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A) Sm B) Sw C) Ss D) N1 114, Nitrospira 114, Nitrospira 24, Sytrophobacteraceae 146, Propionibacterineae 323, Firmicutes 26, Sytrophobacteraceae 161, Spirochaetaceae 228, Chloroflexi 333, Lactobacillales 67, KSB3 132, Acidobacteria 23, Sytrophobacteraceae 21, TM6 23, Sytrophobacteraceae 143, Actinobacteridae 209, Chloroflexi 132, Acidobacteria 85, Bacteroidales 348, Firmicutes 10, Rhodocyclales 301, Firmicutes 114, Nitrospira 146, Propionibacterineae 79, Bacteroidales 23, Sytrophobacteraceae 61, Epsilon proteobacteria 224, Chloroflexi 146, Propionibacterineae 85, Bacteroidales 209, Chloroflexi 87, Bacteroidales 152, Propionibacterineae 113, Flexibacteraceae 351, OD2 208, Chloroflexi 85, Bacteroidales 128, Planctomycetes 146, Propionibacterineae 213, Chloroflexi 186, Chlorobi 161, Spirochaetaceae 79, Bacteroidales 280, Clostridiaceae 250, Lachnospiraceae 138, others 196, Chloroflexi 114, Nitrospira 262, Lachnospiraceae 183, Chlorobi 213, Chloroflexi 24, Sytrophobacteraceae 340, Acidaminococcaceae 231, Chloroflexi 218, Chloroflexi 228, Chloroflexi 25, Sytrophobacteraceae 15, Rhodobacterales 333, Lactobacillales 25, Sytrophobacteraceae 13, Methylophilales 55, Desulfovibrionales 165, Spirochaetaceae 55, Desulfovibrionales 23, Sytrophobacteraceae 173, Spirochaetaceae 65, others 61, Epsilonproteobacteria 116, Verrucomicrobia-Chlamydiae 148, Propionibacterineae 1, Shewanella 132, Acidobacteria 158, Rubrobacteridae 157, Rubrobacteridae 2, Pseudomonadaceae 143, Actinobacteridae 83, Bacteroidales 85, Bacteroidales 3, Pseudomonadaceae 157, Rubrobacteridae 92, Bacteroidales 104, Bacteroidales 161, Spirochaetaceae 198, Chloroflexi 97, Bacteroidales 109, Flavobacteriales 71, Bacteroidales 199, Chloroflexi 98, Bacteroidales 110, Flavobacteriales 95, Bacteroidales 202, Chloroflexi 99, Bacteroidales 193, Chloroflexi 111, Flavobacteriales 106, Bacteroidales 205, Chloroflexi 195, Chloroflexi 184, Chlorobi 203, Chloroflexi 209, Chloroflexi 216, Chloroflexi 198, Chloroflexi 223, Chloroflexi 240, Chloroflexi 217, Chloroflexi 204, Chloroflexi 232, Chloroflexi 218, Chloroflexi 213, Chloroflexi 242, Chloroflexi 234, Chloroflexi 216, Chloroflexi 264, Lachnospiraceae 236, Chloroflexi 230, Chloroflexi 222, Chloroflexi 320, Firmicutes 237, Chloroflexi 233, Chloroflexi 226, Chloroflexi 325, Firmicutes 241, Chloroflexi 287, Firmicutes 240, Chloroflexi 344, Acidaminococcaceae 274, Lachnospiraceae 292, Firmicutes 261, Lachnospiraceae 30, TA-1 296, Firmicutes 313, Peptostreptococcaceae 268, Lachnospiraceae 49, Myxococcales 313, Peptostreptococcaceae 315, Peptostreptococcaceae 325, Firmicutes 345, Acidaminococcaceae 278, Lachnospiraceae 52, Desulfuromonadales 280, Clostridiaceae 341, Acidaminococcaceae 18, Sphingomonadales 58, Desulfovibrionales 281, Clostridiaceae 343, Acidaminococcaceae 5, Comamonadaceae 14, Moraxellaceae 282, Clostridiaceae 115, Nitrospira 8, Comamonadaceae 2, Pseudomonadaceae 292, Firmicutes 19, Alphaproteobacteria 27, Sytrophobacteraceae 3, Pseudomonadaceae 296, Firmicutes 20, Rhodospirillaceae 28, Sytrophobacteraceae 163, Spirochaetaceae 304, Firmicutes 7, Comamonadaceae 61, Epsilon proteobacteria 11, Nitrosomonadales 312, Peptostreptococcaceae 373, Deferribacteres 165, Spirochaetaceae 317, Peptostreptococcaceae 36, Delta proteobacteria 374, Deferribacteres 171, Spirochaetaceae 325, Firmicutes 59, Campylobacteraceae 361, others 178, Leptospiraceae 326, Firmicutes 4, Methylomonas 348, Firmicutes 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 175, Spirochaetes 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 128, Planctomycetes 119, Verrucomicrobia-Chlamydiae 62, Epsilon proteobacteria 123, Verrucomicrobia-Chlamydiae 171, Spirochaetaceae 350, Caldicellulosiruptor 68, KSB3 66, Caldothrix 140, NKB19 365, OP10 353, OD2 244, OP9 354, OD2 376, Deferribacteres 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 356, WS6 141,others 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Fig. S1. Rank abundances of bacterial phylotypes of 12 UASB granular sludges. Sludge samples were collected from the reactors A) Sm, B) Sw, C) Ss, D) N1, E) N2, F), Q, G) Hg, H) Hn, I) Yk, J) Ks, K) Hs, and L) Dt. The vertical axis shows the taxonomic affi liation and number of phylotypes found in the respective clone libraries (382 bacterial phylotypes in total). E) N2 F) Q G) Hg H) Hn 146, Propionibacterineae 182, Chlorobi 52, Desulfuromonadales 114, Nitrospira 23, Sytrophobacteraceae 114, Nitrospira 68, KSB3 138, others 161, Spirochaetaceae 142, others 25, Sytrophobacteraceae 85, Bacteroidales 211, Chloroflexi 213, Chloroflexi 52, Desulfuromonadales 52, Desulfuromonadales 26, Sytrophobacteraceae 224, Chloroflexi 68, KSB3 369, Deferribacteres 179, Leptospiraceae 24, Sytrophobacteraceae 114, Nitrospira 88, Bacteroidales 143, Actinobacteridae 35, Delta proteobacteria 244, OP9 93, Bacteroidales 93, Bacteroidales 130, others 85, Bacteroidales 210, Chloroflexi 126, Planctomycetes 151, Propionibacterineae 191, Chloroflexi 232, Chloroflexi 26, Sytrophobacteraceae 53, Desulfuromonadales 114, Nitrospira 189, Chloroflexi 170, Spirochaetaceae 146, Propionibacterineae 136, OS-K 197 ,Chloroflexi 79, Bacteroidales 79, Bacteroidales 64, others 214, Chloroflexi 88, Bacteroidales 194, Chloroflexi 70, Bacteroidales 227, Chloroflexi 188, Chloroflexi 201, Chloroflexi 85, Bacteroidales 239, Chloroflexi 226, Chloroflexi 229, Chloroflexi 29, TA-1 280, Clostridiaceae 245, Lachnospiraceae 297, Firmicutes 296, Firmicutes 44, Syntrophaceae 271, Lachnospiraceae 50, Myxococcales 347, Syntrophomonadaceae 16, Rhodobacterales 295, Firmicutes 132, Acidobacteria 23, Sytrophobacteraceae 77 ,Bacteroidales 339, Acidaminococcaceae 80, Bacteroidales 48, Myxococcales 37, Syntrophaceae 79, Bacteroidales 88, Bacteroidales 118, Verrucomicrobia-Chlamydiae 46, Syntrophaceae 81, Bacteroidales 90, Bacteroidales 373, Deferribacteres 375, Deferribacteres 85, Bacteroidales 105, Bacteroidales 146, Propionibacterineae 382, Thermotogae 91, Bacteroidales 185, Chlorobi 160, Coriobacteridae 142, others 201, Chloroflexi 154, Rubrobacteridae 206, Chloroflexi 132, Acidobacteria 209, Chloroflexi 78, Bacteroidales 215, Chloroflexi 145, Cellulomonadaceae 217, Chloroflexi 103, Bacteroidales 226, Chloroflexi 159, Rubrobacteridae 218, Chloroflexi 198, Chloroflexi 242, Chloroflexi 200, Chloroflexi 181, Chlorobi 225, Chloroflexi 252, Lachnospiraceae 208, Chloroflexi 191, Chloroflexi 228, Chloroflexi 321, Firmicutes 212, Chloroflexi 201, Chloroflexi 235, Chloroflexi 326, Firmicutes 213, Chloroflexi 328, Firmicutes 265, Lachnospiraceae 220, Chloroflexi 329, Firmicutes 331, Lactobacillales 332, Lactobacillales 27, Sytrophobacteraceae 238, Chloroflexi 251, Lachnospiraceae 333, Lactobacillales 334, Lactobacillales 30, TA-1 257, Lachnospiraceae 341, Acidaminococcaceae 17, Rhodobacterales 46, Syntrophaceae 292, Firmicutes 342, Acidaminococcaceae 25, Sytrophobacteraceae 162, Spirochaetaceae 293, Firmicutes 12, Methylophilales 56, Desulfovibrionales 172, Spirochaetaceae 297, Firmicutes 27, Sytrophobacteraceae 61, Epsilonproteobacteria 121, Verrucomicrobia-Chlamydiae 300, Firmicutes 29, TA-1 374, Deferribacteres 377, Deferribacteres 308, Peptostreptococcaceae 31, TA-1 379, Deferribacteres 63, Gemmatimonadetes 311, Peptostreptococcaceae 366, OP10 364, OP10 320, Firmicutes 39, Syntrophaceae 367, OP10 137, OP8 322, Firmicutes 45, Syntrophaceae 324, Firmicutes 357, TM7 65, others 162, Spirochaetaceae 325, Firmicutes 122, Verrucomicrobia-Chlamydiae 336, Firmicutes 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 244, OP9 35, Deltaproteobacteria 37, Syntrophaceae 131, others 53, Desulfuromonadales 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 164, Spirochaetaceae 177, Leptospiraceae 180, Leptospiraceae Verrucomicrobia-Chlamydiae Deferribacteres Deferribacteres Deferribacteres others others others 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Fig. S1 (continued).Fig. S1. (continued). Narihiro et al. I) Yk J) Ks K) Hs L) Dt 59, Campylobacteraceae 27, Sytrophobacteraceae 90, Bacteroidales 368, Deferribacteres 322, Firmicutes 377, Deferribacteres 190, Chloroflexi 149, Propionibacterineae 318, Firmicutes 95, Bacteroidales 102, Bacteroidales 80, Bacteroidales 2, Pseudomonadaceae 26, Sytrophobacteraceae 187, Chloroflexi 377, Deferribacteres 335, Firmicutes 74, Bacteroidales 297, Firmicutes 150, Propionibacterineae 253, Lachnospiraceae 45, Syntrophaceae 26, Sytrophobacteraceae 292, Firmicutes 9, Oxalobacteraceae 369, Deferribacteres 54, Desulfuromonadales 373, Deferribacteres 73, Bacteroidales 138, others 164, Spirochaetaceae 208, Chloroflexi 256, Lachnospiraceae 79, Bacteroidales 283, Firmicutes 266, Lachnospiraceae 290, Firmicutes 16, Rhodobacterales 181, Chlorobi 296, Firmicutes 284, Firmicutes 306, Peptostreptococcaceae 146, Propionibacterineae 297, Firmicutes 319, Firmicutes 51, Bdellovibrionales 85, Bacteroidales 330, Firmicutes 51, Bdellovibrionales 162, Spirochaetaceae 41, Syntrophaceae 57, Desulfovibrionales 154, Rubrobacteridae 258, Lachnospiraceae 144, Cellulomonadaceae 371, Deferribacteres 155, Rubrobacteridae 275, Lachnospiraceae 221, Chloroflexi 359, Termite group I 33, TA-1 296, Firmicutes 323, Firmicutes 265, Lachnospiraceae 147, Propionibacterineae 176, Spirochaetes 69, Bacteroidales 243, OP9 330, Firmicutes 285, Firmicutes 16, Rhodobacterales 72, Bacteroidales 244, OP9 21, TM6 30, TA-1 86, Bacteroidales 156, Rubrobacteridae 133, Acidobacteria 37, Syntrophaceae 94, Bacteroidales 75, Bacteroidales 134, Acidobacteria 41, Syntrophaceae 245, Lachnospiraceae 76, Bacteroidales 47, Myxococcales 153, Propionibacterineae 247, Lachnospiraceae 88, Bacteroidales 58, Desulfovibrionales 82, Bacteroidales 248, Lachnospiraceae 89, Bacteroidales 373, Deferribacteres 84, Bacteroidales 249, Lachnospiraceae 91, Bacteroidales