DOCSLIB.ORG

Emmanuel D'alzon

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Emmanuel D'alzon Gaétan Bernoville EMMANUEL D’ALZON 1810-1880 A Champion of the XIXth Century Catholic Renaissance in France Translated by Claire Quintal, docteur de l’Université de Paris, and Alexis Babineau, A.A. Bayard, Inc. For additional information about the Assumptionists contact Fr. Peter Precourt at (508) 767-7520 or visit the website: www.assumptionists.org © Copyright 2003 Bayard, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any manner without prior written permission of the publisher. Write to the Permissions Editor. ISBN: 1-58595-296-6 Printed in Canada Contents Contents Preface ................................................................................................. 5 Foreword .............................................................................................. 7 Historical Introduction ......................................................................... 13 I. The Child and the Student (1810-1830) .................................. 27 II. From Lavagnac to the Seminary of Montpellier and on to Rome (1830-1833).................................................................... 43 III. The Years in Rome (1833-1835) ............................................... 61 IV. The Vicar-General (1835-1844) ................................................ 81 V. Foundation of the Congregation of the Assumption (1844-1851) .............................................................................. 99 VI. The Great Trial in the Heat of Action (1851-1857) .................. 121 VII. From the Defense of the Holy See to the First Missionary Thrust (1858-1861)................................................................... 137 VIII. Mission to the Orient and Foundation of the Oblates of the Assumption (1861-1866) ................................................... 151 IX. Before and During Vatican Council I (1866-1870) ................... 167 X. The Campaigns in Favor of Catholic Action (1870-1875) ......... 183 XI. The Final Years (1875-1880) ..................................................... 199 XII. The Death of Emmanuel d’Alzon ............................................. 213 XIII. The Soul of Father d’Alzon ....................................................... 221 Notes ........................................................................................................ Photos ...................................................................................................... Preface Gaétan Bernoville, the author of this biography of Father Emmanuel d’Alzon, founder of the Augustinians of the Assumption, was asked to write this study when the congregation was marking its centennial. At the time, Bernoville had already published twenty-three books, including biographies of St. Thérèse of Lisieux and Bernadette Soubirous of Lourdes. Fourteen of these volumes were biographies of founders and foundresses of religious congregations, among them Father Etienne Pernet, who founded the Little Sisters of the Assumption, and another on the Religious of the Assumption, focusing on Eugénie Milleret, their foundress. These two communities are considered to be “sister” congregations of the Augustinians of the Assumption because both Father Pernet and Mother Marie Eugénie were so closely allied to Father d’Alzon, the first as an Assumptionist himself, and the second as a lifelong correspondent and close friend. Our readers will find them both mentioned more than once in the pages which follow. In 1948, and again in 1950, Gaétan Bernoville was honored by the Academie française for his writings. In a very succinct Foreword to the French edition, Bernoville expressed his debt of gratitude to Father Siméon Vailhé, A.A., whose two- volume biography of Father d’Alzon, written over a thirty-year period, as well as his three volumes of the founder’s voluminous correspondence up to 1850, are still considered to be standard reference works for any study of Father d’Alzon. In the final sentence of his Foreword, Gaétan Bernoville writes as follows about them: “These are the fundamental works in which 6 Emmanuel d’Alzon to seek further documentation; nothing would please me more than to have the present book awaken such a desire in my readers.” Given the complexity of the Catholic Church’s constantly changing status in nineteenth-century France, the translators requested of Rev. George Tavard, an Assumptionist theologian as well as a native of France, that he write a scholarly Introduction to this book. The thoroughness of Father Tavard’s analysis will enable readers to “situate” Father d’Alzon in his fierce struggle against the French State for official recognition of Catholic schools, and against French prelates in his ultramontane stance against the Gallicanism widespread in the French Church of his time. The numbered endnotes are meant to clarify certain events and give some background information on persons and places mentioned by the author and which may not always be familiar to our readers. Bernoville’s translators hope that this English version will help readers to understand the heroism of Father d’Alzon. For the Church, Emmanuel d’Alzon gave up a life of great privilege, sacrificed a goodly portion of the family’s fortune and what could have been a brilliant career in any number of fields. The Catholic Church in post-revolutionary France of the nineteenth century was in dire need of men like d’Alzon, true believers willing to give up everything for the priesthood which they considered to be the noblest calling of them all. May his example spur others to follow in his footsteps. Claire Quintal Foreword The State of d’Alzon Scholarship since the Publication of the Bernoville Biography Since the appearance of the biography of Fr. d’Alzon by Gaétan Bernoville in the fifties, research on the founder of the Assumptionists has steadily advanced and matured. In this regard, it is only fitting to cite the truly authoritative works of Fr. Athanase Sage (1896-1971), considered to be the best analyst and interpreter of the writings of Fr. d’Alzon (cf. Écrits spirituels, 1956, and Un Mâitre spirituel du XIXe siècle, 1958). Though the years which followed marked a pause in d’Alzon scholarship, the celebration of the centennial of Fr. d’Alzon’s death in 1980 gave rise to a new wave of interest and study. A colloquium held in Paris,—Emmanuel d’Alzon dans la société du XIXe siècle (Le Centurion, 1982)—chaired by the renowned scholars, René Remond and Emile Poulat, was complemented by the publication of its proceedings which contain articles of the highest academic quality for the most part. The centennial also inspired the completion of the publication of the known correspondence of Fr. d’Alzon, a total of 18 volumes to date. This was a monumental enterprise due to the efforts of Siméon Vailhé (3 volumes), Pierre Touveneraud (2 volumes), Désiré Deraedt (11 volumes), and Jean- Paul Périer-Muzet (2 volumes). What may be of the greatest significance has been the creation of a database, begun in 1986, on d’Alzon and Assumptionist life, which includes the inventory, scanning, and indexing of all of Fr. d’Alzon’s writings — whether in his own hand or recorded by others. This has fostered a comprehensive and annotated rereading of this material. It has also made possible renewed studies such as the important volume Documentation biographique, dossier vie et vertus du P 8 Emmanuel d’Alzon d’Alzon (Rome, 1986), due to the efforts of Pierre Touveneraud, Désiré Deraedt, and Wilfrid Dufault. The extraordinary quality, detail, and depth of this work cannot be overemphasized. Fr. George Tavard has likewise written in-depth books on specific topics (The Weight of God, Fr. d’Alzon at Vatican I, and La Croix de Jésus). He recently completed two other books published by Le Cerf: Textes spirituels (2002) and Foi et Royaume (2003). Finally, Fr. Jean-Paul Pèrier- Muzet, the current archivist of the Congregation, has contributed his own historical approach which complements the spiritual biography of Fr. d’Alzon by André Sève (Ma Vie c’est le Christ, Le Centurion, 1980; in English, Christ Is My Life, New York: New City Press, 1988) with his own works, Prier 15 jours avec Emmanuel d’Alzon (Nouvelle Cité, #75, 2003) and Le P. d’Alzon par lui-même: Anthologie alzonienne (Rome, 2003). This latest wave of scholarly activity underlines the extent to which the personality and the apostolic activity of the founder of the Assumptionists remain rich and relevant at the dawn of the third millennium, not only for the congregations he founded to serve the Church, but also for the laymen and laywomen who today share a concern for that universal mission — the coming of Gods Kingdom. Emmanuel d’Alzon: A Word from the General Archivist What am I? What do I want to be? How will I become what I want to be? For quite some time, it is true, I have had a plan for my life. I pretty well know, or I believe I have a vague notion of what I wanted to do, but I have never entered deeply into myself, never have I tried to lay out clearly the means I wanted to use to reach my goal. Today, that’s what I really want to seek. I want to know clearly what I am, what I want to be, and what means I am going to use to become what I want to be. (Ecrits Spirituels/ES p. 736, 19 February 1831) This is the questioning of a young man at the age of twenty-one, a questioning which, in fact, spans his whole life. Emmanuel d’Alzon (1810- Foreword 9 1880) was a son of the Cévennes Region who spent almost his entire life in Nîmes, considered to be the Rome of Southern
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Joy of the Gospel: Path for Renewal in Uncertain Times
    2020 RCRI Virtual Conference Joy of the Gospel: Path for Renewal in Uncertain Times 12:00 noon – 4:00 PM (ET) Friday, October 23. 2020 Friday, October 30, 2020 Friday, November 6, 2020 2 2020 RCRI Virtual Conference WELCOME TO THE 2020 VIRTUAL CONFERENCE!! On behalf of the Board of Directors and Staff of the Resource Center for Religious Institutes, I welcome you to the 2020 virtual Conference. Though different from our in-person conferences, we look forward to an enriching conference experience as RCRI begins a new decade of service. We have developed a program of 18 workshop/webinars for the virtual experience with topics that we hope will assist you in addressing the financial and legal issues facing your institutes, especially during these uncertain times. This year’s conference theme is Joy of the Gospel: A Path for Renewal in Uncertain Times reflecting the joy and newness of the Gospel. Pope Francis urges us in New Wine in New Wineskins “to not have fear of making changes according to the law of the Gospel…leave aside fleeting structures – they are not necessary...and get new wineskins, those of the Gospel.” He goes on to say that “one can fully live the Gospel only in a joyous heart and in a renewed heart” (page 31). Fifty-five years ago this October, the Decree on the Renewal of Religious Life, Perfectae caritatis was approved by the Second Vatican Council. The document calls religious and the entire Church to adaptation and renewal of religious life based on a return to the spirit of the founders in the light of the signs of the times.
    [Show full text]
  • OCTOBER 2019  No 10
    OCTOBER 2019 NO 10 ligious and lai News Re ty th AAof the Assumption e same mission EDITORIAL Happy are those called to the supper of the Lord « For us religious, it is necessary to center our lives on the Word of God. It is crucial that this Word becomes the source of life and renewal. » >> Official Agenda Jubilee of the Province of Africa The Assumptionist Province of Africa celebrates its 50th Plenary General Council anniversary this year: a jubilee celebrated in Butembo • n° 5 : December 2-10, 2019, in Rome. at the end of the month of August. The following is the • n° 6 : June 2-10, 2020, in Worcester (United letter addressed by the Superior General for this occa- States). sion, on August 19, 2019, to Fr. Yves Nzuva Kaghoma, • n° 7 : December 3-11, 2020, in Nîmes Provincial Superior: (France). Dear Brothers of the African Province, Ordinary General Councils • n° 16: November 11-15, 2019. It was 50 years ago, on July 3, 1969, that the Province of • n° 17 : December 11-12, 2019. Africa was founded. Resulting from long missionary work by • n° 18 : February 10-14, 2020. the Assumptionists, the young Province began its process • n° 19 : March 18-19, 2020. of development and the progressive assumption of respon- • n° 20 : April 20-24, 2020. sibility by the indigenous brothers. Today, though the mis- Benoît sionary presence is very limited---too limited in my eyes---, you have yourselves become missionaries. The important • October 1-10: Belgium and the Netherlands. number of religious present to the stranger for pastoral rea- • October 20-November 6: Madagascar.
    [Show full text]
  • The Autobiography of St. Anthony Mary Claret
    Saint Anthony Mary Claret AUTOBIOGRAPHY Edited by JOSÉ MARIA VIÑAS, CMF Director Studium Claretianum Rome Forward by ALFRED ESPOSITO, CMF Claretian Publications Chicago, 1976 FOREWORD The General Prefecture for Religious Life has for some time wanted to bring out a pocket edition of the Autobiography of St. Anthony Mary Claret to enable all Claretians to enjoy the benefit of personal contact with the most authentic source of our charism and spirit. Without discounting the value of consulting other editions, it was felt there was a real need to make this basic text fully available to all Claretians. The need seemed all the more pressing in view of the assessment of the General Chapter of 1973: "Although, on the one hand, the essential elements and rationale of our charism are sufficiently explicit and well defined in the declarations 'On the Charism of our Founder' and 'On the Spiritual Heritage of the Congregation' (1967), on the other hand, they do not seem to have been sufficiently assimilated personally or communitarily, or fully integrated into our life" (cf. RL, 7, a and b). Our Claretian family's inner need to become vitally aware of its own charism is a matter that concerns the whole Church. Pope Paul's motu proprio "Ecclesiae Sanctae" prescribes that "for the betterment of the Church itself, religious institutes should strive to achieve an authentic understanding of their original spirit, so that adhering to it faithfully in their decisions for adaptation, religious life may be purified of elements that are foreign to it and freed from whatever is outdated" (II, 16, 3).
    [Show full text]
  • Mission Coop 2021 Letter the Assumptionists Are a World-Wide Religious Congregation Founded in 1845 by Venerable Fr. Emmanuel D
    Mission Coop 2021 Letter The Assumptionists are a world-wide religious congregation founded in 1845 by Venerable Fr. Emmanuel d’Alzon to, in his words, “penetrate the world with a Christian idea…and to do so in words that it can understand.” The Congregation is located in 30 countries and numbers some 1,000 priests and brothers. Inspired by the founder’s vision, the Assumptionists are engaged in the great causes of God and society: education, the press, social outreach, pilgrimages, ecumenical work, and foreign missions. Among these foreign missions, one could cite those in Asia (Vietnam, Korea, and the Philippines), in Latin America (Mexico, Ecuador, Chile), in Eastern Europe (Russia, Bulgaria, and Turkey) and in Africa (the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Tanzania, and Madagascar). In the United States, Americans would most probably be familiar with some of our publications like Catholic Digest and the missalette, Living with Christ. We also run a university, Assumption University in Worcester, Massachusetts. This year we would like to draw attention to one of our missions located in Central Mexico, close to the city of Orizaba. This area is mostly populated by various indigenous Mexican tribes which are still using their native languages and some do not even speak Spanish. The Assumptionists have been doing ministry in this region for over twenty years. In the year 2017 the Order assumed the responsibility of the major parish in Tlilapan which consists of 12 missionary churches, some located in the high mountains up to 10 miles away. Three priests and a few brothers provide the daily ministry to all of the people in the area.
    [Show full text]
  • The Charterhouse of Nonenque: a Discussion of an Existing Medieval Nunnery in the Context of Carthusian Architecture
    The charterhouse of Nonenque: a discussion of an existing medieval nunnery in the context of Carthusian architecture Carol Steyn Research fellow, Department of Art History, Visual Arts and Musicology, University of South Africa E-mail: [email protected] The Charterhouse of Nonenque is one of the few remaining charterhouses for nuns in the world. It was built in the 12th century as a Cistercian Abbey and adapted in the early 20th century as a Carthusian charterhouse. In this article the buildings of Nonenque are described according to the plans of the layout after a brief history of the abbey. The structure of the buildings is discussed in the context of Carthusian architecture and also in the context of the Carthusian way of life. Carthusian architecture is shown to be unique in monastic architecture since the Carthusian way of life demands greater solitude than those of the other orders and buildings are constructed to make provision for this. Since Nonenque was adapted from a Cistercian building the measures needed to adapt buildings of other orders to Carthusian needs are discussed. These adaptations are more radical in the case of Charterhouses for monks than in those for nuns. Works of art at Nonenque are discussed briefly. This article on Nonenque follows on a visit of a few days which I was allowed to make to the nunnery in 2004. Die Kartuisiese klooster van Nonenque: 'n bespreking van 'n bestaande middeleeuse nonneklooster in die verband van Kartuisiese argitektuur Die Kartuisiese klooster van Nonenque is een van die min oorblywende Kartuisiese kloosters vir nonne in die wêreld.
    [Show full text]
  • MARIE EUGÉNIE MILLERET Marie Eugénie Milleret 1817- 1898 Foundress of the Religious of the Assumption Hélène-Marie Bories, R
    MARIE EUGÉNIE MILLERET Marie Eugénie Milleret 1817- 1898 Foundress of the Religious of the Assumption Hélène-Marie Bories, R.A. To the friends of the Congregation who would like to know the first Religious of the Assumption PREFACE The nineteenth century was a time in search of balance. In France, as in much of Europe, it saw great revolutionary upheavals, as the nation passed from being a republic to an empire, to a restored monarchy to a second republic to a second empire and then back to a republic once more in the space of less than one hundred years. A century of great extremes of hope and despair, violence and romanticism, it witnessed the lives and work of Chateaubriand and Lamartine, Hugo and Musset, Beethoven and Chopin. It was the era of inventions: the railroad, the telegraph, the electric light. In the period with which this book is most concerned, the middle and later years of the century, the steam engine was accelerating the industrialization of Europe and widening the gap between the social classes. In addition, as Europe became more industrialized and less agrarian, the exploitation of women and children was becoming more and more a fact of life. Their smaller hands and bodies provided mill owners with the perfect tools for handling often dangerous machinery at a far smaller wage than a man would receive. Such conditions created fertile ground not only for Marx’s analysis of but also for his solution to the problems of oppression and injustice revolution. The Church of that century, exposed to the combined attack of atheistic humanism, revolution, and materialism, often turned inward out of fear.
    [Show full text]
  • Some Striking
    NUMERICAL DECLINE OF RELIGIOUS INSTITUTES SINCE 1964 Religious Difference SOME STRIKING Orders and 1964/1977 STATISTICS Congregations Benedictines 12 131 12 500 12 070 10 037 -2 463 Capuchins 15 849 15 751 15 575 12 475 - 3 276 - The table alongside gives statistics for Dominicans 9 991 10091 9 946 8 773 1 318 the 62 religious congregations of men Franciscans 26 961 27 140 26 666 21 504 -5 636 17584 11 484 - 6 497 . 17 981 with more than 1,000 members in De La Salle Brothers . 17710 - Jesuits 35 438 35 968 35 573 28 038 7 930 1962. - Marist Brothers 10 068 10 230 10 125 6 291 3 939 Redemptorists 9 308 9 450 9 080 6 888 - 2 562 uniform decline in member- - The Salesians 21 355 22 042 21 900 17 535 4 507 ship is striking. practically all the Congrega- For Augustinians 4 273 4 353 4 447 3 650 703 1964 was the peak year, and 3 425 625 tions, . 4 050 Discalced Carmelites . 4 050 4016 since then all except one have de- Conventuals 4 650 4 650 4 590 4000 650 4 333 1 659 clined in membership, the one ex- Vincentians 5 966 5 992 5 900 7 623 7 526 6 271 1 352 ception being an Indian Congrega- O.M.I 7 592 Passionists 3 935 4 065 4 204 3 194 871 tion - the Carmelites of Mary Im- White Fathers 4 083 4 120 3 749 3 235 885 maculate. Spiritans 5 200 5 200 5 060 4 081 1 119 Trappists 4 339 4 211 3819 3 179 1 032 What, one may ask, is this tidal S.V.D 5 588 5 746 5 693 5 243 503 wave that has engulfed all the Con- gregations, broken their ascent and condemned them to statistical decline? Calced Carmelites ...
    [Show full text]
  • With Fond Regards
    With Fond Regards PRIVATE LIVES THROUGH LETTERS Edited and Introduced by ELIZABETH RIDDELL ith Fond Regards W holds many- secrets. Some are exposed, others remain inviolate. The letters which comprise this intimate book allow us passage into a private world, a world of love letters in locked drawers and postmarks from afar. Edited by noted writer Elizabeth Riddell, and drawn exclusively from the National Library's Manuscript collection, With Fond Regards includes letters from famous, as well as ordinary, Australians. Some letters are sad, others inspiring, many are humorous—but all provide a unique and intimate insight into Australia's past. WITH FOND REGARDS PRIVATE LIVES THROUGH LETTERS Edited and Introduced by Elizabeth Riddell Compiled by Yvonne Cramer National Library of Australia Canberra 1995 Published by the National Library of Australia Canberra ACT 2600 © National Library of Australia 1995 Every reasonable endeavour has been made to contact relevant copyright holders. Where this has not proved possible, the copyright holders are invited to contact the publishers. National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry With fond regards: private lives through letters. ISBN 0 642 10656 8. 1. Australian letters. 2. Australia—Social conditions—1788-1900. 3. Australia—Social conditions—20th century. 4. Australia—Social life and customs—1788-1900. 5. Australia—Social life and customs— 20th century. I. Riddell, Elizabeth. II. Cramer, Yvonne. III. National Library of Australia. A826.008 Designer: Andrew Rankine Editor: Susan
    [Show full text]
  • National Religious Retirement Office
    National Religious Retirement Office 2016 Annual Report Supplement Funding Status In 2016, 539 religious communities provided data to the National Religious Retirement Office (NRRO) regarding their assets available for retirement. From this information, the NRRO calculated the extent to which a community is adequately funded for retirement. Shown below are the number of religious institutes at each level of funding and the total number of women and men religious represented by these institutes. Retirement Funding Status and Membership of 539 Participating Religious Institutes Amount Number of Institutes Total Members Funded* Women’s Men’s Total 0–20% 159 36 195 21,046 21–40% 40 10 50 6,179 41–60% 41 12 53 5,693 61–80% 31 24 55 3,503 81–99% 106 39 145 6,438 Adequately 28 13 41 2,012 Total 405 134 539 44,871 *The percentage of retirement funded is based Each symbol represents 500 religious. on designated assets as of December 31, 2016. Women Men Cover photo (from left): Sister Alfonsina Sanchez and care coordinator Sister Michelle Clines, RN, members of the Carmelite Sisters of the Most Sacred Heart of Los Angeles. From the Executive Director Dear Friends, I am pleased to share this supplement to the National Religious Retirement Office 2016 Annual Report. The following pages detail the far-reaching impact of donations to the Retirement Fund for Religious (RFR) collection. (Information regarding contributions to the collection and a fiscal review can be found in the annual report itself, which is available at retiredreligious.org.*) Religious communities combine RFR funding with their own income and savings to meet the current and future needs of senior members.
    [Show full text]
  • TOWARDS a NEW IDENTITY the Vocation and Mission of Lay Brother in the Order Rome 2002
    Order of the Discalced Brothers of the Most Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel P. Camilo Maccise TOWARDS A NEW IDENTITY The vocation and mission of Lay Brother in the Order Rome 2002 INTRODUCTION A present day topic 1. For some years now I have wanted to propose to the Order a reflection on the vocation and mission of the brothers in our religious family. Various circumstances obliged me to delay its preparation, especially the expectation for the last seven years of the publication of a document from the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life on the topic, which was requested by the Synod on consecrated life(1). Since my second sexennium as Superior General is coming to a close I decided to turn this desire into reality. In effect, I consider it urgent and topical to offer some considerations on the theme in the light of history, present-day challenges and future prospects for this form of vocation within the Teresian Carmel. Even though it is true we are juridically a clerical Institute(2), at Carmel's beginnings there was no distinction between cleric and lay members. All were simply "Brothers"(3). As late as 1253, the Prior General of the Order was a lay brother. The Order came to know, like other religious families, the phenomenon of clericalization, which became a char- acteristic of religious life in the West. Our senior members know how much the distinction be- tween “Brothers” and "Fathers" had its effect on mentalities, customs and ways of living. 2.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Address Priests and Religious: Titles and Signs of Respect
    How to Address Priests and Religious: Titles and Signs of Respect Marian Therese Horvat, Ph.D. Before me are several interesting questions on how we should address priests and religious men and women sent to my desk recently by a lady. I will answer them today on the TIA website, since I think that my correspondent is not the only one with similar queries. In times past every Catholic used to know some of the simple rules that have been set aside from disuse. The general protocol was taught by sisters in grade school, but more often was learned as in osmosis from everyday practice. No one dreamed of calling Father O’Reilly by the nickname “Bill,” or, addressing Sister Margaret Mary as “Maggie.” Everyone knew you rose as a sign of respect when a priest or religious entered the room. Speaking before a gathering that included clergy or religious, a Catholic speaker as habit addressed them solemnly first. The dignified sisters inspired respect. Above, a sister teaches protocol in a pre-Vatican II Catholic classroom. But then came the tumultuous and leveling aftermath of Vatican II that spelled a death to formalities in the religious sphere. Priests, monks and sisters began to adopt the ways of a world that were becoming increasingly vulgar and egalitarian. Distinguishing titles and marks of respect were considered alienating and only for old- fashioned “establishment” people who were afraid to embrace the “signs of the times.” In the spirit of adaptation to the world, the cassock and habit were abandoned, along with the formal signs of respect paid to the persons who wore them.
    [Show full text]
  • Carmel: the Construction of a Discalced Identity in John of the Cross Thomas J
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2008 Return to Carmel: The Construction of a Discalced Identity in John of the Cross Thomas J. Neal Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES RETURN TO CARMEL: THE CONSTRUCTION OF A DISCALCED IDENTITY IN JOHN OF THE CROSS By THOMAS NEAL A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Religion in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Fall Semester, 2008 Copyright © 2009 Thomas Neal All Rights Reserved The members of the Committee approve the Dissertation of Thomas Neal defended on December 12, 2008. _______________________________ John Corrigan Professor Directing Dissertation _______________________________ Nancy Warren Outside Committee Member _______________________________ Amanda Porterfield Committee Member _______________________________ John Kelsay Committee Member The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS John Donne once wrote, “No man is an Island, entire of itself; every man is a piece of the Continent, a part of the main.” The journey toward a Ph.D uniquely evidences this fact, and the cloud of humanity that has carried me to the successful completion of this dissertation project is truly a vast and lovely cloud. So I begin with the disclaimer that the procession of names I list here in no way reflects the entirety of those to whom justice demands my offerings of gratitude. First, to the man Juan de Yepes, later known in religion as Juan de la Cruz, I gratefully acknowledge the numberless acts of wonder his life and writings awakened in me.
    [Show full text]