f.). Instead, 20 Contra ------21 20 action theory' (cf. Longacre 1970). (cf. Longacre theory' action 1983;1977) Wobst inter 'social the or (Wiessner theory' exchange mation con be like the 'infor theories with old fused not should explanations 40, Fig. 1944, (Glob great is distribution, ern east an has which D2, type Glob’s of 1, allels in the east (cf. Wetzel 1976, Abb. 24,(Fig. Solbakkegård However, despite similarities, such such similarities, despite However, at grave a in found Beaker Bell The 1). Also its similarity to the beakers beakers the to similarity its 1). Also 2). 8) also has 8) par has also - - - - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 41 must must assume that if many foreign women moved to Jutland through One 43).1982, 1987,Hodder 200; Herbich 4; 1998, Salanova (cf. ties socie ethnographic some in seen as communities married their in conform to had they if or tradition own their to according pottery Salanova 2001, 94). also see 1955,1966,100;WaalsWaals/Glasbergen der Butler/van36; der (van pots or people either of movement indicate also might we Velu in found type Bohemian the of beakers or Šlapanice of etery cem Moravian the in beakers Veluwe of presence the Furthermore, 2004).1998; al. et Price 2003; Makarowicz et 2003; Fitzpatrick 2003; (Budziszewski al. skeletons human on analyses isotope strontium Late the in place took actually women, of especially maybe movements, (Bro 1997, 309 marriages die arranged with connection in then and now areas new to moved have may areas, distant more from or communities, (Costin 397 kin among cial or group 2000, with references). so the within giving gift or exchange hoc ad an of result a as others tion is in the made households received household, often by pottery produc dominating the where parallels byethnographic evidenced 24, (Fig. Ljørslev from one the like vessels ing odd-look rather in resulted occasionally which beakers, made cally of the copied the beaker other shape from and lo style potters local many likelihood all in Instead, beakers. such of distribution wide the cal potters never saw a 'genuine' foreign Bell Beaker or were aware of lo many that assume therefore must We gathered. community the within people where activities religious or social of kinds other and connections lineage through Jutland northern as such areas gional re in distributed been have also could pottery of types new cases many In Beakers. Bell of diversity and distribution re fast the in sulting place, taken have may developments parallel more sequence, con a As exchange. the of share their get to or items new the adapt to wanting also lineages or people of groups other in resulted have therefore might hamlets Jutish the in culture material of types new new types of objects and customs of on objects the new continenttypes and found some metallurgy. of such as knowledge ated culturalhabits affili other and pottery Beaker-like Bell of production the triggered have might cultures their and foreigners with contacts many suing en the and daggers of 1953),exchange (Becker the LN I to prior ed gions towards the exist south (ibid.). networks Although interaction especially distributed in and Norway western Sweden, but also in re resources, entered the exchange as networks commodities and were duced in Jutland northern due in part to the presence of primary flint pro mainly daggers, Suchpress). in Sarauw, I; type 2001; 2004; 2000; Apel (Lomborg’s daggers flint shaped lanceolate of distribution the by illustrated is LN I of onset the from existed actually exchange of networks far-reaching That scale. European a on system change ex full-grown a instance, for like, network interaction of kind some is great (cf.beakers 2001, Brodie 494). foreign and Danish between resemblance the where pots, several on seen be might style potter’s new the with style local the mixing expressions such above, mentioned As expression. personal some however, for room, leaving somehow, conform to had probably ple peo foreign So pottery. the on observable be way some in would this marriage style, and in continued their domestic to make pottery As we have seen, people in northern Jutland became aware of of aware became Jutland northern in people seen, have we As of presence the is above outlined model the for precondition A is, The question then, whether such women were allowed to make neighbouring from potters female also above, mentioned As Neolithic/Early Bronze Age is in some cases proven by interaliaprovenby cases some in is Age Bronze Neolithic/Early ff.; 2001, 492 2001, ff.; ff.). The fact that small-scale population population small-scale that fact The ff.). 9). In other cases, as cases, other In 9). ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 42 history. This is the idea introduced by Hobsbawm (1983), who speaks recent in symbolism and traditions from emanating framework cal theoreti a withininterpretative and comparable maybe value bolic 2003 Mertens (cf. Kühn 1979, view 24 of point this underlines Boberg Hamburg- or Heidmoor like areas adjoining or Schleswig-Holstein from known are sitesDanish the resembling Beaker-likepottery Bell tery, werecontacts also made by land. The thatfact several sites with existed. for instance, Funen might and Djursland and also Mecklenburg have between, contacts direct Moreover,190). 1996, (Vandkilde duction 274) 2006, securing supplies of raw material for Hinrichsen an metal independent pro (cf. Germany north-western or Rhine-area Lower the and Jutland northern between both existed coast Sea sea North the by along contacts direct that imagine could One areas. tion recep the in people by and/or areas local by different in living people organised and multi-faceted presumably were Contacts traits. and items certain of dispersal quick and influences cultural of flow constant a in resulting society of part integrated an thus were trade Travel services. or goods their offering like the and traders craftsmen, of shape the in travellers to accustomed havebeen must distance travellers (Solberg long- 1994; Østmo experienced 2005), and very in were people some seas, across and tances 2001,sen 93). communalin and the constitution social of identities (cf.aspect Erik therefore must Lineage have the been social most institution important and an instrumental residence. and lineage to according ised organ groups territorial smaller in living people by established ly 63 Jo 2006, Sarauw 36; (cf.2004, al. et hansen structure settlement the with accordance in and contrary, the On Jutland. northern of region entire the representing people few a by organised hardly were contacts These desirable. them of I daggers of Jutlandic Jutlandic of daggers I type 600 approximately of know we Norway In area. Veluwe the and Norway Jutland, northern in found Beakers Bell and daggers flint comparing illustrated be might view of point copied in some areas, whereas in others they are totally ignored. This and adopted only are customs and artefacts particular why explain (Hobsbawm for 1983,sought 4 and new ones are of thetherefore the needs society serve no longer traditions invented old the when change, societal rapid of times in to According past. Hobsbawm, tonew traditions be inventedare in expected particular the with continuity establish to and society of rules, were repeated in strict order to strengthen certain values and followed norms that actions symbolic or ritual as understood tions, by Inspired rules. tradi such society Beaker Bell gender-specific the in that say might we Hobsbawm, strict to according buried are dead the where Europe, central like areas Beaker Bell core in toms burial cus areas, mightin whereas theencompass some first certain least at phenomenon Beaker Bell the of dispersal the of acterisation 1). (ibid. lish themselves withgreat rapidity" ly traceable manner within a brief and dateable …and estab period easi less a in emerging "those of consists type second the whereas instituted", formally and constructed invented, "actually are which those comprises kind first The traditions. 'invented' of types two of h itrrttv faeok f osam os o, however, not, does Hobsbawm of framework interpretative The char of invented precise kind latter a mightvery traditions The be sym great of items material and customs certain of dispersal The pot Beaker Bell of distribution the by evidenced as Furthermore, dis wide over exchange dagger the by indicated as Furthermore, f.; 91). f.). ff.), contacts were most like most were ff.), contacts general general people ; 2003 a; l ing and and ing b; ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 43 material kind. It was restricted to a few material items and mayhave materialand items few a to restricted was It materialkind. and general very a of primarily was it Europe, of areas large covered 3 late and mid the in homogeneity of 2007). often the deceased was and buried with a used flintdagger and are arrowheads (Sarauw graves of types different many version Danish 2003 Czebreszuk (cf. cemeteries grave flat in gear archery dagger, copper Bell a with males burying of tradition an intoof Anthis turned traditions. example islocal the central Europe time in and popular became some only but tested, and copied were or foreign of customs or items material more Many 2. section in illustrated as changed, havemight meaning underlying original the result a as and Europe, north-western to compared when different ho was, deposition of context the general, In traditions. local norms. and traditions existing the into incorporated easily more were weapons areas. same the in found daggers Jutlandic with the along likely most reach thiscontinental area, did influences (Myhre 1979;Norway 2005, Østmo that Fig.demonstrates 5) actually more, the presence of several and barbed tanged flint arrowheads in Further practices. and traditions local the into fit not did or appeal haveanynot did either pottery Such it. ignore to chose deliberately probable that here people were aware of the Bell Beaker pottery, but 104 1977, Skjølsvold 301; 1977, (Rosenquist/Rosenquist continentaloccurs Norway of in Jæren actually origin in south-western possibly Beaker Bell a that fact the as well as Norway, and mark 612005, mo (Myhre 1979; non-existent almost are Øst Beakers Bell er.Norway In small much is Denmark in beakers of number 1984,the 6), whereas 26 1955, Waals/Glasbergen der (van area the Veluwe from beakers Veluwe 100 than more of know we Beakers, Bell at Looking 295).2001, (Apel 1511 and respectively 28 are numbers corresponding the Jutland and Netherlands the in whereas origin, rank, gender, group affiliation and so forth? One of the conclusions the of One forth? so and affiliation group gender, rank, of field the in identities social of display the to attached somehow beakers the were and distribution of areas different the in same the meaning symbolic the Was attention. of centre the at been ticular par in has pottery the of meaning 2350–1950The c. BC. of pottery Beaker-like Bell the on especially focusing phenomenon, Beaker Bell 7. zone". geographical huge differentexchanges and communitiesbetween interactions across a by "innumerable as caused seen is to be phenomenon Beaker the of 97). So, (1999,Thomas following 122) we might say that 1994, the dispersal (Barrett phenomenon' Beaker 'Bell the of extension wide the about idea haveany not did generally people Furthermore, existed. connections matrimonial tight where areas from apart Denmark or in Europe elsewhere with people any identity social feel cohesion or not did probably Jutland northern of People distribution. of areas different the in different totally been have 2, section in suggested and the might, Beakers asmeaning of existed, Bell union ideological no Hence, ideal. warrior male of kind some of worship the included As claimed in the introduction, this paper has explored the thisclaimed in hasAs the paper explored introduction, degree some though even that suppose might we conclusion, In In Denmark was the adopted foreign and pottery adapted into the

shared identities or a remote outpost? aremote or identities shared – Denmark in Culture Beaker Bell Conclusion: ff.). Nevertheless, the intensive contacts between Den between contacts intensive the Nevertheless, ff.). rd millennium BC existed and and existed BC millennium 22 Evidently, new types of of Evidently, types new . vn e Waals der van f.; Beaker, and f.), renders renders f.), a). In the In a). Danish w ever, i gin ------22 r tpcly abd c. os 1993,132; 1972, Jensen Skov 1982, 88; 40). Boas (cf. barbed typically are arrowheads where sites, Beaker Bell Danish at occur not do arrowheads tanged and barbed that emphasised be should it However, daggers. knife feeding- two and daggers I type 25 contained hoard dagger this things, Nor other Among south-western press). in (Sarauw, way in Karmøy island the of on found hoard the dagger and above), (see type knife ing feed the of dagger flint a with along found were arrowheads four things al, where among Solbakkegård, other are a through buri cremation connected daggers 1 type and The barbed and tanged arrowheads arrowheads tanged and barbed The indirectly indirectly - - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 44 otr blnig o h sm taiin Cneunl, h small the Consequently, tradition. same the to belonging potters gestion that the distribution was linked to specificpottersor to more tosug the site.leads dump the This of location physical the with ed connect often was Bejse technique of at choice the techniques that indicated of bakken distribution intra-site the of analyses the A173 13,house (Fig. from Bejsebakken beakers at the straight-walled beakers from Myrhøj, of and the some two straight-walled and Beakers Bell the 24), (Fig. Holsted Nørre from Beakers Bell two the example to for applies This case. the to be positeseems op the context same the in present are beakers more when theless, potters. otherfemale and males to as such group, the within people to meaning different fer ing whereas mightcrete an it just outsider see asaction, an exotic drink range of intimate whole associatedknowledge with or self-perception con a convey may it group the within persons For group. the in with persons than Beaker Bell a with presented when associations different get may group a outside from person a example, For nals. sig the interpreting person the on and context the on depends ing or the meaning was of not pottery necessarily the same, since mean understanding the extreme, the to interpretation the taking er, and Howev identities. personal and communal of display unconscious an with associated been have may Beakers Bell Here life. domestic with connected closely were Beakers Bell the where Jutland, in case the not 'areas',was this beaker neighbouring the of many in burials in predominated Beakers Bell that fact the of spite In age. and der such as the British Isles, the beakers were clearly used to display gen However, material culture. regions, local some in existing into the fit or appeal an have not did they Apparently, Beakers. Bell the ignore to chose Europe over all people of lots Similarly, reasons. same, the adopted by differentgroups offor people different, or insome cases probably were Beakers Bell like. the and factors environmental tion, organisa social unaffiliatedin differences ly indicated by as context, area of distribution among populations that may havewide been cultural the to due same the not was meaning symbolic the that was ative groups with a provisional leader (Sahlins 1968,49(Sahlins leader provisional a with groups ative cooper larger as united havemay units the forth, strategic so and marriages problems, other or strife of case in but units, dependent house building. and exchange, extraction, flint grazing, common example, for encompassing, partnerships or cooperatives to working tied in gether units individual settlement in or hamlets small settled in situated families households equal approximately as organised 49 1968, Sahlins (cf. leader mon i. dence, resi and kinship to according organised groups autonomous tary 2001, (Eriksen identity and 93). safety ing provid institution social important most the have must been group residence the or lineage the principles, other or bilateral patrilineal, matr to according organised was kinship not or whether that assume must we where organisation, social the upon relies pattern mother/daughter mother-in-law/daughter-in-law.or Such a learning with connected thefamilies of such household perhaps extended as were patterns learning the that suggested was it models nographic eth on Based tradition. same the following partly potters of ations expressions or,related stylistic and perhaps more likely, more gener using units contemporary represent may houses of concentrations In times of peace the individual households may have acted as in as mayhave acted households individual the peace of times In One could easily imagine consistinga society of differentsegmen None diversity. huge reveal Beakers Bell Danish on designs The beaker beaker belonging to group X. Additionally, may pottery also con e. a non-hierarchical decentralised system without a com a without system decentralised non-hierarchical a e. ff.). Such a society may have been been have may society a Such ff.). 1–2). Furthermore, ff.). This may ff.).This lineal, ilineal, ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 45 de 1996, Fig. 286), but also with the fact that some settlement sites settlement some that fact the with also but 286), Fig. 1996, de (Vandkil LNgraves I in of con distribution geographical the with nected been have might right a Such pastures. fixed land to the thereby to and right territorial certain a had residents the likely most above. People were but living not in isolated and dispersed hamlets, tally well with given described the bypattern picture the settlement uals through marriage, the movement of surplus metal workers workers metal surplus of movement the marriage, through uals 1411993, nan Shen (cf. areas populated sparsely to densely from people of tion i. – variation' density 'population or people of crowds huge of arrival the mark not does it perspective, Danish a from seen 2007; Vandkilde 1996, Sarauw 280 (cf. others than influential more were families some does not exclude that some ranking might have taken place and that leader common a without decentralised been havemay society the that possibility The networks. exchange and marriages through ed connect loosely other’s perhaps materialwere culture. Suchgroups eachmay thathave groups copied competitive several by inhabited havebeen might Jutland contrary, the On like. the gender, and warriorhood instance, for with, connected level general very a on only identities, social sharing people of groups to up match not necessarily does Beakers Bell of distribution the – traditions building and daggers, flint Beakers, Bell example, for material– culture of aspects shared groups these Even though people. of groups certain of areas territorial to correspond could and significant are barrows earthen in graves and – LN the in reused both – SGC the of graves cist ture, Cul Beaker Funnel the of tombs megalithic of distribution the cially espe Jutland, northern Regarding 64). 2006, (Sarauw more or years 200 lasted have may that continuity a display Bejsebakken as such With regard to the emergence of the Bell Beaker phenomenon as phenomenon Beaker Bell the of emergence the to regard With ff.). However, the continuous arrival of a few individ few a of arrival continuous the However, ff.). Grave ofSG Grave ofLN ff.). C I e. the migra the e. ------Abb. 26. Die Verbreitung von Gräbern des des Gräbern von Verbreitung Die 26. Abb. 18. 2005, 476.Fig. Hübner Fig. with Compare phase 3 (Hübner’s SGC late the and to I LN dated graves of Distribution 26. Fig. grabkultur (Hübner Phase 3 (Hübner grabkultur Einzel späten der und I Spätneolithikums b). Data after Vandkilde 1996, Fig. 286; 286; Fig. 1996, Vandkilde after Data b). b). - www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 46 Kruť (cf. place taken have may perception re ligious in changes major that implying dead, the of orientation the to as Europe central in especially occur do changes above, mentioned 1986,(Shennan143; Europe Eastern 1993, as143). and Nevertheless, central in and also but Jutland in only customsnot and terialculture Warema Corded or SGC continuation of direct a manycases in and in rooted clearly are phenomenon Beaker Bell the of customs and 1996, Fig. 286). Furthermore, as indicated above, the material culture (Ebbesen1978,113SGC in used also were which of some tombs, megalithic and SGC the of cists stone reused ac tually are area this in burials LN the of Many 12). 2005, (Hübner finds closed uses primarily which classification, Hübner’s on based is it as impression false a gives map distribution however,the Here, Limfjord. eastern the on border that areas northernmost the in ed represent heavily graves, LN I the unlike not, are SGC the of graves phe (cf. 1983).nomenon Hobsbawm ongoing an still is and prehistory throughout happened has but phenomenon, Beaker Bell the with or Neolithic the with nected con just not is diffusion Such archaeologically. document and trace to difficult are that customs different the come this of top On areas. vast over and fast spread ideology or prestige warfare, with nected i. tombs, megalithic and axes, battle arrowheads, pressure-flaked daggers, inventionsas such Some ture. ple known from the Funnel Beaker Culture and the Corded Ware Cul exam for are areas large covering changes abrupt such nomenon, taking place almost years. cycle every In 400–500 addition to the repetitive Bell Beaker phe a of part and norm the rather is it contrary, the on – Neolithic the in phenomenon new a isnot time same the ly i standard of 1992/93, son sort some material and culturein changes 44).Besides, 1987; (Liversage Liversage/Robin sequences Beaker Bell by ceeded suc are SGC the of phases occupation where sites, Thy the of some by demonstrated as culture, material on also and 26) (Fig. SGC the in as population same the on builds primarily phenomenon Beaker Bell the Thus, above. out pointed as occurred likely very on so and tion tion to the changes in the general use of and burial the gifts thatfact rela in seen be should anonymity the Rather SGC. the to compared as changed had women of positions the that imply necessarily not 279 1996, Vandkilde (cf. LN I in women of display anonymous rather The organisation. social the in males of position dominant the suggesting also but warriors, idealised of kind some as them of many displaying sphere male the on is focus where LN I, grave are goods still related to gender. The latter might also toapply 605),the 2005, (Hübner times earlier to compared as SGC late the in 1993, 118 systematically less or (cf. more placed postholes association or in ditches often ring cists, with burial wooden-built and stone both number of a see we periods both in more, is What 2007). phase Sarauw mound (cf. new a with supplied and SGC ex the of already mounds into isting built often are graves LN Moreover, constructed. are cists stone and mounds burial new both 1993). Thus, Rostholm Hansen/ (cf. type same the of burials many find we where customs, burial the by shown especially are periods two the between larities 2001,527; 14).2005, Vandkilde simi area Danish the in Furthermore, Jensen (cf. used was position contracted a SGC the in whereas tion, posi extended an in back its on disposed normally is person dead the LN in However, seen. not are changes radical such area Danish Even though the number of battle axes decreased in male graves male in decreased axes battle of number the though Even Returning to the distribution of the SGC as illustrated on Figure 26, Asingh 1987; Asingh 1982; Ethelberg 1993/94; Hansen Hansen/Rostholm ff.; Jørgensen 1984). zation covering large areas of Europe at approximate at Europe of areas large covering zation e. particularly inventions con inventions particularly e. ff.; 1983; Vandkilde 1983; ff.; f.) in burials does does burials in f.) ová 2003). In the In 2003). ová burial burial ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 47 reig vn huh hs s o taebe ni te rne Age Bronze the until traceable not is this though even breeding sheep- for consequences had have must wool of use the run long the In (ibid.). Beakers Bell on designs the of some with correspond that forth so and lozenges triangles, with patterned textiles woven od (Gallay 1976; Pauli 1984, 114). On these we see, besides weaponry, Petit-Chasseur, peri Beaker from slabs Bell datedatthe Switzerland, stone anthropomorphic the by illustrated is advanced rather been 114 (ibid. fibres table vege and wool both of consisting originally found was textile ven (Jørgensen Germany wo of 1992, fragment a handle, northern 51). wooden the with connection In Wiepenkarthen, at bog a in found sheath leather and handle wooden preserved a with dagger I type as on the continent (cf. Ebbesen 1995, 248 raw ing materialthe Jutland preferred as for well clothes in northern becom now were clothes woollen that indicate might LN I of onset loom weights combined with a number of buttons and pins from the 1985, (cf. Rowley-Conwy products 85)? the Furthermore, presence of dairy and meat of production combined a to production meat pure from changing slowly is economy the that indicate 1977) Ebbesen 156,plate 1985, 96 (Hvass SGC late the in vesselssieve of presence the my. does Hence, econo subsistence the on somehow consequences had have also in LN I. Such a major change structural in the pattern maysettlement LN I implies thatbecomes more permanent structure the settlement to compared as SGC the from known are type this of sites few very that fact 1987,141).the 1977; Simonsen However, Hvass 107; 1972, Jensen 1986; (Hansen SGC the in rooted be to seems huts en-floor residence (Sahlins withpatrilocal combined 1968,perhaps 55).above, suggested model the in structure decent bilateral a favour likely that the same was true in LN, the period in This between. might tion (cf. 1990;Asingh/Rasmussen Ebbesen 2212006, organisa social the in role prominent a had women that imply Age Bronze Early the and SGC in practice sacrificial partly and gifts Burial as characteristic as the main male attribute of the period, the dagger. female attributes such as typical amber beads and pinsbone are not I daggers were daggers I type of distribution and production the scholars, er oth by and works other in argued As Denmark. of rest the to pared com as initiators were particular in Jutland central and areas northern in why and imitated and adopted was culture material filiated Funen areas from the(Fig. adjoining and Beakers 19).Bell five the by area Danish the within seen also were connections ing chang Such exchange. and interaction of networks permanent not but prevailing on depending multi-directional as interpreted were origin due to differences.noteworthy Instead, stylistic the influences that they was could thearea traced to of fact not be a specific article this of conclusionsmain the of one general, in style the and Beakers Bell the (ibid.).Regarding LN I to prior known are which grooves ger fin and grooves with decorated ware common the to applies same 687). 2005,The (Hübner tradition old an to refer bowls undecorated and beakers curved However,also group. Jutlandic northern the of traditions of the past in with a that unique of type pottery is characteristic decorations new the unite beakers Such 22). (Fig. decoration Beaker-like Bell with beakers straight-walled the in clear particularly is This SGC. late the of techniques decoration and shapes of uation contin a is which group, Beaker Bell Jutish the of tradition pottery 1988, (Kristiansen 36amounting all bones to %of about 86). sites, settlement on bones sheep of quantities large find we when This leads to the question why Bell Beaker pottery and limited af limited and pottery Beaker Bell why question the to leads This Finally, and asabove, stressed I would like to draw toattention the sunk building of tradition the structure, settlement Regarding c) and especially in the early LN (Boas 1993,132;(Boas LN early the in especially and c) ff.). That the weaving techniques might have might techniques weaving the That ff.). ff.).This is illustrated by the ff.), andit seems ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 48 tural identities were only shared at a very superficial level. superficial at shared avery identitieswere only tural the rest of Bell Beaker Europe, Jutland was to a remote compared outpost, and cul As popular. more and more became slowly that gold and copper of materials raw of control in were people where tinent attractive raw materials (cf. 1994; Solberg other 2005),Østmo and the European con and fur provided have may which areas, dinavian Scan northernmost the to link a was centre Moreover,this sources. flint re primary the centre to due production a as acting Limfjorden around area the with trade, dagger the to due reinforced were tacts 2005, 750(Hübner existed nent contithe and Jutland between connections SGC Latethe in already 32 2005, Vandkilde press; in 2007; (Sarauw pottery Beaker Bell of implementation the to instrumental 12. 11. 10. county Thisted 3. county Hjørring county Sorø kuas.dk/tjenester/publikationer/emneopdelt/arkaeologi/aud/index.jsp). (http://www. online available are 1984–2005 from versions The Denmark. in excavations new (1984–2001), describes Sekretariat which Arkæologiske (Rigsantikvarens Danmark" i udgravninger "Arkæologiske publication nual an the for abbreviation an is AUD B). A/NM (NM Museum National The or in a museum (e.local number the or www.dkconline.dk) sognebeskrivelsen, (sb.= no. past the of of relics 1985). to registry the national Danish refers in brackets number The pottery Beaker Bell with sites Settlement A. Catalogue 8.1 8. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 2. 1. The sites are listed according to the 'old' Danish counties (Ørsnes/Voss (Ørsnes/Voss counties Danish 'old' the to according listed are sites The

(Liversage 1989; Liversage/Robinson 1992/93). 1989; (Liversage Liversage/Robinson 1987; 1985).2003; Liversage/Singh Liversage/Hirsch 1992/93). 1989;sage Liversage/Robinson 1985, 136; no. 1987; Liversage 1989). (AUD ornamentation Beaker Bell typical with ornamented are layer per from the shelters Single Grave Culture. A found in few the potsherds up 1989, 2003). toed next long barrow (Andersen 1996/97, 9; inPrieto-Martínez press). 2000). no.187; Earle et al. 1998; Liversage 2003; Prieto-Martínez in press; Thorpe 1996/97,(Andersenbarrow a under found 1991,esAUD 8; 188;no.1992, 2000). Thorpe press; in Prieto-Martínez al. 1998; et Earle (AUD no. 186; 1992, houses floor en Liversage). David mun. (AUD 1999, 284). no. 15). 85 footnote 2006, (Ebbesen farmstead amedieval of excavation Bjergene VI, Hørsted ParishHørstedBjergene VI,(sb. no.17/Thy 2758). Two sunken hous floor Bodbjerg Ditch, Lodbjerg Parish (sb. no. 401104a–5). Occupation layer 401104a–5).Occupation no. (sb. Parish Lodbjerg Ditch, Bodbjerg Barrel Site, Lodbjerg Parish (sb. no. 37). Occupation layer (Liversage 1989, (Liver site settlement 8A).Disturbed no. (sb. Parish Agger Aalum, Øster as interpreted Structures 38). no. (sb. Parish Lodbjerg 2, Sande Morten (Liversage layer Culture 29). no. (sb. Parish Lodbjerg 1, Sande Mortens Bjergene IV, Sønderhå Parish (sb. no. 261/Thy 2757). Settlement site situat sunk two or One 2756). 262/Thy no. (sb. Parish Sønderhå II, Bjergene Kildevang, Harring Parish (private collection). Surface finds (Ebbesen 1977). com (pers. collection (sb. 4). no. Parish Surface Rubjerg Knude, Rubjerg (sb. 158).Parish no. Vrejlev pit house and Søndergård, house Two-aisled (sb.Parish during no. 23).found beaker Gunderslev Riis, Maritime Borup Catalogues g. g. SMS = Skive; FHM = Museum Moesgård) Forhistorisk f.).con these LN I, Fromof onset the ff.). Thus, judging by the pottery, pottery, the by judging Thus, ff.). ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 49 30. 29. 28. 27. 26. 25. 24. 23. 22. 21. 20. 19. 18. county Viborg 17. 16. 15. 14. 13. county Aalborg 43. 42. 41. 40. 39. 38. 37. 36. 35. 34. 33. county Randers 32. 31. most likely transported to the site in connection with the construction construction the with connection in site the to transported likely most 1986, 173). 1983).sen layer. press). in 2006; (Sarauw houses aisled 1997/98).(Skousen 1972; 1986).(Jensen Johansen 1972).(Jensen Hübner 2005, 209). 2005, Hübner (AUD floors no. sunken 1994, 414; no.305). 1996 (AUDtage in an system-ditch Early Neolithic 1988, no. 307; 1993 no. 341). (AUD abarrow 1984;under 1985 255). no. Boas). Axel 1986). 1986). 1987). (Asingh abarrow der (Boas floor 1986; sunken 1991; 1993). Simonsen). John commun. Simonsen). John commun. (pers. 295). no. 2004, (AUDno. floor 2003, 326). asunken with one (AUD 2002,341). no. house Neolithic to aLate close trench 2004). (Nielsen etc. pits floors, sunken 1983 41). footnote (AUD 2001, 387). no. 352). no. 2000, 289). no. 2004, (AUD 1999, 359). no. (AUD 1994,houses 352). no. 1977). (Ebbesen barrow Neolithic aLate of Tinghøj Huse, Parish Tinghøj Smollerup (sb. no. 57). Treehouses (AUD two-aisled houses, two-aisled Two104). no. (sb. Parish Skals Skals, Nordentoften, survey in found 162).Potsherd no. (sb. Parish Lihme II, Hovedgård Kås with houses seven least At 72). no. (sb. Parish Lynderup 10, Skrubben Parish Culture (in layer Selde 1977;collection). Lindum, private (Ebbesen floors sunken with houses and Pits 65). no. (sb. Parish Thise Tromgade, (AUD floor sunken with 31). House no. (sb. Parish Elsborg Vindelsbæk, (AUD houses two-aisled Four 86). no. (sb. Parish V,Dommerby Glattrup floors sunken with Houses 86). no. (sb. Parish Dommerby IV, Glattrup floor sunken and Pits 139). no. (sb. Parish landsogn Skive Granlygård, debitage Settlement collection). (private Parish Rødding Skov, Sødal 1972; (Jensen holes post and layer 120). Culture no. (sb. Parish Fur Fur, (Simon floor sunken with 264).(sb. no. House Parish Tastum,Kobberup culture from 45).finds Stray no. (sb. Parish Tranders Sønder Kildalsgård, two- and huts floor Sunken 51). no. (sb. Parish Hasseris Bejsebakken, embankment Coastal 63). no. (sb. Parish Ranum Strandvolde, Rønbjerg hut floor sunken Assumed 104). no. (sb. Parish Solbjerg III, Solbjerg floors sunken with houses Three 105). no. (sb. Parish Strandby Myrhøj, Sem Bakker I, Sem Parish (sb. no. 53). Pit (Fig. 24, (Fig. Pit 53). no. (sb. Parish Sem I, Bakker Sem partly with houses Two 180). (Khm Parish (Nørre) Hørning Kongsager, debi Neolithic Late of Deposition 9). no. (sb. Parish Skarresø Ballegård, pits and house 19).Two-aisled no. (sb. Parish Sem Mark, Lindegårdens Niels Enslev Parish (sb.commun. no. 44).Hasnæshøj, Culture layer (pers. 1986). (Boas Lyngby (sb. Parish 104).Pismølle, no. depression Large Parish (sb.Lyng, no. Glæsborg 130).Glæsborg Pit layer and culture (Boas Rimsø Parish (sb.Svapkæret, no. 66). (Boas barrow under situated House un situated houses (sb. Parish no. 18).Homå two-aisled Diverhøj, Three Hemmed Church (sb. no. 146). Culture layers/house VI (Boas 1993, with 126 House 161). no. (sb. Parish Hemmed III, hus Plantage, Hemmed (pers. layer culture and Pit 72). no. (sb. Parish Resen Strand, Marienlyst houses floor sunken two or One 48). no. (sb. Parish Sæby Hellegård, 6; AUD 1992, no. 275; no. 1992,AUD 6;

f.). - www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 50 61. 60. 59. county Ribe 58. 57. 56. 55. 54. 53. 52. 51. county Ringkøbing 50. Vejle county 49. 48. 47. 46. 45. county Skanderborg 44. Beakers beakers/Bell Curved ornament Beaker-like Bell with beakers curved or straight-walled with Burials B. Catalogue 8.2 (sb. (Fig. Parish 216). no. Halk collection Kappel, 62. Surface Gammelbygård, county Haderslev 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. bjerg/Mikkelsen 2005). bjerg/Mikkelsen Holst). Mads commun. (pers. house Age Iron an to belonging hole post in found bands zontal 110; Mathiassen 1937, 130–131; Ebbesen 1975, 295 footnote 149 Fig. 201,2001, 504). no. 1). (AUDes 1995, 1997 344; no. 338). no. (AUD443). floor sunken no. 1998, Andersen). H. Niels commun. (personal chamber the outside sherds of centration con in found bands horizontal two with ornamented Rimsherd grave. 14392005, 1548). no. Hübner 136; no. 772 2006, Ebbesen 3165; 116 1981, no. (Aner/Kersten 1952, 1900, 243). Fig. 485; Montelius Fig. (Fig. 24, circumstances find the about available mation 7075–85). 24, grave (Fig. Passage 289 1929, Rosenberg 483; 1952, Fig. Glob 79; 2006, (Ebbesen grave Passage 24, 79 2005, 1963–65; Ebbesen Laursen). 437;no. 1993; 210). 2005, Rindel Hübner Olesen). Helles Lis commun. (pers. scraper and waste flint (AUD Age 491). no. 2003, Bronze 1972). (Jensen road 1986, 171(Jensen 1994, 479; no. 1997 390). no. (Jensen 1984; mound burial 1986). a under found floor sunken Tørsiggård ved Hovborg, Lindknud Parish (sb. no. 225). Pit (Kjersgaard (Kjersgaard Pit 225). no. (sb. Parish Lindknud Hovborg, ved Tørsiggård III, Mariasminde Vejen Parish (sb. nr. 119). Pit commun. Steffen(pers. Terp 24, (Fig. Pit 79). no. (sb. Parish Holsted III, Holsted Nørre and (sb. pottery 622).no. parish Beaker Bell Pit with Borbjerg Vandborg, the from house and Postholes 181). no. (sb. Parish Sahl Hverremose, a of construction the during Collected 7). no. (sb. Parish Husby Husby, surface from 283).(sb. no. Parish Collected Sdr. Lem Holmegaard, Nørre potsherd). find (one (sb. Parish 690). no. Sevel Surface Sevel, (AUD floor sunken partly with 691).House no. (sb. Parish Sevel Skank, partly with house Two-aisled 40). no. (sb. Parish Ølstrup Hovergårde, (Skov floor sunken with (sb. Parish 46). no. House 1982). Ryde Stendis, (Mø pits and houses Two-aisled 303). no. (sb. Parish Brande Enkehøj, Parish Snede (sb.Nørre Snede, Nørre no. 471). Rim with sherd three hori Gab Sø, Hammer Parish (sb. no. 41). Surface find (Glob 1944, 246; Jensen Parish 1972,(sb.Østbirk Birkholmvej, no. 183). Two-aisled and house (AUDpits Alken Enge, Dover Parish (sb. no. 244). Culture layer hous and two-aisled partly a with house Assumed 170). no. (sb. Parish Østbirk Petersborg, finds). (surface (sb. pits 236). no. parish Destroyed Nødager Kringelen, Sarup Gamle Skole, Hårby Parish, Odense County (sb. no. 63). Passage Passage 63). no. (sb. County Odense Parish, Hårby Skole, Gamle Sarup mound Burial 40). no. (sb. County Sønderborg Parish, Oksbøl Broballe, (NM A 27520).County Odense Parish, Stiftsmus. Sønderby No infor Frederiksgave, (Fyns County Odense Parish, Krogsbølle Mark, Baardesø 33259–383). A (NM County Holbæk Parish, Helsinge Kirke Baunehøj, 1; Ebbesen 2006, 84 footnote 7). footnote 84 1; 2006, Ebbesen ff.). f.). ff.; 85 4; Becker 1936,4; Becker 196–197). f.). 7; Glob 1944, 88; 88; 1944, 7;Glob 2–3; AUD 1993,AUD2–3; - - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 51 19. 18. 17. 1944) K4 (Glob 16. 15. 14. 1944) (Glob K3 beakers Straight-walled 13. 12. 11. 10. 26. 25. 24. 23. 22. 21. 20. 9. 8. 7. 6. tion burial with two potsherds, one with Bell Beaker-like ornament and and ornament Beaker-like Bell with one potsherds, two with burial tion 135,16; Fig. 2005, Hübner footnote 86 2006, (Ebbesen mound burial a of fill the in 220/68). Found 1917; 1929; 1975, 1944; Rosenberg Lomborg Glob Nordman 25 22; no. below (see beaker straight-walled with gether 30, cat.-no. 209 2005, 24;footnote Hübner 17 no. 24, below Fig. and (see beaker straight-walled with together Found rise. natural in uated mound. 767 2006, 1985, 190; no. (Ebbesen Skaarup 260). no. 24, (Fig. material ash-like contained beaker The pit. gravel a near hill From mussen 1979,mussen 167). no. (Ras of near traces rim-stone the chamber outside found beaker walled (Glob mound burial a in 1944, 271) situated originally maybe coffin built stone 22, (Fig. ber (Eb K4 type of 1984; 1952, Glob besen 1918, 450; Fig. Müller beakers 230). Fig. straight-walled two containing things other 10). no. above (see zon and were in beaker the beaker found bell the hori same straight-walled 1977, (Ebbesen mound Burial 41). 62 footnote and 1967, 66 Thrane a-l; 127 katalog 2005 Hübner 271; 1944, (Glob grave Flat (Fabech 1988, SGC the 59 from cist 271). 1983,2005, besen Hübner 5640; no. 9). no. above (see beaker curved with er 22, (Fig. 22, (Fig. 24).note 1977, 61; 1944; Glob 2005, 30, Hübner 209 cat.-no. 22, (Fig. burial to another next found and rise natural in ated 24, (Fig. burial (AUD 1993, being ahuman from 410). no. bones burned Blære, Blære Parish, Ålborg County (sb. County no. 53). Ålborg Parish, Blære Blære, stone with mound Burial Parish, Sønderup Sønderup, Ålborg County (sb. no. 6). Burial mound (Eb 95).togeth (MHM Found County Thisted Parish, Ljørslev Mors, Ljørslev, 2189). (KHM County Randers Parish, From burial Gjerlev Mark, Blenstrup 1164). (VSM County Viborg mound Parish, Burial Frammerslev,Oddense 93).(MHM situ County Flatgrave Thisted Parish, Ljørslev Mors, Ljørslev, field Flat 337). no. (sb. County Ribe Parish, Brøndum IV, Solbakkegård Crema 641). no. (sb. County Ringkøbing parish, Borbjerg Vandborg, (SBM County Skanderborg Parish, Voerladegård Østergaard, Dørup County. Bigum Bigum, Parish Viborg (A28064), Passage grave. Found to sit grave Flat 94). (MHM County Thisted Parish, Ljørslev Mors, Ljørslev, burial 26).From no. (sb. County Svendborg Parish, Ørbæk Ørbæklunde, (sb. 72). no. grave County Passage Svendborg Parish, Magleby Hulbjerg, 11). no. (sb. County Odense Parish, Harndrup Møllebakke, Harndrup Esbjerg, Esbjerg, Sønderris, Guldager Parish, Ribe County (593x270–273). Straight- 461). small (Hobro a Parish in Found Randers Parish, Snæbum Snæbum, Parish, County (KHM Gerlev Randers Blenstrup, 2190). From burial cham among grave (A10637). Passage County Viborg Parish, Kvols Kvolsted, The grave. Passage A28063). (NM County Viborg Parish, Bigum Bigum, 158,43.491–493). (sbno. A NM County Viborg Parish, Rødding Rødding, collect.), 178/private Nielsen (S. County Ålborg Parish, Giver Østertoft, f.). 5). 3; Glob 1944, 271).3; Glob 1; 1944, 61; 89 Fig. Glob 1952, 57; 270 2005, Hübner 5; Glob 1944, 271).5; Glob 8; AUD 1999, 611). no. 9; Glob 1944; Ebbesen 1977, 1944; Ebbesen Glob 9; 61; 1975, Lomborg a). ff.). 1). ff.; Hübner 2005, 209).2005, ff.;Hübner 1; 1975,Lomborg foot f.). 4; Ebbesen 4; Ebbesen ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 52 Barth Barth 1969: F. In: Introduction. Barth, F. Barth (ed.), Ethnic Groups and Bound 1994:J. Barrett 1990: J. Barrett ud og Kommunikation Rasmussen, P.Asingh/M. 1990: Asingh/Rasmussen Neolithic a and Mound Burial 1987: Asingh Complex A – P. Diverhøj Asingh, och Boplats- stationssamhälle. Stångby (ed.), Artursson M. 2000: Artursson 1985:D. Arnold Scandinavian Specialisation. to Marginalisation From Apel, J. 2004: Apel Apel 2001: & Power. Knowledge J.of Flint-Daggers, Apel, The Aspects Social Production Knowledge. Technological and Flint Daggers J. Apel, 2000: Apel des Bronzezeit älteren 1981:der Funde Aner/Kersten Die Kersten, Aner/K. E. 1996/97: S. Andersen Nordwestli im Feuersteindolchen zu Bemerkungen Agthe, 1989:M. Agthe Sydi (eds.), Stridsøksetid Ebbesen 1986:Adamsen/K. C. Adamsen/Ebbesen References Björhem/Säfvestad1989:Björhem/U.N. Säfvestad, Fosie IV.Byggnadstradition Millenni third the during Ware Common Beaker Bell Besse, M. 2004: Besse prob its of discussion a Ware: Common Beaker Bell Besse, M. 2001: Besse Ap New Some (eds.), Willigen van Benz/S. M. 1998: Willigen Benz/van Gramsch/R. Benz/A. M. 1998: al. et Benz Mittelelbe-Saale-Gebiet im Jungsteinzeit Die Behrens, H. 1973: Behrens 2001: van der Beek/Fokkens Fokkens, 24Z. van der years Beek/H. Ober after C. 1960: Becker 1953: Becker C. C. 1936: Becker of Processing the in Representativity of Problems Baudou, E. 1984: Baudou Dagger Technology in Scandinavia 2350–1500 cal BC. Coast to Coast Coast to 2001). 3(Uppsala Book Coast BC. cal 2350–1500 Scandinavia in Technology Dagger 135–154. 2000, Olausson/Vandkilde In: I. LN during Consumption and 1981).havn/Neumünster (Køben Amter Tønder, Sønderborg und 6 Nordslesvig-Syd, Åbenrå sen. Niedersach und Schleswig-Holstein Dänemark, in Kreises nordischen 13, Arch. Danish Thy. in Barrows 1996/97, Journal 7–17. 33, 1989, Bodendenkmalpfl. ber. Sächs. 15–113. Forschungs u. Kultur. Arbeits- Aunjetitzer der Verbreitungsgebiet chen 1986). (København skandinavien och bosättningsmönster under sen-neolitikum. Malmöfynd 5 (Malmö 1989). 127–148. 2004, Czebreszuk In: Europe. in BC um 2001, Nicolis In: corridor. 277–287. Rhone-Rhine by the illustrated lems (Germany), 18berg ings of the 2 Proceed Paradise…? Lost 'Phenomenon'. Beaker Bell The to proaches 1998, 181–191. Willigen Benz/van In: Beakers. Bell thinking (Berlin). 2001, Nicolis In: 301–308. reconsidered. Model' 'Dutch the ried: 1960, 97–102. 23, 1952,(København) 31–79. Arch. Acta Skandinavien. in Fernhandels neolithischen des Geschichte 1936, Hist. og 145-231. Oldkde. disk 1984) (Umeå 3–10. Archaeology ern North in Papers (ed.), Baudou E. In: Sites. Prehistoric on Sherds Pottery 9–38. (Bergen/Oslo) Difference Culture of Organisation Social The aries. 1994). 2900–1200 (Oxford BC Britain, in Life cial 22(2),gy 179–189. Archaeolo World Britain. southern in mounds mortuary Age Bronze ly 16, Hikuin 1990,Syddanmark. 43–62. i undersøgelser regionale gennem – i belyst bronzealder ældre veksling 1987, 6, Arch. Danish Journal 130-154.Settlement. Skåne, 2000). (Malmö 2000:79 930. Syd UV väg sn, Rapport Vallkärra järnålder. yngre till senneolitikum från bebyggelseslämningar 1985). in 295–308. 2002 2004) (Uppsala Sweden Falköping, October 1–5 Conference Coast to Coast Final the of ceedings Pro Reflections. and Results Arrival. – Coast to Coast (ed.), Knutsson H. In: Neolithisation. of Wave Second the during Production Flint-Dagger C. Barrett, The monumentality of death: the character of Ear of death: the character monumentality The Barrett, C. C. Barrett, Fragments from Antiquity. An archaeology of So of archaeology An Antiquity. from Fragments Barrett, C. J. Becker, Die nordschwedischen Flintdepots. Ein Beitrag zur zur Beitrag Ein Flintdepots. nordschwedischen Becker,J. Die J. Becker, Enkeltgravkulturen på de danske Øer. Aarb. Nor Aarb. Øer. danske de på Enkeltgravkulturen Becker, J. E. Arnold, Ceramic theory and cultural process (Cambridge (Cambridge process cultural and theory Ceramic Arnold, E. nd . ekr Noihc rcr i Dnak Mnr Ac. 7, Arch. Munera Denmark. in Bracers Neolithic Becker, J. meeting of the Association Archéologie et Gobelets Feld et Gobelets Archéologie of the meeting Association Th. Andersen, Pollen Analyses from Early Bronze Age Age Bronze Early from Analyses Pollen Andersen, Th. th –20 th April 1997 1998). April (Oxford R. Wiermann/S. van Willigen, Re Willigen, van Wiermann/S. R. ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Torben Sarauw On the Outskirts of the European Bell Beaker Phenomenon – the Danish Case

September 15, 2007 53 Burgess 1995: C. Burgess, Bronze Age Settlement and Domestic Pottery in in Pottery Domestic and Settlement Age Bronze Burgess, 1995:C. Burgess Bell Włodarczak, Haduch/P. Budziszewski/E. J. 2003: al. et Budziszewski Ramsey Bronk 2001: cali Ramsey,Bronk C. of the radiocarbon Development analysis and calibration Radiocarbon Ramsey, 1995:Bronk Ramsey C. Bronk the of emergence the and frontiers Technological Brodie, N. 2001: Brodie and theory of years twenty-five Beakers: Bell British Brodie, 1998:N. Brodie Culture. 1997:Oxford Brodie on the Bell-Beaker New N. perspectives Brodie, Age Transition A 1994: crit in Neolithic-Bronze Brodie The Britain. N. Brodie, theoretical a symbol: ritual as Decoration Braithwaite, 1982:M. Braithwaite B. 2000: Bowser (Cambridge Practice of Theory a of Outline Bourdieu, P. 1977: Bourdieu 1998:Boast R. R. 1995: Boast Boas 1993: N. 1991: Boas N. 1986:Boas N. N. 1983: Boas 1969:J. Bloemers C. 2000: Costin et al. 2005:Copley M. 1976: Clarke D. D.1970: Clarke 1987: R. Chapman Euro Groups, Ireland: and Britain in Culture Beaker The 2001:Case, Case H. Kinnes/Varndell In: stereotype. a loosening Beakers: Case, H. 1995: Case 33, Soc. Prehist. Proc. after. and deconstruction 1993: Case Beakers: Case, H. buildings of complex a on report Preliminary Callmer, 1971/72:J. Callmer Butler/van der Waals 1966: J. Study of Political Factionalism, Ethnicity, and Domestic Pottery Style in the 1977). 1998) (Glasgow Europe 385–406. north-western of ic the Neolith Variation. In: (eds.), Richards M. Edmonds/C. Understanding 1995,dell 69–80. Church andPlantation. Hemmed Journal Danish Arch. 10, 1991, 119–135. 1989, 8, Arch. Danish Journal 88–107. 1986, 318–324.amsen/Ebbesen 2,1983, Arch. Danish 90–101. Journal land. Ber. 18, ROB 1968, 47–110. Niederlanden. den 2000, 377–403. 2000, 7, Theory and Method Arch. Journal Production. Ceramic of Study ical 32/4, Science Arch. 505–521. 2005, Journal Age. Bronze British the to dating residues lipid absorbed from Evidence 2 antiquity. in Dairying Waals 1976, der Lanting/van In: 459–476. 1970).bridge Ser. 331 BAR Internat. 1987) SiteData. New and ry, (i) (Oxford 61–79. Theo Interpretation, Definition, Mediterranean. of the Western Beakers W. In: Studies. Beaker on servations 2001, Nicolis In: Chronology. and 361–377. Contacts pean 1995, 55–67. 1993, 241–268. 1971/72, Mus. Univ. Lund Hist. del. 1 Med Scania. Norrvidinge, at Age Bronze Early – Neolithic Late the from in the PalaeohistoriaNetherlands. ly12, metal-working 1966, 41–139. 1995, 145–158. Kinnes/Varndell In: suggestions. some Britain: Northern 2003, Czebreszuk/Szmyt 155–181. In: Poland. South-eastern in Culture Beaker 2001, 43/2A, 355–363. Radiocarbon, OxCal. program bration 37/2, Radiocarbon 1995, program. 425–430. OxCal The stratigraphy: of 2001, Nicolis In: culture. Beaker 459–496. 1998, 43–56. Willigen Benz/van In: practice. 16/3, Arch. 1997,Journal 297–314. 1994). Ser.ish 238(Oxford BAR Brit concepts. and craniological archaeological of review some ical 1982)Hodder (Cambridge 80–88. Archaeology I. Structural and (ed.), Symbolic In: Sudan. southern in study ethnographic an and proposal Ecuadorian Amazon. Journal Arch. Method and Theory 7, 2000, 219–248.

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