Rinnakkaistodellisuuksien Tienristeyksessä

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Rinnakkaistodellisuuksien Tienristeyksessä Emmi Itäranta RINNAKKAISTODELLISUUKSIEN TIENRISTEYKSESSÄ Parallelismi dramaturgisena strategiana David Lynchin elokuvassa Lost Highway Pro gradu -tutkielma Tammikuu 2003 Tampereen yliopisto Teatterin ja draaman tutkimus The time is out of joint: O cursed spite, that ever I was born to set it right! On aika sijoiltaan. Miks synnyinkään sitä raiteilleen taas vääntämään? (William Shakespeare, suom. Eeva-Liisa Manner) TAMPEREEN YLIOPISTO, TAIDEAINEIDEN LAITOS Emmi Itäranta: Rinnakkaistodellisuuksien tienristeyksessä – parallelismi dramaturgisena strategiana David Lynchin elokuvassa Lost Highway Pro gradu -tutkielma, 127 sivua + 5 liitettä (kokonaispituus 198 s.). Teatterin ja draaman tutkimus Tammikuu 2003 Tutkielmassa analysoidaan David Lynchin elokuvaa Lost Highway ja sen dramaturgista rakennetta, erityisesti David Bordwellin ja Kristin Thompsonin parallelismiksi nimittämää dramaturgista strategiaa. Lähtökohtana on kognitivistinen lähestymistapa, joka näkee katsomistapahtuman elokuvan muodollisten, tekstuaalisten ominaisuuksien ja katsojan aktiviteetin vuorovaikutuksena. Lähden jäsentämään elokuvan rakennetta Edward Braniganin ehdottaman kertomusskeeman sekä venäläisestä formalismista peräisin olevien fabulan ja sjuzhetin käsitteiden kautta, jotka saavat tärkeän täydennyksen parallelismin käsitteestä. Kytken Lost Highwayn kulttuuriseen kontekstiin tarkastelemalla sen suhdetta valtavirtaelokuvaan, taide- elokuvaan, avantgardeen ja postmodernismiin. Tämän jälkeen analysoin Lost Highwayn kerrontaa yksityiskohtaisesti ja havainnollistan tulkintojani runsaan kuvamateriaalin sekä dialoginäytteiden avulla. Työvälineenäni elokuvan dramaturgian tarkastelussa käytän elokuvatutkimuksen käsitteistöä, ja analyysi tarkentuu tilan, ajan ja fiktiivisten henkilöiden elokuvallisen esittämisen osa-alueisiin. Analyysin tarkoitus on selventää sitä prosessia, jonka kautta katsoja pyrkii ymmärtämään suhteellisen vaikeaselkoista ja valtavirtakerronnasta poikkeavaa elokuvaa etsimällä siitä säännönmukaisuuksia ja jäsentäviä periaatteita. Asiasanat: dramaturgia, elokuvakerronta, parallelismi, fabula, sjuzhet, skeema, kognitivistinen elokuvatutkimus, subjektiviteetti, identiteetti, fokalisaatio, diegesis. SISÄLTÖ 1 JOHDANTO............................................................................................................1 1.1 Ongelmat ..........................................................................................................2 1.2 Konfliktit ..........................................................................................................5 1.3 Ratkaisut? .........................................................................................................7 2 LOST HIGHWAYN KERTOVA RAKENNE........................................................17 2.1 Elokuvan juonireferaatti .................................................................................17 2.2 Kertomusskeema ja Lost Highway .................................................................19 2.3 Kerronnan kaksi tasoa: fabula ja sjuzhet ........................................................24 2.4 Parallelismi käsitteenä ja dramaturgisena strategiana ....................................30 3 LOST HIGHWAY KULTTUURISESSA KONTEKSTISSA................................37 3.1 Valtavirtaelokuva............................................................................................38 3.1.1 Klassinen kerronta ...................................................................................39 3.1.2 Film noir...................................................................................................42 3.2 Taide-elokuva .................................................................................................48 3.3 Avantgarde......................................................................................................55 3.4 Postmodernismi ..............................................................................................61 4 LOST HIGHWAYN DRAMATURGIAN ANALYYSI: PARALLELISMI, DIEGESIS JA HENKILÖT .........................................................................................67 4.1 Tila..................................................................................................................69 4.2 Aika ................................................................................................................78 4.3 Fiktiiviset henkilöt..........................................................................................87 4.3.1 Fred Madison / Pete Dayton ....................................................................90 4.3.2 Renee Madison / Alice Wakefield ...........................................................98 4.3.3 Dick Laurent / Mr. Eddy........................................................................106 4.3.4 Sivustakatsojat .......................................................................................109 4.3.5 Mystery Man..........................................................................................112 5 PÄÄTELMÄT.....................................................................................................120 LÄHTEET..................................................................................................................128 LIITE 1: Käsitehakemisto..........................................................................................148 LIITE 2: Kuvakokojärjestelmä ja kuvakulmat ..........................................................155 LIITE 3: Lost Highwayn kohtausluettelo...................................................................158 LIITE 4: Kuvaesimerkit.............................................................................................175 LIITE 5: Dialoginäytteet............................................................................................193 1 Johdanto Vuonna 1997 valkokankaille saapui David Lynchin elokuva Lost Highway, jonka alkutekstijakson avaa kuva kaksikaistaisesta valtatiestä pimeydessä [kuva 1, liite 4].1 Näkymä on kuvattu tiellä ajavasta autosta, joka heittelehtii hetkittäin edestakaisin kaistojen välillä. Itse tekstit ovat keltaisia, kuten tien keskellä kulkeva katkoviiva, joka erottaa kaksi kaistaa toisistaan [kuva 2]. Tekstit näyttävät tien tavoin lähestyvän katsojaa kaukaisuudesta, ne ikään kuin iskeytyvät katsojan silmille ja pysähtyvät valkokankaalle, kuvitteelliseen “tuulilasiin”, ennen kuin pyyhkiytyvät pois uusien tekstien tieltä. Ympärillä vallitsee pimeys. Kuvakulma ehdottaa subjektiivista, jonkun kokemaa näkemistä: kuva nähdään pimeässä ajavan auton etupenkiltä, kuljettajan tai matkustajan näkökulmasta. Musiikkina soi David Bowien kappale “I’m Deranged” (= olen häiriintynyt), joka tuo tilanteeseen oman lisänsä vihjaamalla mielen tasapainon horjumiseen. Näin kaksi ja puoli minuuttia kestävä alkutekstijakso tarjoaa katsojalle pienoiskoossa Lost Highwayn kerronnan tärkeimmät elementit: kaksijakoisuuden (kaksi kaistaa), tasapainottomuuden (heittelehtiminen, musiikki), subjektiivisen kokemuksen (näkökulmaotos, kapea kaistale tietä) ja epätietoisuuden (ympäröivä pimeys). Tämä katsojalle tarjottu lähtöviiva ei ilmeisesti piirtynyt ensi-illan aikoihin monenkaan silmissä kovin selvänä, puhumattakaan elokuvasta kokonaisuutena. Yhdysvaltalainen elokuvakriitikko Roger Ebert (1997) kirjoitti Lost Highwaysta: ”Olen nähnyt elokuvan kahdesti ja toivonut ymmärtäväni sen. Mitään ymmärrettävää ei ole. Yrittäminen on turhaa. Tästä elokuvasta saa vain sen, mitä näkee.” Lost Highwayn kaupallinen menestys jäi vaatimattomaksi, ja kritiikit olivat melko varauksellisia. Elokuva sai kylkeensä käsittämättömän, tarinankerrontaa vieroksuvan ja vailla dramaturgista muotoa olevan kummajaisen leiman, joskin toisaalta sen visuaalinen ilme, äänimaailma ja tunnelma keräsivät joiltakin arvostelijoilta kiitosta. 1 Kaikki esimerkkikuvat liitteessä 4. 1 1.1 Ongelmat Tässä tutkielmassa lähden siitä oletuksesta, että Lost Highwayn dramaturgia ja kerronta eivät suinkaan ole käsittämättömiä, vaan niistä voidaan hahmottaa tutkimisen arvoisia, ymmärrettäviä jäsentämisen periaatteita. Tavoitteenani on siis tässä työssä tarkastella kyseisen elokuvan dramaturgiaa. Keskityn erityisesti dramaturgiseen strategiaan, jota David Bordwell ja Kristin Thompson (1993, 57, 92-93) nimittävät parallelismiksi. Se voidaan määritellä lyhyesti eri elementtien rinnastamiseksi ja vertautumiseksi toisiinsa elokuvakerronnassa. Dramaturgisella strategialla tarkoitan sitä, miten elokuvan audiovisuaalinen materiaali on järjestetty havaittavaksi tarkoituksena vaikuttaa katsojaan jollain tavoin.2 Tärkeimmän tutkimusongelmani voisi muotoilla seuraavasti: millä tavoin parallelismi tulee esille Lost Highwayn dramaturgiassa? Sitä sivuaa kuitenkin joukko muita kysymyksiä: miten Lost Highwayn dramaturgia suhteutuu erilaisiin historiallisiin ja kulttuurisiin tilanteisiin ja niistä kumpuaviin elokuvakerronnan käytäntöihin, kuten klassiseen kerrontaan, taide-elokuvaan, avantgardeen ja postmodernismiin? Mitä parallelismin läsnäolo merkitsee elokuvan syy-seuraussuhteiden, aika-tilajatkumon ja fiktiivisten henkilöiden hahmottamisen kannalta? Millainen suhde elokuvan kerronnassa vallitsee yleisön havaittavissa olevan audiovisuaalisen materiaalin eli sjuzhetin ja toisaalta sen pohjalta mentaalisesti rakennettavan tarinan, fabulan, välillä? Entä mihin Lost Highwayn parallelismi asettuu suhteessa kerronnan tulkinnalliseen ulottuvuuteen? Tutkimuskohteenani on ennen kaikkea Lost Highwayn narratiivinen eli kertova rakenne. Bordwell ja Thompson (1993, 144) jaottelevat elokuvakerronnan
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