DOCSLIB.ORG

Pluchea Indica Less) LEAVES EXTRACT AS ANTIOXIDANT and ANTI WARMED OVER FLAVOR (WOF) of DUCK MEAT

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pluchea Indica Less) LEAVES EXTRACT AS ANTIOXIDANT and ANTI WARMED OVER FLAVOR (WOF) of DUCK MEAT POTENCY OF BELUNTAS (Pluchea indica Less) LEAVES EXTRACT AS ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI WARMED OVER FLAVOR (WOF) OF DUCK MEAT Paini Sri Widyawati1, Tarsisius Dwi Budianta, Fenny Anggraeni Kusuma, Evelyn Livia Wijaya, Dian Ivana Yaunatan, Ribka Stefanie Wongso Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Widya Mandala Catholic University of Surabaya Jl. Dinoyo 42‐44 Surabaya, 60265, Indonesia Correspondent author: : [email protected] Abstract Beluntas (Pluchea indica Less) is a herb plant used as a traditional medicine or eaten in fresh form. There are phytochemical compounds such as essential oils, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, saponins, phenols hydroquinone, and cardiac glycosides compounds of beluntas leaves that cause it having potential as anti‐ oxidant. Difference of solvent polarity can cause concentration and composition of phytochemical com‐ pounds in extract differed, therefore this study was conducted to determine the potential for beluntas leaves extracts (water, methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane) and fractions (water, ethyl acetate, and n‐butanol) as an antioxidant and antiwarmed over flavor (WOF) in duck meat during storage. The results showed that the methanol extract of the beluntas leaves (EMB) of the most potential as a source of antioxidants because the concentration and composition of phytochemical compounds, total phenols and total flavonoids than the water, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts. Furthermore EMB was frac‐ tionated by difference of solvent polarity (ethyl acetate, water, n‐butanol). Test showed that EMB antioxi‐ dant capacity and its fractions had the difference in the ability of antioxidant compounds in the EMB and each fraction in different test systems. EMB had the potency to scavenge superoxide radicals, reduce iron ions, and inhibit bleaching of linoleic acid‐β‐carotene system. Ethyl acetate fraction (FEA) had the po‐ tency to scavenge superoxide radicals, reduce iron ions, chelate of iron ions and haemoglobin (Hb), thus FEA was effective as antiwarmed over flavor (WOF) in duck meat, which protected linoleic acid, decreased of TBARS and hexanal. Keywords: beluntas (Pluchea indica Less), antioxidant, antiwarmed over flavor, duck meat Abbreviations: pene, phenylpropanoid, benzoid, alkanes, sterol, 2 EMB :Beluntas methanol extract ‐(prop‐1‐unyl)‐ 5‐ 5, 6‐dihydroxy hexa‐1,3‐diunyl)‐ FEA :Ethyl acetate fraction thiophene, (‐)‐catechin, phenol hydroquinone, DPPH : 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical saponin, tannin, and alkaloid, flavonol (quercetin, AT : Alpha tocopherol kaempherol, myricetin, luteoline, apigenine) WOF : Warmed over flavor Hb : Haemoglobin (Andarwulan et al., 2010). Generally, phytochemi‐ AC :Control absorbance cal compounds, especially phenolic in plants have AS : Sample absorbance free structure or glycoside and ester bonds UV‐Vis : Ultra violet‐visible (Dehkharghanian et al., 2010). There are hydroxyl GAE : Gallic acid equivalent groups at phenolic structure caused these com‐ CE : Cathecin equivalent pounds having polar properties (Lai et al., 2009). IC : Inhibition concentration Water, ethanol, and methanol are polar solvent TBARS : Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances that can extract glycoside structure of phenolic BHT : Butyl hydroxyl toluene compounds. Ethyl acetate has potentially to ex‐ DM : Fresh duck meat DP : Cooking duck meat tract alkaloid, aglycon, and glycoside compounds DPSP : Warmed stored cooking duck meat (Houghton and Raman, 1998), phenolic com‐ MDA :Malondialdehyde pounds with low until high molecular weight (Mariod et al., 2010), and then hexanes can extract 1. Introductions lignin, wax, lipid, aglycon, sterol, and terpenoid Beluntas (Pluchea indica Less), herb plant is a (Houghton and Raman, 1998). Previous research species in the family Asteraceae, used as a tradi‐ had found that aqueous extract of beluntas leaves tional medicine or eathen in fresh form can scavenge 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (Ardiansyah et al. 2003). Beluntas leaves contain (DPPH) free radical, superoxide and hydroxyl phytochemical compounds such as lignin, ter‐ radicals, iron reducing power, and iron ion che‐ 81 lating. Ethanolic extract of beluntas leaves can 2.2. Preparation of beluntas leaves extracts scavenge 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and its fractions free radical and 2,2’‐azino‐bis‐ (3‐ethyl benzo thi‐ Extraction of beluntas leaves was based on azoline‐ 6‐sulphonic acid (ABTS) cation radical, Dorman dan Hiltunen (2004) modification iron ion reducing power, and inhibit bleaching method. 1‐6 segment beluntas leaves sorted, linoleic acid‐β‐carotene system (Andarwulan et washed, and dried at ambient temperature for a al., 2010). Methanol is effective to extract phenolic week were milled with 40 mesh. And then belun‐ compounds with low molecular weight having tas leaves flour was analysed moisture content medium polarity and results the highest yield and and extracted with different solvent polarity i.e. antioxidant activity (Chan et al., 2007). Neverthe‐ water, methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hex‐ less until now ethyl acetate and hexanes haven’t anes with 1:15 b/v ratio for 3 hours at boiling known antioxidant activity. Fractionation of be‐ point. Extract was evaporated by rotary evapora‐ luntas leaves extract with several solvent different tor at 40oC. And then extract was analysed yield, polarity, such as ethyl acetate, water, and n‐ phytochemical compounds, and antioxidant activ‐ butanol is done to result yield with different anti‐ ity. Extract having the highest antioxidant activity oxidant compound composition (Lai et al., 2009), was fractionated by different solvent polarity so that can resulted extract or fraction the most (ethyl acetate, n‐butanol, and water). And then potentially as antioxidant source. Each solvent fraction was evaporated at 40oC and analysed can solve phytochemical compound with different yield, phytochemical compounds, and antioxidant composition. n‐butanol can extract polar com‐ activity. pounds, i.e. glycoside, aglycon, dan gula (Liu dkk., 2.3. Moisture Content 2011). WOF (Warmed over flavor) is flavor degra‐ Dried beluntas leaves were measured mois‐ dation at food product because of food product ture content based on AOAC (1990) method. warmed again after they are stored in refrigerator 2.4. Yield at 4‐5oC for 48 hours (Jayathilakan et al., 2007). Yield was determined by Ljubuncic et al. WOF can be happened by lipid oxidation at meat (2005) method that measured by compared with and heme protein denaturation that can acceler‐ beluntas leaves extract or its fractions weight and ate lipid oxidation (Masqood and Benjakul, 2011). dried beluntas leaves. Duck meat can be oxidized to result WOF be‐ 2.5. Assay of Phytochemical Compounds cause it contains high lipid at adipose tissue. Until Phytochemical was determined based on Har‐ now antioxidant capacity of beluntas leaves ex‐ borne (1996) method. tract and its fractions haven’t known to inhibit 2.6. Assay of Total Phenol WOF so that it is studied. Beluntas leaves extract Total phenol was measured by Manian et al. (EMB) and its fractions can reduce synthetic anti‐ (2008) method using Folin ciocalteus phenol re‐ oxidant using at food product because of carcino‐ agent. Data was stated as mg gallic acid equiva‐ genic (Valentao et al., 2010). The research was lent (GAE) per 100 gram sample dry base. Solution done to study the potency of beluntas leaves ex‐ absorbance was measured by spectrophotometer tracts (water, methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, UV‐Vis at λ 760 nm. and hexanes) and its fractions (water, ethyl ace‐ 2.7. Assay of Total Flavonoid tate, and n‐butanol) as antioxidant and anti Total flavonoid was determined by Manian et warmed over flavor at duct meat for storage. al. (2008) method using NaNO2‐AlCl3‐NaOH re‐ agent, data was stated by milligram catechin 2. Methods equivalent (CE) per 100 gram sampel dry base. 2.1. Materials Solution absorbance was measured by spectro‐ Beluntas leaves are harvested at Dramaga photometer UV‐Vis at λ 510 nm. area, Bogor and Sukolilo area, Surabaya. Green tea 2.8. Assay of DPPH Free Radical Scavenging is purchased at Tea Factory in Singapura (Lim Activity Lam Thye PTE, LTD). Dried Rosemary is pur‐ DPPH free radical scaveging activity was chased at Cold storage supermarket in Holland measured based on Manian et al. (2008) method Evanue, Singapura. Chicken blood Darah ayam is modification. Decreasing of purple color solution cultivated from Laladon traditional market, Bo‐ was determined by spectrophotometer UV‐Vis at gor. Chemical is used Analytical grade from λ 517 nm after reaction occurred 30 min. Prosen‐ Sigma, Merck, JT Beaker, and Riedel‐de Haen, tase of inhibition (%) was calculated based on = except ethanol (PT Brataco) and aquadest from [(AC‐AS)/AC] x 100%, where AC = control absorb‐ Microbiology laboratory, SEAFAST‐PAU‐IPB. ance, AS = sample absorbance. 82 2.9. Assay of Superoxide Radical Scavenging AS)/AC] x 100%, where AC = control absorbance, Activity AS = sample absorbance. Superoxide radical scavenging activity was 2.15. Assay of Linoleic acid‐β‐Carotene Bleach‐ determined by Manian et al. (2008) method. Su‐ ing Capacity peroxide radical was resulted by NBT‐NADH‐PMS Linoleic acid‐β‐carotene bleaching capacity reaction. Solution absorbance was measured by was measured by Manian et al. (2008) method. spectrophotometer UV‐Vis at λ 560 nm. Prosen‐ Decreasing of orange color solution because of β‐ tase of inhibition (%) was calculated by = [(AC‐ carotene oxidation was detected by spectropho‐ AS)/AC] x 100%, where AC = control
Load more

Recommended publications
  • "National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary."
    Intro 1996 National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands The Fish and Wildlife Service has prepared a National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary (1996 National List). The 1996 National List is a draft revision of the National List of Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1988 National Summary (Reed 1988) (1988 National List). The 1996 National List is provided to encourage additional public review and comments on the draft regional wetland indicator assignments. The 1996 National List reflects a significant amount of new information that has become available since 1988 on the wetland affinity of vascular plants. This new information has resulted from the extensive use of the 1988 National List in the field by individuals involved in wetland and other resource inventories, wetland identification and delineation, and wetland research. Interim Regional Interagency Review Panel (Regional Panel) changes in indicator status as well as additions and deletions to the 1988 National List were documented in Regional supplements. The National List was originally developed as an appendix to the Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States (Cowardin et al.1979) to aid in the consistent application of this classification system for wetlands in the field.. The 1996 National List also was developed to aid in determining the presence of hydrophytic vegetation in the Clean Water Act Section 404 wetland regulatory program and in the implementation of the swampbuster provisions of the Food Security Act. While not required by law or regulation, the Fish and Wildlife Service is making the 1996 National List available for review and comment.
    [Show full text]
  • University Micrcxilms International 300 N
    A TAXONOMIC STUDY OF THE LENNOACEAE. Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Yatskievych, George Alfred, 1957- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 23/09/2021 14:29:13 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/274684 INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. For blurred pages, a good image of the page can be found in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted, a target note will appear listing the pages in the adjacent frame.
    [Show full text]
  • National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands 1996
    National List of Vascular Plant Species that Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary Indicator by Region and Subregion Scientific Name/ North North Central South Inter- National Subregion Northeast Southeast Central Plains Plains Plains Southwest mountain Northwest California Alaska Caribbean Hawaii Indicator Range Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes FACU FACU UPL UPL,FACU Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill. FAC FACW FAC,FACW Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr. NI NI NI NI NI UPL UPL Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir. FACU FACU FACU Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl. FACU-* NI FACU-* Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. NI NI FACU+ FACU- FACU FAC UPL UPL,FAC Abies magnifica A. Murr. NI UPL NI FACU UPL,FACU Abildgaardia ovata (Burm. f.) Kral FACW+ FAC+ FAC+,FACW+ Abutilon theophrasti Medik. UPL FACU- FACU- UPL UPL UPL UPL UPL NI NI UPL,FACU- Acacia choriophylla Benth. FAC* FAC* Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. FACU NI NI* NI NI FACU Acacia greggii Gray UPL UPL FACU FACU UPL,FACU Acacia macracantha Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. NI FAC FAC Acacia minuta ssp. minuta (M.E. Jones) Beauchamp FACU FACU Acaena exigua Gray OBL OBL Acalypha bisetosa Bertol. ex Spreng. FACW FACW Acalypha virginica L. FACU- FACU- FAC- FACU- FACU- FACU* FACU-,FAC- Acalypha virginica var. rhomboidea (Raf.) Cooperrider FACU- FAC- FACU FACU- FACU- FACU* FACU-,FAC- Acanthocereus tetragonus (L.) Humm. FAC* NI NI FAC* Acanthomintha ilicifolia (Gray) Gray FAC* FAC* Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl OBL OBL Acer circinatum Pursh FAC- FAC NI FAC-,FAC Acer glabrum Torr. FAC FAC FAC FACU FACU* FAC FACU FACU*,FAC Acer grandidentatum Nutt.
    [Show full text]
  • Doctorat De L'université De Toulouse
    En vue de l’obt ention du DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE TOULOUSE Délivré par : Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier (UT3 Paul Sabatier) Discipline ou spécialité : Ecologie, Biodiversité et Evolution Présentée et soutenue par : Joeri STRIJK le : 12 / 02 / 2010 Titre : Species diversification and differentiation in the Madagascar and Indian Ocean Islands Biodiversity Hotspot JURY Jérôme CHAVE, Directeur de Recherches CNRS Toulouse Emmanuel DOUZERY, Professeur à l'Université de Montpellier II Porter LOWRY II, Curator Missouri Botanical Garden Frédéric MEDAIL, Professeur à l'Université Paul Cezanne Aix-Marseille Christophe THEBAUD, Professeur à l'Université Paul Sabatier Ecole doctorale : Sciences Ecologiques, Vétérinaires, Agronomiques et Bioingénieries (SEVAB) Unité de recherche : UMR 5174 CNRS-UPS Evolution & Diversité Biologique Directeur(s) de Thèse : Christophe THEBAUD Rapporteurs : Emmanuel DOUZERY, Professeur à l'Université de Montpellier II Porter LOWRY II, Curator Missouri Botanical Garden Contents. CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. General Introduction 2 PART I: ASTERACEAE CHAPTER 2. Multiple evolutionary radiations and phenotypic convergence in polyphyletic Indian Ocean Daisy Trees (Psiadia, Asteraceae) (in preparation for BMC Evolutionary Biology) 14 CHAPTER 3. Taxonomic rearrangements within Indian Ocean Daisy Trees (Psiadia, Asteraceae) and the resurrection of Frappieria (in preparation for Taxon) 34 PART II: MYRSINACEAE CHAPTER 4. Phylogenetics of the Mascarene endemic genus Badula relative to its Madagascan ally Oncostemum (Myrsinaceae) (accepted in Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society) 43 CHAPTER 5. Timing and tempo of evolutionary diversification in Myrsinaceae: Badula and Oncostemum in the Indian Ocean Island Biodiversity Hotspot (in preparation for BMC Evolutionary Biology) 54 PART III: MONIMIACEAE CHAPTER 6. Biogeography of the Monimiaceae (Laurales): a role for East Gondwana and long distance dispersal, but not West Gondwana (accepted in Journal of Biogeography) 72 CHAPTER 7 General Discussion 86 REFERENCES 91 i Contents.
    [Show full text]
  • TAXON:Pluchea Carolinensis SCORE:16.0 RATING:High Risk
    TAXON: Pluchea carolinensis SCORE: 16.0 RATING: High Risk Taxon: Pluchea carolinensis Family: Asteraceae Common Name(s): cattletongue Synonym(s): Conyza carolinensis Jacq. (basionym) cure-for-all Pluchea odorata auct. nonn. shrubby fleabane Pluchea symphytifolia auct. sourbush stinking fleabane sweet-scent tabat-diable wild tobacco Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 11 May 2015 WRA Score: 16.0 Designation: H(Hawai'i) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Weedy Shrub, Aromatic, Hybridizes, Thicket-forming, Wind-dispersed Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 305 Congeneric
    [Show full text]
  • Agrosilvopastoral Systems in Northern Thailand and Northern Laos: Minority Peoples’ Knowledge Versus Government Policy
    Land 2014, 3, 414-436; doi:10.3390/land3020414 OPEN ACCESS land ISSN 2073-445X www.mdpi.com/journal/land/ Article Agrosilvopastoral Systems in Northern Thailand and Northern Laos: Minority Peoples’ Knowledge versus Government Policy Chalathon Choocharoen 1, Andreas Neef 2,*, Pornchai Preechapanya 3 and Volker Hoffmann 1 1 Institute for Social Sciences of the Agricultural Sector, Rural Communication and Extension (430a), University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany; E-Mails: [email protected] (C.C.); [email protected] (V.H.) 2 Center for Development Studies, School of Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand 3 Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, Mae Rim, Chiang Mai 50180, Thailand; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +64-9-9233486; Fax: +64-9-3737439. Received: 28 January 2014; in revised form: 2 May 2014 / Accepted: 13 May 2014 / Published: 20 May 2014 Abstract: Traditional agrosilvopastoral systems have been an important component of the farming systems and livelihoods of thousands of ethnic minority people in the uplands of Mainland Southeast Asia. Drawing on a combination of qualitative and participatory inquiries in nine ethnic minority communities, this study emphasizes the complex articulation of local farmers’ knowledge which has been so far excluded from governmental development and conservation policies in the northern uplands of Thailand and Laos. Qualitative analysis of local knowledge systems is performed using the Agroecological Knowledge Toolkit (AKT5) software. Results show that ethnic minorities in the two countries perceive large ruminants to be a highly positive component of local forest agro-ecosystems due to their contribution to nutrient cycling, forest fire control, water retention, and leaf-litter dispersal.
    [Show full text]
  • Biological Studies of the Plants from Genus Pluchea
    Available online a t www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com Scholars Research Library Annals of Biological Research, 2011, 2 (3) : 25-34 (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html) ISSN 0976-1233 CODEN (USA): ABRNBW Biological Studies of the Plants from Genus Pluchea Surendra Kr Sharma *and Naveen Goyal Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, India ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT Pluchea is a genus of flowering plant in the Asteraceae family. The genus Pluchea (Asteraceae) comprises 80 species distributed mainly in North and South America, Africa, Asia and Australia. These are native to tropical and warm temperate areas. The plants of Pluchea genus have been used traditionally used as astringent, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, diaphoretic in fevers, smooth muscle relaxant, nerve tonics, laxatives and for the treatment of dysentery, lumbago, leucorrhoea, dysuria, haemorrhoids, gangrenous ulcer and disorders causing cachexia. The chemical investigations on the genus have shown the presence of eudesmane-type sesquiterpenoids, monoterpenes, lignan glycosides, triterpenoids and flavonoids. The present review summarizes the various biological studies done on the extracts and bioactive phytoconstituents from the plants of the genus Pluchea over the past few decades. Key-words: Pluchea , Biological activity, Pharmacological activities, Asteraceae. ______________________________________________________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • Pluchea Rubelliflora and Pterocaulon Sphacelatum
    Muelleria 37: 119–126 Published online in advance of the print edition, Wednesday 24 April Pluchea rubelliflora and Pterocaulon sphacelatum (Asteraceae): new to Victoria’s semi-arid floodplains Claire Moxham1*, Val Stajsic2, Sally A. Kenny1, Kate Bennetts3, Geoff Sutter1, Ian Sluiter4 and David Cameron1 1 Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, 123 Brown Street, Heidelberg 3084, Australia 2 Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Birdwood Avenue, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia 3 Fire Flood & Flora, 66 Tampa Road, Cape Woolamai 3925, Australia 4 School of Geography, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia * Corresponding author: [email protected] Introduction Abstract Environmental watering or flows are being implemented by Two species of Asteraceae, Pluchea Governments to improve the health of river and floodplain ecosystems. rubelliflora(F.Muell.) B.L.Rob. and Pterocaulon sphacelatum (Labill.) Benth. A key component of environmental watering is monitoring vegetation ex F.Muell., have been discovered for responses to these managed flood events. As such, an increase in the first time in Victoria on the semi- botanical surveys in these riparian systems has occurred over recent arid floodplains of Hattah-Kulkyne years. While undertaking recent botanical surveys on the semi-arid National Park and the adjacent Murray- (mean annual rainfall ~300 mm, ABOM 2019) floodplains of Hattah- Kulkyne Park. Pterocaulon sphacelatum was also discovered on a floodplain Kulkyne and Murray-Sunset National Parks, in north-western Victoria, of Lindsay Island at Murray-Sunset two species new to the state were discovered. Specimens submitted to National Park. The species’ taxonomy, the National Herbarium of Victoria were identified as Pluchea rubelliflora distribution and ecology are discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Mangrove Guidebook for Southeast Asia
    RAP PUBLICATION 2006/07 MANGROVE GUIDEBOOK FOR SOUTHEAST ASIA The designations and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its frontiers or boundaries. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors alone and do not imply any opinion whatsoever on the part of FAO. Authored by: Wim Giesen, Stephan Wulffraat, Max Zieren and Liesbeth Scholten ISBN: 974-7946-85-8 FAO and Wetlands International, 2006 Printed by: Dharmasarn Co., Ltd. First print: July 2007 For copies write to: Forest Resources Officer FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Maliwan Mansion Phra Atit Road, Bangkok 10200 Thailand E-mail: [email protected] ii FOREWORDS Large extents of the coastlines of Southeast Asian countries were once covered by thick mangrove forests. In the past few decades, however, these mangrove forests have been largely degraded and destroyed during the process of development. The negative environmental and socio-economic impacts on mangrove ecosystems have led many government and non- government agencies, together with civil societies, to launch mangrove conservation and rehabilitation programmes, especially during the 1990s. In the course of such activities, programme staff have faced continual difficulties in identifying plant species growing in the field. Despite a wide availability of mangrove guidebooks in Southeast Asia, none of these sufficiently cover species that, though often associated with mangroves, are not confined to this habitat.
    [Show full text]
  • The Relationship Between Habitat Altitude, Enviromental Factors and Morphological Characteristics of Pluchea Indica, Ageratum Conyzoides and Elephantopus Scaber
    OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences Original Research Paper The Relationship between Habitat Altitude, Enviromental Factors and Morphological Characteristics of Pluchea Indica, Ageratum Conyzoides and Elephantopus Scaber 1,2 Yuliani, 3Soemarno, 1Bagyo Yanuwiadi and 1Amin Setyo Leksono 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia 2Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Surabaya State University, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia 3Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia Article history Abstract: Asteraceae family has various benefit as herbal medicine and Received: 11-05-2015 phytochemical affect (biopesticides). It can grow in different habitats but Revised: 4-06-2014 the morphological and physiological characters of Asteraceae depend on Accepted: 15-07-2015 the environmental factor. The aims of the study is to describe the variation of height of stems and width of leaves from three species of Asteraceae Correspondence Author: family ( Pluchea indica, Ageratum conyzoides and Elephantopus scaber), Yuliani on three types of habitat which differed by its altitude and learn the Department of Biology, Faculty correlation between altitude and morphological characteristics of of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Surabaya State Asteraceae. Samples of Asteraceae were obtained from Bangkalan-Madura University, Surabaya, East (28, 3-31, 72 m asl), Trawas-Mojokerto (727-937 m asl), Coban Talun- Java, Indonesia Bumiaji Batu (1303-1322 m asl). The results were then analyzed by E-mail: [email protected] cluster analysis and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (ACA). The results show that there are correlation between altitude and environmental factors (climate and soil) to morphological characteristics especially height of stems and width of leaves of Pluchea indica, Ageratum conyzoides and Elephantopus scaber.
    [Show full text]
  • Wood Anatomy of Inuleae (Compositae)
    _______________________________ ___________________ ALISO MAY 15, 1961 VOL. 5, No. 1, pp. 21-37 WOOD ANATOMY OF INULEAE (COMPOSITAE) SHERWIN CARLQuIsT1 Claremont Graduate School, Claremont, California INTRODUCTION Inuleae familiar to North American botanists are mostly herbs, some of them among the most diminutive of annuals. As in so many dicot families, however, related woody genera occur in tropical and subtropical regions. Botanists who have not encountered woody Inuleae may be surprised to learn that wood of Brachylaena merana has been used for carpentry and for railroad ties in Madagascar (Lecomte, 1922), that of Tarchonanthus camphoraus for musical instruments in Africa (Hoffmann, 1889-1894) and that the wood of Brachylaena (Synchodendrum) ramiflorum is described as “resistant to rot, hard and dense, known to be of great durability” (Lecomte, 1922). In Argentina. the relatively soft wood of Tessaria integ;’zfolia is used “in paper making and also in the construction of ranchos” (Cabrera, 1939). All of these species are trees. Tessaria and Brachylaena also contain shrubs as well. Most other species included in this study could be considered shrubs (Pluchea, Cassinia) or woody herbs. The geographical distribution of Inuleae roughly reflects the relative woodiness of genera and species, because there is a tendency for the more woody species to occur in tropical regions, shrubby species in subtropical areas, and herbs in temperate or montane situations. The genus Pluchea, for example, is represented by one woody species in the southern United States, P. sericea, which extends from southern California to Texas and Baja California. Other North American species are markedly herbaceous. The somewhat more woody species of Pluchea studied here are native to warm, dry parts of Indomalaysia.
    [Show full text]
  • 12. Tribe INULEAE 187. BUPHTHALMUM Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2
    Published online on 25 October 2011. Chen, Y. S. & Anderberg, A. A. 2011. Inuleae. Pp. 820–850 in: Wu, Z. Y., Raven, P. H. & Hong, D. Y., eds., Flora of China Volume 20–21 (Asteraceae). Science Press (Beijing) & Missouri Botanical Garden Press (St. Louis). 12. Tribe INULEAE 旋覆花族 xuan fu hua zu Chen Yousheng (陈又生); Arne A. Anderberg Shrubs, subshrubs, or herbs. Stems with or without resin ducts, without fibers in phloem. Leaves alternate or rarely subopposite, often glandular, petiolate or sessile, margins entire or dentate to serrate, sometimes pinnatifid to pinnatisect. Capitula usually in co- rymbiform, paniculiform, or racemiform arrays, often solitary or few together, heterogamous or less often homogamous. Phyllaries persistent or falling, in (2 or)3–7+ series, distinct, unequal to subequal, herbaceous to membranous, margins and/or apices usually scarious; stereome undivided. Receptacles flat to somewhat convex, epaleate or paleate. Capitula radiate, disciform, or discoid. Mar- ginal florets when present radiate, miniradiate, or filiform, in 1 or 2, or sometimes several series, female and fertile; corollas usually yellow, sometimes reddish, rarely ochroleucous or purple. Disk florets bisexual or functionally male, fertile; corollas usually yellow, sometimes reddish, rarely ochroleucous or purplish, actinomorphic, not 2-lipped, lobes (4 or)5, usually ± deltate; anther bases tailed, apical appendages ovate to lanceolate-ovate or linear, rarely truncate; styles abaxially with acute to obtuse hairs, distally or reaching below bifurcation,
    [Show full text]