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Revision of European Ecolabel Criteria for Printed Paper Products Revision of European Ecolabel Criteria for printed paper products Preliminary report Antonios Konstantas, Margozata Agatha Kowalska, Shane Donetallo and Oliver Wolf (European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Seville, Spain) Carmen Hidalgo, Janer Gemma, Lorenzo Batista and Maria Rosa Riera (LEITAT) DRAFT Version 1.0, November 2018 This publication is a Science for Policy report by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission’s science and knowledge service. It aims to provide evidence-based scientific support to the European policymaking process. The scientific output expressed does not imply a policy position of the European Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use that might be made of this publication. Contact information Name: Antonios Konstantas Address: Edificio Expo. c/ Inca Garcilaso, 3. E-41092 Deville (Spain) Email: JRC B5 [email protected] Tel.: +34 954 488 728 JRC Science Hub https://ec.europa.eu/jrc JRCxxxxx EUR xxxxx xx Print ISBN xxx-xx-xx-xxxxx-x ISSN xxxx-xxxx doi:xx.xxxxx/xxxxxx PDF ISBN xxx-xx-xx-xxxxx-x ISSN xxxx-xxxx doi:xx.xxxxx/xxxxxx © European Union, 20xx Reuse is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. The reuse policy of European Commission documents is regulated by Decision 2011/833/EU (OJ L 330, 14.12.2011, p. 39). For any use or reproduction of photos or other material that is not under the EU copyright, permission must be sought directly from the copyright holders. How to cite this report: Author(s), Title, EUR (where available), Publisher, Publisher City, Year of Publication, ISBN (where available), doi (where available), PUBSY No. All images © European Union 20xx, except: Cover page (source: Folia.com) and captions where the source is specified DRAFT TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................. 1 LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................... 5 LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................. 7 ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................. 10 1 SCOPE AND DEFINITION .................................................................................. 11 1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 11 1.2 Previous considerations .............................................................................. 11 1.3 Existing EU Ecolabel definition for printed paper products ............................... 12 1.4 Feedback from scoping questionnaire ........................................................... 13 1.4.1 Questionnaire results - Scope ............................................................. 14 1.4.2 Questionnaire results - Criteria requirements ........................................ 16 1.5 Existing legislation and standards ................................................................ 25 2 MARKET ANALYSIS .......................................................................................... 28 2.1 Methodology and sources of information ....................................................... 28 2.2 Structure of the EU printing sector ............................................................... 30 2.2.1 Key actors ........................................................................................ 32 2.2.2 Types of printing companies ................................................................ 33 2.2.3 Large printing companies .................................................................... 34 2.3 Current and future potential for market penetration of EU Ecolabel and GPP ..... 35 2.4 Global printed market overview ................................................................... 37 2.5 European printing paper products market and trade (Supply & Demand) .......... 40 2.6 EU printed paper products production by geographical area ............................ 40 2.7 Printed paper products production by type of product ..................................... 41 2.7.1 Book publishing ................................................................................. 42 2.7.2 Newspaper and magazines .................................................................. 44 2.7.3 Other products currently out of the scope of printed paper EU Ecolabel .... 45 2.7.3.1 PackagingDRAFT paper products: ............................................................ 45 2.7.3.2 Wrapping paper ........................................................................... 45 2.7.3.3 Wallpapers .................................................................................. 45 2.8 Market of printing raw materials and main suppliers ....................................... 45 2.8.1 Chemicals ......................................................................................... 46 2.8.2 Inks ................................................................................................. 46 2.8.3 Printing equipment ............................................................................. 46 2.9 Printing technologies in the European market ................................................ 47 2.10 EU paper printed products trade ............................................................ 49 2.10.1 Intra EU-28 imports of printed paper products ....................................... 51 2.10.2 Intra EU-28 exports of printed paper products ....................................... 53 1 2.10.3 Extra-EU printed paper imports of printed paper products ....................... 54 2.10.4 Extra-EU exports of printed paper products ........................................... 55 2.11 Consumption ....................................................................................... 56 2.12 Forecasts ............................................................................................ 56 2.13 SWOT analysis of European production sector ......................................... 59 2.13.1 Strengths of the printing sector ........................................................... 59 2.13.2 Weaknesses of the printing sector ........................................................ 60 2.13.3 Opportunities of the printing sector ...................................................... 60 2.13.4 Threats of the printing sector .............................................................. 61 2.14 Consumer perspective .......................................................................... 62 2.15 Summary and conclusions .................................................................... 63 3 TECHNICAL ANALYSIS ...................................................................................... 65 3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 65 3.2 Printing processes ...................................................................................... 66 3.2.1 Pre-press .......................................................................................... 66 3.2.2 Printing ............................................................................................ 66 3.2.3 Post-printing ..................................................................................... 67 3.2.3.1 Lamination .................................................................................. 67 3.2.3.2 Glueing (or binding by using adhesives).......................................... 67 3.2.3.3 Varnishing .................................................................................. 67 3.3 Printing technologies .................................................................................. 68 3.4 Conventional printing ................................................................................. 69 3.4.1 Letterpress (Relief printing) ................................................................ 69 3.4.1.1 Letterpress (Flat-Bed Press) .......................................................... 69 3.4.1.2 Flexography (Rotary press) ........................................................... 69 3.4.2 Offset (Lithography) ........................................................................... 72 3.4.2.1 Sheet-fed offset ........................................................................... 73 3.4.2.2 Web-fed offsetDRAFT ............................................................................. 74 3.4.2.2.1 Heat-set web offset .............................................................. 74 3.4.2.2.2 Cold-set web offset .............................................................. 75 3.4.2.3 Waterless offset ........................................................................... 76 3.4.3 Rotogravure printing .......................................................................... 77 3.5 Screen printing .......................................................................................... 81 3.6 Digital printing .......................................................................................... 82 3.6.1 Inkjet printing ................................................................................... 83 3.6.2 Electrophotography ............................................................................ 87 3.7 Comparison of printing materials and technologies ......................................... 89 3.8 Production flowcharts for the different printed
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