ANNUAL REPORT 2002-2003 BOUT NIO The National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) was founded on 1 January 1966. It has headquarters at Goa and three regional centres located at Mumbai, Kochi and Visakhapatnam. Its present Staff is about 600 of whom 200 are scientists.

The Institute has well equipped laboratories, modern communication and distributed facilities and a well developed library and information service facility. It has been recognised as Responsible Oceanographic Data Centre by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission catering to the needs of organisations within the country, and to countries bordering the Indian Ocean. The Institute has a Coastal Research Vessel Sagar Shukti which is equipped with state-of-the-art technology for coastal studies.

UR MISSION "to continuously improve our understanding of the seas around us and to translate this knowledge to benefit all"

UALITY POLICY "to provide the best possible advisories to our stakeholders in the sustainable use of the ocean, the quality of which would be gauged by the quality of publications, patents and services to industry"

BJECTIVES to attain international recognition and leadership in the Indian Ocean region through outstanding multi-disciplinary research and creation of intellectual property to develop world class expertise and facilities in the emerging fields of ocean science ANNUAL REPORT 2002-2003 NIO, GOA

Contents

2

Director's Report 4

Oceans and Climate 6

Biogeochemistry & Ecosystems 16

Drugs & Chemicals 23

Non-Living Resources 25

Pollution & Environmental Impact 30

Engineering & Instrumentation 33

Marine Archaeology 35

Sponsored Projects 37

Cruises Participation 40

Events 43

Awards & Honours 47

Deputations from the Institute 48

Patents & Publications 51

Finances & Human Resource 55

Director's Report

During the year 2002-03 the National Institute of our chosen favourites for the task. Considerable Oceanography continued its efforts towards progress has been made in certain areas, where fulfilling its mission : to continuously improve we are closer to our goals. Thus, we have several our understanding of the seas around us and US patents granted in this field during the current to translate this knowledge to benefit all. I year. Our research has opened up new avenues summarize below salient products of these that show much promise. The common green efforts in different areas of research. mussel growing in the backyard of the institute has yielded some potential anti-viral drugs. The Oceans and Climate area of prevention of biofouling of surfaces and materials in the marine environment still The ocean's role in controlling the climate of the provides a great challenge. Therefore, search Earth has received considerable attention during for antifouling compounds from various sources the last few decades. is a continuous process. Extracts from a gorgonian and a few other marine organisms including The researchers of NIO have an added interest seaweeds have been shown to inhibit attachment in this arena. It arises from the need to understand of bacteria to surfaces. interaction between the ocean and the monsoon, the provider of freshwater to India. The studies Non-living Resources carried in the area of oceans and climate during this year primarily followed three themes. The It has often been printed out that the oceans form first was exploration of the physical processes of the last frontier for the mankind's needs. The the Bay of Bengal and their role in the monsoons. research this year in the institute focused on three The interest in this theme stems from the fact that potential non-living resources : gas hydrates in activity of the monsoon precipitation is much the continental shelf, phosphorites and more intense over the bay than over the rest of manganese nodules. A number of processes the North Indian Ocean. The second theme was that lead to the presence of these resources were oceanic processes that dominate near-surface studied. Attention was drawn to the provenance circulation in the open sea and in the coastal of volcanic ash found in the ocean. Also studied areas. While the study of ocean processes at the were processes associated with manganese present provides insight into what the climate in micronodules found in the Bay of Bengal. future might be, the ocean is a valuable recorder of signals of the climate of the past Deciphering Geophysical investigations of the ocean floor are those signals formed the third principal theme important to understand its structure. In this during the year. Summarized below are the year's research geophysical studies of the Central studies that were carried out under the three Indian Ocean provided new insights into plate themes. movements and possible mountain building activity which took place during early Pliocene. Biogeochemistry & Ecosystems Closer to home, geophysical studies of the continental margins of India generated new ideas The unique monsoon cycles make a profound on their evolution and present structure. In an impact on biogeochemical cycling in the northern interesting application, backscatter of acoustic Indian Ocean making this area globally signals used in ocean floor mapping systems significant in terms of processes that affect ocean were used, together with Neural Networks to productivity and atmospheric composition. The identify characteristics of ocean floors. research during 2002-03 at NIO focused on the effects of the unusual physical forcings on Pollution and Environmental Impact changes in elemental transformations and ecosystem functioning in the pelagic and benthic The institute continued its investigations into the environments, on oceanic production of health of the waters around India. It was shown climatically important gases and their exchanges that while an oil spill reduces the number of across air-sea interface. organisms in the water almost immediately after the spill, it takes much longer to regain its pre- Drugs & Chemicals from the Sea spill status. This is particularly true in the waters that experience a strong seasonal feature like The institute continued to pursue its objective of the monsoon. In another study it was shown that finding: solutions to human diseases, counts of bacteria over different seasons serve environmental pollution and fouling of marine as indices to evaluate risks associated with structures through marine organisms. Bacteria, human activities in marine environment. Some fungi, seaweeds, seagrasses, mangrove plants hypersaline strains of anaerobic bacteria were and invertebrates from our waters have been very effective in precipitating mercury and lead. Such bacteria could play an important role in This year we were granted five patents: two related metal pollution bioremediation. In another study, to human and animal nutrition and therapeutic a particular fish was found responsible for use, the third concerned treatment of dyes controlling some of the fouling organisms. originating from industrial and other sources in wastewater discharge; the fourth was related to a Engineering and Instrumentation composition tested to be effective as a prophylactic and/or the therapeutic agent for the As earlier, ocean engineering and applied management of viral and bacterial diseases in oceanography continued to be an important the aquatic animals, particularly against white component of our industry-sponsored research. spot syndrome virus (wssv) in prawn aquaculture; Analysis of data collected under such projects the fifth concerned a closed seawater/brackish revealed important clues on characteristics of water recycling system, designed and developed wind-waves, mining and sediment transport for effective management of culture organisms/ dynamics in the near-shore and estuarine areas to generate fodder organism, etc. of India. In instrumentation there were studies conducted on impact of water density on sea The year marked the conclusion of a highly level measurements that need tide-well based successful bilateral programme between India gauges. and Germany that was initiated in 1986 by late Dr. H.N. Siddiquie of this institute and by late Dr. Marine Archaeology E.T. Degens, University of Hamburg, Germany. The programme focused on biogeochemical The ocean often serves as a repository of the processes and monsoonal upwelling in the North artifacts used by past civilizations, particularly Indian Ocean. those that made coastal areas their home. Marine archaeological studies carried out in the institute during this year have helped to A number of honours came to our scientists. Dr. understand our past better. Potsherds from Bet V. Pumachandra Rao was elected Fellow of the Dwarka, Gujarat, were dated using methods that Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore. Dr. D. utilize bioluminescence to arrive at a cultural Shankar received the "CSIR Young Scientist sequence of the island. Archaeological studies Award" in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean and were carried out in the waters of Goa, Dwarka Planetary Sciences. Dr. V. Subrahmanyam and Orissa. received the National Mineral Award 2001 for his contributions in geophysics. Dr. P.D. Naidu was selected for the S.S. Merh Award 2002. Dr. Z.A. Other significant events in the institute were: Ansari was honoured by the National The Institute organized a multi-disciplinary cruise Environmental Science Academy, New Delhi. onboard ORV Sagar Kanya in April-May 2002 at This year marked completion of two decades the initiative of Ministry of External Affairs (GOI) since the First Indian Expedition to Antarctica. and active support of Department of Ocean Researchers from NIO who participated in the Development under the project, "India-Myanmar expedition were honoured with the "Antarctica Joint Oceanographic Studies". Award" S.Z. Qasim (Leader of the first expedition), H.N. Siddiquie (Dy. Leader-posthumous award), All together 31 participants (19 from India R. Sen Gupta, Ehrlich Desa, A.H. Parulekar representing four organizations and 12 from (posthumous award), S.G. Prabhu Matondkar, Myanmar representing five organizations) were Shri M.C. Pathak and D.V. Ramaraju. onboard during the 36 days voyage, acquiring extensive data and samples covering about The summary, it was a good year, marked with: 1,25,000 sq.km area in the north and east solid achievements, for this premier national Andaman Sea. The large data thus generated is institution dedicated to the study of the oceans. expected to improve our understanding of the Andaman Sea in general and that of continental shelf and slope of Myanmar in particular. ANNUAL REPORT 2OO2-2003 NIO. GOA Oceans & Climate

During the last few decades oceanographers have found yet another reason for ex- ploring the oceans: their role in dynamics of the Earth's climate. The researchers of NIO have an added interest in this arena. It arises from the need to understand interaction between the ocean and the monsoon, the provider of freshwater to India. The studies carried in the area of oceans and climate during this year primarily followed three themes. The first was exploration of the physical processes of the Bay of Bengal and their role in the monsoons. The interest in this theme stems from the fact that activity of the monsoon precipitation is much more intense over the bay than over the rest of the North Indian Ocean. The second theme was oceanic processes that dominate near-surface circulation in the open sea and in the coastal areas. While the study of ocean processes at the present provides insight into what the climate in future might be, the ocean is a valuable recorder of signals of the climate of the past. Deciphering those signals formed the third principal theme dur- ing the year. Summarized below are the studies that were carried out under the three themes.

Upper ocean stratification and Surface layer temperature inversion circulation in the northern Bay of in the Bay of Bengal Bengal during southwest monsoon [Pankajakshan, τ., V.V. Gopalakrishna, [Gopalakrishna, V.V., V.S.N. Murty, D. Sengupta, P.M. Muraleedharan, G. V. Reddy, Nilesh Araligidad Shrikant Shenoi and Nilesh Araligidad] and Shrikant Shenoi}

During the southwest monsoon (July) of 1991 a large Surface layer temperature inversion occurring in the plume (300 x 250 km2) of warm (greater than 29°C) Bay of Bengal has been addressed. Hydrographic data and less saline (less than 29 PSU) water is noticed in archived in the Indian Oceanographic Data Center are the top 30 m to the east of 87.5°E in the northern Bay of used to understand various aspects of the temperature Bengal. To the west of 87.5°E cold and saline waters inversion of surface layer in the Bay of Bengal, such are noticed in the upper 50 m, with a distinct thermohaline as occurrence time, characteristics, stability, inter- front along 87.5°E. The thermohaline fields show the annual variability and generating mechanisms. Spatially influence of wind forcing west and south of the front, organized temperature inversion occurs in the coastal but up to the base of the freshwater plume east of the waters of the western and northeastern Bay during front. Stable stratification and anticyclonic circulation winter (November-February). Although the inversion associated with the freshwater plume restrict the in the northeastern Bay is sustained until February entrainment of cold waters to the base of the stratified (with remnants seen even in March), in the western layer. In contrast, cyclonic circulation dominates in the Bay it becomes less organized in January and almost plume area with reference to 500 db. The OGCM disappears by February. Inversion is confined to the simulations driven by NCEP daily winds and COADS fresh water induced seasonal halocline of the surface monthly winds for July 1991 agree well with the layer. Inversions of large temperature difference (of observations outside the plume area. The former the order of 1.6-2.4°C) and thin layer thickness (10-20 simulation also identify a strong equatorward coastal m) are located adjacent to major fresh water inputs current where there were no direct observations during from the Ganges, Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Krishna the study period. The offshore location and thinning of and Godavari rivers. The inversion is stable with a -8 -1 the plume follow the Ekman dynamics in agreement mean stability of 3600x10 m . Inter-annual variability with the numerical solutions of river plume. of the inversion is significantly high and it is caused by

6 ANNUAL REPORT 2002-2003 NIO. GOA the inter-annual variability of fresh water flux and ocean, measured at 17°3O'N, 89°E in the northern Bay surface cooling in the northern Bay. Fresh water flux of Bengal, from 27 July to 6 August 1999 captured an leads the occurrence process in association with event of upper layer freshening. Initially, the upper layer surface heat flux and advection. The leading role of that is homogeneous in both temperature and salinity fresh water flux is understood from the observation was about 30 m deep. Subsequently, the arrival of a that the two occurrence regions of inversion (the freshwater plume caused the depth of the mixed layer western and northeastern Bay) have proximity to the to decrease to about 10 m and the salinity in the surface two low salinity (with values about 28-29%0) zones. layer by about 4 psu. The plume led to the formation of In the western Bay, the East India Coastal Current brings a new halocline and hence a barrier layer within the less saline and cold water from the head of the Bay to upper 30 m of the water column. The ensuing ocean- the south-west Bay, where it advects over warm, atmosphere interaction was restricted to the new thinner saline water, promoting temperature inversion in this mixed layer. The cooling that was restricted to the mixed region in association with the surface heat loss. For layer led to an inversion in temperature amounting to inversion occurring in the northeastern Bay (where 0.5°C just below the mixed layer. The source of the the surface water gains heat from atmosphere), plume is traced to freshwater from river discharge and surface advection of the less saline cold water from rainfall that was advected by Ekman flow as a 15 m the head of the Bay and Irrawaddy basin is found to be thick layer. This study suggests that wind-driven the major causative factor. circulation is crucial in determining the path of freshwater in the Bay of Bengal. The fresh water Why were the cool SST anomalies affects the sea surface temperature and ocean- absent in the Bay of Bengal during atmosphere coupling through the dependence of the the 1997 Indian Ocean dipole event? depth of the mixed layer on salinity. [Rao, S.A., V.V. Gopalakrishna, S.R. Shetye and T. Yamagata} Estimation of sea surface salinity in the Bay of Bengal using outgoing The most important center of atmospheric convection longwave radiation associated with the Indian summer monsoon is located [Murty, V.S.N., B. Subrahmanyam, M.S.S Sarma, in the Bay of Bengal. This tendency was enhanced V. Tilvi and V. Ramesh Babu] during the 1997 Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) event and cool SST anomalies due to upwelling in the east were A new technique for retrieval of sea surface salinity restricted to the south of about 5°N in the Bay. However, (SSS) from space-borne satellite measurements of sea surface height anomalies associated with the Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) through the upwelling propagated all the way to the north bay. 'Effective Oceanic Layer (EOL)' is explained in this Using XBT data collected in the bay, and a high- paper. The OLR is used to study the convection over resolution ocean general circulation model simulation, it the land and ocean. This study is based on the idea is proposed that the permanent, low-salinity, highly that intense convection over the ocean is associated stratified near-surface pool in the bay prevented the with warmer surface temperatures maintained by low IOD-related upwelling from influencing the SST. The surface salinities formed due to large riverine input and strong near-surface stratification in the bay cannot be compounded by convection-induced precipitation. This broken down by the observed winds there; therefore study augments the in-situ SSS measurements. A it ensures that internal ocean dynamics cannot have preliminary assessment of deriving SSS from OLR is an impact on SST. As a result, atmospheric convection presented for the Bay of Bengal. It is envisaged that over the bay may be decoupled from ocean dynamics. the SSS estimated in this way may be useful in improving the existing climatologies at least for those Observations of barrier layer parts of the world's ocean where intense convection formation in the Bay of Bengal during is the regular feature, such as the tropical Indian and summer monsoon Pacific Oceans. [Vinayachandran, P.N., V.S.N. Murty and V. Ramesh Babu]

Time series of temperature and salinity in the upper ANNUAL REPORT 2002·2003 NIO, GOA

Differences in heat budgets the newly available Hamburg Ocean Atmosphere near-surface Arabian Sea and Bay Parameters and Fluxes from Satellite data (HOAPS). of Bengal: Implications for the This data set has been derived from passive microwave summer monsoon and infrared satellite data utilising the data from the [Shenoi, S.S.C., D. Shankar and S.R. Shetye] Special Sensor Microwave/lmager (SSM/1) and the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer(AVHRR). An analysis of the heat budgets of the near-surface The freshwater flux estimates from HOAPS data set Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal shows significant has been compared with the earlier estimates to see differences between them during the summer monsoon how they differ from the older estimates. The (June-September). In the Arabian Sea the winds evaporation rates from HOAPS are significantly different associated with the summer monsoon are stronger from the earlier estimates. The annual cycle of and favour the transfer of heat to deeper layers owing freshwater flux shows that the Bay of Bengal (BB) is to overturning and turbulent mixing. In contrast, the a moisture convergence region most of the year as weaker winds over the bay force a relatively sluggish compared to the Arabian Sea (AS), which is a moisture oceanic circulation that is unable to overturn, forcing a flux divergence region. Further, the build-up of moisture heat budget balance between the surface fluxes and in the Southern Indian Ocean (SIO) is also clearly seen diffusion and the rate of change of heat in the near- from March to June, indicating its major role in the summer surface layer. The weak winds are also unable to monsoon activity over the Indian subcontinent. An overcome the strong near-surface stratification analysis of monthly mean freshwater flux indicates because of a low-salinity surface layer. This leads to a that a small part of the southwest coast of India and shallow surface mixed layer that is stable and responds southern parts of the BB region receives freshwater quickly to changes in the atmosphere. An implication is in April almost 2 months ahead of the onset of the that sea surface temperature (SST) in the bay remains summer monsoon. higher than 28oC, thereby supporting large-scale deep convection in the atmosphere during the summer Role of low level flow on the summer monsoon. The atmospheric heating associated with monsoon rainfall over the Indian the convection plays a critical role in sustaining the sub-continent during two contrasting monsoon winds, and the rainfall associated with it, not monsoon years only over the bay but also over the Indian subcontinent, [Swapna, P. and M.R. Ramesh Kumar] maintains a low-salinity surface layer. In the Arabian Sea the strong overturning and mixing lead to lower The summer monsoon rainfall over the Indian SST and weak convective activity, which in turn, lead subcontinent shows large inter-annual variability in three to low rainfall and runoff, resulting in weak stratification important aspects, namely, the onset date, quantum of that can be overcome easily by the strong monsoon monsoon rainfall and the monsoon activity within the winds. Thus, in both basins, there is a cycle with positive monsoon (June-September) period. In the present study, feedback, but the cycles work in opposite directions. it is evident that the role of the low level flow during This locks monsoon convective activity primarily to the two contrasting monsoon years, viz., 1987 (deficit) bay. and 1988 (excess) using the dairy data from the National Centre for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Reanalysis Analysis of freshwater flux and European Centre for Medium range Weather climatology over the Indian Ocean Forecasting (ECMWF). The daily data has been classified using the HOAPS data into different pentads (5 day means) to look into the {Ramesh Kumar, M.R. and J. Schulz] role of the low level flow over the tropical Indian Ocean on the monsoon activity, during different phases such Estimation of freshwater flux over a certain region is as break, weak, moderate and active rainfall conditions very difficult, as it needs both accurate evaporation over the Indian subcontinent. The strength of the and precipitation rates over the study area. Over the low-level flow into the Indian subcontinent (equatorial Indian Ocean (IO), the precipitation estimatesare totally Indian Ocean (EIO) region) is significantly higher during lacking or unknown due to the lack of in-situ active and moderate (break and weak) monsoon measurements. The climatology and the annual cycle conditions. The low level flow and moisture transport of the freshwater flux over the IO are examined using were studied using the surface pressure, surface 8 ANNUAL REPORT 2002-2003 NIO, GOA

winds, 850 mb winds and integrated columnar from the Indian west coast also playing a role. Therefore, precipitable water during different periods ranging from the monsoon currents consists of several parts, each break to very active conditions in the monsoon activity. of which is forced by one or more processes, which The present study, thus, clearly brings out the act in concert to produce the continuous currents seen importance of low level flow into the Indian subcontinent flowing across the breadth of the north Indian Ocean. (Equatorial Indian Ocean) during the excess (deficit) monsoon years. Chlorophyll modulation of mixed layer thermodynamics in a mixed-layer The monsoon currents in the north isopycrial general circulation model - Indian Ocean An example from Arabian Sea and [Shankar, D., P.N. Vinayachandran and equatorial Pacific AS. Unnikrishnan] [Nakamoto, S., S. Prasanna Kumar, J.M Oberhuber, H. Saito, K Muneyama and R. Frouin] The monsoon currents are the seasonally reversing, open-ocean currents that flow between the Arabian Western tropical Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea, and the Sea and the Bay of Bengal, the two wings of the north equatorial Pacific are known as regions of intense bio- Indian Ocean. Data on ship drifts, winds and Ekman chemical-physical interactions: the Arabian Sea has drift, and geostrophic currents derived from altimetry the largest Phytoplankton bloom with seasonal signal, and hydrography to describe the observed while the equatorial Pacific bloom is perennial with climatological seasonal cycle of the monsoon currents quasi-permanent upwelling. Three dimensional ocean are assembled. The westward winter monsoon current thermodynamics comparing recent ocean observation (WMC) first forms south of Sri Lanka in November and with ocean general circulation model (ocean isopycrial is fed initially by the equatorward East India Coastal circulation - OPYC) experiment combined with remotely Current (EICC); the westward WMC in the southern sensed chlorophyll pigment concentrations from the Bay appears later. The eastward flowing summer Coastal Zone Colour Scanner (CZCS) are studied. Using monsoon current (SMC) first appears in the southern solar radiation parameterization representing Bay during May. In its mature phase, which peaks with observations that a higher abundance of chlorophyll the summer monsoon in July, the SMC in the Arabian increases absorption of solar irradiance and heating Sea is a continuation of the Somali Current and the rate in the upper ocean, we showed that the mixed coastal current off Oman. It Flows eastward and layer thickness decreases more than they would be southeastward across the Arabian Sea and around under clear water conditions. These changes in the the Lakshadweep low (a sea-level low off southwest model mixed layer were consistent with Joint Global India), eastward south of Sri Lanka, and into the Bay of Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) observations during the Bengal. Strong wind during the summer monsoon ensure 1994-1995 Arabian Sea experiment and epi- that Ekman drift dominates at the surface, leading to a fluorescence microscopy (EFM) on samples collected more complex vertical structure in the SMC than in the during Equatorial Pacific Ocean Climate Study (EPOCS) WMC. In the depth-averaged flow over 50 m, the mature in November, 1988. In the Arabian Sea, as the chlorophyll phase of the SMC lasts from May to September. The concentrations peak in October (3 mg/m3) after the numerical experiments show that the dynamics of the summer plankton bloom induced by coastal upwelling, north Indian Ocean on seasonal time scale can be the chlorophyll induced biological heating enhanced explained by linear wave theory. In the Bay of Bengal, the sea surface temperature (SST) by as much as the monsoon currents are forced by Ekman pumping 0.6°C and sub-layer temperature decreases and sub- and by the winds in the equatorial Indian Ocean. In the layer thickness increases. In the equatorial Pacific, eastern Arabian Sea, the major forcing mechanisms modest concentrations of chlorophyll less than 0.3 mg are the winds along the east and west coasts of India m3 is enough to introduce a meridional differential and Sri Lanka; these processes link the parts of the heating, which results in reducing the equatorial mixed SMC in the Arabian Sea and the Bay during the summer layer thickness to more than 20 m. The anomalous monsoon, and of the WMC early during winter. Ekman meridional tilting of the mixed layer bottom enhances pumping in the central Arabian Sea and off the Somali off equatorial westward geostrophic currents. coast forces the monsoon currents in the central and Consequently, the equatorial undercurrent transports western Arabian Sea, with Rossby waves radiated more water from west to east. It is proposed that these 9 ANNUAL REPORT 2002-2003 NIO. GOA

numerical model experiments with use of satellite and 1997 have been analyzed to document the seasonal, in situ ocean observations are consistent under three intra-seasonal and inter-annual variability of surface dimensional ocean circulation theory combined with circulation in the Bay of Bengal. The western bay solar radiation transfer process. between 12° and 16°N exhibited large variability on all time scales. A strong cyclonic gyre prevailed in this On the circulation in the Bay of region from autumn through winter season and was Bengal during northern spring inter- replaced by an anticyclonic gyre in spring. In 1993 and monsoon (March-April 1987) 1997, the intense winter cyclonic gyre was embedded [Babu, MX, Y.V.B. Sarma, V.S.N. Murty and as cyclonic eddy between two anticyclonic cells in the P. Vethamony] following spring. During summer (southwest monsoon period), alternate cyclonic and anticyclonic circulation

Temperature and salinity data collected from the Bay of cells prevailed in the western bay. On inter-annual time Bengal 22 March-28 April 1987 (Northern spring inter- scales, the surface circulation of the bay was closely monsoon) identified the seasonal anticyclonic gyre linked to the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and (ACG) at 16°N, 86°E characterized by warm (>24°C) the bay circulation responded to all the phases of ENSO and low-salinity (<34.2 PSU) water at 125 m depth. events. The SSHA and the sea-surface temperature The western edge of the ACG was demarcated by a anomaly (SSTA) off Sumatra and in the bay were narrow, intense and meandering northward flow, negatively correlated to the SSTA in the Western termed the Western Bay of Bengal Current (WBBC) of Equatorial Pacific both during El Nino and La Nina. The the spring inter-monsoon period. Two cyclonic eddies coastal trapped Kelvin waves and radiated Rossby (CE1 and CE2) were observed to the left of the WBBC; waves provide the oceanic link between the equatorial CE1 at 14°N:82.5°E and CE2 at 18.5°N:87.5°E. These region and the bay for the observed variability in SSHA. eddies were characterised by low temperature (approx. 16.5°C for CE1 and 14°C for CE2) and relatively A finite element simulation of tidal high-salinity water (>34.85 PSU) at their cores. The circulation in the Gulf of Kutch, India velocity of WBBC increased from 0.40 m s-1 at 12°N to [Unnikrishnan, A.S. and J.L. Luick] 0.70 m s-1 at 17.5°N where it left the coast and turned A finite element (fe) model using the software package eastward. The mean northward transport of the WBBC ADCTRC was developed to simulate the tides and in the upper 200 m was 12 Sv (1 Sv=106 m3 s-1). These currents in the Gulf of Kutch, located on the northwest circulation features (the ACG, WBBC and cyclonic coast of India. The surface elevations from the model eddies) are well depicted in the maps of sea-surface were analysed for the amplitudes and phases of four height (SSH) topography derived from the residua! major tidal constituents (M2, S2, K1 and 01) and the SSHs of GEOSAT altimeter for the period 12 February- principal overtide (M4) and compared with observed 28 April 1987. The results show that the WBBC flowed values. Model currents were compared with against the northeasterly winds during February and observations at three locations along with the that the current sets up almost three months ahead of corresponding results from a finite difference model the wind reversal. The ACG and in turn the WBBC for the same region. The results were found to be intensified with the wind reversal in April when the consistent, with the fe model providing improved wind stress curl attained a negative maximum. The resolution in key areas. Residual circulation evaluated SSH maps further indicate that formation of the ACG by forcing the fe model with M2 tide and winds (those started in February and reached its maximum intensity typical of the southwest monsoon) show currents, during April with the coalescence of two anticyclonic which are directed upstream in the shallow region of cells. the Gulf. A better simulation of lateral variations in currents in the fe model helps in identifying relative Seasonal and inter-annual variability of differences in tidal circulation and residual circulation surface circulation in the Bay of Bengal between the deep and shallow regions of the gulf. from TOPEX / Poseidon altimetry [Somayajulu, Y.K., V.S.N. Murty and Y.V.B. Sarma]

Sea-surface height anomalies (SSHA) from TOPEX/ Poseidon altimeter from January 1993 to December 10 ANNUAL REPORT 20O2-20C3 NIO. GOA

Retrieval of sea surface velocities in coastal upwelling were documented through the using sequential ocean colour analysis of the data collected along the five sections. monitor (OCM) data At all the sections, a decrease in water temperature [Prasad, J.S., A.S. Rajawat, Y. Pradhan, and an increase in salinity from the offshore stations to O. S. Chauhan and S. R. Nayak} the stations closest to the shore indicated coastal upwelling. The Rossby radii of deformation indicated The Indian remote sensing satellite, IRS-P4 (Oceansat- that the influence of the upwelled water can be seen I) launched on May 26th, 1999 carried two sensors on up to a distance of 28 to 53 km from the coast along the board, i.e., the Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM) and the sections during the premonsoon season and to a Multi-frequency Scanning Microwave Radiometer distance of 35 to 46 km during the southwest monsoon (MSMR) dedicated for Oceanographic research. season. The upwelling area centred off Visakhapatnam Sequential data of IRS-P4 OCM has been analysed was found to be of greater spatial extent than the over parts of both east and west coast of India and a other upwelling areas associated with the other methodology to retrieve sea surface current velocities sections located further south. Variations in the intensity has been applied. The method is based on matching of alongshore wind velocity affected the structure and suspended sediment dispersion patterns, in sequential intensity of upwelling off the central east coast of India. two time lapsed images. The pattern matching is performed on a pair of atmospherically corrected and geo-referenced sequential images by Maximum Cross- Offshore limit of coastal ocean Correlation (MCC) technique. The MCC technique variability identified from hydrography involves computing matrices of cross-correlation and altimeter data in the eastern coefficients and identifying correlation peaks. The Arabian Sea movement of the pattern can be calculated knowing [Antony, M.K., G.N. Swamy and Y.K. Somayajulu) the displacement of windows required matching patterns in successive images. The technique provides In this communication, we describe a hitherto-unknown actual flow during a specified period by integrating offshore limit to the coastal ocean variability signatures both tidal and wind influences. The current velocities away from the continental shelf in the eastern Arabian retrieved were compared with synchronous data Sea, based on hydrographic observations and satellite collected along the east coast during the GSI cruise altimeter (TOPEX/Poseidon) information. Vertical ST-133 of R. V. Samudra Kaustubh in January 2000. sections of temperature from two contrasting seasons The current data were measured using the ocean - south-west (SW) and north-east (NE) monsoons - current meter supplied by the Environmental when projected together are found to intersect offshore Measurement and CONtrol (EMCON), Kochi available at 350-400 km from the coast along a transect in the with the Geological Survey of India, Marine Wing. This eastern Arabian Sea during 1996. Formation of such current meter can measure direction and magnitude intersections along transects from south to north in the with an accuracy of ± 5° and 2% respectively. The entire eastern Arabian Sea is noticed in the hydrographic measurement accuracies with coefficient of data of 1987-88 also. Existence of these intersections determination (R2) of 0. 99, for both magnitude has further been authenticated by the altimeter-derived cm.s-1) and direction (°) were achieved. sea level anomalies during 1992-97. It is proposed that these intersections arise due to the westward Spatial distribution of upwelling off propagation of Rossby waves from the coastal Kelvin the central east coast of India wave guide in the eastern Arabian Sea where alternate upwelling and downwelling processes occur during [Rao, T.V.N.] the contrasting seasons of SW and NE monsoons. We The spatial distribution of upwelling along the central interpret these intersections as the offshore limit of east coast of India (13°-18°N) in the premonsoon and variability of the water properties in the coastal region. south-west monsoon seasons is described using data Indications are that areas of high productivity in the collected during cruises 193 (13-28 March 1988) and coastal regions overlap a major portion of the width of 200 (23 August-7 September 1988) of R.V. Gaveshani. intersection implying extension of the upwelling features Five hydrographic sections were covered during both towards offshore requiring revised estimates of primary the seasons and were examined for response to productivity and carbon budgeting. 11 meteorological forcing. Differing scales and intensities ANNUAL REPORT 2002-2OO3 NIO. GOA

Coherence between interannual to correct XBT data based on the existing scheme until variability of sea level with some the exact nature of depth error from this region is surface met-ocean parameters at known. Though the mean depth errors from both the Cochin, southwest coast of India datasets show nearly identical values, it is necessary [Srinivas, K.J to conduct more controlled XBT-CTD experiments in this region in order to substantiate the exact nature of The interannual coherence of some surface met-ocean error for this region and then develop an appropriate parameters (viz. SST, air temperature, atmospheric depth-correction scheme. pressure, scalar wind speed, cross-shore and along- shore wind stress, rainfall and relative density) with Tidal and non-tidal sea level observed sea level has been studied for Cochin variations at two adjacent ports on (southwest coast of India) using long term time series the southwest coast of India data. Among the parameters, SST, relative density and [Srinivas, K. and P.K. Dinesh Kumar] sea level showed statistically significant long-term trends. All the parameters, when smoothed, showed Analysis of sea level data collected at two adjacent statistically significant correlations with the observed ports (Cochin and Beypore) on the southwest coast of sea level. Forty percent of the variance in the sea level India has been made to understand tidal and non-tidal was accounted for by the along-shore wind stress. variations. Amplitudes of the tidal harmonic constituents

showed that M2 is maximum, followed by K1, for both XBT fall rate in waters of extreme the stations. A large spring-neap variation and monthly temperature: A case study in the variation in the semi-diurnal forcing was seen at both Antarctic Ocean the sites. The Form Numbers indicated that the tides [Pankajakshan, T., A.K. Saran. V.V. Gopalakrishna, are of a mixed and predominantly semi-diurnal type. P. Vethamony, N. Araligidad and R. Bailey] Amplitudes of most of the tidal constituents are slightly larger at Beypore than at Cochin. The sea level variation XBT fall-rate variation in waters of extreme temperature is dominated by tidal signals at both the stations. and the resulting depth error has been addressed using Seasonal variation of the amplitudes of the most controlled XBT-CTD datasets collected from two cruises important harmonic constituents namely O1, K1, M2 and in the Southern Ocean. Mean depth errors deduced S2 are presented. The mean spring and neap tidal ranges from both the datasets are significantly different from exhibited a higher degree of variability (over the those reported earlier for tropical and subtropical seasonal cycle) at Beypore than at Cochin. The annual regions. The comprehensive study of Hanawa et al. cycles of non-tidal sea level at both the sites were (making use of controlled XBT-CTD data, mostly from similar, with most conspicuous changes during June tropical and subtropical waters) showed that the and July at Beypore, caused by summer monsoonal manufacturer's equation under-estimates the probe's river discharge. The annual cycles of atmospheric fall rate. This is manifested by the mean negative depth pressure at both the sites were remarkably similar. The error reported from this region. However, results from atmospheric pressure is not an important controlling the present study show that the manufacturer's factor on sea level at both the sites. Analysis of the equation slightly overestimates the fall rate in this region, sea level series pertaining to the premonsoon season as indicated by the small positive error (5-10 m). In indicated that Cochin marginally leads Beypore, order to provide theoretical support to the observed suggesting the propagation of coastal trapped waves depth error, an analytical approach is adopted based from south to north. The cross-correlograms of the on the viscosity effect on the probe's fall rate. atmospheric pressure time series for the premonsoon Observed as well as analytical results suggest that and summer monsoon seasons between Cochin and the probe has a decelerating tendency due to the Beypore suggest the mesoscale nature of the viscosity effect in high-latitude waters, and the existing atmospheric pressure system. correction scheme is not appropriate for XBT data from regions of such extreme low temperature. The existing correction scheme is valid for tropical and subtropical waters of negative depth error zones. However, for XBT data from high-latitude waters it is reasonable not 12 ANNUAL REPORT 2002-2003 NIO GOA

On the nature of the calcareous (23 ka) bands. Cross-spectral analyses suggest substrate of a ferromanganese crust coherent (greater than 90%) Pyloniid cycles lag both from the Vityaz Fracture Zone, the ETP and June insolation (65°N) by less than 9 ka at Central Indian Ridge: Inferences on 100-ka eccentricity and are almost (less than 2 ka) in- paleoceanography phase with 41-ka tilt and 23-ka precession cycles. [Guptha, M.V.S., R. Banerjee and L Mergulhao] Coherent Pyloniid cycles lag SPECMAP-δ18O by 14 ka at 41 -ka tilt and 6 ka at 23-ka precession, while they lag A 15-cm-thick carbonate substrate encrusted with insolation at the core site by 7 ka at 100-ka, lead 18 ka ferromanganese oxides from the Vrtyaz Fracture Zone, at 41 -ka and show in-phase relation with 23-ka cycles. Central Indian Ridge was analysed to reconstruct the Marginal lead of less than 10 ka by ETP and insolation palaeoceanography of the region. Based on the over Pyloniids at 100-ka eccentricity and in-phase relation calcareous nannoplankton assemblage, an early at 41-ka tilt and 23-ka precession cycles suggest Pliocene age has been assigned to the calcareous Pyloniids variation could be used as a tool to derive age substrate. Among the nannoplankton, discoasters models in tropical radiolarian ooze during the Late outnumber coccoliths and show signs of dissolution. Neogene/Quatemary. The presence of certain species of benthic Foraminifera such as Uvigerina, Lenticulina, Bulimina Radiolarian fluxes from the southern and Bolivina, indicates the infringement of the oxygen Bay of Bengal: Sediment trap results minimum zone during the deposition of the carbonates. [Gupta, S.M., R Mohan and M.V.S. Guptha] The occurrence of a Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilica zone of early Pliocene age suggests a change in A study of radiolarian fluxes collected during 1991-93 depositional conditions coinciding with the time of from time-series sediment traps deployed at 1071 and formation of the large depositional hiatuses documented 3010 m water depth in the southern Bay of Bengal in sediment cores from adjacent basins of the western (SBBT) yielded 40 species/groups of radiolarians. Indian Ocean. These hiatuses resulted from the Among the order Polycystina, the species of sub-order prevalence of intermediate subsurface currents such Spumellaria were by far the most abundant (approx. as the Somali Current or the Western Boundary Current. 95%) followed by sub-order Nassellaria (5%). This is contrary to reports from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and is attributed to the prevailing hyposaline condition Pyloniid stratigraphy - A new tool to resulting from the monsoonal rainfall. Higher radiolarian date tropical radiolarian ooze from fluxes occurred during March-May, when moderate the central tropical Indian Ocean salinity and a high sea surface temperature (SST) [Gupta, S.M.] regime prevailed at the trap site. R-mode cluster analysis of the radiolarian flux data revealed three Pyloniid stratigraphy, a faunal abundance-variation assemblages represented by the cooler (1) and warmer stratigraphic tool, similar to Cycladophora davisiana (2) surface dwelling fauna (0-50 m) dominated by stratigraphy employed at high latitudes, is found to work spumellarians, and a deeper dwelling (3) sub-surface well for tropical radiolarian ooze. The relationship fauna (50-100 m) associated with deep dwelling (more between the spatial distribution of 25 modem radiolarian than 100 m) nassellarian species. Spongaster tetras groups in surface sediments and monsoonal surface tetras, a surface water radiolarian species, exhibited salinity from the central Indian Ocean is analyzed. Among its preference for high SST and moderate salinity them, Pyloniids exhibit the potential to serve in the same conditions during the premonsoon season (March- way as the C. davisiana stratigraphy. Down-core May). Radiolarian fluxes responded to seasonal (temporal) variation of % Pyloniids in a sediment core is changes in SST and salinity variations due to the compared with (1) the sum of the Earth's orbital monsoonal precipitation, and the freshwater runoff from eccentricity, axial tilt and precession (ETP), (2) solar the Indian rivers causing a hyposaline condition in the insolation at the core site - 8oS and 65oN, and (3) the Bay of Bengal. Results imply that the radiolarian SPECMAP-δ18O stratigraphy. The multi-taper (MTM) assemblages in the down core data may reveal the spectral analysis of Pyloniids for the last 485 ka in a monsoonal history in the geological past. core (AAS 2/3) reveals significant climatic cycles at the eccentricity (100 ka), tilt (41 ka) and precession 13 ANNUAL REPORT 2002-2003 NIO. GOA

Reconstruction of late Quaternary mineralogy of the deposits indicate that except for monsoon oscillations based on clay aragonite sands and foraminiferal nodules, the others mineral proxis using sediment cores were formed in shallow marine conditions and serve from the western margin of India as sea level indicators. Radiocarbon dates were [Thamban, M., V.P. Rao and R.R. Schneider] measured for 62 relic deposits covering the entire margin. The age of these deposits on the continental In order to reconstruct the variations in the intensity of shelf of Cape Comorin and Mangalore, between 110 summer monsoon precipitation during the late and 18mdepth, ranges between 12,610 14C yr BP and Quaternary, two sediment cores from the southwestern 6,390 14C yr BP. On the northwestern margin of India, continental margin of India were studied for their clay especially on the carbonate platform (between 64 and mineral composition and grain size parameters. 100 m), the age ranges from 17,250 to 6,730 14C yr BP. Kaolinite, illite and gibbsite were dominant in a core off The relic deposits of the Gulf of Kachchh at depths Cochin. Illite with increasing kaolinite content towards between 35 and 25 m are dated at 12,550-9,630 14C yr the core top was found to dominate in a core from the BP. The age vs. depth plot of the relic deposits further continental slope off Goa, India. Major sources of clays indicates that the Gulf of Kachchh was inundated much at both the core sites were from the hinterland rocks early, atleast by 15 ka, after the Last Glacial Maximum, and soils. Careful evaluations of several factors that and was subjected to uplift and subsidence during the could complicate the clay distribution in marine Holocene. The carbonate platform subsided during the environment indicate that the clay mineral parameters early Holocene. Some of the relic deposits between can be used as proxies for the intensity of summer Cape Comorin and Mangalore plot on or, closely follow monsoon precipitation in the past. The relatively low the glacio-eustatic sea level curve. Despite abundant values of humidity proxies (kaolinite content, K/C and siliciclastic flux discharged by the Narmada and Tapti K/l ratios) and higher illite crystallinity with significant during the early Holocene, the platform off these rivers variations indicate that the summer monsoon in general is largely devoid of this flux and carbonate sedimentation were weaker during the late glaciation, with distinct continued until 6,700 14C yr BP. We suggest that the events of intensification of ~28000 and 22000 yr BP. river-derived sediment flux diverted southwards under The last deglaciation was characterised by an the influence of the SW monsoon current and, thereby, increased terrigenous input with high values of humidity increased the turbidity on the shelf and slope southeast proxies during 15700-14800 cal yr BP, indicating an of the carbonate platform and facilitated the formation early strengthening of summer monsoon activity in the of deeper water foraminiferal nodules off Vengurla- region. The most remarkable increase in kaolinite Goa. content, K/C and K/l ratios associated with much reduced values of chlorine and illite and illite crystallinity, Seismic and sequence stratigraphy however, occur between 8800 and 6400 cal yr BP. It of the central western continental appears that the Holocene precipitation maxima margin of India: late-Quaternary occurred after 9000 cal yr BP and lagged behind the evolution precessional forcing. The late Holocene witnessed [Karisiddaiah, S.M., M. Veerayya and K.H. Vora] reduced rainfall activity and resultant decrease in hydrolysis starting at 5600 cal yr BP. Seismic and sequence stratigraphic architecture of the central western continental margin of India (between Coondapur and south of Mangalore) has been Late quaternary sea level and investigated with shallow seismic data. Seismic environmental changes from relic stratigraphic analysis defined nine seismic units, that carbonate deposits of the western are configured in a major type-1 depositional sequence margin of India possibly related to fourth-order eustatic sea-level [Rao, V.P., G. Rajagopalan, K.H. Vora and changes, comprising regressive, lowstand, F. Almeida] transgressive and highstand systems tracts. The late- Relic carbonate deposits along the western margin of Quaternary evolution of the continental margin took India occur as dolomite crusts, aragonite sands (pelletal/ place under the influence of an asymmetric relative oolitic) and aragonite-cemented limestones, oyster fourth-order sea-level cycle punctuated by higher shells, corals, encrusted coralline algal and frequency cycles. These cycles of minor order were foraminiferal-dpminated nodules. The petrology and characterised by rapid sea-level rises and gradual sea- 14 ANNUAL REPORT 20O2-2G03 NIO. GOA

level falls that generated depositional sequences values due to high fluvial discharge attributed to spanning different time scales. During the regressive intensified monsoon regime that persisted throughout periods, dipping strata were developed, while erosional the Early Holocene. During Mid-Upper Holocene, the surfaces and incised valleys were formed during the Himalayas experienced at least two significant episodes lowstands of sea level. Terraces, v-shaped of aridity and intensified glaciation at 5-4.3 and approx. depressions, lagoon-like structures observed on the 2KaBP. outer continental shelf are the result of the transgressive period. In the study area we have Has sea level fluctuations modulated recognised a complex erosional surface that records human settlements in Gulf of a long time span during the relative sea-level fall Khambhat (Cambay)? (regressive period) and the following sea-level [Nigam, R. and N.H. Hashimi] lowstand and has been reworked during the last In the same sequence, the recent discovery of Neolithic transgression. We also infer that sedimentation settlements in Gulf of Khambhat is really exciting and a processes changed from siliciclastic sedimentation to milestone in the field of marine archaeology. As carbonate sedimentation and again to siliciclastic described "the materials collected at the site include sedimentation, marking an important phase in the late- artifacts, possible construction elements with holes Quaternary evolution of the western continental shelf and studs, pot shreds, beads, fossil bones etc., which of India. An abrupt climate change at the end of the provide significant evidence of human activity in the oxygen isotope stage 2 is attributed between the Last area. A detailed examination of the area has revealed Glacial Maximum and the Boelling-Allerod event (14000 riverine conglomerate at water depth of 30-40 m yr BP). This sensitive climate change (warming) between 20 and 40 km west of Hazira near Surat favoured the formation of reefs at various depths on (Gujarat, India)". Based on the radiocarbon dates of a the shelf, besides the development of Fifty Fathom wooden piece recovered from the site an age of 7500 Flat, a carbonate platform on the outer shelf off Bombay BC is assigned to the human activities on the bank of developed prior to 8300 yr BP. The highstand systems river that was present at that time. Because of its tracts were deposited after the sea level reached its linkage to cultural heritage, this discovery has been present position hotly debated for its archaeological significance. Past 20,000-year history of However, the role of sea level fluctuations as cause Himalayan aridity: Evidence from for extinction of human settlements (if any) in this area oxygen isotope records in the Bay of is yet to get proper attention. Bengal Propagation of tides in the Cochin [Chauhan, O.S.I estuarine system, southwest coast of Late Quaternary climate history of the Himalayas is India inferred from sea surface salinity (SSS) changes [Srinivas, K., C. Revichandran, P.A. Maheswaran, determined from the oxygen isotope in planktonic T.T.M. Asharaf and N. Murukesh]

14 foraminifers, in a turbidity-free, C-dated core from Analysis of hourly data on sea level collected at four 18 the Bay of Bengal. The heaviest δ O incursion (- 0.9 stations in the Cochin estuarine system has been made and - 0.44 ppt for Globigerinoides ruber and G. to understand the tidal and non-tidal sea level variations sacculifer respectively) between 20 and 15 Ka BP inside the estuary, for spring and neap phases during reveals that the Himalayas was intensively glaciated March 2000. Spring phase was dominated by semi- with minimum fluvial discharge until 15 Ka BP. During diurnal tides whereas neap phase was dominated by the initial phase of deglaciation between 15 and 12.5 diurnal tides. Diurnal and semi-diurnal bands were Ka BP, the climate was unstable. The deglaciation together responsible for a high percentage of variance intensified after 12.5 Ka BP, and culminated at about 11 of the observed sea level. The dominance of shallow Ka BP with a fluvial pulse. The heavier concordant water tides was seen with increasing distance from 18 incursions of δ O in both the species indicate that the mouth. The sea level variance was dominated mainly Himalayan aridity and associated glaciation at 10.5 Ka by tidal signals, but the tidal influence decreased rapidly BP was again enhanced to the magnitude of the Last inside the estuary. Doodson's X filter appears to be Glacial Maxima. The beginning of Holocene (approx. efficient for de-tiding the observed sea level time series. 9.5 Ka BP) is characterized by excessive lighter δ18O 15 ANNUAL REPORT 2002-2003 NIO. GOA Biogeochemistry & Ecosystems

The unique monsoon cycles make a profound impact on biogeochemical cycling in the northern Indian Ocean making this area globally significant in terms of processes that affect ocean productivity and atmospheric composition. Research being carried out at NIO focuses on the effects of the physical forcings on changes in elemental transformations and ecosystem functioning in the pelagic and benthic environments, on oceanic production of climatically important gases and their exchanges across air- sea interface.

Influence of a tropical cyclone on the combined effects of well-mixed northwestern Bay chlorophyll-a concentration in the of Bengal coastal waters and the freshwater injection Arabian Sea from the land runoff associated with the cyclone brought nutrients to the mixed layer, which enhanced [Subrahmanyam, ß., K.H. Rao, N.S. Rao, primary production along the south-western Bay. A V.S.N. Murty and A.J. Sharp] maximum of primary production (1229 mgC m2 d1), The effect of a tropical cyclone on the variation of chlorophyll-a (24.4 mg m2) and particulate organic Phytoplankton biomass in terms of surface chlorophyll- carbon (68.7 g m2) was recorded along the coastal a is brought out based on satellite observations and waters off Chennai (13°N) during this period. mixed layer model simulations in the Arabian Sea during 21 May-3 June 2001. Along the cyclone's passage, Biogeochemistry of the Bay of chlorophyll-a was high with extreme values (5.8 mg m Bengal: physical, chemical and 3 ) in the blooms of Phytoplankton. The model simulations primary productivity characteristics of indicate deepening of mixed layer on the southeastern the central and western Bay of edge of the cyclone. This forced mixed layer deepening, Bengal during summer monsoon due to intense wind stirring and cyclone-induced 2001 divergent geostrophic currents, has lead to the injection [Madhupratap, M., M. Gauns, N. Ramaiah, of nutrients into the surface layer, resulting in higher S. Prasanna Kumar, P.M. Muraleedharan, chlorophyll-a. This study suggests that the short-lived S.N. DeSousa, S. Sardessai and U. Muraleedharan] tropical cyclones would alter the generally prevailing Reliable data on biological characteristics from the Bay oligotrophic (nutrient depleted) conditions into a of Bengal are elusive. A result on physics, chemistry productive surface layer in the Arabian Sea during and biology simultaneously measured during the spring intermonsoon. summer monsoon, 2001, from open-ocean and coastal areas of the region is presented. It was characterised Enhanced biological production off by cold-core eddies and thermocline oscillations. Chennai triggered by October 1999 However, these were capped by prevalent a low- super cyclone (Orissa) salinity upper regime that prevented surfacing of [Madhu, N.V., PA. Maheswaran, R Jyothibabu, nutrients. The river plume effects were evident from V. Sunila, C. Revichandran. T. Balasubramanian, the low salinity values observed in the surface layers T.C. Gopalakrishnan and K.K.C. Nair] of the upper bay, but this did not bring in significant The results of physical forcings on primary production, amounts of nutrients. The chlorophyll-a concentrations 2 its variation and associated hydrography of the (10-20 mg m ) and primary productivity values (40- 2 1 southwestern Bay of Bengal during the southwest 502 mg C m d ) were low and not up to Arabian Sea monsoon (July) and post-cyclone period (November) values for the same season. Diatoms dominated the of 1999 were studied as a part of Marine Research- Phytoplankton community and contained more genera Living Resources (MR-LR) assessment programme in compared to the Arabian Sea. Large colonies of the the Indian EEZ. During the southwest monsoon coastal tunicate Pyrosoma, which occurred at the surface as upwelling was prominent along 11°N (off Karaikal), well as mid-depths, could have consumed a part of the whereas along 13°N and 15°N the signatures of Phytoplankton population. These results, albeit limited, upwelling were obscure. But in the post-cyclone period, have implications on the biogeochemistry of the region. 16 ANNUAL REPORT 2002-2003 NIO. GOA

Carbon cycling in the northern carbon regeneration rate, and oxygen consumption Arabian Sea during the northeast rates computed based on electron transport system monsoon: Significance of salps technique could be due to inadequate knowledge of [Naqvi, S.W.A., V.V.S.S. Sarma and D. Jayakumar] seasonal and spatial variability in oxygen consumption in the latter two estimates. The residence time of Winter cooling and mixing brings nutrients (nitrate and intermediate waters (OMZ) of Bay of Bengal was phosphate) to the surface waters over large parts of computed to be 12 years. the northern Arabian Sea, but the rates of primary production as well as carbon export from the euphotic Export fluxes of dimethylsulfo- zone are not especially high during the northeast niopropionate and its break down monsoon. A multi-disciplinary time-series study gases at the air-sea interlace conducted over a period of 13 d around 21°N, 64°E [M. Dileep Kumar; D.M. Shenoy. V.V.S.S. Sarma, during the northeast monsoon of 1997 revealed M.D. George, and M. Dandekar] substantial decreases in chlorophyll stocks in the mixed layer following the occurrence of a massive swarm of Dimethylsulfide (DMS) results from the decomposition salps. A large increase in DOC was also observed of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), a biogenic during the same period. It is proposed that a deficiency product, in seawater. Diffusive transfer of DMS from of silicate relative to nitrate during this season may sea-to-air is known to be the most important source of often limit the growth of diatoms, creating an ecological natural non-seasalt sulfur (NSS) in the atmosphere. niche for filter feeders that can efficiently utilize The wider occurrence of DMSP in marine aerosols abundant smaller plankton. This may lead to periodic has been reported for the first time. DMSP (to about 4.7 removal of chlorophyll, thereby moderating primary pmol m3) and DMS (up to 5.8 pmol m-3) in marine aerosols production as well as episodic build-up of DOC in the was found, over the Indian Ocean, wherein DMSP upper layers. This DOC pool may be used as a nutrient abundance appears to be a function of its concentration source for the microbial loop in the surface layer during in surface seawater and wind speeds. An experiment the following spring intermonsoon season and by the on board revealed rapid loss (90%) of loaded DMSP denitrifying bacteria in the oxygen-minimum zone. from filters exposed to marine atmosphere. A photochemical or other mode of formation of NSS gases An evaluation of physical and from DMSP in aerosols or in surface microlayer, not biogeochemical processes considered hitherto, can directly contribute to sulfur regulating the oxygen minimum zone efflux. Although the computations suggest the DMSP in the water column of the Bay of fluxes from these sources to be much smaller (3.4 x Bengal 1010 g S y-1) compared to DMS diffusive flux (16-25 x -1 ISarma, V.V.S.S ] 1012 g S y )the former could be significant in rough weather conditions similar to trends in water export. Monthly oxygen budgets for the intermediate waters (100-1000 m) of the Bay of Bengal were constructed Factors regulating the production of based on Modular Ocean Model (MOM) and oxygen different inducers in Pseudomonas data. The model results reveal that the oxygen levels in aeruginosa with reference to larval the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) of the Bay of Bengal metamorphosis in Balanus are controlled by physical and the associated biological amphitrite processes. It results in maintaining low oxygen levels, [Khandeparker, L., A.C. Anil and S. Raghukumar] with no significant seasonal variability, in the subsurface layer throughout the year. Low oxygen levels in the Gregarious settlement in barnacles has been related to OMZ are sustained during the period of increased the settlement-inducing compounds from adult supply of organic matter through river runoff by conspecifics, bacteria in the biofilms, and their enhanced supply of oxygen by the physical pump and interaction. Elucidation of larval settlement cues from vice versa. Thus, low oxygen levels in the OMZ are these sources is limited. The effectiveness of larval maintained by supply of oxygen by the physical pump settlement cues under different environmental to meet the demands of the biological processes. The conditions (salinity, temperature) needs evaluation. inconsistency observed among oxygen consumption Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a bacterium isolated from rates derived based on the present oxygen budget, the shell surface of Balanus amphitrite Darwin, was 17 ANNUAL REPORT 2OO2-20O3 MO. GOA

used as a candidate. The influence of bacterial film, treated cyprids resulted in higher metamorphosis than culture supernatant and its molecular-weight fractions, the nontreated cyprids at 10-8 M, whereas cyprids and bacterial extract were investigated along with the treated with the other LCA-specific sugar (D-glucose) conspecific adult extract (AE). The influence of culture showed an inhibitory effect in the absence of AE. This supernatants and exopolysaccharides obtained from result implies the involvement of D-mannose moieties the bacterium cultivated in different nutrient media, of AE in the settlement promotion of B. amphitrite. The effectiveness of leachants and adsorbed (surface- barnacle cyprid, while exploring some surfaces, leaves bound) compounds on the metamorphosis of cyprids behind 'footprints' of temporary adhesive. In the of B. amphitrite was also assessed. The influence of absence of AE, sugar-treated cyprids did not deposit P. aeruginosa on cyprid metamorphosis varied with footprints. Concurrently, the sugar-treated cyprids salinity and temperature. The differences were not deposited footprints when exposed to multiwells significant as the film and the cyprids aged. When the coated with AE. A comparison of observations between bacterial film was examined in the presence of an active single cyprid and multiple cyprid assays showed a substance (agonist) such as AE, metamorphosis was similar trend, thus indicating that larva-larva interaction facilitated, suggesting the role of competitive may not play an important role, when such pretreated antagonism in cue perception. Maximum inducement larvae are subjected to assays. The third antennular was provoked by the culture supernatant obtained from segment with its attachment disc is the most obvious semi-solid culture, and this positive effect was protein point of contact between the cyprid and the substratum concentration dependent. The exopolysaccharides during exploration. The detection of AE, even after obtained from bacteria growth in basal salt solution blockage of polar groups of CTA on the third antennular facilitated metamorphosis similar to that of the bacterial segment, suggests availability of alternate sites for film and AE. The response of the cyprids to bacteria pheromone reception and its products seems to be regulated by both contact chemoreception and olfaction, depending on the Comparison of nutritional status of properties of the settlement-inducing compounds. The field and laboratory reared Balanus need to characterize and distinguish the receptors, amphitrite Darwin (Cirripedia: which act via different signaling systems on a particular Thoracica) larvae and implication of settlement cue, may be a step ahead to resolve the starvation complexities of invertebrate larval recruitment. [Desai, D.V. and A.C. Anil]

Experiments were carried out to evaluate the influence Exploration and metamorphosis in of rearing temperature and food concentration (20 and Balanus amphitrite Darwin 30°C, 1x105 and 2x105 cells ml1) on the starvation (Cirripedia; Thoracica) cyprids: threshold and nucleic acid content of the larvae of significance of sugars and adult Balanus amphitrite. The larvae were also field-reared extract using micro-enclosures. Laboratory-reared larvae [Khandeparker, L, A.C. Anil and S. Raghukumar] were larger in size than the field-reared larvae. An increase in size, DNA content and instar index of the Earlier observations have shown that sugars in solution starved II instar larvae was observed indicating that adsorb electrostatically through -OH groups to polar the absence of food may not be fatal to this early groups associated with the cypris larva temporary instar. The temperature at which larvae were raised adhesive (CTA). Lens culinaris agglutinin (LCA)-binding and the food concentration had variable influence on sugar chains of the adult extract (AE) have been the capacity to withstand starvation. Exposure to suggested to be involved in the settlement of Balanus increased temperatures during starvation eliminated amphitrite. In the present study experiments were the effect of doubling food concentration during their carried out to assess how cypris larvae would explore feeding period prior to starvation. The larvae reared at and metamorphose when treated with LCA-specific 20°C had comparatively lower nucleic acid content. sugars (i.e., D-glucose and D-mannose). The influence The laboratory-reared larvae had ca. 1.7 times greater of D-galactose was also assessed similarly. Evaluation RNA:DNA ratio than larvae raised at comparable of sugar-treated as well as nontreated cyprids was temperature in the field. carried out with AE-coated and non-coated multiwells containing filtered sea water (FSW). D-mannose- 18 ANNUAL REPORT 2002-2003 NIO. GOA

Impact of predation by Ostracion (Protohydroides elegans and Dexiospira toraminosa) immaculatus (Pisces: Ostraciidae) on panels from both depths. The encrusting bryozona, on the macrofouling community Watersipora subtorquata dominated on the subsurface structure in Kanayama Bay, Kii panels and a mixed dominance of W. subtorquata, Peninsula (Japan) barnacles, P. elegans and the ascidian, Polyclinum [Raveendran, T.V. and E. Harada] constellatum, on bottom panels in second stage. Third stage was characterized by a mixed dominance of W. An investigation on the impact of predation by subtorquata, Bugula neritina (an erect bryozona) and Ostracion immaculatus on fouling community structure P. constellatum at the subsurface and 8. neritina at in Kanayama Bay, Kii Peninsula, Japan was undertaken bottom depths. from April 1994 to February 1995. Caging experiments with three size groups of O. immaculatus using predator inclusion as well as exclusion treatment Marine bioinvasion: Concern for ecology and shipping confirmed that predation by this fish had significant [A.C. Anil, K. Venkat, S.S. Sawant, M. Dileep Kumar, impact on the structure of fouling community. The V.K. Dhargalkar. N. Ramaiah, S.N. Harkantra and importance of predation was manifested mainly through Z.A. Ansari] the influence of fish on ascidians, with fish exclusion resulting in their monopolization of the substratum within Marine bioinvasion - introduction of marine organisms six months of exposure of the panels. The competitive alien to local ecosystem through ship hulls and ballast exclusion by bryozoans and barnacles was observed water - has serious consequences to native biota, in the absence of predators. Solitary and competitively fishery and general coastal ecosystem. Over 80% of inferior colonial forms survived better in the presence the world cargo is mobilized transoceanically and over of predators. Predation by O. immaculatus was 12 billion tones of ballast water is filled at one part of compared with the natural predation by exposing test the ocean and discharged at the other. These ballast panels outside the cage. waters offer conducive situation for bacteria, viruses, algae, dinoflagellates and a variety of macro-faunal Macrofouling community structure in larval/cyst stages to translocate to alien regions, usually Kanayama Bay, Kii Peninsula along the coasts of the continents. As an example, (Japan) there are over 18 species of animals and plants documented along the Indian coasts as those that might [Raveendran, T. V. and E. Harada] have got invaded and established. They can cause An investigation on the macrofouling community in deleterious effects to local flora and fauna through Kanayama Bay, Kill Peninsula, Japan was undertaken their toxigenic, proliferative and over-competitive from June 1994 to May 1995 by exposing fiber characteristics. This article points out the threats arising reinforced plastic (FRP) panels at subsurface and out of marine bioinvasion and various technological bottom (2.2 m) depths. The composition and abundance developments needed to deal with this unavoidable of fouling organisms were monitored at monthly scourge in global shipping transport. intervals. Fortnightly variations in hydrographic parameters were also noted simultaneously. The fouling Entry of Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio community at this bay was a complex assemblage of fischeri into the viable but bryozoans, ascidians, polychaetes and barnacles nonculturable state comprising more than 40 species. The faunal elements [Ramaiah, N., J. Ravel, W.L. Straube. R.T. Hill and exhibited distinct seasonal trends in abundance closely R.R. Colwell] associated with fluctuations in temperature, i.e., maximum abundance was recorded in summer and the Physical responses of marine luminous bacteria, Vibrio reverse in winter. Greater faunal abundance was harveyi (ATCC 14216) and V. fischeri (UM1373) to generally observed on the subsurface panels. nutrient-limited normal strength (35 ppt iso-osmolarity) Significant depth wise variation in abundance seems and low (10 ppt hypo-osmolarity) salinity conditions to be the result of predation, competition and the effect were determined. Plate counts, direct viable counts, of residents on recruits. Succession in the community actively respiring cell counts, nucleoid-containing cell was divided into three stages by dendrogram analysis. counts, and total counts were determined. V. harveyi First stage was characterized by polychaetes incubated at 22°C nutrient-limited artificial seawater 19 ANNUAL REPORT 2002-20C3 NlO. GOA

(ASW) became nonculturable after approximately 62 Macrobenthic communities of the and 45 d in microcosms of 35 ppt and 10 ppt ASW, coastal waters of Dabhol, west coast respectively. In contrast, V. fischeri became of India nonculturable at approximately 55 and 31 d in similar [Ingole, B., N. Rodrigues and Z.A. Ansari] microcosms. Recovery of both culturability and Macrobenthic community of a shallow subtidal (5-20 luminescence of cells in the viable but nonculturable m) muddy deposit off Dabhol was investigated. state was achieved by addition of nutrient broth or Sediment comprised mainly of silt and clay with less of nutrient broth supplemented with a carbon source, sand. Dominance of clayey-silt fraction reflects on including luminescence-stimulating compounds. active flocculation of fine grain particles. The sediment Temperature upshift from 22°C to 30°C or 37°C did not organic carbon with a mean value of 1.42% was rather result in recovery from nonculturability. The study high. The population density of macro-invertebrates confirms entry of V. harveyi and V. fischeri into the varied from 250 to 600 no.m 2 (mean=395±111) during viable but nonculturable state under low-nutrient December 1994. The values increased significantly conditions and demonstrates nutrient-dependent during December 1996 and ranged between 400 and resuscitation from this state. This study confirms loss 975 no. m2 (mean = 621 ±194). Macrofaunal community of luminescence of V. harveyi and V. fischerion entry comprised of typical near-shore species, numerically into the viable but nonculturable state and suggests dominated by polychaetes. The sediment organic that enumeration of luminescent cells in water samples content reflects on the high biological productivity of may be a rapid method to deduce the nutrient status of the area, particularly benthic production that was a water sample. evident from a good fish catch in the experimental bottom trawling. Values for species diversity followed more Bacterial growth efficiency in the or less similar trends and less variability among the tropical estuarine and coastal waters sampling stations in Dec. 1994 and Dec. 1996. However, of Goa, southwest coast of India species composition indicated the dominance of [Pradeep Ram, A.S, S. Nair and D. Chandramohan] different taxa among the sampling locations during two sampling years. The occurrence of juvenile forms of Bacterial growth efficiency (BGE) is an index of organic decapods (shrimps and crabs) in the benthic samples carbon passing through bacteria in an aquatic system. suggest that the coastal waters of Dabhol provide BGE values of natural bacterioplankton assemblages favourable environmental conditions for feeding and were measured in tropical estuarine and adjacent breeding of commercially important prawn and crab coastal waters in Goa along the southwest coast of species. India. The BGE values for estuarine and coastal waters were 18 (±7.84%) and 11 (±4.19%), respectively. BGE in these waters were at the lower end of what is Ecological observations of major usually found in productive systems. This may be due Salicornia beds from highly saline to the high respiration rates. Further, it was observed coastal wetlands of India that grazers also influenced BGE. As BGE was positively [Jagtap, T.G., S.H. Bhosale and V.L Nagle] correlated with bacterial productivity, the observed variation in BGE was attributed to bacterial productivity. Extensive Salicornia beds along the Gulf of Kutchchh BGE was inversely related to C:N ratio, indicating a (northwest) and Tamilnadu (southeast) coasts were dose coupling between the nature of the substrates investigated with respect to vegetative structure and and BGE. Being system-dependent, the variations in ambient environmental conditions. The width of the beds BGE at the two locations were dynamic and were varied from approximately 5 m to 1000 m depending regulated by the quality of the substrates. Therefore, a upon the topography and tidal influence. The most constant value for BGE would lead to error in carbon extensive and healthy stands occurred in the regularly 1 budgets in these waters. (20-50 tides month ) inundated intertidal zones. The width of Salicornia beds in the Gulf of Kutchchh was greater than those along the Tamilnadu coast due to greater (0.83-7.2 m) tidal amplitude and flat topography. The sediments from beds of the Gulf of Kutchchh were rich (4.9-16.9% dry weight) in organic matter. The salt content in the sediments from Tamilnadu was relatively 20 ANNUAL REPORT 2002-2003 NIP. GOA

very low (0.08-0.1% dry weight) compared to concentrations are high at the SW margin of India, an sediments from the Gulf of Kutchchh (0.48-0.78% dry area of high productivity and lower at the central weight). Plant biomass, density, height, and frequency western continental margin, an area of lower of occurrence in the more frequently inundated regions productivity. High organic carbon export coupled with were greater than in the poorly or less frequently high sedimentation rates and a relatively oxygenated inundated intertidal regions. The average total biomass sediment sea water interface appear to result in the 2 varied from 0.2 to 4.5 kg (dry weight) m and was accumulation of high concentrations of Baxs at the SW mostly comprised of aboveground components. Peak Indian margin. At the NW Indian margin, where the biomass values of Salicornia were observed during productivity is moderate to high, suboxic diagenesis is

September to February in the Gulf of Kutchchh, while in accord with relatively low Baas values and high along the southeast coast, they were observed during concentrations of Cd and U, two elements accumulating December to March. The growth of the S. brachiata under oxygen-deficient and/or sulfidic conditions. The seemed to be influenced primarily by the frequency of results indicate that although Ba tends to be partially inundation, duration of atmospheric exposure at ebb lost during suboxic diagenesis, the productivity trend tide, rainfall, and salinity and salt content of the ambient along the western continental margin of India still water and sediments, respectively. Average carbon appears to be reflected by this element. and nitrogen content in the plants were estimated to be 21.7 ±1.9% and 0.8 ± 0.17% (dry weight), respectively. Analysis of 210Pb in sediment trap The carbon content increased with increasing age of samples and sediments from the the plant, while protein content decreased. Constantly northern Arabian Sea: Evidence for increasing anthropogenic pressures on coastal boundary scavenging wetlands warrant immediate protection of S. brachiata [Borole, DM] and other obligate halophytes, which are either 210 threatened/vulnerable or endangered. The concentrations of Pb were measured in particles intercepted by sediment traps deployed at 1024 m and Breeding biology of shrimp 3024 m in the northern Arabian Sea for a period of one year from November 1986 to October 1987. The activity Parapenaeopsis stylifera (Milne 1 Edwards) (Crustacea: Decapoda) in the biweekly samples varied from 11 to 108 dpm g at 1024 m and 58 dpm g1 to 588 dpm g1 (disintegration along the Neendakara zone, SW 210 coast of India per min per gm) at 3024 m. The mean annual Pb flux increased from 0.27 dpm cm2 yr1 in the 1024 m trap to [Sunil, V. and H. Suryanarayanan] 0.65 dpm cm2 yr1 in the 3024 m trap. The 210Pb flux Investigations on gonado-somatic index, stages of exhibited a strong seasonal pattern associated with maturity and fecundity of Parapenaeopsis stylifera variations in the sediment mass flux and organic carbon

were carried out from the Neendakara zone, Kerala (Corg) flux except during early southwest monsoon in coast. India for a period of one year. Females with the 3024 m trap. This could be due to enhanced 210 mature ovaries occurred throughout the year showing scavenging of Pb on inorganic phases consisting 210 that they spawn continuously, the peak season being mostly of Fe-Mn oxides. Pb concentrations were 210 May and July. The gonado-somatic index exhibited a dependent on particle composition, indicating that Pb variation from 3.39 to 10.54(%). The mean fecundity of scavenging from the water column is directly coupled 87,641 was observed. There was a linear relationship to the type of settling particles. Organic matter does 210 between the fecundity and the length of shrimp, weight not appear to be the dominant carrier phase for Pb 210 of shrimp, length of ovary and weight of ovary. as shown by the poor Pb - Corg correlation. The fraction of 210Pb removed from the ocean by settling particles F/P (210Pb Flux/210Pb production) cannot be Barium as a productivity proxy in used as a proxy to determine the Corg flux in this region. continental margin sediments: A study The excess inventories in 13 sediment cores in the from the eastern Arabian Sea Arabian Sea ranged from 11 to 211 dpm cm2. Such highly variable spatial distribution of the excess 210Pb [Prakash Babu, C.] inventory reflects a non-uniform deposition of 210Pb in Barium, aluminium, cadmium and uranium were analyzed this region. The measured excess 210Pb inventories in 112 surface sediment samples from the western (124-211 dpm cm2) for the seafloor sediments below continental margin of India. Excess Ba (Ba ) 21 xs ANNUAL REPORT 2002-2003 NIO. GOA

the Western Arabian Sea Trap and from other locations were compared to inventories given by earlier workers in the vicinity of the sediment trap mooring lend support on east and west coast faunas. The result shows the to boundary scavenging within the northwestern presence of 38 species for the first time in this Strait. Arabian Sea as a sink for 2l0Pb. All these 38 species are illustrated here and their taxonomical details are provided. The foraminiferal Characters of chlorine isotopic distribution shows the number of species to be higher compositions in ocean water in the south of Manalmelkudi as compared to the north [Xiao, Y.K., Y.M. Zhou, A. Hong, Q.Z. Wang, Y.H. Wang. H.Z. Wei and P.V. Shirodkar] The Mysidacea of the Andaman Sea [Panampunnayil. S.U.) The chlorine isotopic compositions of ocean water were determined using thermal ionization mass Fifteen species belonging to eight genera were spectrometry (TIMS) based on the measurement of collected from the shallow waters (0-150 m) of the 37 35 CS2Cl· ion. The results show that the CI / CI ratios Andaman Sea. Of these one species Doxomysis are basically homogenous and gives an average value nicobaris is described as new and all the other species of 0.319030, with natural variation from 0.318782 to are identified with existing species. The differences 0.319221. The δ37Cl values of surface seawater related shown by the present specimens from the published to defined seawater located at 4°18'N, 161°08'E are description are fully discussed with figures. A note on not related to parameters like temperature, salinity, the distribution of each species is also given. latitude and longitude due to mixing by huge hydro- dynamical action of ocean water.

The results on isotopic compositions of chlorine in seawater samples located at VM (Vema Region), VT4 (Vityaz Region) and VT6 in the InRidge area of the Central Indian Ocean at different depths show that the δ37CI values decrease with depth downwards. The variations in δ37CI values are apparently associated with continental inflow and the geology of the region. The continental inflow water causes an increase in the δ37Cl values. The δ37Cl values of ocean water in the Antarctic area however are slightly lower.

The study highlights the constancy in δ37Cl values of ocean water. Similarly, the study has its impact in the ocean-atmospheric interactions due to the influence of reactive chlorine on troposphere - stratosphere ozone depletion by the liberation of reactive chlorine from marine aerosols.

Taxonomy and distribution of benthic foraminifera from the sediments of Palk Strait, Tamil Nadu, east coast of India [Gandhi. S., G. V. Rajamanickam and R Nigam]

A systematic study of benthic foraminifera has been made on 42 sediment samples collected between Mandapam and Kodiyakkarai, off Palk Strait Tamil Nadu, India. A total of 102 benthic foraminiferal species belonging to 52 genera, 38 families, 23 superfamilies and 5 suborders are identified. The above species 22 ANNUAL REPORT 2002-2003 NIO, GOA Drugs & Chemicals

The institute continues to pursue its objective of finding solutions to human diseases, environmental pollution and fouling of marine structures through marine organisms. Bacteria, fungi, seaweeds, seagrasses, mangrove plants and invertebrates from our waters have been our chosen favourites for the task. Considerable progress has been made in certain areas, where we are closer to our goals. Thus, we have several US patents granted in this field during the current year. Our research has opened up new avenues that show much promise. In one of the publications, the common green mussel growing in the backyard of the institute has yielded some potential anti-viral drugs. The area of prevention of biofouling of surfaces and materials in the marine environment still provides a great challenge. Therefore, search for antifouling compounds from various sources is a continuous process. Extracts from a gorgonian and a few other marine organisms including seaweeds have been shown to inhibit attachment of bacteria to surfaces.

Indian marine bivalves: Potential source of antiviral drugs [Chatterji, A., Z A. Ansari, B S. Ingole, M.A. Bichurina, M. Sovetova and Y.A. Boikov]

Extracts prepared from economically important marine bivalves such as green mussel (Perna viridis), estuarine oyster (Crassostrea madrasensis), giant oyster (Crassostrea gryphoides), estuarine clam (Meretrix casta), black clam (Villonta cyprinoides) and mud clam (Polymesoda erosa) were found to possess high antiviral activity when tested with influenza virus strains type-A (A/Missisipi 1/85/h3N2) and type-B (B/

Harbin 7/94). Maximum difference in the EID50 value was observed in the extract prepared from P. viridis have been purified on silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 for in vitro studies conducted with influenza virus type- columns and their structures elucidated by A (2.50 Ig) and virus type-B (3.00 Ig). For in vivo studies, spectroscopic studies. This is the first report of the maximum difference in EID50. values was observed in occurrence of compounds 2 and 3 in nature. Caffeine the extracts of V. cyprinoides (4.00 Ig) and P. erosa exhibits mild antifouling activity against marine fouling (4.00 Ig) with influenza virus type-A. organisms while its O-methyl analog 2 is inactive.

Secondary metabolites from the Two selective novel triterpene Gorgonian Echinomuraceae glycosides from sea cucumber, splendens (Thomson and Simson) Telenata ananas: Inhibitors of [Parmeswaran, P.S., C G. Naik, M. Govenkar and chemokine recepton-5 V.R. Hegde] [Vinod R. Hegde, T.M. Chan, Haiyan Pu, Vincent P. Gullo, Mahesh G Patel, Pradip Das, Two xanthine derivatives, caffeine (1, 3, 7- Nicole Wagner, P.S. Parameswaran and C.G. Naik] trimethylxanthine) 1 and its 2-O-methyl analog ( +1, O2-methyl theobromine) 2, N-methyl-pyrazole-5- The aqueous methonolic extract of a sea cucumber carboxylic acid 3 and a tetrahydroxy sterol, 1ß, 3β, 5α, was found to contain two triterpene glycosides 1 and 6β-tetrahydroxycholestane 4 have been isolated from 2. The structures of 1 and 2 were established based the methanol extract of the gorgonian Echinomuraceae on high-resolution NMR studies. Compounds 1 and 2 23 spendens (Thomson and Simson). These compounds exhibited inhibitory activity (Ki) of 30 and 5 μM, μg per 6-mm disc) against B. circulans and P. putida. It was further confirmed that the attachment of bacterial strains on glass slide was inhibited remarkably with increasing concentrations of bioextracts of Petrosia sp. and Psammaplysilla purpurea. The present findings could form the basis for exploring the antibacterial potential of bioactive molecules from some of the marine organisms that exhibited moderate to strong antibacterial properties.

Genetic relationships among five nemipterid fish species from the Indian coast using allozyme analysis. [Menezes, M.R., U. Arolkar and V. Rathod]

Based on Nei's genetic distance Nemipterus peronii and N. japonicus showed a greater affinity to Parascolopsis aspinosa than to the other Nemipterus species studied. Significant differences between the Indian west and east coast samples of N. japonicus were detected. Polymorphic (P> 0.95) and diagnostic loci suitable for stock delineation and species identification were observed. respectively in a chemokine receptor subtype 5 (CCR5) assay. Both compounds did not show any significant inhibition in a CXCR2 assay at 50 μM, suggesting their selectivity for the CCR5 receptor.

Antifouling potential of some marine organisms from India against species of Bacillus and Pseudomonas [Bhosale, S.H., V.L. Nagle and T.G. Jagtap]

Crude methanolic extracts of 37 marine organisms (16 species of flora, 21 species of fauna) were screened for antibacterial properties against 5 strains of bacteria isolated from marine environments. Of these, 10 plant and 9 animal extracts exhibited antibacterial activity against at least one bacterial strain. The extracts of 6 species were active against all the strains: i.e., Stoechospermum marginatum (brown algae), Cymodocea rotundata (seagrass), Petrosia sp. and Psammaplysilla purpurea (sponges), Sinularia compressa (soft coral), and Cassiopeia sp. (jellyfish). Among the plants, Padina tetrastromatica (brown algae) extract exhibited significant activity (9-11-mm inhibition zone at 500 μg per 6-mm disc) against Bacillus pumilus and Pseudomonas vesicularis, while the extracts of Petrosia, Psammaplysilla, and Cassiopeia were strongly active (11 -13-mm inhibition zone at 500 24 ANNUAL REPORT 2002-2003 NIO GOA Non-Living Resources

Trite but true: oceans do form the last frontier for mankind's needs. This year's research focused on economic deposits per se : i.e., the exciting and emerging area of Gas Hydrate investigation in the continental shelf. In addition, the paleoceanographic, tectonic, and sedimentary processes revealed by economic deposits such as deep-sea manganese nodules and manganese crusts. Among process studies, attention has been drawn to the provenance of the volcanic ash found in the Indian Ocean - whether locally generated or from the Toba volcanic eruption of 74 Ka and on the formative processes associated with manganese micronodules in the Bay of Bengal. The importance of geophysical investigations cannot be overemphasized in unraveling the structures beneath the ocean floor - these go a long way in understanding the complex nitty gritty of the continental drift. Fault reactivation has been interpreted off Pondicherry and new interpretation are presented concerning the continental/oceanic crust transition debate. The earth beneath the sea is now made visible by multibeam mapping systems : the intricate details of a segment of the Carlsberg ridge are seen through this system to present an active ridge segment. Further, by applying artificial neural network technique to the seafloor data in combination with backscatter data, a classification scheme has been attempted which provides a pathway for understanding the seafloor sediments by remote techniques.

Scenario of gas-charged sediments the sediments. These pockmarks occur as conical and and gas hydrates in the western dish-shaped incisions often truncating the strata above continental margin of India the sub-bottom reflector. Distinct gas plumes rise from [Karisiddaiah, S.M. and L.V. Subba Raju] a few meters to about 70 m above the seafloor. The existence of an acoustic turbid zone beneath the Echosounding, high-resolution shallow seismic data pockmarks and a continuous supply of gas from below were collected along track lines spaced at 20 km interval towards the pockmarks indicate the sediments as gas- across the western continental margin of India A detailed charged. The presence of bottom simulating reflectors analysis of the underway data revealed the occurrence (BSRs) in slope-rise areas off Goa suggests the of methane-bearing gas-charged sediments and presence of gas hydrates in water depths is greater pockmarks in the shelf and gas hydrate horizons along than 500-2200 m. Over the Laccadive ridge complex, the slope and rise. The presence of the zones of BSR lies at about 460 milliseconds below the seabed incoherent reflections accompanied by lack of acoustic where the water depth is found to be nearly 2000 m. penetration and the presence of discontinuous high- At places, it is found that chaotic and/or scattered intensity reflections in the form of acoustic masking hyperbolic reflections occur below BSR suggesting are seen extending from the seafloor down to 5-10 m. the presence of gas-charged sediments or free gas Some are dome-shaped extending to the seafloor as while the distinct blanking zones as well as acoustic observed off Coondapur and south of Mumbai. Others voids appear above the BSR. It is concluded that the are inverted U-shaped acoustic masking with rounded venting of gas causes the presence of pockmarks and edges discernible off Karwar, Mormugao and Mumbai. seeps. Formation of gas hydrates in the deeper waters Significant contributions of gas from the slope sediments are probably caused by the rapid sedimentation and to the upper strata and the overlying waters are organic carbon-rich sediments coupled with an indicated by buried/exposed pockmarks and the environment of high pressure and low temperature. prominent plumes are represented by strong echoes in

25 Himalayan sedimentary pulses The Indian Ocean Nodule Field: recorded by silicate detritus within a Petrotectonic evolution and ferromanganese crust from the ferromanganese deposits. Central Indian Ocean [Mukhopadhyay, R., S.D. Iyer and A.K. Ghosh] [Banakar, V.K., A. Galy, N.P. Sukumaran, The crust of the Indian Ocean Nodule Field (IONF), in G. Parthiban and A.Y. Volvaikerj the Central Indian Ocean Basin (10°-16°30'; 72° -80°E) A Central Indian Ocean deep-water seamount and hosting the world's second largest and second hydrogenous ferromanganese crust (SS663-Crust) highgrade manganese nodule deposit, formed between contains variable (7-23%) amounts of detrital material 60 and 49 Ma under three variable spreading conditions. (silicate-detritus). Taking into account the growth rate Since two decades, an area 0.4x106 km2 has been of the authigenic component, the accumulation rate of surveyed and a huge geophysical data set and the silicate-detritus has been calculated, which shows geological samples were collected. Several seamounts, an overall decrease during the past 25±2 Ma growth hills and ridge-normal and ridge-parallel lineations have history of the specimen. This silicate-detritus displays disturbed the seafloor that formed because of variable 87 85 EN0 between -7.7 and -12.7, and Sr/ Sr between rate of spreading and formation of new oceanic crust 0.7083 and 0.7215. The Sr-Nd isotopic compositions along the ridge crest, during more than one episode of record the variation in the mixture of two detrital end- India-Eurasia collision. Based on nature of ridge-parallel members throughout the growth history of the SS663- lineations the IONF is divided (north to south) into sectors Crust. While one end-member clearly appears to be A and C that formed at a fast rate of spreading (90-95 Himalayan-derived material, the other component is less mm/year, half-rate) and B and D that formed at an well defined, but could be related to the volcanogenic intermediate (55 mm/year) and slow (26 mm/year) component from the Indonesian back-arc basin. We rates, respectively. Tensional stress in A and C caused have unscrambled the proportion of these two asymmetrical flexures, widely spaced faults and folds components in the silicate-detritus of the SS663-Crust to quantify the variation in the accumulation rate of the Himalayan-derived silicate-detritus during the last 25 Ma. The result shows three periods of high accumulation rates (modem, around 10 Ma and prior to 16 Ma). These sedimentary pulses have already been recognised and described in the turbidites from the distal Bengal Fan, which is located more than 1000 km away from the SS663-Crust location, suggesting that these sedimentary pulses are of regional significance rather than of local importance. The timings of elevated contents of the Himalayan-derived silicate-detritus in the specimen during the Neogene closely superimpose the periods of the Himalayan uplift along the Main Central Thrust, the Main Boundary Thrust, and the Main Frontal Thrust. This further emphasises the tectonic control of the sediment production by the erosion of an active organic range and its distribution over a vast area. Additionally, close superimposition of the Early Miocene detritus pulse in the SS663-Crust on the riverine Sr isotopic positive excursion suggests that the physical and chemical weathering of the Himalaya was strongly The structural and tectonic fabrics of the CIOB are displayed Thick eastwest lines with numbers are magnetic anomalies. The coupled during the Early Miocene, while the spatial IONF is shown in the box and divided into four sectors. Sectors decoupling appears to have taken place only around A to D from north to south, corresponding to variable rate of 12-14 Ma. accretion of the underlying crust. Sectors A & C were formed during the period of fast spreading, sector B during intermediate rale, while sector D was formed at a slow rate from the Indian Ridge System between 60 and 49 Ma. 26 with low amplitude and large wavelength while flexures covers a new minimum area of approx. 3.2 x 106 km2 in in D are closely spaced, long, symmetrical and of high the CIOB and increases additional ash volume by 160 amplitude. The timing and intensity of collision of India km3 to the earlier volume (350 km3) reported. The new with Eurasia is constrained by variable intensity of occurrence of YTT from the CIOB, South China Sea these flexures suggesting probably a 'soft' touch at and Arabian Sea suggests significant increase in ash approx. 58 Ma and hard collision at approx. 51 Ma. volume, and climatic implications need to be reassessed. Distribution, morphology and growth patterns of a majority of seamounts are linked to spreading rate. In the IONF tholeiitic basalts, spilites, ferrobasalt and Volcanic ash and its enigma: A case pumice occur, the alteration of some has resulted in study from the Central Indian Ocean palagonite and zeolites. The IONF crust witnessed Basin [Pattan, J.N.] intraplate volcanism as seen from young rocks at the seamounts' base, inconsistent growth of seamounts, An ash layer occurs between 10-35 cm depth in eruption of ferrobasalt in high amplitude magnetic zones sediment cores from the Central Indian Ocean basin. and presence of volcanogenic-hydrothermal materials Morphology, major, trace and rare earth element (approx. 10 ka age). In the last 8 Ma, FeMn deposits composition of glass shards from the ash layer suggest (nodules, crusts) formed at an average water depth of that the Youngest Toba Tuff of approx. 74 ka from 5000 m. Hydrogenous precipitation primarily contributed Northern Sumatra may be its source. To understand metals while secondary intraplate eruption, subsurface the implication of ash on the elemental distribution, a igneous activity and diagenetic remobilisation enhanced sediment core (NR-54) where abundant Youngest Toba growth and abundance of the deposit. Considering the glass shards occur at 30 to 35 cm depth interval, was contribution of various physico-chemical parameters, studied. The presence of ash layer resulted in the

authors propose a model for formation of the IONF enrichment of coarse fraction (260%). Alexcess (104%), FeMn deposits. K (43%) and AI/AI+Fe+WIn (28%). and depletion of Mg (58%), Fe (55%), Mn (50%), Ti (44%) and biogenic Origin of ash in the Central Indian opal (37%), compared to their average concentrations Ocean Basin and its implication for in the core. Therefore, precaution should be taken while the volume estimate of the 74,000 studying the parameters indicative of productivity year BP Youngest Toba eruption (biogenic opal, coarse fraction and Alexcess), detrital [Pattan, J.N., N.J.G. Pearce, V.K. Banakar and terrigenous influx (Al/AI+Fe+Mn, Ti, K and Mg) and redox G. Parthiban] sensitive metal (Mn), whose concentration is affected by the presence of glass shards from the ash layer in A controversy exists about the origin of ash in the the sediment cores from Bay of Bengal, Central Indian Central Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB). In situ silicic Ocean basin, South China Sea and Western continental volcanism and Indonesian arc volcanism have been margin of India where the widespread Youngest Toba proposed as sources of ash in the basin. The detailed ash is reported. morphology and chemical composition (ten major, 20 trace and 14 rare earth elements (REE)) of glass shards Geochemistry of ferromanganese from eight sediment cores in the CIOB to gain insights micronodules and associated Mn and provide new estimates of ash volume are and trace metals diagenesis at high presented. The glass shards are of rhyolitic composition terrigenous depositional site of with a strong negative Europium anomaly, and show middle fan region, Bay of Bengal bubble wall junction-type morphology suggesting a [Chauhan, OS.] magmatic type of eruption. Major, trace and REE composition and morphology of the shards suggest The influence of sedimentation on the morphology, Youngest Toba Tuff (YTT) of approx. 74 ka of Northern growth and geochemistry of the micronodules, and on Sumatra as the source for the ash. The YTT shards Mn enrichment in the sediments of the Bay of Bengal have higher Ca, K, Al, Cs, Ba, Ta, Th, U and heavy REE has been evaluated. Mn accumulation is 307-219 mg and lower Fe, Rb, Sr, Y and light REE compared to cm2 kyr-1 in cores having 20-17 cm kyr-1 sedimentation Middle Toba Tuff, and higher Si, K, Hf and light REE, and rate, but drops to 34-17.7 mg cm2 kyr-1 in cores with tower Ti, Fe, Mn, Mg, Ca, Na, Rb, Sr, Y, Nb, Th, U and 3-4 cm kyr' sedimentation rates. However, Mn- heavy REE compared to Oldest Toba Tuff. The YTT enrichment zone becomes thinner with increased 27 ANNUAL REPORT 2002-2003 NIO. GOA

sedimentation. The abundance of the micronodules and varied crustal regions of the margin are paleo- increases, and they have been observed down to the shelf edges, shelf margin basin, Prathap and Laccadive deeper levels with higher contents of Mn, Ni, Cu and Ridges and the Arabian Basin. The shelf margin basin Zn from the areas of the lower sedimentation. The is carpeted by approx. 4.5 km maximum thick aggraded results of the present study reveal that though the and prograded Paleocene to Holocene sediments. Six higher sedimentation may be conducive for higher Mn major seismic sequences of the sediments of the margin accumulation in the upper surfaces of the sediments, are identified and their ages are assigned on correlation the growth, abundance and enrichment of Mn, Ni, Cu with drill-well results. Development of the sequence and Zn in the micronodules are mostly regulated by boundaries is attributed to the events of rifting of their residence time within Mn oxidation zone. The western India, eustatic sea-level changes, Indian and influence of residence time on the morphology and the Eurasian plate collision and Himalayan orogeny. Tilted internal structures of the micronodules are also fault blocks (half-grabens) located almost equi-distance evaluated. from the igneous construct of the 'Prathap Ridge' in the shelf margin basin suggest a failed rift associated with Geomorphological and petrological stretched continental crust of the basin. 2-D model observations along a segment of studies of gravity and magnetic anomalies, constrained slow-spreading Carlsberg Ridge by the seismic results, have revealed 6 to 27 km thick [Mudholkar, A.V., V.N. Kodagali, K.A. Kamesh Raju, crusts across the margin. The Laccadive Ridge crust A.B. Valsangkar, G.H. Ranade and N.V. Ambre] limited by two volcanic intrusives and a steep scarp at its western end is approx. 16 km thick. It gradually thins A 120-km-long section of the Carlsberg Ridge has been towards offshore and juxtaposed with early Tertiary mapped with multi-beam bathymetry system (MBS). normal oceanic crust approx. 6 km thick of the Arabian High-resolution bathymetric contour map generated Basin. The crustal thickness and velocity and density with the MBS data shows well-defined axial valley structure of the ridge are comparable to that of the bordered by steep valley walls and the presence of a Laxmi Ridge, a continental sliver. The inferences and ridge axial discontinuity in the southeast end of the abrupt change in magnetic and gravity anomaly survey area. This discontinuity represents the signatures across the western end of the Laccadive propagating ridge head present along the ridge axis Ridge mark the zone of transition from continental to and is being reported for the first time along an active oceanic crust. ridge segment of the Carlsberg Ridge. The pseudo- side scan image reveals a well-sedimented axial valley. It is for the first time that various upper mantle Evidence of fault reactivation off (serpentinites and peridotites) and lower crustal rocks Pondicherry coast from marine (gabbros) have been recovered from this part of the geophysical data [Murty, G.P.S., A.S. Subrahmanyam, Carlsberg Ridge apart from the ridge basalts. The basaltic rocks are mostly fresh, however, a few types K.S.R. Murthy and K.V.L.N.S. Sarma] of basalt exhibit alteration. Serpentinites and peridotites The present study mainly focuses on the northern part are almost totally altered and exhibit the stress they of the Cauvery offshore basin, between latitudes 10° have undergone during and after the emplacement. and 14°N, and longitudes 80° and 82°E, over which the bathymetry, gravity and magnetic data are collected. Analysis of multichannel seismic The bathymetry map in general shows a linear N-S reflection, gravity and magnetic data trend, except between latitudes 10°45'N and 12°15'N, along a regional profile across the where the contours trend coastward indicating a major central-western continental margin of fault zone. Similar trend is also evidenced by the India geophysical anomalies. The free-air gravity anomaly [Chaubey, A.K.. D.G. Rao, K. Srinivas. T. map is characterized by a significant north-south Ramprasad, M.V. Ramana and V. Subrahmanyam] trending linear gravity low with major discontinuities along 12°15'N and 11°45'N respectively, indicating major Analysis of multichannel seismic reflection, gravity, fault zones. Total field magnetic anomaly map also magnetic and bathymetry data along a regional profile shows two major discontinuities, FG1 and FG2, along across the central-western continental margin of India 12°15'N (off Pondicherry), and 10°45'N (south of have revealed the depositional pattern of sediments, Karaikal) respectively. crustal structure and tectonics. The four most distinct 28 ANNUAL REPORT 2002-2003 NIO, GOA

Magnetic rock properties of the structural features that are associated with the lower gabbros from the ODP Drill Hole Cretaceous ocean floor. The Analytical Signal 1105A of the Atlantis Bank, Processing and Werner Deconvolution techniques southwest Indian Ridge proved to be effective in determining the depth to the [Rao, D.G. and K.S. Krishna] basement in area covered by thick sediment overburden Laboratory studies of 30 samples from 158 m long drill and characterized by a complex geologic/tectonic core of the Hole 1105A (ODP Leg 179) of the Atlantis framework. Bank, Southwest Indian Ridge have revealed magnetic properties of the gabbros, olivine gabbros, oxide Sea-floor classification using gabbros and olivine oxide gabbros down the core. multibeam echo-sounding angular Comparison of modal proportions of the oxides, grain backscatter data: a real-time sizes and magnetization parameters of the rocks has approach employing hybrid neural confirmed that most coarse-grained oxide mineral network architecture bearing rocks record low Koenigsberger ratio (2 to 5) [Chakraborty, B., V.N. Kodagali and J. Baracho] and median destructive fields (5 to 7 mT). Average The presently studied numerical model, e.g., composite natural remanent magnetization (J ) and stable rm roughness, is successful for the purpose of sea-floor remanent magnetization (J of the core samples are st classification employing processed multibeam angular 5.8 A/m and 1.9 A/m, respectively. Their mean stable backscatter data from manganese-nodule-bearing magnetic inclination is 66°±4°, about 14° steeper than locations of the Central Indian Ocean Basin. Hybrid the expected dipole inclination of the area similar to the artificial neural network (ANN) architecture, comprised one reported at Hole 735 B. The excess inclination of the self-organizing feature map and learning vector perhaps marks a tectonic block rotation of the reversely quantization (LVQ), has been implemented as an magnetized rocks of the bank. It is interpreted that alternative technique for sea-floor roughness gabbros and serpentinites devoid of basaltic carapace classification, giving comparative results with the significantly contribute to seafloor spreading anomalies aforesaid numerical model for processed multibeam of the bank. angular backscatter data. However, the composite- roughness model approach is protracted due to the Magnetic basement in the central inherent need for processed data including system- Bay of Bengal gain corrections. In order to establish that tedious [Sarma, K.V.L.N.S., M.V. Ramana, T. Ramprasad, processing of raw backscatter values is unessential M. Desa, V. Subrahmanyam, K.S. Krishna and for efficient classification, hybrid ANN architecture has M.M.M. Rao] been attempted here due to its nonparametric approach. In this technical communication, successful employment Analyses of about 6000 km of processed magnetic of LVQ algorithm for unprocessed (raw) multibeam data in the central Bay of Bengal using Analytical Signal backscatter data indicates true real-time classification Processing and Werner Deconvolution techniques application. revealed that the depth to top of the magnetic basement varies between 5 and 12 km from the sea surface, where the water column thickness is about 3.4 km. These inferred depths are comparable to the reported acoustic basement depths. The basement map derived from magnetic interpretation defines the general configuration of the central Bay of Bengal. The N10- 12°W trending subsurface 85°E Ridge buried under2 to 3 km thick sediments is a prominent tectonic feature. Offshore basins characterised by deeper magnetic basement (approx. 9 km) and 100-200 km wide are present on either sides of the ridge. These basins were filled with 6-8 km thick lower Cretaceous to recent sediments. Integrated geophysical study depicts that the magnetic basement is characterised by NW-SE, NE-SW, NNE-SSW, N10-12°W and E-W trending 29 ANNUAL REPORT 2002 2003 NIO GOA Pollution & Environmental Impact

Impacts of anthropogenic activities as well as natural processes on the marine environment are causes for concern, especially if they affect marine life. Continued efforts to investigate the influences of different environmental parameters have led to a better understanding of such processes at sea, so that effective methods could be found to minimise the negative impacts and hence conserving the marine ecosystems. Studies have shown that oil spills could reduce the number of organisms almost immediately after the spill, and that the environment would regain its original state only over a considerable period of time, more so in case of a strong seasonal influence such as the monsoon. About 10% of colonies of corals in Lakshadweep were found affected by a natural disease called pink line syndrome. Another study showed that direct viable counts of bacteria over different seasons can serve as reliable indices for evaluating risks in marine environment through human activities. Some hypersaline strains of anaerobic bacteria were very effective in precipitating mercury and lead thus ascertaining the useful role of native microflora in metal pollution bioremediation. Dumping of mining rejects on marine environments of Goa compared over a period of 18 years revealed a sizeable reduction in type and abundance of foraminiferal communities. Such investigations are useful to recognise the long term changes in coastal community structure. Location for dumping of material dredged from development of an all weather port on the coast of India are critical to maintain a balance between industrial development and environmental impact. As human activities need to be sustained due to the increasing demands and to improve quality of life, efforts are underway to find means of assessing as well as reducing the negative effects on the marine environment.

Effect of an oil spill on intertidal grounded ship "M V Sea Transported on meiofauna of meiofauna at Goa a sandy beach of North Goa at Sinquerim and adjacent [Ansari, Z.A. and B. Ingole] Candolim and Calangute beaches along the central West Coast of India were investigated. A significant reduction Short and long term effects of a fuel oil spill from a in the absolute abundance of meiofauna was observed

30 ANNUAL REPORT 2002-2003 NIO, GOA

immediately after 3 days of spillage particularly at monsoon (June-September) and post-monsoon Sinquerim beach, the site of spillage. The reduction (October-February) even in pollution-affected was most pronounced in density of nematodes and locations. The ease of reliably measuring DVC was harpacticoid copepods, which were the most dominant useful in realizing decreased metabolic functioning of groups. Long-term response showed no apparent oil- bacteria during pre-monsoon, a season where induced changes at major taxa levels. The population dispersion of land discharges/effluents is much lower. density improved considerably after the cessation of From laboratory and field analyses of this study it is monsoons with a parallel decrease in petroleum ascertained that DVC are direct indices of potential hydrocarbon concentration in the sediment. Nematodes bacterial metabolic activity, reliable for sensing metabolic recovered more quickly than benthic copepods. No stress experienced by bacterial communities in situ evidence for this could be due to reproductive dynamics and can be useful for evaluating risks in marine in meiobenthos. Although the effect of the oil on environment through human (industrial) activities. meiofauna could be seen initially it could not be proved conclusively on a long-term basis. The effects of the Mercury and lead tolerance in oil spill were confounded with seasonal monsoon effects and beach dynamics. The nematode: copepod hypersaline sulfate-reducing bacteria ratio and the index of trophic diversity (ITD) were [Harithsa, S., S. Kerkar and P.A. Loka Bharathi] inadequate for detecting oil pollution effects. Therefore Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) HSR1, HSR4, and it may be concluded that in the presence of other HSR14 isolated from the salt pans of Goa, India grew environmental factors acting strongly, the effects of oil best at 90-100 ppt salinity on substrates like formate, on meiofauna was strong but of a temporary nature. acetate, lactate, butyrate, ethanol and benzoate. They were gram negative, non-sporulating, non-motile rods lacking in desulfoviridin and cytochromes. Examination Pink line syndrome (PLS) in the of these isolates for heavy metal tolerance and scleractinian coral Porites lutea response studies in terms of growth and sulfate- [Ravindran, J. and C. Raghukumar] reducing activity (SRA) were carried out using mercury chloride and lead nitrate at final concentration of 50, Pink-line syndrome, an unreported disease state of the 100, and 200 and 100,200 and 500 μg ml-1 respectively. scleractinian coral Porites lutea on the Kavaratti reef With mercury, HSR1 showed approx 80% of the of the Lakshadweep group of islands was described. control's growth at 100 and 200 μg ml-1 but SRA PLS causes partial mortality of the coral and about reached only 60% of the control values at the end of 10% of the colonies were found to be affected by this 14 days. HSR14 could reach is greater than 100% of disease. The dead patches were colonized by the the control's growth at 200 μg ml-1 but the SRA reached cyanobacterium Phormidium valderianum. Pink-colored only up to 60% of the control without metal at 100 μg polyps, forming a pink line border these dead patches. ml-1. Though the concentration of lead was double that Histological examination revealed that tissue of mercury, HSR4 could grow and respire better than degeneration and zooxanthellae expulsion from the the control, the growth being stimulated by 160% and PLS-affected tissue occurred. respiration by 170% in the presence of 500 μg ml-1 of lead nitrate. It is probable that some hypersaline SRB Marine environmental pollution stress are more tolerant to heavy metals than the mesohaline detection through direct viable counts counterparts and could be more effectively used for precipitating these metals in bioremediatory measures. of bacteria Further examination of their responses to varied [Ramaiah, N., V.D. Kenkre and X.N. Verlecar] concentration of metals under different salinities would indicate their range of applicability. Direct viable counts (DVC) of bacteria were quantified from polluted and relatively less/non-polluted coastal locations during different seasons to assess whether Does mining pollution affect they can be routinely monitored for an understanding foraminiferal distribution in Mandovi of environmental stress(es) that may impede the full estuary, Goa, India ? functioning of bacterial communities in situ. Most notably, [Nigam, Rajiv, G.N. Nayak and Sonia Naik] DVC were quite low during pre-monsoon (March-May) in pollution-affected locations when compared to A total of 10 surface sediment samples were collected relatively less/nonpolluted ones. In contrast, their in the premonsoon season in 1990 from the Mandovi abundance was significantly higher (up to or greater estuary, Goa. Study revealed presence of 14 species than 10%) suggesting a substantially higher microbial of foraminifera. The foraminiferal data is of special activity (thus, a larger turnover of organic matter) during significance because the same can be compared with 31 ANNUAL REPORT 2002-2003 NIO, GOA

foraminiferal data of Rao (1974) based on the samples methods are discussed. The present review and re- collected in 1972 from the same area. assessment confirms that, though sediment transport is bi-directional, the long-term net shore drift direction The study reveals that during 18 years total foraminiferal along Calangute and Colva beaches is southward. The number (TFN) came down considerably (2 to 42 overall net shore drift direction along Goa coast is also specimens/gm in 1990 as compared to 10 to 139 towards south. It is qualitatively determined that except spedmens/gm in 1972). Similarty, total species number for 3 short drift cells, shore zone has long-term stability. (TSN) also declined from 18 (in 1972) to 14 (in 1990). It Finally, it is concluded that landform indicator study is postulated that decline in fauna is due to continuously using remote sensing can be an effective method for, increasing suspended load (2 - 4 mg/l in 1972,4.5-8 determining long-term net shore drift along the coast. mg/l in 1982 and 6.69 - 114.49 mg/I in 1990) in the estuary. This increased suspended load can be attributed to mining activities in the catchment area of Mandovi River along with its tributaries. Extraction of one tonne of iron ore generate about 1.5 to 4 tonnes of mining reject, and over the years more than 1 billion metric tonnes of mining reject is estimated to have accumulated in mining belt of Goa. The loose mining reject gets eroded due to flooding during monsoon and transported downstream, thus increasing suspended load in river. In view of the foregoing it is surmised that decrease in foraminiferal population in Mandovi estuarine sediments during 1972-1990 indicates influence of mining pollution.

Oceanographic studies off Beypore Port, west coast of India to locate a dredge dumping site [Dinesh Kumar, P.K., P. Vethamonmy, M. T. Babu, K. Srinivas and Tony J. Thottam] This study presents the salient results of the oceanographic investigations carried out along the west coast of India to locate a dumping site for the dredged material generated from the capital dredging of the proposed development of the all weather port. Based on the results of movement of disposed material obtained from a 2 dimensional coastal circulation model and considering the possibility of having a navigational channel later on in line with the port, a dumping site is recommended at the 15 m water depth contour with coordinates: Latitude 11 °07'00"; Longitude 75°45'60", where the environmental impacts on the ecosystem due to dumping operations is considered to be minimum.

A review and re-assessment of sediment transport along the Goa Coast, India [Kunte, P.D., B.G. Wagle and Sugimori Yasuhiro] Although, a variety of methods have been employed to determine sediment transport along Goa coast, India, the results differ in some sections. Fifteen studies have been reviewed, compared, re-assessed and a corrected shore drift map of the Goa coast is prepared and presented. Advantages and limitations of these 32 ANNUAL REPORT 2002-2003 NIO. GOA Engineering & Instrumentation

Wave and coastal sea level have always been of great interest to the ocean engineers and the oceanographers alike. Knowledge of the ocean surface wave characteristics at specific locations have been beneficial to a variety of applications such as coastal erosion studies, long-shore and cross-shore sediment transport rate, studies of mixing characteristics of coastal and estuarine waters, improving navigational safety, maritime planning, design of ships and near-shore/off-shore structures, planning and implementation of wave energy extraction programmes, improving our understanding of the ocean-atmosphere coupling, global climate modeling, and so forth. Similarly, sea level measurements have received a much greater importance in recent times among climatologists and oceanographers. International interest in sea level measurements has been triggered in anticipation of what is perceived to be global warming trends and the threat of rising seas. In this connection, many devices have emerged for measurements of sea level, and performance evaluation of all types of sea level gauges assumed importance. Studies relevant to coastal dynamics and performance evaluation of stilling- well based instrumentation for sea level measurements carried out at NIO are summarized below.

Analysis of wave directional section. The diffusivity values were found to be almost spreading using neural networks equal in four sections during premonsoon months. In [Deo, M.C., D.S. Gondane and V. Sanil Kumar] July it was 9.08 m2/sec at river mouth and zero at the upper reaches of the estuary. In postmonsoon season The short-term directional spreading of wave energy the diffusivity values decreased upstream. Maximum at a given location is popularly modeled with the help of value of flushing time was computed in March (14.85 the Cosine Power model. This model is oriented mainly tidal cycle) and minimum in July (0.23 tidal cycle). At the around value of the spreading parameter involved in its river mouth the water flux was directed seaward during expression. This paper describes how a representative the postmonsoon and monsoon season. During the spreading parameter could be arrived at from easily premonsoon period the transport was upstream and available wave parameters such as significant wave the net transport was higher during May. Maximum flux height and average zero-cross wave period, using the of the suspended sediment was obtained during July technique of neural networks. It is shown that training (1220.97 mg/cm2/sec) at the river mouth. Highly negative of the network with the help of observed directional fluxes were obtained during premonsoon period with wave (e.g., heave-pitch-roll buoy) and could be used the highest negative value occurring during May (- to establish dependency of the spreading parameter 381.31 mg/cm2/sec) at river mouth. During the study on more commonly available unidirectional wave period the annual sediment input and the net sediment parameters derived from, for example, pressure gauge transported towards the sea were estimated to be 8.8 data. It is found that such a procedure involving neural x 104 and 5.7 x 104 tons/year respectively so that the networks is much more accurate and reliable than the annual entrapment of sediment was 3.1 x 104 tons/yr. conventional approach based on statistical linear The logarithmic values of Richardsons number (tog RL) regression. showed large variation at river mouth section of the estuary and at about 10 km upstream during the Seasonal dynamics of Beypore postmonsoon period. During the premonsoon period estuary, Kerala coast there was no noticeable variation in log RL values at [Anilkumar, N. and P.K. Dinesh Kumar] these two places and the estuary was found to be Mixing characteristics of the Beypore estuary were well mixed. During the monsoon period, the stratification determined up to 15 km upstream of Chaliyar river. The was higher and the variation in log RL was high from study area was divided into four sections (5 km interval) flood to ebb tide. with two transverse stations on either side of each 33 ANNUAL REPORT 2002-2003 NIO, GOA

Variations in nearshore processes between the longshore sediment transport rates along Nagapattinam coast, India measured and those calculated by CERC, Walton and [Sanil Kumar, V., N.M. Anand and R. Gowthaman] Bruno, and Van Rijn formula were 0.38,0.71, ana 0.74, respectively. The average RMS error between the Directional wave data collected at 10 m water depth, at measured and the calculated longshore sediment 2 km distance off Nagore from March 1998 to February transport rate based on CERC, Walton and Bruno, and 1999, were used to estimate the longshore currents Van Rijn formula were 0.91,0.57, and 0.47. and longshore sediment transport rate considering the sea and swell waves separately using the CERC Over-estimation of sea level formula. Daily littoral environmental parameters were measurements arising from water observed at three stations and longshore sediment transport rate was estimated using Walton's equation. density anomalies within tide-wells - A comparative study was carried out on theoretical A case study at Zuari estuary, Goa [Joseph, A., Vijay Kumar, E. Desa, E Desa and and measured longshore currents. The ratio of spectral energy at the first and second spectral peaks shows V.B. Peshwe] that energy at the second peak was more than 50% of A 3-year study of water density anomalies within a the energy at the first peak in 43% of the data collected, conventional tide-well indicated that the average water due to the presence of sea and swell waves. The density within the well was consistently lower than difference between the sediment transport rate that of the external ambient waters. The tide-well at estimated based on the two methods is around 3.5%. Mormugao (Goa, India) is situated at the mouth of the The sediment transport using CERC formula shows Zuari estuary, and anomalies were reported at all that average annual gross transport was 0.448 x 106 periods except during peak summer and the onset of 3 m and the average annual net transport (towards the summer monsoon. These anomalies lead to an over- 3 south) was 0.098 x 106 m and this contributes to the estimation of sea level by a tide-well based gauge. The supply of sediment to the Palk Bay. density difference, ρ, between waters inside and outside of the tide-well had a significant dependence Longshore sediment transport rate - on local rainfall and wind. This trend was noticed measurement and estimation, Central throughout the 3 years observation period, with the West Coast of India minimum (0.001 g cm3) difference corresponding to maximum (approx. 6 m s-1) winds and maximum [Sanil Kumar, V., N.M. Anand, P. Chandramohan and (approx. 350 mm) rainfall. The monthly-mean over- G.N. Naik] estimation in sea level ( h), was a minimum (2 mm) during the summer monsoon, rose rapidly to over 22 Measurements of the longshore sediment transport rate mm after the monsoon, and remained around this peak (LSTR) along the surf zone at a 4-km-long beach on value for approx. 3 months before slowly decreasing the central west coast of India were made over a 4- to approx. 4 mm by peak summer. The yearly-mean month period. During the study, both the lateral and over-estimation in the mean sea level (MSL) was 11.3 vertical distributions of the sediment transport rate were mm. The limitation of the conventional tide-well could measured with traps deployed on a line spanning the be minimized by incorporation of arrays of perforations surf zone. Sediment transport in the swash zone was on its entire submerged portion. The observed annual not considered in the present study. The longshore repeatability of the density difference pattern indicates current was measured at each trap location. The that it might be possible to correct the historical sea breaking wave parameters were calculated from a level records, obtained from tide-well-based gauges, directional wave buoy at 16-m water depth. The for the observed systematic over-estimation of sea measured values were compared with those calculated levels, from measurements of density differences from three selected empirical formulas. The standard inside and outside of tide-wells over a period of one coefficient values in the empirical formulas were used year. This would be a practical way to go back to what without calibration to the data sets. The measured 3 is in the archives and recover the absolute sea level. In average gross transport was 726 m /day and that 3 this paper a feasible solution is addressed to the lower calculated were 1108,1017, and 781 m /day based on density water-trapping problem suffered by the guided- CERC, Walton and Bruno, and Van Rijn formula. During air-acoustic gauges, wherein a long and narrow tube the data collection 69% of the time, the transport was is used to guide the acoustic pulse between the direct towards north, and in the remaining period, it acoustic head and the water surface. was direct towards south. The correlation coefficient 34 ANNUAL REPORT 2002-2003 NIO. GOA Marine Archaeology.

Underwater Cultural Heritage is proxy to bygone era. The ocean, considered as a repository of the past civilization at least in coastal zone, provides clues to understand past events. Therefore, our endeavour is to infuse scientific aspects in the findings to ascertain and analyse the outcome in an objective way. Potsherds from Bet Dwarka island were dated using thermoluminescence methods to arrive at cultural sequence of the island. Efforts were continued to get additional information off Dwarka, Bet Dwarka and Goa. Similarly, focus of study was also centered around Orissa, which as an ancient Kalinga, was a key center for exchange of trade and culture with Southeast Asian centers through its numerous ports and harbours like Palav, Kalingapatanam, Tamralipti etc.

Cultural sequence of Bet Dwarka number of stone anchors of different types and sizes, island based on thermoluminescence indicating that the Indian coast has witnessed brisk dating maritime activities in the past. Gujarat provides evidence [Vara, K.H., AS. Gaur, D. Price and Sundaresh] of the earliest such activity in the form of dockyard and stone anchors at Lothal and a jetty and stone anchors Earlier studies on the onshore and inter-tidal zone from Kuntasi. Each and every Harappan site in Gujarat explorations in Bet Dwarka island had revealed the evidences the use of conchshells and a variety of presence of a large number of potsherds and other marine fishes highlighting the exploitation of marine antiquities that correspond to the protohistoric (2000- resources. Offshore explorations brought to light a 1500 BC), historical (3rd century BC to 5th century AD) large number of stone anchors from Okhamandal region and medieval (8th century to 15th century AD) periods. and from Somnath in Gujarat, Vijaydurg and Sindhudurg Until the present time there has been a lack of absolute in Maharashtra. A few grapnel-type stone anchors have chronology. This study therefore attempts to address been reported from Lakshadweep and from Tamil Nadu this deficiency. Accordingly, nine potsherds from four coast. The majority of stone anchors from Gujarat fall different sites of Bet Dwarka Island were dated by in three categories: (1) composite, (2) grapnel, and (3) thermo-luminescence (TL). The ages obtained from site ring stone types. The last mentioned is a very enigmatic BDK-6 vary between 3870 and 2220 years BP; those type as it is spheroid in shape with an axial hole and from BDK-1 vary between 3160 and 830 years BP; has been reported mainly from Gujarat coast and from those from BDK-2 vary between 1780 and 960 years Oman. Subsequently, many more ring stone have been BP, and those from Khuda Dost Dargah vary between found from Dwarka and Somnath waters. The raw 1240 and 880 years BP. When analysed on the basis material used for these ring stones comprises basalt, of their locations, they are in conformity with the sandstone and limestone. The presence of these ring- expected period. Interestingly, at site BDK-6 and BDK- stones in great number in Somnath and Dwarka provided 1 a few potsherds, believed to be of protohistoric period, an opportunity to discuss further their uses and origin. are apparently considerably more recent (2000 years The present paper therefore, deals with a detailed BP), which may suggest the continuation of protohistoric description of the ring-stone anchors discovered so habitation up to historical period at the same site. These far from Dwarka and Somnath and their association TL ages assist in establishing a cultural sequence for with other types. The possible date and various Bet Dwarka Island. hypotheses on their uses are also discussed.

Saurashtra stone anchors (Ring- Marine archaeological explorations stones) from Dwarka and Somnath, off Goa, India west coast of India [Sila, Tripati, A.S. Gaur, Sundaresh and [Gaur, AS., Sundaresh, Tripati Sila, P. Gudigar and S.N. Bandodkar] S.N. Bandodkar] The Marine Archaeology Centre of the Institute Last two decades of marine archaeological research has undertaken marine archaeological explorations in 35 along the Indian coast has brought to light a large ANNUAL REPORT 2002-2003 NIO. GOA

Goa waters to locate shipwrecks and port installations description of the stone anchors from Bet Dwarka is in coastal areas, and river banks. The exploration at given. The possible dates for these anchors are also Sunchi Reef has revealed the remains of a shipwreck discussed in order to understand the trends in Indian in 3 to 9 m water depth. The findings include four navigational history. cannons, a cast iron cannon ball, pottery, pieces of glass bottle, broken iron rudder, and a number of Early maritime activities of Orissa on dressed granite blocks. The underwater exploration at the east coast of India: Linkages in St. George's Reef revealed the remains of a shipwreck trade and cultural development in 15 m water depth containing various types of [Sila, Tripati} terracotta artefacts such as bricks, pillar bases and In the maritime history of India, Orissa (ancient Kalinga) segments, roofing, and flooring tiles at times inscribed played a significant role in spreading Indian culture to 'Basel Mission Tile Works 1865' and a number of other parts of the world, including Africa, Rome and other household decorative materials. A 2 m long timber Southwest Asia. Archaeological findings, explorations of the ship is also noticed in the same area. The and excavations at various sites, epigraphical and underwater metal detector survey followed by diving numismatic evidences of different periods, and literary in Baga waters revealed a steel-hulled wreck in 5 to 6 records, enabled the reconstruction of the maritime m water depth. Earlier survey in the adjoining area had history of Orissa. In this paper an attempt has been revealed a stone artefact, which is similar to pyramidal made to trace the nature of trade and culture contacts anchor stone. Similarly, diving and metal detector between Orissa and other countries of the world from surveys were carried out opposite to the Captain of various sources. Besides attacks by neighbouring Port's jetty in the River Mandovi at Old Goa. The airlift kingdoms, and unsound economic condition, the revealed Chinese and Celadon ware along with local geological processes like tectonic activities, sea level pottery at 3 to 9 m water depth. The paper deals with changes and sedimentation were also equally the methodology adopted during the exploration and responsible for the decline of ports of Orissa. However, the state of the findings, their date and probable causes the maritime traditions are preserved in the cultural of wreck have been described. festivals of Orissa, which are celebrated as commemorative traditions. Stone anchors from Bet Dwarka Island, Gujarat Coast, India: Significance to historical period maritime activities [Sundaresh, A.S. Gaur, Tripati Sila, P. Gudigar and S.N. Bandodkar]

Bet Dwarka Island is situated on the extreme west of Indian territory in Jamnagar district of Gujarat. Underwater, the most preserved remains of ancient maritime activity could be the stone anchors of different types, as every boat requires an anchor to halt in mid- ocean. Being of little value, these anchors could be dispensed with when they were trapped in the rocks or possibly thrown into the sea to reduce excess weight on board. The types and sizes of anchors indicate the kind of boat that visited the port, and with the help of these anchors it is possible to trace the authenticity of literary references about the trade route and the identification of a particular port. Recent marine archaeological explorations in the Okhamandal area of Gujarat coast, specially at Dwarka and Bet Dwarka, revealed number of stone anchors of different shapes and sizes made out of locally available rocks. The data presented were obtained in two field seasons, 1997- 98 and 2000-2001. In the present paper, a detailed 36 ANNUAL REPORT 2002-2003 NIO. GOA Sponsored Projects

Title Sponsoring Agency Project Leader

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

Rapid EIA for development of fish landing facilities Govt. of Maharashtra M D Zingde at six locations along Maharashtra coast. Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment Reliance Industries Ltd , Mumbai -do (RMEIA) study for GK-OS-5. Marine EIA for revised sites for disposal Hazira Port Pvt Ltd , Mumbai -do- of dredge spoil at Hazira. Periodic monitoring of Amba estuary (May-June, 2002) Indian Petrochemicals Corpn - do - and (Nov-Dec 2002). Ltd, Raigad. Marine EIA study for development of multipurpose Adani Exports Ltd , Ahmedabad S N Gajbhiye port at Dahej, Gujarat. Rapid Marine EIA and diffuser efficiency with respect to Gujarat Heavy Chemicals Ltd R V Sarma release of effluents from GHCL in coastal water of Sutrapada. Gujarat Environmental impact study of effluent discharge in coastal and Gujarat Electricity Board, Baroda A.N Kadam marine environment at Sikka TPS current measurements off Hazira-Gujarat. Monitoring of Par estuary (2002). Atul Limited, Atul JaiswarJiyalal Rai El A for proposed dredging of berths Nos. 8&9 and approach Mormugao Port Trust. Goa XN.Verlencar channel at Mormugao Port. Environmental Monitoring of the Offshore (western) Oil IPSEM, ONGC, Betul, Goa B.S Ingole fields - Biological Studies. Marine EIA study of Kochi-Kayamkulam LNG pipeline Engineers India Ltd , New Delhi PK Dinesh kuma project of GAIL. Environmental management strategy for aquaculture in Indo-Norwegian, Institutional R A Sreepada south-western coastal India. Co-operative Programme Comprehensive marine EIA for Block KG-DWN-98- Risk Reliance Industries Ltd , Mumbai V Sanil Kumar assessment studies, development of emergency plan and K. Govindan contingency plan for oil and gas production V.V Sarma platform operations. Mohana K. Rao Monitoring of environmental parameters at Kandala Port Kandla Port Trust, Gujarat PV Shirodkar Trust area - Chemical & Biological Studies. X N Verlencar Feasibility studies in Tekkali Creek at Bhavanapadu Port, Progressive Enterprises, Hyderabad Rao Prabhakara Srikakulam. Assessment of the net impact on corals due to the proposed Lakshadweep Harbour Works, M V.M Wafar construction of eastern site embarkation facilities at Kavaratti, Kavaratti Minicoy, Agatti, and Amini islands, Lakshadweep. Marine EIA study for deepening of entrance channel at Paradip Paradip Port Trust, Orissa M.D Rajagopal Port, Orissa. Post project monitoring for chemical and biological Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., VV. Sarma parameters in the marine environment of pydibhimavaram Srikakulam and toxicological studies of the treated effluents - Chemical studies. Post project monitoring for chemical and biological Reddy's Laboratories Ltd , Z.A Ansari parameters in the marine environment of Pydibhimavaram Srikakulam and toxicological studies of the treated effluents - Biological studies.

37 ANNUAL REPORT 20O2-20O3 NIO. GOA

Title Sponsoring Agency Project Leader Geological and Geophysical Surveys Geoscientific investigations of shallow sediments in Goa Gas Authority of India Ltd., New Delhi M.V. Ramana offshore, West Coast. Seabed surveys for inspection of 24" HDPE submarine outfall Mangalore Refinery & Petrochem -do- pipeline off Mangalore. Ltd., Mangalore High resolution shallow seismics and sidescan sonar VPC Concrete & Geo Technologies, Mohana K. Rao surveys in the inner channel of Visakhapatnam harbour. Visakhapatnam Seabed surveys for location of lost anchor of SDS Shipping Pvt Ltd., Mumbai LV. Subba Raju R/W AA Sidorenko at Mormugao Harbour. Bathymetric & seabed surveys for proposed dredging of Mormugao Port Trust, Goa K.L Kotnala berth No.8&9 and approach channel at Mormugao Port.

Engineering

Technical consultation on the offshore pipeline for BEAIL Multi Mantech Intl. Pvt. Ltd., V.Sanil Kumar project Ahmedabad Consultancy services on planning jetty at Amini, Agatti, Lakshadweep Harbour Works, -do- Kavaratti and Minicoy islands. Kavaratti Estimation of wave characteristics around Sittwe Port. Rites Ltd., New Delhi S. Mandal Wave hind-casting, harbour tranquility and sediment DHI(lndia) Water & Env. Pvt. Ltd, S. Jayakumar transport studies for a fishing harbour. New Delhi

Engineering design and environmental data for a Single Gujarat Adani Port Ltd., Ahmedabad •do- Point Mooring terminal and Submarine offshore pipeline off Mundra, Gulf of Kachchh, Gujarat. Current observations at Outer Harbour Ore Berth area. Hindustan Shipyard Ltd., Visakhapatnam K.S.R. Murthy Confirmation of diffuser design and estimation of secondary HydroairTectonics Pvt. Ltd., M.T. Babu dilution for GACL, Dahej. Nan Mumbai Current measurements off Dahej, Gujarat Indomer Coastal Hydraulics(P) Ltd., K. Ashok Kumar Chennai Directional wave measurements off Minicoy Island. Lakshadweep Harbour Works, PS. Pednekar Kavaratti Coastal Zone Management

Modelling of coastal processes, dredge disposal transport and Hazira Port Pvt. Ltd., Ahmedabad. S. Jayakumar shoreline changes off Hazira for HPPL Demarcation of HTL, LTL & CRZ boundaries at Jaigarh. TERRA-FIRMA Env. Consultants M.C. Pathak Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai Others

Oil spill risk and analysis and oil spill response plan at Bharat Petroleum Corpn. Ltd., S.R. Fondekar marine oil terminal, Mumbai. Mumbai. Risk analysis of oil spill and oil spill response plan. Hindustan Petroleum Corpn.Ltd., -do- Visakhapatnam Conversion of ASFA for the year 1971 print Journal to Food & Agri Organisation of UN, G.H. Sainekar machine readable format as per ASFA standards. Rome, Italy

Satellite derived products using IRS-P4 OCM off Indomer Coastal Hydraulics, Elgar Desa Karwar. Chennai Identification of anti-microbial substances in the Indian Intl. Centre for Genetic Engg. & Anil Chatterji horseshoe crab. Biotechnology Vulnerable forest ecosystem and adaptation Winrock Intl. India, New Delhi T.G. Jagtap measures for climate change - Status of mangroves and impact assessment at selected site along West Coast of India. 38 ANNUAL REPORT 2002-2003 NIO. GOA

Title Sponsoring Agency Project leader

Evaluation of oil spill dispersant "Fire Chem-OSD" FIRECHEM, Faridabad. Classy D'Silva

Evaluation of oil spill dispersant "OSD EF Type III". Challenger Chem. & Polymers Pvt. Ltd., -do- Coimbatore

Sample analysis for CIBA CIBA Speciality Chemicals, India Pvt. P.V. Narvekar Ltd., Goa

Grant-in-Aid

Modelling Ocean-Atmosphere-Land interactions in the North Department of Ocean Development, Shankar Doraiswamy Indian Ocean. New Delhi

Long term measurements of currents in the equatorial Indian Department of Ocean Development, V.S.N. Murty Ocean through current meter moorings along the equator. New Delhi

XBT observations along Cochin Lakshadweep. Dept. of Science & Technology, V.V. Gopalakrishna New Delhi

XBT observations for the long term monitoring of upper Department of Ocean Development, -do- ocean thermal fields in the seas around India. New Delhi

Preliminary Exploration of Cobalt-rich seamount crusts Department of Ocean Development, V.K. Banakar in Nothern Indian Ocean. New Delhi

Measurements of surface velocity and met-ocean Department of Ocean Development, S.C. Shenoi parameters using satellite tracked drifting New Delhi buoys in the Indian Ocean.

Measurement of ocean parameters for the study of Department of Science &Technology, -do- warm pool in the southeastern Arabian Sea New Delhi

Modeling of sediment plume diversion. Department of Ocean Development, V. Ramesh Babu New Delhi

ARMEX Phase-ll: Physics of the south east Arabian sea Department of Science &Technology, •do- warm pool using upper ocean observations from a mooring. New Delhi

Crustal architecture & evaluation of the Western Continental Dept. of Science & Technology, D. Gopala Rao Margin of India. New Delhi

Geological & geophysical investigations to delineate Neo- Dept. of Science & Technology, AS. Subrahmanyam tectonic lineaments over the eastern continental shelf of New Delhi India between Kalingapatnam and Kakinada.

Palaeoceanography of the quartemary sediments of the Dept. of Science & Technology, M.V.S. Guptha Northern Indian Ocean. New Delhi

Plankton community structure & carbon cycling along Dept. of Science & Technology. Mangesh U. Gauns, the coast of Goa, with emphasis on role of New Delhi microzooplankton in the food chain.

Indian Legal Continental Shelf Programme. National Centre for Antarctic LV. Subba Raju & Ocean Res.

Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management ICMAM, Dept. of Ocean K.K. Balachandran (ICMAM) under the umbrella scheme "Marine Development, Chennai Research &Technology Development" (survey, training, marine eco-toxicology, ecosystem modelling, shoreline and tidal inlet management and R&D).

39 ANNUAL REPORT 2002-2003 NIO. GOA Cruises Participation

Cruise Dates Area Objectives No. Chief Scientist Port: From - To

ORV Sagar Kanya 175 16 Apr. to 22 May Andaman Sea & Continental (i) To study physical, chemical, biological and geological P.S. Rao Shelf of Myanmar processes in the Andaman Sea especially over the continental Chennai — Chennai shelf and slope regions of Myanmar (ii) to develop data base to initiate collaborative investigations with Myanmar in the Andaman Sea (iii) to impart training to Myanmar participants in operation of various Oceanographic field equipment (iv) to organize an open house onboard ORV Sagar Kanya for the benefit of Myanmar students, teachers, researchers & academicians.

176 26 May to 8 Jun. Krishna-Godavari Offshore, (i) Collection of multi-beam swath bathymetry, gravity and V.N. Kodagali East Coast of India magnetics data in the Goa offshore and (ii) Generation of high Chennai — Chennai resolution bathymetry map and gravity and magnetic anomaly maps to infer the micro bathymetric features and tectonic frame work of the area.

178 21 Jun. To 15 Jul. Central Eastern Arabian Sea Aims at gaining an insight into the two major facets of the S.C. Shenoi Kochi-Mormugao monsoon that are linked to convection over the Arabian Sea viz. the monsoon onset process and the intense rainfall events (IREs) over the west coast of India.

179 15 Jul. to 16 Aug. West Coast of India To collect data on ocean-atmosphere parameters relevant to D. Shankar Mumbai-Mormugao the understanding of the intense rainfall events (IREs) that occur along the west coast of India during the southwest monsoon.

180 19-31 Aug. Goa Offshore. West Coast (i) Collection of multibeam swath bathymetry, gravity and V.N. Kodagali of India magnetics data in the Goa offshore and (ii) Generation of high Mormugao-Mumbai resolution bathymetry map and gravity and magnetic anomaly maps to infer the micro bathymetric features and tectonic frame work of! the area.

182 14 Sep. to 12 Oct. Bay of Bengal To address the seasonal variability of the upper ocean in S. Prasanna Kumar Chennai — Chennai response to atmospheric forcing and its implication to overall

basin scale CO2 air-sea exchange balance. 183 10-29 Nov. Central Indian Ocean To collect multi-disciplinary Oceanographic data from 32 V.S.N. Murty Mauntius-Chennai CTD stations en-route and along 76oE section in the Equatorial Indian Ocean.

186 2-20 Jan. NE Arabian Sea Installation, trial and operation of piston corer. S.G. Prabhu Matondkar Mormugao-Mormugao

187 24 Jan to 24 Feb. Bay of Bengal (i) To install and test the hydraulic piston corer acquired by V. Ramaswamy Mormugao-Chennai the Institute as a national facility and (ii) collection of piston C. Prakash Babu and gravity cores in the Bay of Bengal for the BENFAN project on Paleoclimate studies in the Bay of Bengal.

190 14 Mar. to 10 April Lakshadweep Sea To collect data on ocean-atmosphere parameters. D. Shankar Mangalore — Kochi RVA.A. Sidorenko GH-1 21 Oct. to 5 Nov. Goa Offshore, West Coast (i) Acquisition of deep tow digital side scan sonar, high M.V. Ramana of India resolution sparker and sub bottom profiler data and (ii) Mormugao-Mormugao Detection of gas escape features such as pock marks, plumes, as seepages, diapiric like structure etc. on the geophysical data to infer the presence of gas hydrates.

GH-2 8-18 Nov. Goa Offshore, West Coast (i) Collection of 5-6 m long sediment cores, spade cores to A.L Paropkari of India study hydrocarbon gasses and geochemical, sedimentological, Mormugao-Mormugao physical Oceanographic and microbial proxies to infer gas hydrates and (ii) Collection of water samples to study dissolved methane and oxygen concentrations in the water column. 40 Cruise Dates Area Objectives No. Chief Scientist Port From - To

GH-3 29 Nov to 22 Dec Krishna-Godavari Offshore, (i) Acquisition of deep tow digital side scan sonar, high- M V Ramana East Coast of India resolution seismic reflection and sub bottom profiler data (ii) Mormugao-Chennai Detection of gas escape features such as pock marks, plumes, as seepages, diapiric like structure etc based on the geophysical data :to infer the presence of gas hydrates Investigate the K-G offshore basin with deep tow digital side scan sonar high resolution shallow sediments GH 4 27 Dec to 24 Jan Krishna-Godavari Offshore, (i) Collection of 5 6 m long sediment cores, spade cores to AL Paropkari East Coast of India study hydrocarbon gases and geochemical sedimentological, Chennai — Chennai physical Oceanographic and microbial proxies to infer gas hydrates and (II) Collection of water samples to study dissolved methane and oxygen concentrations in the water column

46 22 May to 1 Jul Central Indian Basin To collect bulk nodules in the Central Indian Basin (CIB) AB Valsangkar Mormugao Mormugao under Polymetallic Nodules (PMN) Survey & Exploration

61 13 Mar. to 13 Apr Central Indian Basin To study the long term restoration of benthic disturbance B Nagender Nath Trivandrum-Tutcorin ceated during 1997 and also to create an environmental data base for the entire pioneer area Sagar Sampada 211 21 Jan to 8 Feb Northern Arabian Sea To capture the winter cooling signatures in the northern LEG II S Prasanna Kumar Arabian Sea and intrusion of Bay of Bengal waters into the Arabian Sea only in western continental shelf of India Sagar Shukti 18 31 Mar to 26 Apr Gulf of Kachchh Preparation of Integrated Coastal & Marine Area P Vethamony Management plans (ICMAM)

19 2 May to 4 May Off Goa To test the high pressure retaining water sampler, piston G P Naik gravity corer operation, AWS repairs

20 5 May to 9 May Off Goa In connection with the ICMAM-Goa pro|ect field Simon D'Souza observations for water quality measurements

21 13 May to 14 May Off Goa To collect routine data as a part of the regular monitoring for S W A. Naqvi understanding causative factors for the develop-new of anoxic conditions in the inner and mid shelf region off Central West Coast of India

22 22 May to 22 May Off Goa Testing geophysical equipments on board & practical training E Dias for I N S Long-H course for Naval Officers

23 16 Aug to 16 Aug Off Goa Onboard Testing of Octopus & Magnetometer E Dias 2i 14 Aug to 14 Aug Chogum Jetty to Panjim & back Testing of Octopus under warranty repairs and Magnetometer E Dias GSM-19

25 18 Sept to 21 Sept Off Goa & Karwa· Evolution of and understanding causative factors for (he SWA Naqvi development of anoxic conditions in the inner and mid-shelf region off Central West Coast of India Distribution of primary productivity, chlorophyll and Phytoplankton composition in relation to oxygen levels

26 25 Sept to 2 Oct Off Goa & Mangalore Seasonal monitoring and documentation of biodiversity S Ragukumar changes in the water column and benthos along the west coast

27 6 Oct to 20 Oct Lakshadweep Survey of diseases and bleaching and to carry out Chandralata Raghukumar (Kavaratti & Agatti Islands) physiological experiments with corals in the shore laboratory at Kavaratti. Isolation of lignin-degrading and xylan- degrading fungi from sea-grass detritus

28 26 Oct 1o 8 Dec Gulf of Kachchh Oceanographic investigation in the Gulf of Kachchh A K Saran, M T Babu, (a collaborative programme between NIO ana ICMAM, S Jayakumar DOD) 41 ANNUAL REPORT 2002-2003 NIO. GOA

Cruise Dates Area Objectives No. Chief Scientist Port: From •To

29 15 Dec. to 18 Dec. Two onshore- offshore sections Seasonal monitoring and documentation of biodiversity S. Raghukumar off Goa & Karwar changes in the water column and benthos along the west coast 30 20 Dec. to 24 Dec. Section off Mangalore Seasonal monitoring and documentation of biodiversity C.T. Achuthankutty and off Bhatkal changes in the water column and benthos along the west coast

31 28 Dec. to 28 Dec. Off Goa Testing of Magnetometer, Side Scan Sonar, Digital Sparker, V. Subrahmanyam echosounder and running about 6 lines lor the benefit of 4 university students

32 8 Jan. to 9 Jan. Off Mandovi mouth For requirement of DOD- COMPAS data Blasco Fernandes (1 station, 12 hr) 33 1 Feb. to 7 Feb. Visakhapatnam - Kakinada Geophysical survey K.V.LN.S. Sarma

34 8 Feb. to 14 Feb. Mumbai Cruises for To collect field data or, water quality, sediment quality and Reliance Project biological production of the Offshore block KGD6 to South of Kakinada Kakinada

35 18 Feb. to 23 Feb. Visakhapatnam - Kakinada Collection of underway geophysical data and geological G.P.S. Murty sampling at selected locations over the continental shell between Kakinada and Visakhapatnam to study the neo-tectonic activity.

36 26 Feb. to 02 Mar. Visakhapatnam - Kalingapatnam Collection of underway geophysical data and geological N.P.C. Reddy sampling at selected locations over the continental shell between Kakinada and Visakhapatnam to study the neo-tectonic activity.

37 6 Mar. to 12 Mar. Kalingapatnam-Vishakhaptnam Acquisition of physical oceanography data along three tracks K.V.LN.S. Sarma off Bhimilipatnam - Gangavaram area. 38 20 Mar. to 22 Mar. South & North off Visakhapatnam Physical studies including Current, CTD. water and T.V. Ramana Murthy sediment sampling.

42 Events.

Workshops organized

Earthquakes, Submarine Volcanoes and Backarc Basins

A one-day workshop on "Earthquakes, submarine volcanoes and back-arc basins" was organized on 28 June, 2002. The findings of various R&D activities on seismic activity on the Indian sub-continent and their extensions in the ocean were presented by the scientists of the NIO and National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI), Hyderabad. Both NIO and NGRI are actively engaged in seismic studies, the former focusing on conservation. During the workshop the fishery data available trenches, mid-oceanic ridges and back-arc basins and the for Goa waters was examined critically vis-a-vis issues vital later in earthquake processes and seismic hazard assessment. to the importance of fishery resources were discussed.

On this occasion Dr. Harsh K. Gupta, Secretary, Department A team of Australian scientists from the Commonwealth of Ocean Development was felicitated by his well wishers Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) headed and fellow colleagues on completion of 60th birthday. by Dr. Stephen Blaber also participated in the workshop. It's a well known fact that Australian fishery resources are well Global Coral Reef Networking managed on scientific basis and sharing of their experience helped in formulating a better policy. The interaction with the The Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN) South Australian counterparts also helped in identifying a mutually Asia node, in co-ordination with the NIO and the Indian Coral beneficial research programme that will lead to formulate a Reef Monitoring Network (ICRMN) organized a 3-days management strategy for sustainable use of the coastal fishery workshop for representatives from a broad range of resources of Goa. institutions, including Government Ministries, Government Agencies. Universities and NGOs, at the Goa International The workshop was co-sponsored by the Department of Center from 8-10 September, 2002. Fisheries, Govt. of Goa and Fishery Survey of India.

Over the last 20 years coral reefs have come under pressure Biocomplexity in Coastal Environment as never felt before. Human induced factors such as pollution and over-exploitation and natural phenomena, such as coral Indo-US Workshop on "Biocomplexity in the Environment: bleaching, have combined and now pose a real threat to the Nitrogen fixation and elemental cycling in a coastal environment" vast range of benefits that coral reefs provide to coastal was organized at Goa International Centre from 16 to 18 communities and the nation at large. The issues that the January, 2003. The workshop aimed at joint collaborative managers and policy makers are facing are highly complex programme in the future between NIO and US scientists and will not be solved with isolated interventions. through informal discussions on the Trichodesmium phenomenon. The discussion centered on the role of Thirty-five participants representing the coral reefs and the Trichodesmium in nitrogen fixation, community structure during reef dependant communities including those from the Andaman the blooms, nitrogen cycle, physico-chemical environment and Islands, the Lakshadweep, the Gulf of Mannar and the Gulf of trace metal interactions, anthropogenic effects on the Kutch reviewed and developed future working strategies. Trichodesmium phenomena, and ocean colour and remote New approaches for expanding and improving the networking sensing to detect Trichodesmium blooms. were also discussed. The presentations of research topics of mutual interests were Coastal Fishery Resources Management made by the scientists of both the sides The US counterparts of Goa included Margaret Mulholland. John Richard Donat, Peter Ross Edwards, Huijie Xue, and noted oceanographer, Prof. Karl A Scoping Workshop on "Coastal Fishery Resources Banse. Management of Goa" was organized from 20 to 22 November, On concluding day the participants discussed various aspects 2002. The main objective of the workshop was to evolve of implementation such as training, international exchange/ critical parameters that will help in formulating an effective logistics, project logistics and management, recommendations, management strategy for the sustainable utilization and strategies and timelines. effective conservation of the fishery resources in the state. Being scoping workshop, a team of the invited experts discussed the major issues that play a key role in the 43 Biogeochemical Processes in the electrical AC/DC measurements were discussed. Workshop Northern Indian Ocean was attended by a group of NIO scientists. Later, as a part of the workshop, a general lecture, entitled, "Impact of precision The Institute in association with the Center for Tropical Marine measurement on science and technology and economic Ecology, University of Bremen, Germany organized a two-day development" was delivered by Dr. Krishan Lal, former Director, International workshop on "Biogeochemical Processes in the NPL Northern Indian Ocean" on 24 and 25 February, 2003. This workshop also concluded the earlier bilateral programme on Symposium on Mass Spectrometry investigations on the interrelationships between biogeochemical processes and monsoonal upwelling, initiated To commemorate its Silver Jubilee, the Indian Society for Mass in 1986 by late Dr. H.N. Siddiquie and Prof. E.T. Degens, former Spectrometry (ISMAS), Mumbai organized the Ninth Triennial directors of NIO (CSIR), India and it's counterpart Institute and Symposium on Mass Spectrometry in association with NIO at Museums (University of Hamburg), Germany, respectively. Cidade de Goa from 27-31 Jan., 2003. The main objective of the Symposium was to share the information about latest developments in various fields of scientific research, industry, biomedical, earth, ocean, atmospheric sciences using mass spectrometry as an analytical tool.

The Northern Indian Ocean has diverse biogeochemical environments and makes globally significant contributions to the cycling of biogenic elements that control ocean productivity, atmospheric composition and Earth's climate. Since it is semi- The symposium was inaugurated by Dr. Anil Kakodkar, the enclosed and small, it reacts rapidly to anthropogenic Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission and Secretary, perturbations that can have effects on global changes as also Department of Atomic Energy and presided over by Dr. B. on the socio-economic conditions of the bordering countries. Bhattacharjee, Director of BARC, Mumbai. Dr. E. Desa, Director, The workshop was attended by over 70 scientists from within NIO and Chairman of the LOC extended all the facilities to make and outside the country, who discussed the scientific findings this event successful and a memorable one. Dr. V. P. Shirodkar on the effect of biological and chemical fluxes on ocean, ocean was the Convener of the symposium. dynamics, the deployment of sediment traps and other related A total of 250 scientists, including 40 from overseas attended the Symposium. Dr. S.K. Aggarwal from BARC, Mumbai, the Since the launch of the Indo-German bilateral programme, President of ISMAS summarized that this was the momentous many cruises on board German and Indian research vessels occasion in the history of ISMAS and technical program were undertaken and samples of settling material collected comprised of recent advances in inorganic as well as organic through several sediment traps and coring of sediments at mass spectrometry with applications in Physics, Chemistry, different locations in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. The Biology, Nuclear Science and Technology, Health and results from these joint efforts, significantly contributed to the Environmental Sciences and Medicine. development of new International Programmes such as IGBP & JGOFS since 1995. The observations also provided clues ICP Spectrometry Training to the linkages between past monsoons and sedimentation of material from the ocean surface to the deep sea. A three days training course on "The theory and practice of Inductively Coupled Plasma- Atomic Emission Spectrometry The workshop was formally inaugurated by Dr. Ehrlich Desa, (ICP-AES)" sponsored by the Geological Society of India (GSI), Director, NIO and thematic lectures were delivered by eminent Bangalore and International Association of Geochemistry and scientists besides scheduled paper presentations. Cosmo-chemistry, in association with the NIO was conducted from 24 - 26 January. 2003. Dr. P.S. Zacharias, Vice Chancellor, Uncertainty in Measurements Goa University who was the chief guest at the valedictory function, gave away the certificate of participation to 35 A workshop on Uncertainty in Measurements was organized researchers from universities, industries, GSI and CSIR labs. at NIO on 25-26 March in association with National Physical Laboratory (NPL), New Delhi. The faculty team from NPL The ICP-AES is precision multi-element analytical equipment included Drs. R.P. Singhal, V.N. Ojha, Y.P. Singh and A.C. Gupta. for determination of ppm level composition that has Uncertainty in measurements of temperature, pressure and varied applications in the environmental sciences, mineral 44 exploration archaeology and biological sciences Similarly Lt Gen Khin Nyunt Secretary I State Peace and Development organic tissues human blood serum synthetic inorganic Council Govt of Myanmar inaugurated the Open House More compounds and even soft drinks can also be than 500 students and staff members from various universities analyzed and counter checked tor the presence of visited laboratories and exhibits onboard any harmful trace elements

The course was offered by renowned Prof J N Walsh and Dr S James of the Royal Holloway College University of Environmental Management Strategy for London UK The training covered lectures on instrumentation Coastal Aquaculture standardization quality control and various sample preparation Indo Norwegian Project on Environmental Management of techniques Coastal Aquaculture in India was launched by the Institute in Kumta Karnataka on 26 November 2002 in collaboration with India-Myanmar Joint Oceanographic three Norwegian Institutions Rogaland Research (RF) Studies Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) and Hobas Tropical Aquaculture (HTA) The project India Myanmar Joint Oceanographic Studies was taken up with the initiative of Ministry of External Affairs Govt Pond based coastal aquaculture particularly of marine prawns of India with active support from the Department of Ocean has gained considerable momentum in India During the last Development (DOD) and Council of Scientific and Industrial decade there has been a remarkable increase in annual shrimp Research (CSIR) The objectives of the project were (1) to production and farm area but economic and social benefits of study physical chemical biological processes in the Andaman shrimp aquaculture are dwindled The main problem is Sea especially over the continental shelf and slope regions associated with environmental degradation which aspect can off Myanmar (2) to develop data base to initiate collaborative investigations with Myanmar in the Andaman Sea (3) to impart training to Myanmar participants and |omt analysis of samples and data

The National Institute of Oceanography organized a multi disciplinary cruise onboard ORV Sagar Kanya from 16 April to 22 May 2002 Dr Harsh Gupta Secretary DOD flagged off India Myanmar Joint Oceanographic Cruise on 15 April 2002 Thirty one participants (19 from India representing four organizations and 12 from Myanmar representing five organizations) were onboard during the voyage acquiring be relieved through eco friendly technologies of waste extensive data and samples covering about 1 25 000 sq km disposal area in the north and east Andaman Sea Norway is a country that has been able to successfully The field work consisted of biological sampling aimed at address these issues using innovative technologies These documenting species diversity of Phytoplankton zooplankton technologies involve the efficient removal of sludge and the and benthos and to obtain base line data on the biological use of water recirculation The advantage of these characteristics of the region A network of hydrographic technologies s that apart from improving the water quality in stations were covered to study special variability in salinity shrimp ponds they become economically more viable and and temperature in relation to the freshwater flux and air sea sustainable Sri Lanka and Bangladesh have adopted such heat exchanges The chemistry Dart was aimed at technologies and initial results are encouraging understanding the influence of run off and circulation on the nutrient distributions effect of upwelling on nutrient levels The project will run for 30 month period and capitalise on the and the possibility of surface stratification which may lead to complementary skills and expertise available at NIO and three coastal anoxia Besides surface meteorological observations Norwegian Institutions for developing various environmental were made continuously management technologies for sustainable coastal aquaculture production in India The Aquaculture Authority of India (AAI) As part of geological studies bathymetric gravity magnetic has shown keen interest to transfer these technologies to and sub bottom data were acquired to understand the other coastal regions both on the east and west coasts of morphology and nature of the seafloor on the continental shelf India including Goa Sediment samples were collected at several stations to decipher the sedimentary processes and unravel minera CSIR Foundation Day potential in the region During the joint cruise training was imparted to Myanmar participants in operation of various The Institute celebrated 59 CSIR Foundation Day on 26th Oceanographic field equipments and collection of samples and September 2002 with great zeal and enthusiasm The day data was declared open to visit by public More than 2000 students from different schools and colleges visited A large number of Another highlight of the cruise was port call and conducting instruments / samples including those contemporary to the Open House onboard Sagar Kanya on 2 May 2002 at Yangon 45 beginning of ocean research were displayed and was a festival event from 26 February to 28 March, 2003 for demonstrated. Samples of polymetallic nodules scooped from citizens and students who had an interest in science. the depth of 5 km of the Indian Ocean and live specimens of CSIR Diamond Jubilee Travelling Exhibition was an important horse shoe crab - the living fossil collected from the Orissa attraction for the visitors. The exhibition was displayed in coast were displayed. Lectures on pollution, Antarctic Taramandal Hall of the GSC and gave information on the expeditions and use of internet & intranet as a facilitating tool important achievements of CSIR's 38 laboratories which have for institute's research work were delivered. Attention of the made an impact on economy of the country. This was a unique students was also drawn to the "CSIR's Programme on Youth opportunity for the general public to realize the kind of science for Leadership in Science (CPYLS)" scheme for the students being pursued in CSIR laboratories. The exhibition remained pursuing science stream. open upto 2 March. A function was organised in the evening to felicitate retired The NIO conducted live demonstration of two important sea staff and those who had completed 25 years of service. Dr. animals - horse-shoe crab and seahorse, their importance V.K. Ghanekar, Emeritus Scientist and former Director, Structural being explained by the researchers. On the displays were Engineering Research Institute, Chennai was the Special Invitee important archaeological findings, diver's suit and underwater to the function. Speaking on the occasion, Dr. Ghanekar traced scooter beside several marine instruments used for data the genesis of the CSIR and said that today we could be collection at sea. justifiably proud of this great scientific organization. He wondered whether the vision of its founding fathers was On 27th February a special Oceanographic session was kept merely to establish scientific laboratories so that scientists throughout the day. School/college students in A groups were could conduct research in their ivory towers. He opined that taken to a beach from 10 AM to 4 PM for demonstration of while conducting research related to the developmental needs scientific studies on beach profiling and flora and fauna to of the country was indeed a prime objective; an unstated part understand the importance of the beaches. "Visit and know of that vision was to inculcate a 'scientific attitude' in the people. your beach" programme had an everlasting impact on the young minds. From 6 PM onwards a series of popular science Earlier, competitions were held in essay writing on the topics lecture covering various aspects of ocean through exciting relating to science and environment. The top three performers audio-visual presentations were presented. The lectures on were awarded prizes during the function. Whales, mermaids and dugongs by Prof. Karl Banse of University of Washington, The Ocean - moderating our climate CSIR Diamond Jubilee Exhibition & by Dr. SWA Naqvi. Where do the monsoon rains come? by Dr. National Science Day SR Shetye, Horse-shoe crab - a 400 million year old enigma by Dr. Anil Chatterji, Hydrates - a promise of a clean future by The Diamond Jubilee Exhibition of Council of Scientific & MV Ramana, and Underwater flora and fauna by Dr. MVM Industrial Research (CSIR), travelling to all the CSIR laboratories Wafar were delivered. A film on Goa of Old, prepared by Shri arrived in Goa on the occasion of National Science Day. Several PV Sathe was also screened. research organizations collectively organised the programme at Goa Science Centre (GSC) of National Council of Science The NIO also organized a quiz programme on oceanography Museum at Panaji. This joint effort of the GSC, NIO and for school students. The winners were awarded suitably in Department of Science, Technology and Environment of Goa the form of souvenir items and scientific books.

46 Awards & Honours.

Antarctica Awards to Scientists of India in recognition of his significant At a function organized by the Department of Ocean contribution in the area of geophysics as Development (DOD) in New Delhi Dr Murali Manohar Joshi applied to earth sciences His contribution Union Minister lor HRD Sci & Tech and DOD honoured he on structure and tectonics reactivation of participants of the Indian Antarctica Expeditions Amongst those faults and lateral shifts in crustal blocks honoured with Antarctica Award were NIO scientists Drs identification of linear ridges on the western S Z Qasim (Leader of the expedition) H N Siddiquie Dy continental margin of India preparation of Leader (posthumous award) R Sen Gupta Ehrlich Desa new free air gravity anomal\ map of Bay of Bengal crustal A H Parulekar (posthumous award) S G Prabhu Matondkar structure in particular to 85 E Ridge and the crustal deformation Shri M C Pathak and D V Ramaraju who participated in the in the north eastern Indian Ocean have significantly contributed First Indian Expedition and the First Indian Wintering Expedition to the understanding of the nature and origin of these The award consists of a silver plaque and citation structures

NIO played a major role in organizing about ten expeditions since its first launch in 1981 by DOD The expedition which S S Merh Award set foot on this icy continent and established the first Indian Dr Pothuri Divakar Naidu Scientist was Station "Dakshin Gangotri is still considered as a landmark in selected or S S Merh Award - 2002 by the Indian Scientific Expeditions Council of Geological Society of India He is selected on the basis of his contribution Institute honoured for popularization of towards evolution of Asian Monsoon during ocean science Quaternary period studying Quaternary On behalf of Indian Society of Health Environment Education calcium carbonate fluctuations in the Indian and Research (ISHEER) Dr D D Ojha Member Hindi Advisory Ocean Based on the linkage of chronological sequences Committee Ministry of Science and Technology presented among monsoonal events the strength of trade winds and ISHEER award to NIO for its excellent contributions in equatorial up-welling over last 9 million years he proposed that popularization of Ocean Science through Hindi or the benefit the Asian monsoons played an important role on the global of common man climate and ocean productivity in the past

CSIR Young Scientist Award Scientist OF the year Dr Shankar Doraiswamy Scientist received the CSIR Young Dr Zakir All Ansari Scientist was conferred "Scientist of the Year" Award by the National Environmental Science Academy Ne\ Delhi He has been handling various projects concerning environmental impact assessments His extensive participation in mapping of biological resources π different ocean regimes such as coastal zone coral reef bathyal and abyssal zones have resulted into generation of useful maps He with his team has extensively worked in perfecting the rope and raft culture of green mussel

Fellow of the Indian Academy of Science Dr V Purnachandra Rao has been elected Scientist Award for the year 2002 in Earth Atmosphere Ocean as a fellow of the Indian Academy of and Planetary Sciences The award is for his contributions to Sciences Bangalore for understanding the the theoretical framework that explains large scale circulation processes involved in the formation of marine in the North Indian Ocean ana sea level variability along Indian phosphorites He has carried out extensive coast He is presently actively engaged in the Arabian Sea studies of phosphorites from different Monsoon Experiment (ARMEX) a national programme environments worked out the petrographic sponsored by the DST and geochemical criteria for identifying phosphorites formed through various pathways and identified National Mineral Award the factors that controlled the composition of the phosphontes Dr Vandrapu Subrahmanyam Scientist received the National His studies highlighted the role of microbial activity and micro Mineral Award - 2001 by Ministry of Coal & Mines Government environments in the phosphorite formation 47 Deputations from the Institute (i) Overseas

Country visited Duration Purpose Meetings/Discussion

Drs. T.G. Jagtap, Portugal Apr 9-13 To attend the Fourth Annual Meeting of the Partners of the Sawkar Kalidas & Project, Measuring, monitoring and managing sustainability N. Ramaiah the coastal dimension

Dr. S.R. Shetye Bangladesh May 23-24 To attend an initial Group Meeting of APN supported water resources project

-do- New Zealand Jul 9-12 To attend American Geophysical Union's Western Pacific Geophysics Meeting

-do- France Dec 17-20 Presentation of Indian activity and future plans on Monsoon and Tropical Intraseasonal and Interannual Variabilities (MOTIV) under the Indo-French Centre for Environmental and Climate Research (IFCEC) programme-annual meeting

Mr. G.H. Sainekar Italy Jun 17-21 To participate in the ASFA Advisory Board Meeting and WWW-ISIS-ASFA familiarization

Dr V Ramaswamy Iceland Sep 15-16 To participate in the annual IMAGES Scientific Committee Meeting as National Representative of India for the Images programme

Dr. Elgar Desa South America Oct 28-30 To participate in SCOR Working Group 118 Meeting

Dr. S.Prasanna Kumar USA Apr 22-26 To participate in the First Meeting of the IGBP-SCOR Ocean Biogeochemistry and Ecosystems Transition Team

-do- USA Nov 12-16 To attend IGBP/SCOR Ocean Biogeochemistry and Ecosystems Transition Team Open Science Planning Committee Meeting to Maryland

Dr M Dileep Kumar France Nov 24-27 To participate in the 2nd Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) Meeting of Surface Ocean-Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS)- a new IGBP project at Gif-sur Yvette

•do- Amsterdam Jan 10-15 Participation in SOLAR National Representative Meeting

Dr VN Kodagali Jamaica Jan 13-17 Meeting of the Scientists for the establishment of a geological model for the reserved areas of CCFZ.

Dr GN Swamy France May 1-3 To participate in the Fifth Meeting of the GOOS Steering Committee (G-ASC-V) as a Core Member at IOC (UNESCO), Pans

•do- South Africa Feb 26-28 To participate in the Sixth Meeting of GOOS Steering Committee Meeting (GSC-VI) as a Core Member

Dr. M V.M. Wafar Mexico Mar 24-27 To participate in the V Coastal Ocean Observation Panel (COOP) Meeting

Dr. J.S. Sarupria UK Mar 13-15 To participate in the JGOFS Data Management Task Team Meeting Workshops/Conferences/Symposia/Programme

Dr. Ehrlich Desa France Jun. 4.11 To attend the 35th Session of the Executive Council of the International Oceanographic Commission (IOC), UNESCO

Dr O S Chauhan Germany May 2-4 To participate in the workshop on validation data sets for modeling mineral aerosol in global cycle.

Dr S M Karisiddiah Japan May 19-23 To participate in the 4th International Conference on Gas Hydrates at Yokohama

Dr Tripati Sila Turkey Jun. 2-9 To participate in the International Workshop on Nautical Archaeology

Dr. Lisette M. D'Souza FIJI Island Jun. 17-22 To participate in the Regional Training Workshop on Marine Toxins

48 Country visited Duration Purpose

Dr B Nagender Nath South Africa Jul 8-11 To participate in the 16th International Sedimentological Congress

do Jamaica Jul 29-Aug 2 To attend the Workshop on Prospects for International Collaboration in Maine environmental research to enhance understanding of the deep-sea environment

do UK Nov 25-27 To attend Workshop on Scientific Collaboration in Studies of Biodiversity and Mining Impacts in the Deep Pacific Ocean at British Antarctic Survey

Dr V Pumachandra Rao Brazil Aug 26 Sep 8 To attend Symposium on Oceanography to attend IGCP Conference Post-conference visit to Dept of Oceanography

Dr P K Dinesh Kumar Germany Sep 9-12 To attend the International Symposium Low Lying Coastal Areas Hydrology and Integrated CZM as Rapporteur

Dr M V M Wafar South Africa Sep 24 27 To participate in the IC COOP Conference

Dr M P Tapaswi France Oct 23-25 To participate in the Group of Experts in Marine Information Management Session VII

do -do Mar 3-7 To participate in the XVII Session of the IOC Committee on lODE

Drs Ehrlich Desa Mauritius Nov 4 9 For Business Development with Mauritius Oceanography M D Zingde S R Shetye Institute (MOI) and to attend the Indian Ocean Global GN Swamy, M V M Wafar Ocean Observing System (IO-GOOS) Conference Mr V V Gopalakrishna

Dr M R Nayak Japan Nov 20-22 To participate in the 9th International Symposium (Techno — ocean 2002)

Mr J S Sarupria & Belgium Nov 25-27 To participate and present a paper in the International Mr G V Reddy Conference on the Colour of Ocean Data at Flanders Marine Institute Brussels

Dr S N D Souza Sri Lanka Dec 9-11 To participate in APN/START/LOICZ Regional Workshop on Assessment of Material Fluxes to Coastal Zones in South Asia and their Impacts

Drs M Dileep Kumar France Jan 7 13 To participate in OCEANS Ocean Biogeochemistry and S W A Naqvi Ecosystem Analysis Open Science Conference at Pans & M Madhupratap & to attend IGBP IHP WCRP Global Carbon Project S Prasanna Kumar Workshop

Dr S R Shetye Japan Mar 17 18 To attend Third World Water Forum Dialogue between the Ocean and Freshwater Communities

Mr G V Reddy Italy Mar 24 28 To participate in the Conference of Monsoon Environment

Training/Visiting Scientist

Dr R Banerjee Japan Apr 8-Jun 10 Under the Japan Society of Promotion of Science (2 months) Invitation Fellowship Programme for Research in Japan

Dr Shyam M Gupta Sweden Apr 14 Oct 13 Under Raman Fellowship

Dr M P Tapaswi Tunisia Apr 29 May 10 Participation in the Marine Information Training Course

D Mr PD Kunte Japan May 20 Aug 18 Under JS S RONPAKU Fellowship programme to carry (3 months) out research work and obtain dissertation PhD within fellowship period

Dr V N Kodagali & UK Jun 26 Jul 3 To lean the operation and maintenance of the newly Mr G M Phadte acquired Digital Side Scan Sonar System

Mr P K Dinesh Kumar Australia Jul 7 13 To participate as Rapporteur in Successfully integrating wetlands into multiple land use planning

do USA Jan 21 May 7 To attend Watson International Scholars of the Environment Program at Brown University

Dr T Ram Prasad & Netherlands Jul 15 26 To attend the training course on "Acquisition and Processing Mr P Marathe of High Resolution Digital Parker Data System"

Dr Anil Chatterji Russia Jul 21 Aug 3 To work on the ongoing joint project entitled "Antiviral compounds from the Maine bivalves for its potential role in curing diseases" under the Indo Russian Subworking Group on Oceanography

Drs D Gopala Rao& Russia Aug 18 26 Under the ILTP Joint Project entitled "Comparative studies of K. Sree Krishna deformation and dynamic response to the plane compressive forces in the Central Indian Basin and Wharton Basin" 49 Country visited Duration Purpose

Drs. P.M Muraleedharan & Indonesia Aug 27-Sep.6 To visit Pan Ocean Remote Sensing Conference T Pankajakshan (PORSEC-02) and pre-conference training course in Bali

Dr ß. Chakraborty Germany Sep 8-Dec.31 To carry out backwater modeling on Porcupine Sea sight data (4 months) off-Irish Coast (on Sabbatical leave) invited by Alfred Wesener Inst., Brenerham.

Dr. S M. Karisiddiah & Germany Sep 10-20 To learn the operation of Degassing system for extraction of Mr B.R. Rao gases from manne sediments and from seawater

Dr Ehrlich Desa Russia Oα 10-17 To participate as a member of delegation to visit institutions in Russia for holding discussions with the Russian counterpart Scientists to formulate collaboration Gas Hydrates

Dr M V S Gupta & Germany Oct 24-Nov.21 Under the ongoing CSIR-Fzj project on "Coupling of upper Mr G Parthiban ocean and particle sedimentation processes in the Northern Indian Ocean"

Mr K Viiayakumar Philippines Nov 25 Dec 12 To undergo training on "Advance VLSI Design Techniques"

Drs. Ehrlich Desa, Vietnam Dec 9-16 Exploratory visit under Indo-Vietnam collaboration K. Sawkar, programme in oceanography B Nagender Nath, A R Gujar & Mr M T Babu

Dr A C Anil Maldives Dec 25-29 To participate in a Global Ballast Water Management, Regional replication

Dr A S Unnikrishnan UK Jan 15-29 Visit under Indo-UK programme on Impact of climate change

Dr M K Antony Japan Feb. 16-Mar 18 To carry out collaborative research in the area of Marine Science under an MoU signed between NIO and JAMSTEC

Mr V Subramanian UK Mar 2-15 To learn the operation and maintenance of the newly acquired continuous plankton recorder

Drs A K Chaubey & France Mar 9-Apr 2 Under project paleo-propagating ridges and the plate tectonic G.C. Bhattacharya evolution of the Arabian and Eastern Somali Basins, northwest Indian Ocean Cruise participation

Drs P S Rao, Myanmar Apr.15-May22 To carry out India — Myanmar Joint Oceanographic Studies in M Dileep Kumar, the Andaman Sea, especially over the continental shelf Y.K. Somayajulu, and slope of Myanmar Shankar Doraiswamy, V. Ramaswamy, K. A Kamesh Raju, P. Mehta, Mr AM Almeida & Mr.V.D Khedekar

Mr. V.V. Gopalakrishna Colombo May 15-23 XBT observations along Mumbai — Colombo shipping route

-do- Colombo June 15-23 -do-

-do- Singapore Jul 1-10 To participate in XBT survey along Chennai — Singapore rout

Mr M S S Sarma Mauritius Jul 2-21 To participate in the TOGA XBT field observations along Mumbai — Mauritius shipping route

-do- Singapore Sep 21-Oct. 9 To participate in the TOGA XBT field observations along Chennai — Singapore shipping route

Dr. Sridhar D. Iyer Portugal Jul 26-Aug 16 To participate in a cruise on board RV Atlanta of Portugal for geological, biological and fluid sampling from hydrothermal areas South of Azores, Mid-Atlantic Ridge under the Inter- Governmental cooperation

Drs V S N Murty, Mauritius Nov 6-29 To attend the Indian Ocean Global Observating System M.K. Antony, (IO-GOOS) Conference and to participate in the IO-OOS L Krishna Kumar. Cruise from Mauritius to India on board ORV Sagar Kanya Sonia Sukumaran. Mr. R.J K. Charyulu, Mr.V Ramesh Babu, Mrs Sugandha Sardesai & Ms Cathrine Sumathi

Mr V B. Gawas Singapore Dec 5-12 To carry out XBT field work along Chennai — Singapore

Mr G S Micheal Sri Lanka Feb.27-Mar 2 To participate in the cruise along Mumbai — Colombo Route

50 Patents & Publications Patents granted Patents filed White rot-lignin modifying fungus Flavodon flavus and process for removing dye from dye containing water or soil Abroad using the fungus Pressure housing for in water based pressure systems - Ehrlich Desa C. Raghukumar, T.M. D'Souza, R G Thorn and C A. Reddy G P Naik. A Joseph, Elgar Desa, P Mehra. Vijay Kumar, S P Desai (USA Patent No 6,395,534 dated 28 5.2002) & S M Nagvekar, Germany, UK, Norway, Australia, Japan Rep Ko- rea It is related to large-scale culturing of biologically pure novel fungus Flavodon flavus, using inexpensive raw material such as Method for extraction and purification of biologically useful molecules sugarcane bagasses and it's efficient use for removal of lignin dye from a mangrove plant Salvadora persica L. - U. Goswami S N from the dye containing waste water and soil The fungus also Fernandes, USA known as white-rot effectively modifies lignin to a greater extent at Use of 2-deoxy ecdysterone as oxytocic agent - C Gonsalves, P S particular conditions in wastewaters and soil The fungus can be Parameswaran C G Naik & C T Achuthankutty, Europe efficiently utilized in fresh water and estuarine conditions because Process for removing dye from dye containing water or soil using white of Its tolerance to sea salts rotolignin-modifying fungus Flavadon flavus - C Raghukumar, T M Desouza (USA), R G Thorn (USA) 4 C A REDDY (USA) USA Method for enhancing levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids A tide staff system - A Joseph S Prabhu Desai, S Tengali, E Desa, P In thraustochytrld fungi Mehra. A. Surerkar, Vijay Kumar 4 R Monteiro (NF-319/02) USA, S Raghukumar. D Chandramohan and Ehrlich Desa WO (USA Patent No 6,410,282 dated 25 6 2002) A novel Pseudomonas stutzeri strain and a process for preparation of A method for enhancing levels of Polyunsaturated fatty acids zylanase from it - N B Bhosle & A Giriyan, USA. (PUFAs) in fungi belonging to a group thraustochytrld abundantly A system for classifying sea floor roughness using an hybrid layout • B found in the sea Among the PUFAs, docosahexaenoic and (DHA) Chakraborty, V Kodagali, J Baracho & A Joseph, Norway, Australia, 8. eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are considered extremely essential Canada, Europe in the hearth of human beings and animals In human health, they An improved system for calibration of pressure transducers - A Joseph, have shown to be important in brain development in children, Vijay Kumar. S Prabhu Desai. P Mehra, E Desa 4 S M Nagvekar, prevention of atheroscerosis, prevention of night blindness, Australia Rep Korea Norway, Japan, Europe neurological disorders and even for possible prevention of cancer A method for enhancing levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the thraustochytrld fungi · S Raghukumar & R Jain, WO Biologically active aqueous fraction of an extract obtained Method for finding convergence of ranking of web page - S from a mangrove plant Salvadora persica L Lakshminarayana USA U Goswami and N Fernandes A natural fluorescent dye obtaining from a marine organism - U Goswami (USA Patent No 6,428,823 dated 6 8 2002) 4 A Ganguly, Canada A process of extraction fractionating and purifying bioactive Novel sesquiterpene oxide as perfuming and flavoring agents - S molecules from a widely distributed Salvadora persica plant Wahidullah M B Govenkar & S A Paknikar, USA, WO associated with mangroves The patent also describes the Bio-activity of methyl palminate obtained from a mangrove plant Salvadora pharmaceutical composition of the extract and potential clinical persica L - U Goswami & A Ganguly, USA therapeutic uses for treatment of bronchial asthma, renal colics An extract from an Indian green mussel (Perna vindis) for differentiation premature delivery, abdominal cramps etc and maturation of dendric cells - Kanury Rao 4 Team (ICGEB), A Chatterji & Z A Ansari, USA Composition lor treating white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) A novel compound and multiple fluorescent natural dye from a marine infected shrimp Penaeus monodon and a process tor organism - U Goswami 4 A Ganguli, USA preparation thereof A process for the treatment of industrial effluents using marine algae to U.M Desai, C T Achuthankutty and R A. Sreepada produce potable water-PP Moghe(NCL),V.V. Panchanagikar(NCL), (USA Patent No 6,440,466 dated 27 8 2002) A G Untawale 4 V K Dhargalkar, USA The invention is related to a composition tested to be effective as a A natural nontoxic multicolor fluorescent protein dye from a marine in- prophylactic and for therapeutic agent for the management of viral vertebrate, compositions containing the said dye and its use - U and bacterial diseases in the aquatic animals, particularly against Goswami & A Ganguli WO white spot syndrome virus (wssv) in prawn aquaculture Effective A process for the preparation of an extract with carotenoids, uv absorp- amounts of extracts obtained from the plants Latena camera, tion antibacterial and ph indicating properties from a deep-sea bacte- Aegle marmelos, Ocimum sanctum, Mimosa pudica, Cynodon rium - PA Loka Bharathi S Nair 4 D Chandramohan (NF-394/00) dactylon. Curcuma longa and Allium sativum were used in the WO formulation, optionally in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluents or excipients 15 ppm concentration of India the extract was found to be very effective in controlling the wssv A natural nonpolar fluorescent dye from a non-bioluminescent marine infection within 2 days and complete recovery occurred within 10 invertebrate, compositions containing the said dye and its uses - U days with <5% mortality Since the formulation does not contain Goswami 4 A Ganguli any chemical substance, it is environmental friendly also The A natural nontoxic fluorescent protein dye from a marine invertebrate, invention claims tor the composition formulation and treatment compositions containing the said dye and its uses - U goswami & A An improved siphon system for the cultivation, maintenance Ganguli and management of marine/brackish water organisms under A process for biological deinking of office waste paper-C Raghukumar, controlled conditions C Mohandas T Oliviera, S Raghukumar P A. Loka Bharathi, S K K.C. Nair, TC. Gopalakrishna, V.N Sankaranarayanan and Nair 4 D Chandramohan B N. Desai Preparation of an aqueous leaf extract having prophylactic and thera- (India Patent No 186483 dated 12 4 2002) peutic properties for viral disease management of animals aquacul- A closed sea water/brackish water recycling system was designed ture practices - U M. Desai, C T Achuthankutty, R A Sreepada and developed for effective management of culture organisms/to An extract from the Indian green mussel (Perna virdis) induces the dif- generate fodder organism, etc ferentiation and maturation of dendritic cells - Kanuri Rao Group (ICGEB), A. Chatterji & Z A Ansari Bioactive molecules from an associated mangrove plant - U Goswami 4 N Fernandes A new muscarine antagonist - U Goswami 4 N Ferandes 51 184(1-2): 85-93. Publications Gupta. S M , R. Mohan and M.V S Guptha, 2002. Radiolarian fluxes from the southern Bay of Bengal: Sediment trap results. Deep- Sea Res., Pt. 1, 49(9):1669-168. Papers in SCI journals Guptha, M.V.S., R. Banerjee and L. Mergulhao, 2002On the nature of the calcareous substrate of ferromanganese crust from the Vityaz Anil, A.C., K. Venkat, S.S. Sawant, M. Dileep Kumar, V.K. Dhargalkar, fracture zone, central Indian Ridge: Inferences on N Ramaiah, S.N. Harkantra and Z A Ansari, 2002 Marine paleoceanography Geo-Mar. Lett., 22(1):12-18. bio-invasion concern for ecology and shipping. Curr. Sci., 83(3): 214- Harithsa, S., S. Kerkar and P.A. Loka Bharathi. 2002 Mercury and 218. lead tolerance in hypersaline sulphate-reducing bacteria. Mar. Anilkumar, N. and P.K. Dinesh Kumar, 2002 A study on the seasonal Pollut. Bull., 44: 726-732. dynamics of Beypore estuary, Kerala coast. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 31 Hegde, V.R., T.M. Chan, H. Pu, V.P. Gullo, M.G. Patel, P. Das, N. 52-58. Wagner, PS Parameswaran and C G. Naik, 2002. Two selective Ansari, Z.A. and B. Ingole, 2002 Effect of an oil spill from M V Sea novel triterpene glycosides from sea cucumber, Telenata ananas: Transporter on intertidal meiofauna at Goa, India. Mar. Pollut. Bull., Inhibitors of chemokine recepton-5. Bioorgan. Med. Chem. Lett., 44(5): 396-402. 12: 3203-3205. Antony, M K., G.N. Swamy and Y.K. Somayajulu, 2002 Offshore limit of coastal ocean variability identified from hydrography and altimeter data Ingole, B., N. Rodrigues and Z.A. Ansari, 2002. Macrobenthic com- munities of the coastal waters of Dabhol, West coast of India In- in the eastern Arabian Sea. Cont. Shelf Res., 22(17) 2525-2536. dian J. Mar. Sci. 31(2): 93-99 Babu, M T., YV.B Sarma, V.S N Murty and P. Vethamony, 2003 On the circulation in the Bay of Bengal during Northern spring inter-monsoon Iyer, S.D., 2002. Lores, legends and lodes from lake superior Mother of copper deposits. J. Geol. Soc. India, 60(5):589-592. (March-April 1987) Deep-sea Res., Pt II, 50(5):855-865 Banakar, V.K, A.. 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Oceanogr., Sundaresh. Underwater hull inspection by videography of FRV Sagar Sharma, V.V. Post project monitoring lor chemical and biological pa- Shukti (NIO/TR-1/2003) rameters in the marine environment off Pydibhimavaram and toxico- Ramesh Babu, V. Bay of Bengal and monsoon experiment (BOBMEX) logical studies lor the treated effluents (NIO/SP-1/2003). - NIO component under the Indian Climate Research Program (ICRP) Vora. K.H. Underwater exploration at Poompuhar and Mahabalipuram (NIO/TR-2/2003) (NIO/SP-2/2003). Kesava Das, V. et al. Carrying capacity studies based developmental D'Silva, Classy. Evaluation of oil spill dispersant Corexil - 9500 (NIO/ planning for Greater Kochi Region (coastal waters) July 2002. SP-3&5/2003). Kesava Das, V. et al. Determination of use classification of coastal D'Silva, Classy. Evaluation of gold crew oil spill dispersant (NIO/SP-4/ waters - Trivandrum (Thiruvananthapuram) District, Kerala, March 2003). 2003. Pednekar, P. Studies on directional waves off Minicoy Island (NIO/SP-6/ Kesava Das, V. et. al. Determination of use classification of coastal 2003). waters Calicut (Kozhikode) District, Kerala, March 2003. Rao, Mohana K. To conduct shallow seismic and side scan sonar Nair, K.K.C. et. al. 7th Task Force Meeting of the MLR project on surveys in the entrance channel of Visakhapatnam (NIO/SP-7/2002). environment and productivity studies in the Indian EEZ, March 2003. Shirodkar, P.V. Monitoring of environmental parameters in Kandla Port area - Quarterly Report - I (October 2002 - January, 2003) (NIO/SP- 8/2002). Sponsored Project Reports Fondekar, S.P. Post project environmental monitoring for 330 MW Consultancy Project Reports combined cycle power plant at Pillaiperumalnallur in Nagapattinam district TN (NIO/SP-5/2002). Vethamony, P. Marine emergency management plan tor crude oil and Mandal, S. Studies on directional waves and currents at KGD6 (KGDWN- POL jetty of CPCL at Nagapattinam (NIO/CON-2/2002). 98/3) (NIO/SP-6/2002) Desa, Elgar. Satellite derived product using IRS-P-4 OCM off Karwar Vora, K.H. Underwater inspection and videography of effluent discharge (NIO/CON-3/2002). pipeline off Mangalore (NIO/SP-7/2002) Sanil Kumar, V. Alignment and preliminary design of jetty at eastern side Mandal, S. and K. Ashok Kumar. Studies on directional waves and cur- of Amini Island (NIO/CON-4/2002). rents at shallow water location in block KG19 (KG-OSN-97/3) (NIO/ Murthy, K.S.R. Current observations in the surrounding area of Tug dur- SP-8/2002). ing Bollard Pull test in Visakhapatnam Outer Harbour (NIO/CON-5/ Parthiban, G. Textural and chemical characterization of sediment from 2002). area around offshore installations and some minor elements in fish Sanil Kumar, V. Alignment and preliminary design of jetty at eastern side extracts (NIO/SP-9/2002). of Kavaratti Island (NIO/CON-6/2002). Murthy, K.S.R. Rapid marine environmental impact assessment (RMEIA) Mandal, S. Estimation of wave characteristics around Sittwe Port (NIO/ studies for treatment effluents in the marine environment off Chippada, CON-7/2002). Visakhapatnam Dist. Andhra Pradesh (NIO/SP-10/2002). Jayakumar. S. Wave hindcasting. wave tranquility and sediment trans- Nampoothin, G. Calibration of ship borne wave recorder onboard ORV port studies for a fishing harbour at Sohar, Sultanate of Oman (NIO/ Sagar Kanya (NIO/SP-11/2002). CON-1/2003). Mandal, S. and K. Ashok Kumar. Studies on directional waves and cur- Sanil Kumar, V. Confirmation of diffuser design and estimation of sec- rents at shallow water location in block NE25 (NEC-OSN-97/2) (NIO/ ondary dilution off Luhara Point, Dahej. Gujarat (NIO/CON-2/2003). SP-12/2002). Sanil Kumar, V. Alignment and preliminary design of jetty at eastern side Rajagopal. M.D. Risk analysis for the oil jetty at Paradip Port (NIO/SP- of Minicoy Island (NIO/CON-3/2003). 13/2002). Fondekar, S.P. Oil spill risk analysis and contingency plan for BPCL, Rajagopal, M.D. Post dredging bathymetry studies in Jatadharmohan Mumbai (NIO/CON-4/2003). Creek, Paradip, Orissa (NIO/SP-14/2002). Jagtap, T.G. Vulnerable forest ecosystem and adaptation measures for climate change status of mangroves in India (NIO/SP-15/2002). Vethamony, P. and S. Mandal. Studies on directional waves and cur- rents at deep water location in block KG19/KG-OSN-97/3) (NIO/SP- 16/2002). Jagtap, T.G. Restoration of the coastal habitabs by mangrove afforesta- tion, in and around Multipurpose Terminal at Navinal, Mundra, Gulf of Kachchh, Gujarat (NIO/SP-17/2002). Pathak, K.C. and K.L. Kotnala. Demarcation of High Tide Line, Low Tide Line and CRZ Boundary at Jaigarh, Maharashtra (NIO/SP-18/ 2002). Murthy. K.S.R. Feasibility studies in Tekkali Creek, Bhavanapadu, Srikakulam Dist Andhra Pradesh (NIO/SP-19/2002). Rajagopal, M.D. Monitoring of ecological conditions of Jatadharmohan Creek and Santra Creek during dredging period - Bi-monthly Report II-IV (NIO/SP-20, 21, 22, 23/2002). Wafar, M.V.M. Net impacts on corals due to the construction of eastern side embarkation facilities at Kavaratti, Amin Agati and Minicoy Is- lands (NIO/SP-24/2002). Rajagopal, M.D. Monitoring of ecological conditions of Jatadharmohan Creek and Santra Creek during dredging period - Bi-monthly Report Vl-X (NIO/SP-25, 26, 27, 28, 29/2002). Vora, K.H. Underwater videography and photography of Poompuhar and Dwarka (NIO/SP-30/2002). Rapid marine environmental impact assessment of proposed Kochi- Kayamkulam, LNG pipeline (NIO/SP-31/2002). Subba Raju, L.V. Seabed surveys for inspection of the repaired treated effluent discharge submarine pipeline (NrO/SP-32/2002). Parthiban, G. Textural and chemical characterization of sediments col- lected from the western offshore oilfields and some minor metal com- position of fish samples during the free monsoon study 2002 (NIO/ SP-33/2002). Jagtap, T.G. Vulnerable forest ecosystem and adaptation measures for climate change : status of mangroves and impact assessment at se- lected site along the west coast of India (NIO/SP-34/2002).

54 Finances & Human Resource. Finances

CSIR Budget allocation vis a vis External Cash Flow (ECF) during last 3 years

Human Resource

The total staff strength during the year was 560 comprising of 194 scientific 231 technical and 135 administrative personnel

Staff List

DIRECTOR Dr Desa Ehrlich Mr Sarma YVB Dr Suryanarayana A Dr Fernandes AA A Headquarters Dr Unnikrishnan AS Dr Muraleedharan PM Physical Oceanography Sc EI Sc F Mr Sarma MSS Dr Varkey MJ Mr Nampoothin GE Dr Shetye SR Mr Saran AK Dr Bahulayan N Sc C Dr Swamy GN Mr Ramesh Babu V Dr Doraiswamy S Mr Sathe PV TO (C) Dr Antony MK Mr Babu MT Sc EII Mr Almeida Michael A Mr Michael Selvan G Dr Somayajulu YK Mr Sundar Damodar Mr Krishnamacharyulu RJ Dr Gopalakrishna VV SLA Gr II(4) Dr Murty Suryanarayana V Mr Gawas Vasant B Dr Shenoi SC Mr Monteiro Antonio Dr Ramesh Kumar MR Dr Prasanna Kumar S Jr Steno 55 Dr Vethamony P Ms Alphonso Felecidade Chemical Oceanography Sc C Tech Grl(1) SM Gr II(5) Mr Ambre NV Mr Gawas Suresh M Mr Ramdasan K Sc F Mr Mislankar PG Fine Mech Grll(5) Dr. Naqvi SWA Marine Corrosion & TO (El) Mr. Surlekar Manohar Dr Naik CG Materials Research Dr Wahidullah Solimabi Mr Kotnala KL Model Maker Gr II(5) Mr. Pathak MC Sc F Sc EII Mr Dias ECA Mr Kalangutkar Shyam D Dr. De Souza SNAG Mr Marathe Prakash Dr Bhosle NB Tech Astt Grll(5) Ms D'Silva Classy Mr Muralinath AS Sc EII Mr Madaswamy B Dr Sardesai Sugandha TO (C) Dr Anil AC Fitter Gr II(5) Ms Kaisary Sujata Dr Sawant SS Dr. Parameswaran PS Mr Nanyasi SK Mr Monteiro Robert Mr Prabaharan N Dr. Dileep Kumar M TO (El) Mr Fernandes Peter P Dr Narvekar PV Mr Rao Lingeswara BR Mr. Selvam Paneer Ms Mesqurta AM Mr Parthiban G KPO Grll(5) Dr D'Souza Lisette M Mr Srinivas Karlapati TO (B) Ms Rodrigues Ancy Dr. Sawkar Kalidas Mr Viiayakumar B Mr Venkat Krishnamurthy P Mr Prakash Babu C SLA Gr II(4) Sc E I TO.(A) TO (B) Mr. Mascarenhas Luis S Dr Sarkar Anupam Ms Garg Anita Dr Shailaja MS Mr Phadte GM Sr Mech (AC) Grll(4) SLA Gr ll(4) Dr Shirodkar PV Mr Fernando Vijayan Mr Fernandes Milton Mr Khedekar VD Mr Nagvekar Shyam Sc C Mr Gracias DG Turner Gr II(4) SM Gr ll(l) Mr Durga Prasad PVSS Mr Gaonkar SS Mr D'Silva EO Mr Pattanshetti SS Mr Prabhu N Sitaram Mr Nagarajan R Jr Tech Mr Walker Gavin A TO (El) Mr Ganesan P Ocean Engineering Mr Shirgaunkar Anil V Ms Dias Caroline Mr Naik DK Sc F Tech (Inst) Gr II(4) TO (C) Ms Desa Maria Ana Mr Jai Shankar S Dr Anand NM Ms Vimalakumari D Mr Fernandas Blasco KPO Gr II(4) TO (A) Sc E II TO (B) Mr Dias Mathew Mr Sardar Areef A Dr Mandal S Mr B G Naik Mr Prabhu Girish Anand Mr Diwan SG Workshop Asst Gr I(3) Mr Alagarsamy R Mr Ashok Kumar K Mr Moraes Cesar NR Mr Naik Vasudev B Sr Deckhand Gr II(5) SLA Grll (5) Sc E I Mr Sawant Raghunath Mr Mandrekar Uday DR Mr Luis RAA Mr Illangovan D Lab Bearer Gr I(4) Mr Sasi EK Mr Sanil Kumar Mr Naik Kamlakant L Mr Sheikh Yacub SLA Gr II(4) Sc C Sr Steno Helper GrA Mr Bhobe Datta Prasad Mr Jayakumar Seelam Ms D'Souza Luanda V Mr Jogale Arjun H SLA Gr II(2) TO (B) Tech Grll Sr Steno Mr Dalvi Hanumant S Mr Pednekar PS Ms Fernandes Aida Ms. Korde Vanamala P Mr Pathak KC SLA Gr l(4) Peon Ms Fernandes Maria G Mr Gauns Fotu Mr Gauns Nani STA Mr Gowthaman R Data & Information Geological Oceanography Biological Oceanography SLA Grll(5) Sc F Sc F Sc F Mr Naik RL Mr Sarupria JS Dr Bhattacharya GC Dr Chandramohan D Sc E II Dr Nigam Rajiv SM Gr ll(4) Dr Dalai SG Mr Mochemadkar MV Mr Reddy Venkata G Mr Vora KH Dr Loka Bharathi PA Dr Gujar AR Mr Naik Ganesh N Mr Panka|akshan T Dr Madhupratap M Mr Tan MK Mr Subbaraju LV Dr Achuthankutty CT Sc EI Dr Gupta MVS Dr. Goswami Usha Jr Steno Dr Ramana MV Mr Kunte PD Mr Patil Rajaram Dr Paropkari AL Sc EII TO (A) Sc EII Dr Harkantra SN Marine Instrumentation Ms Ratnakaran Lasitha Dr Krishnakumari L Mr Almeida FMS Dr Ansari ZA & Computer KPO Grll(4) Dr. Valsangkar AB Dr Chatterji Anil K Mr Prabhu RK Dr Karisiddaiah SM Dr Ramaiah N Sc F Mr Naik Suryakant R Dr. Pattan JN Dr Raghukumar S Mr Nayak MR Dr Banerjee R Lab Bearer Gr I(4) Dr Raghukumar C Dr Desa Elgar S Dr Rao Pumachandra V Dr Dhargalkar VK Mr Prabhu Desai RG Mr D'Souza Francis Dr Jauhari Pratima Dr Wafar Sayeeda Dr Ramaswamy V Sc EII Dr Verlencar XN Human Resource Dr Kodagali VN Dr Menezes Maria Mr Suresh T Mr Ram Prasad T Management Development Dr Wafar MVM Dr Antony Joseph K Dr Banakar VK Sc EII Dr Mukhopadhyay R Dr Ingole BS Sc EI Dr Sharma Rahul Dr. Prabhu Matondkar SG Mr Mascarenhas Antonio Dr. Hashimi NH Dr. Jagtap TG Dr Nagender Nath B Mr Menezes Andrew A TO (C) Mr Ranade GH Dr Achuthankutty Shanta Mr Madhan R Mr Afzalpurkar S Dr Rathod Viiayakumar P Mr Krishnakumar V Sc C Dr Shyam Gupta M Sc E I Jr Steno Mr Shyam Prasad M Mr Mehra Prakash Dr Mohandas C Ms Martins Fatima Dr Rao Prattipati S Mr Prabhudesai Vyankatesh Dr Borate DV TO (El) Lab Att TO (El) Dr Kamesh Raju KA Mr Subramaniam V Mr Dongrekar ST Dr Mascarenhas A Mr Tengali Suryakant B TO (B) Dr. Iyer Sridhar D TO (C) Publication & Reprography Dr Chauhan OS Mr Anantha Sreepada R Dr. Mudholkar AV Mr Chodankar VN Sc EII Dr Naidu Divakar P Engine Driver Gr II(5) TO (A) Mr Bhat SR Dr. Subramanyam V Mr Kurle PR Dr. Chakraborty B Ms Nagvekar Surekha G TO (El) SLA Gr II(4) Mr Kannojia Viiayakumar Dr Sree Krishna K Mr Sharma SP Mr Naik Laxman B Dr Chaubey Anil K JTA Mr Wahidullah Md Mr. Thalkatnal YS Dr Khadge NH Mr. Prabhudesai SP Mr Mir Sayad Hussain TO (A) Fine Mech Grll(5) Sc El Machine Oper Grll(4) Mr Mahale Arun Y Mr. Naik Gajanan P Mr Rodrigues Dennis Mr. Pednekar Babuso H 56 Sr. D/Man Gr.ll(5) Lib Off(B) Farash SPA(Gr.ltl) Mr. Pun] HD Ms. Oka SH Mr Gauns Keshav Mr. Rao Siva PV Mr. Mascarenhas Johnny SLA Gr.ll(S) SLA Gr.ll(S) Khalasi Gr.l(4) Mr Chodnekar BL Mr. Bruno Fernandes Ms Prabhu Geeta S Mr. Fernandes Aquino Mr. Tardelkar Surendra SLA Gr.ll(4) Cataloguer Gr.ll(3) Peon Mr. Mujawar Yusuf Ms. Peshwe Melita Ms. Ribeiro Christalina Mr Gawas Atmaram K Mr Gonsalves Joseph Printing Much. Gr II(4) Asst. (G) Mr Gauns Nanu SPA (GrlV) Mr. Naroji Subhash S Mr. Verenkar Madan J Mali Ms Fernandes Carmina Mr Lopes Craveiro Compositor Gr II(4) Helper Gr A Mr Kundaikar Vithoba Mr Hasanwale Ashraf Mr Sirvoikar Shamu G Mr. Lamani TG Mr. Mochemadkar MV Mr Gauns Dinu P Mr. Sirvoikar Hanuman Mr. Jamal Sahib SPA(Gr.V) Tracer Gr.ll(5) Ship Cell Mr. Chitan KG Mali Gr I(4) Ms D'Mello Rosaria E Mr Akerkar SG T.O. (C) Mr. Gaunco Anant M Sr. Steno Mr Uchil R Mr Sonawane AV Mr. Pawaskar Pramod Mali(Grl(3) Ms Sheela Vaz Tech Asst. Grlll(S) Tracer Gr II(4) Ms Shirodkar Susheela Sr Deckhand Gr.ll(4) Mr. Rodrigues Lucano Mr Kunkolkar Dinker Mr Kankonkar PJ Mr Javali Udaykumar Mr. Chavan RL Peon Watchman Gr.l(4) Record Keeper Mr. Poi NT Mr. Arlekar Pradeep Mr. Gad Suriya V Photo Asst Gr.II(5) Mr. Gaikwad Eknath Mr Sirsat Umesh Establishment & General Mr. Mahale Jaidev G Peon Gr. C Mr Karim Shaikh All Mr Gaonkar HN Mr. Pereira Peter Administration Mr. Parsekar SB Book Binder Gr I(4) Peon COA Mr. Sirvoikar Chandrakant Watchman Grl(3) Mr Marlins Dacu Mr. Muthukrishnan A Mr Gawas Pundalik Lab Bearer Gr.l(4) Stores Bearer AO Mr. Sebastian Baby Mr. Parulekar Atmaram S Mr. Kuttikar Mahadev Mr Shelar GR Mr. Nair Sanilkumaran R Helper Gr.A Helper Gr A SO Safaiwala Mr Gonsalves Graciano Z Ms Beg Subhadra Mr Gawde Shivaji Mr D'Silva Peter I Ms Fernandes Luisa A Marine Archaeology Ms Mascarenhas Nancy Ms Sirvoicar Minaxi Bearer Ms. D'Silva Regina Mr. Satelkar Sabati Mr. Fernandes Cerilo TO (El) Ms Shahapurkar Meena Mr Naik Mahadev H Dr Tripati Sila PS. Mr Gauns Bodu Civil Engineering Mr Sundaresh T Mr Viegas Caitan Dr Gaur Aniruddh Singh Ms Cardoz Milagrine Mr Tang Devichand Asst Exe. Engr (Civil) Gr III(6) Hindi Officer Mr Khade Ramesh M Mr Kubasad RB TO (A) Ms. Ghanki Ghanti Dr Singh Umesh Kumar Asst. Engr. (Civil)Gr. III(6) Mr Bandodkar Srinivas N Ms. Martins Noli D Mr Mathew Chacko P SLA Gr l(4) Hindi Translator Mr Gauns Dattaram Mr Rao Ch V Subba Mr Gauns Mukund SLA Grll(5) Mr Desai Gajanan Ms Surlekar S Sumitra Mr Parmar UA Tracer Asst.(Gen.) Ms Mulgaonkar Sangita C Mr Sawant Meghanath L Mr Chitari Satish B Ms. Fernandes MF Tech Asst. Grll(5) Mr Ghanti Shivappa Ms Naik Vijayshree G Mr Goudar MGK Jr. Steno Ms Lobo Pia G Ms Cardoz Cleta Mr Sirvoikar Onu Stores Bearer Jr. Electrician Grll(5) Mr Verenkar RG Mr. Gawas Bhiku Mr. Mahajan SN Mr Kurtarkar Ratnakar Project Monitoring & Des Rider Ms Rego Sacramenta M Sr. Deckhand Gr II(5) Evaluation Ms D'Costa Edith Mr. Poi Venkatesh R Mr. Toraskar Namdev B Ms Mochemadkar Mamta Mr. Dhavjekar Maheshwar V Sc F Mali Mr Rajagopal MD Sr Steno Mr Keshavappa T Mason Gr II(5) Ms Veliath Linda Mr Gawas Mohammad T.O (B) Finance & Accounts Ms Simon Soja Security Asst Plumber Gr II(5) Sr.F&AO Mr. Karelkar Laxman RC TO (A) Mr. James P Mr. Patil Manohar P Lab Supervisor Mr. Dias CM Carpenter Gr II(4) Mr. Patil MN F&AO Mr Naik Gurudas P Information Technology Receptionist Palaniappan V. Meter Reader Gr.ll(4) Sc F Ms Almeida Ghanti SO(F&A) Mr Amaral Jose AN Mr. Gouveia AD Ms. Viji PV UDC Works Mistry Gr II(4) Mr Sekar M Sc. EI Mr. Pereira Edward Mr. Krishnaiah K Asst.(Gen) Mr. Navelkar Gajanan S Mr Cota Cartaninho Works Mistry Gr.ll(2) Ms Fernandes Terezinha Ms. D'Mello Wilma Mr. Sardesai RB T.O (C) Ms Kelkar Kanti S Mr. Naik Umesh B Ms. Singh Kavita Ms. D'Souza Ana J UDC Asst Manager Mr. Narvekar Dilip K Ms Amaral Vijaya A Sponsored Projects Mr. Toraskar DT Mr. Viiayakumar G Helper GrA Management Guest House Alt Grll(4) Sr Steno Mr. Gawas Laxman B Sc F Mr Kamat DS Mr Bhinge RS Mr. Gauns Monu G Dr. Poi Fondekar SN Staff Car Driver Gr II(5) Jr Steno Mr Martins Nagesh Sr. Steno Mr. Naik Baboi N Ms. Shettlgar Sunita S Khalasi Gr I(4) Mr. Shet RP Ms Sudhakar Alison M UDC Mr Kolharkar Shanta Mr. Poi RT Mr Jogale Vithal A Mr Fernandes Bernard Ms. Fernandes Ita ML Library Mr Chorat BG Ms. Fernandes Liberata E Khalasi Doc. OK. Gr.lV (S) Dr. Cum Mech Gr.ll(4) Stores Bearer Mr. Shariff Md Bepari Mr. Vijayan P Mr. Tapaswi MP Mr Nadar Kasi Mr. Gaunco Vasu Jr Sec Gd Sc. C Staff Car Driver Stores & Purchase Mr. Vijayan R Mr. Sarma PVSSR Mr. Braganza Joaquim D Mr. Phadte Namdev J SPO Lib. Off.(C) Mr. Morajkar Vishnu N Mr. Ramankutty TK 57 Mr. Sainekar GH Director's Office Lib. Asst.Gr.lll(3) Staff Car Driver Gr. II(2) Mr. Murty GPS Mr. Dige Anant Shanker Mr. Thampi KE Sc. C Sr. Steno Mr. Sable Baban V Mr. Lakshimi Narayana S Mr. Simon TP T.O.(A) Mr. Chavan Subhash S. Dr. Nair Maheshwari Sc. B SLA Gr.ll(S) Helper Gr.l(3) Elect. Supervisor Mr. Sudarshan R Smt Prabhu Beena S Mr. Oza Jairam Mr. Kumaran K SLA Gr.ll(4) Helper Gr τ.O.(C) SLA Gr.ll(4) Mr. Premakumar MK Mr. Naik Suresh N Mr. llyas Md Mr. Nair Sivaraman KK Mr. Venkateshwarlu K KPO Gr.ll(4) Watchman Mr. Sudhakaran TK TO.(B) Mr. Jakhi SPN Mr. Singh Omkar R SPA (Gr.lV) Mr. Raju YSN Peon Mr. Sukumaran A Jr.Sec.4ss/. Mr. Raju NSN Mr. Gauns Digambar Technician Gr.ll Mr. Ram Khilawan Das STA Smt. Joseph Grace Safaiwala Mr. Jawahar Kumar Ch Dispensary Mr. Sasi Kumar KL Mrs. Menage Raja Devender SLA Gr.ll<4) Lady MO Sr. Steno Tea/Coffee Maker Mr. Rao Koteswara A Dr. Chodankar Kalpana Mr. Sasidharan V Mr. Gupta DP Mr. Prasad Ranga TV Compounder Gr. II(5) Mr. K.R.G. Nair Mr. Babu Sun A Wash Boy Ms. Fernandes M Angela Dri. Cum Mech.Gr.ll(4) Staff Car Driver Gr.II(4) Mr. Nayika Ramesh Nursing Sister Gr.ll(2) Mr. John Luis Mr. Polichetti N Ms. Menezes Thelma Dr. Cum Meet). Gll(4) Visakhapatnam Lab. Att. Ms. Mochemadkar Kanchan Mr. Chakkapan CP Sc. F Mr. Sheik Mustafa B Peon Jr. Gest. Operator Dr. Murthy KSR Asst.(Gen) Mr. Shirodkar Govind (Scientist-in-Charge) Mr. George Thomas Mr. Murthy VS Dr. Sarma W Ms. Rao Shyamala Canteen Lab Bearer Gr.l(3) Sc EII Sr. Steno Ms. Geethakuman PG SLA Gr.ll(5) Mr Rao Malleswara MM Ms. Radhakrishna K Ms. Ramaswamy Philomena Asst.(Gen.) Mr. Subramanyam AS Dr. Sadhuram Y SPA(Gr.V) JLA Gr.l(3) Mr. Joseph KF Ms. Pillai Swarnakumari Mr. Rao Narasimha TV Mr Ravi Prakash KV Mr. Ribetro Melwin Mr. Sivadasan K Mr. Reddy Purnachandra N Dr Ramanamurty TV Tea Maker Cook Gr.ll(2) Mrs. Kala KB Dr. Sarma KVLNS Mr. Rao Rama D Mr. Godinho Jose Mr. Rao Mohana K Peon Wash Boy Bearer Mr. Hamza KH Sc. EI Mr. Appala Ra|u K Mr. Dias Ghanasham Canteen Clerk Mr. Rao Prabhakara B Mr. Coelho Reginaldo Mr. Varghese Thomas Ms. Mary PK Mr. Kharde Ramesh T Tea Maker Tea/Coffee Maker Mr. Kannan PV Mr. Tuyekar Gopal Nhanu Mumbai Acronyms Asst Halwai Asst. Engr. - Assistant Engineer Sc. F Mr. Tervankar Rama B Asst Exe. Engr. - Assistant Executive Engineer Dr. Zingde MD (Scientist in- Washboy Charge) AO - Administrative Officer Mr. Estrocio Francis Dr. Govindan K Doc Off. - Documentation Officer Mr Sarma RV Dr cum Mech. - Driver cum Mechanic Sc. EII Fine Mech.- Fine Mechanic B. Regional Centres Dr. Kadam AN JLA - Junior Laboratory Assistant Dr. Gajbhiye SN Kochi Dr. Jaiswar Jiyalal Ram M Jr. Sec Gd - Junior Security Guard Jr. Steno - Junior Stenographer Sc. C Sc. F Jr. Tech. Junior Technician Mr. Josanto V Dr. VS Naidu JTA - Junior Technical Assistant Dr. George MD T.O(C) Mr. Kesava Das V KPO - Key Punch Operator Mr. Sharma Prashant Dr. Nair KKC (Scientist-in- Mr. Mandalia AV Lab. Att. - Laboratory Attendant Charge) Mr. Rokade MA LDC - Lower Division Clerk Ms Stephen Rosamma Ms. Panampunnayil SU T.O.(B) Lib. Asst • Library Assistant Dr. Gopalakrishna TC Ms. Gore PD Lib. OH. - Library Officer Sc EII T.O.(A) MO - Medical Officer Dr. Handas P Mr. Mehta PN Photo. Asst. - Photographic Assistant Ms. Jayalakshmy KV Pre. Mech. - Precision Mechanic Dr. Devi Sarala K SLA Gr.ll(S) Mr. Revichandran C Ms. D'Souza Rosana PS - Private Secretary Mr. Dinesh Kumar PK Mr. Patel Babu G Sr. F & AO - Senior Finance & Accounts Officer Mr. Balasubramanian T Mr. Aniruddh Ram Sc • Scientist SC. EI Mr. Bagde DS Mr. Chauhan Gopal K Secu. Asst. - Security Assistant Dr. Raveendran TV SLA - Senior Laboratory Assistant Ms. Joseph Tressiamma Assl.(Gen.) Mr. Tharawal R SO - Section Officer T.O.(Et) Mr. Date AS SPA - Stores & Purchase Assistant Mr. Venugopal P Sr. D/Man - Senior Draughtsman Mr. Mohanan VN Sr. Steno T.O.(C) Mr. Nair PB Ms. Subramanian Geeta TO - Technical Officer Mr. Raveendran O Mr. Balachandran KK SPA (Gr.lV) Mr. Thottam Tony J Mr. Maijikar Harish T.O.(B) UDC Mr. Vijayan PR Ms. Priolkar Alka

58 Chairperson Prof. D. Satyanarayana Dr. H. K. Gupta Emeritus Scientist, Andhra University Secretary Plot No. 51, Pandurangapuram Department of Ocean Development Visakhapatnam- 530003 C.G.O. Complex, Lodi Road, New Delhi - 110003 Dr S.K. Mahajan Head Members Molecular Biology and Agricultural Division Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Dr S.A H. Abidi Trombay, Mumbai - 400085 Member, Agricultural Scientists Recruitment Board Indian Council of Agricultural Research Shri. A.K Verma Pusa, New Delhi - 110012 Scientist (RPBD) Council of Scientific & Industrial Research Dr. R.P. Sharma Rafi Marg, New Delhi - 110001 Advisor Ministry of Environment and Forests Secretary Paryavaran Bhavan, Dr Ehrlich Desa CGO Complex Director, Lodi Road, New Delhi - 110003 National Institute of Oceanography Dona Paula, Goa - 403 004 Shri. B.S.J. Swamy Vice-President Reliance Industries Limited Management Council 10th Floor, Tulsiani Chambers Nariman Point, Mumbai - 400021 Chairperson Dr. P. Ghosh Director Dr. Ehrlich Desa Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Members Research Institute Bhavnagar - 364002 Dr Pratima Jauhan Dr Sayeeda Wafar Dr. V.P Dimri Mr. Gajanan Navelkar Director Mr. Prakash Mehra National Geophysical Research Institute Mr Desmond Gracias Uppal Road, Dr. A.V. Ramaswamy Hyderabad - 500007 Mr. Sanjeev Afzulpurkar Mr. CM. Dias Prof. V.S. Raju Ocean Engineering Centre Secretary Indian Institute of Technology Mr. A. Muthukrishnan Chennai - 600036

59 ERVICES OFFERED

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT - baseline - modeling for effects - risks

GEOLOGICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS - seafloor and river bed surveys - bed morphology - seismic profiles - sediment transport - submarine pipeline routes and textural and chemical characterisation of surficial sediments

ENGINEERING - data collection of waves, tides and currents - design criteria for sea water intake and release development for ports release of treated effluents and sewage barge mounted and shore based power plants - instruments installation of tide gauges and autonomous weather stations

CONSULTANCY - representation on International committees - close collaborations with Ministry of Environment & Forests on Coral Reef and Mangrove Protection - associated with Department of Ocean Development in conceptualising and implementing ocean research programmes

OTHER SERVICES - survey of coral reef and mangroves - underwater video filming and photography - evaluating toxicity of dispersants chemical analysis of sediment - biofouling and corrosion

DDRESS National Institute of Oceanography NIO Post Office, Dona Paula, Goa - 403 004 India Tel.: 91 -(0) 832-2450 450 Fax 91 (0) 832-2450 602/03 email: [email protected]

Regional Centres Mumbai, Kochi, Visakhapatnam

Published by: Director, NIO, Goa Compilation, Layout & Production : Publication & Reprography Section We are thankful to Drs. SWA Naqvi, Shyam Prasad, Lata Raghukumar, Rahul Sharma, Elgar Desa, K.H. Vora, S. Mandal, N. Ramaiah and Shankar Doraiswamy for their help in preparation of the report. Thanks to S.P. Sharma, A.Y. Mahale, B C. Ribeiro and Sharon Gonsalves. Designed & Printed by : Meena Arts, Ponda - Goa. Tel.· (0832) 231 4242 Mobile : 3100627, 9422063063 national institute of oceanography goa, india

URL: http://www.nio.org