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Possibilities of Ethnomusicology Applied to the Field of Public Health DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232021269.2.24102019 3581 Possibilidades da etnomusicologia aplicada no campo da saúde OF PRACTICES IMPLEMENTATION POLICY, DE PRÁTICAS HEALTH IMPLEMENTAÇÃO POLÍTICA DE SAÚDE, coletiva Possibilities of ethnomusicology applied to the field of public health Aline Veras Morais Brilhante (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3925-4898) 1 Elaine Saraiva Feitosa (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3006-4710) 1 Epaminondas Carvalho Feitosa (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3563-9651) 2 Ana Maria Fontenelle Catrib (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2088-0733) 1 Abstract This article analyses methodological Resumo O artigo analisa possibilidades meto- possibilities of ethnomusicology in the field of dológicas da etnomusicologia no campo da saúde public health, starting from an experience that coletiva, partindo de uma experiência que trian- triangulated ethnomusicological theories with gulou teorias etnomusicológicas com a análise discourse analysis (DA). After an introduction to do discurso (AD). Após uma introdução à etno- applied ethnomusicology, it is followed by a de- musicologia aplicada, segue-se a descrição de as- scription of methodological aspects of the experi- pectos metodológicos da experiência em questão. ence in question. Subsequently, the conduction of Em sequência, descreveu-se a condução da etapa the ethnomusicological step and the triangulation etnomusicológica e o processo de triangulação. process was described. Results show that the musi- Os resultados mostram que os sistemas musicais cal systems are situated in power structures, influ- se situam em estruturas de poder, influenciando encing the construction of subjectivities. Applied a construção das subjetividades. A etnomusico- ethnomusicology emerges, therefore, as a possibil- logia aplicada emerge, portanto, como possibili- ity for analyzing the structures on which the mu- dade para a análise das estruturas sobre as quais sic is rooted in. From a research on the relations a música se alicerça. A partir de uma pesquisa a between forró and the perception of young peo- respeito das relações entre o forró e a percepção de ple’s perception about sexual violence, ethnomu- jovens sobre a violência sexual, a etnomusicologia sicology presented itself as a theoretical possibility apresentou-se como possibilidade teórica para o for the study of violent social performances and estudo das performances sociais violentas e dos about the effects of music in identity building, be- efeitos da música nas construções identitárias, sides providing elements for the confrontation of além de fornecer elementos para o enfrentamento violence inside the cultural system itself. Its trian- da violência dentro do próprio sistema cultural. 1 Programa de Pós- gulation with DA contributes for an ethnograph- Sua triangulação com a AD contribui para uma Graduação em Saúde ic-discursive research, as possibility of analysis of pesquisa etnográfico-discursiva, como possibilida- Coletiva, Universidade de Fortaleza. Av. Washington social practices. de de análise das práticas sociais. Soares 1321, Edson Queiroz. Key words Music, Methodology, Public health Palavras-chave Música, Metodologia, Saúde co- 60811-905 Fortaleza CE letiva Brasil. [email protected] 2 Programa de Pós- Graduação em Direito e Gestão de Conflitos, Universidade de Fortaleza. Fortaleza CE Brasil. 3582 et al. Introdução Nesse contexto, o presente artigo analisa as pos- Brilhante AVM AVM Brilhante sibilidades metodológicas do uso da etnomusi- O fenômeno da violência, em suas diferentes ma- cologia no campo da saúde coletiva, partindo de nifestações, não é a-histórico ou destituído de uma experiência de pesquisa sobre violência con- subjetividade1. Analisar a violência contra a mu- tra a mulher realizada em Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, lher implica compreender como esses processos que triangulou teorias etnomusicológicas com a atravessam as sociedades e seus mecanismos de análise do discurso. naturalização e legitimação2, incluindo sua re- lação com discursos e performances culturais3 e as diferentes tecnologias sociais4, que atuam no Metodologia contínuo processo de formação de identidade culturais3 e das performatividades de gênero5,6. Este artigo se baseia no relato de experiência de Emerge assim a necessidade de analisar sua re- uma pesquisa que utilizou a etnomusicologia lação com a naturalização da violência contra a como matriz teórica, triangulando-a com a análi- mulher, partindo da premissa de que a historici- se do discurso. Os dados da pesquisa em questão dade é basilar à construção dos processos iden- não serão replicados, posto que já estão dispo- titários7. níveis em outra publicação. Eles serão, contudo, A música atua como um artefato8, sendo “in- referenciados, a fim de situar a discussão sobre as terpretada performativamente por uma gama possibilidades da etnomusicologia no campo da de procedimentos hierárquicos e seletivos [...] saúde coletiva. subservientes a vários poderes e interesses, dos Para embasar a discussão, segue a apresenta- quais os ‘sujeitos’ e agentes […] nunca estão sufi- ção da matriz teórica, no caso, a etnomusicologia. cientemente conscientes”7. Diante de estudos que associam performances musicais a elementos Etnomusicologia mantenedores da violência de gênero9-13, emer- giu a pergunta: como a música contribui para a Procedente da escola de Berlim, puramente perpetuação e a legitimação da violência contra musical18, a etnomusicologia evoluiu para va- a mulher? riantes diversas19. Sua vertente de orientação an- Esse questionamento orientou a pesquisa tropológica20,21 entende a música como expressão “Gênero, sexualidade e forró: um estudo histó- do comportamento sociocultural humano. Essa rico social no contexto nordestino”14, que anali- corrente considera que a música não tem um sig- sou os discursos de músicas desse gênero musical nificado em si e que os sujeitos acrescentam ao desde 1940 até a contemporaneidade. A imersão seu sentido significações conceitualizadas e refe- na temática e na teoria musical conduziu a uma renciadas que não existem na linguagem verbal22. ampliação do escopo metodológico nas pesqui- O entendimento da música como expressão re- sas subsequentes, aproximando-as da etnomusi- veladora do ser humano deu um novo ímpeto à cologia. investigação etnomusicológica23. Nesse contexto, Entendendo o comportamento violento e as alguns etnomusicólogos foram buscar em Clif- performances miméticas da violência como parte ford Geertz a teorização necessária para transpor de um sistema coerente carregado de significado a análise da experiencia musical24. Do mesmo cultural, uma corrente da chamada etnomusico- modo que para Geertz, os etnógrafos não estu- logia aplicada busca a compreensão das capaci- dam a experiência em si, mas as estruturas pelas dades performativas da violência e os significa- quais as experiências ocorrem25,26, de forma que dos que as performances violentas carregam para os etnomusicólogos deveriam se aprofundar nas as vítimas, perpetradores e testemunhas15. Emer- estruturas sobre as quais a música se alicerça e em giu daí uma pesquisa ancorada nos pressupostos seu papel na construção contínua e sustentação epistemológicos da etnomusicologia aplicada dessa estrutura. As performances musicais estão que objetivou compreender as relações entre as situadas e inseridas dentro de estruturas de po- performances ritualísticas do forró e a percepção der e influência, sendo em si atos políticos. Onde de jovens sobre a violência sexual16. são realizadas, por quem e para quem, bem como Entendendo que a etnomusicologia apresen- os rituais que as atravessam e sustentam revelam ta potencialidades importantes para o campo da muito sobre o status cultural e social em que se saúde coletiva, apresentamos um relato de ex- inserem27. periencia sobre sua utilização no 7º Congresso Os estudos de pesquisadores como Timoti Ibero-Americano em Investigação Qualitativa17. e Rice forneceram importantes elementos para 3583 Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 26(Supl. 2):3581-3588, 2021 2):3581-3588, 26(Supl. Coletiva, & Saúde Ciência a construção da relação teórica entre música e performance musical atua no processo de socia- identidade28-31. Rice organiza a teorização dessa lização, tanto expressando como moldando a or- vertente da etnomusicologia em dois eixos per- dem social e as relações de gênero23. Desse modo, pendiculares. Um centra-se na comunidade: (1) estudos dos comportamentos musicais atuam estudos geograficamente focados em nações, como indicadores de relações de poder baseadas regiões, cidades, vilas ou aldeias; (2) grupos ét- no gênero, subsidiando estratégias sustentáveis nicos, raciais e minoritários; (3) a vida musical de enfrentamento. Eles transpõem o espaço geo- de instituições, como escolas, prisões e clubes; e gráfico de sua execução, na medida em que anali- (4) a vida social dos gêneros musicais. O segundo sam práticas universais de legitimação da violên- eixo inclui os temas próprios da teoria musical: cia atreladas em seus princípios de administração música e política; o ensino e a aprendizagem de dos corpos e gestão calculista da vida. música; conceitos sobre música; gênero e música; entre outros28. A compreensão do papel da mú- sica na construção das identidades aproximou Resultados ainda mais a etnomusicologia de outros ramos das ciências sociais, como os estudos culturais e Os resultados estão organizados em três subtó- a teoria marxista32. Nesse contexto, Rice descreve picos: o primeiro aborda os aspectos metodoló- seis temas que o autor agrupou sob a alcunha de gicos da experiência
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