Task 1: Assessment of Data and Survey Results for Joint Base Lewis Mcchord

VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM

Electric Vehicle Preparedness

Task 1: Assessment of Data and Survey Results for Joint Base Lewis McChord

June 2013

Prepared for: Joint Base Lewis McChord Prepared by: Idaho National Laboratory and ECOtality North America

DISCLAIMER This information was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the U.S. Government. Neither the U.S. Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness, of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. References herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trade mark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the U.S. Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the U.S. Government or any agency thereof.

INL/EXT-13-29359

Electric Vehicle Preparedness Task 1: Assessment of Data and Survey Results for Joint Base Lewis McChord

Nakul Sathayea Steven Scheya Jim Francfortb

June 2013

Idaho National Laboratory Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415

http://www.inl.gov

a ECOtality North America b Idaho National Laboratory

CONTENTS

ACRONYMS ...... v

1. INTRODUCTION...... 1

2. GENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION DATA SUMMARY ...... 2

2.1 Data Summary for All Vehicles ...... 2

2.2 Data Summary for Cars, Light Trucks, and Medium Trucks ...... 3

2.3 Data Summary for Cars ...... 9

2.4 Data Summary for Light Trucks ...... 13

2.5 Data Summary for Medium Trucks ...... 17

3. SURVEY RESULTS FOR ALL VEHICLES ...... 20

Appendix A, Detailed Open-Ended Responses ...... 26

FIGURES

1. Fuel-type distribution for all vehicles...... 2

2. Vehicle-type distribution for all vehicles...... 2

3. Gross vehicle weight rating distribution for cars, light trucks, and medium trucks...... 3

4. Model year distribution for cars, light trucks, and medium trucks...... 4

5. Cumulative mileage distribution for cars, light trucks, and medium trucks...... 4

6. Monthly mileage distribution for cars, light trucks, and medium trucks...... 5

7. Survey results: How much longer do you expect to keep the vehicle in your fleet? ...... 5

8. Survey results: On a typical work day, how many miles is the vehicle driven? ...... 6

9. Survey results: Is this vehicle used off-base? ...... 6

10. Survey results: If this vehicle is used off base, how many miles does it typically travel on a single trip? ...... 7

11. Is the vehicle used during specific hours or at any time during the day? ...... 7

12. Gross vehicle weight rating distribution for cars...... 10

13. Model year distribution for cars...... 10

14. Cumulative mileage distribution for cars...... 11

15. Monthly mileage distribution for cars...... 11

16. Fuel type distribution for cars...... 12

17. Survey results: Is this vehicle used off-base? ...... 12

18. Survey results: If this vehicle is used off base, how many miles does it typically travel on a single trip? ...... 13

19. Gross vehicle weight rating distribution for light trucks...... 14

20. Model year distribution for light trucks...... 14

21. Cumulative mileage distribution for light trucks...... 15

22. Monthly mileage distribution for light trucks...... 15

23. Fuel type distribution for light trucks...... 16

24. Survey results: Is this vehicle used off-base? ...... 16

25. Survey results: If this vehicle is used off-base, how many miles does it typically travel on a single trip? ...... 17

26. Gross vehicle weight rating distribution for medium trucks...... 18

27. Model year distribution for medium trucks...... 18

28. Cumulative mileage distribution for medium trucks...... 19

29. Monthly mileage distribution for medium trucks...... 19

30. Fuel-type distribution for medium trucks...... 20

31. Survey results: vehicle general use...... 20

32. Survey results: vehicle location (where is the vehicle parked at night?)...... 21

33. Survey results: How much longer do you expect to keep the vehicle in your fleet? ...... 21

34. Survey results: On a typical weekday, how many miles is the vehicle driven? ...... 22

35. Survey results: When in use, how many people are typically onboard? ...... 22

36. Survey results: How many people have access to the vehicle? ...... 23

37. Survey results: Is this vehicle used off-base? ...... 23

iii

38. Survey results: If this vehicle is used off-base, how many miles does it typically travel on a single trip? ...... 24

39. Is the vehicle used during specific hours or at any time during the day? ...... 24

40. If it is an alternate fuel vehicle (e.g., E85), is the alternate fuel used? ...... 25

TABLES

1. Survey results: Where is the vehicle typically parked? ...... 8

2. Plug-in electric vehicle cars available for 2013...... 9

3. Plug-in electric vehicle light trucks available for 2013...... 13

4. Plug-in electric vehicle medium trucks available for 2013...... 17

A-1. Survey results: Vehicle general use additional information...... 26

A-2. Survey results: On a typical weekday, how many miles is the vehicle driven per day? If you track miles separately, please identify total miles and measurement period: ...... 27

A-3. Survey results: When in use, how many people are typically on board? Any additional information...... 27

A-4. Survey results: How many people have access to drive the vehicle? Any additional information:...... 28

A-5. Survey results: Is this vehicle used off-base? Exactly how many times per period selected (e.g., per week, month, or year)? ...... 28

A-6. Survey results: If this vehicle is used off-base, how many miles does it typically travel on a single trip? Additional information...... 29

A-7. Survey results: Is the vehicle used during specific hours or at any time during the day? Specifically, what times is the vehicle used (e.g., 1000 to 1100 and 1500 to 1700): ...... 30

A-8. Survey results: If an alternate fuel vehicle (e.g., E85), is the alternate fuel used? Any additional information...... 30

A-9. Survey results: Does the vehicle typically carry specific materials or cargo? Please specify and include typical payload weights if available...... 31

A-10. Survey results: Please add any information pertinent to identify the mission of the vehicle(s)...... 33

ACRONYMS BEV battery electric vehicle E85 ethanol fuel blend of up to 85% denatured ethanol fuel and gasoline or other hydrocarbon by volume GSA General Services Administration JBLM Joint Base Lewis McChord PEV plug-in electric vehicle PHEV plug-in hybrid electric vehicle

Electric Vehicle Preparedness Task 1: Assessment of Data and Survey Results for Joint Base Lewis McChord 1. INTRODUCTION The U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. Department of Defense signed a memorandum of understanding on July 22, 2010, for the purpose of strengthening the coordination of efforts to enhance national energy security and to demonstrate federal government leadership in transitioning America to a low-carbon economy. The memorandum of understanding included efforts in the areas of energy efficiency, fossil fuels, alternative fuels, efficient transportation technologies and fueling infrastructure, grid security, smart grid, and storage. In support of the memorandum of understanding, the Idaho National Laboratory, with funding provided by U.S. Department of Energy’s Vehicle Technologies Office and Federal Energy Management Program, directed ECOtality North America to conduct several U.S. Department of Defense base studies to identify potential U.S. Department of Defense transportation systems that are strong candidates for the introduction or expansion of electric drive vehicles. ECOtality previously has conducted similar fleet, city, state, and country-wide studies using their micro-climate assessment process, which consists of the following four main tasks:  Task 1: Conduct a fleet and infrastructure assessment  Task 2: Develop target electrification vehicles  Task 3: Perform a detailed assessment of target electrification vehicles and charging infrastructure  Task 4: Perform an economic analysis of target electrification. The assessment of the potential for replacing Joint Base Lewis McChord (JBLM) fleet vehicles with plug-in electric vehicles (PEV) starts with assessment of fleet vehicles’ missions and vehicle characteristics. This assessment was conducted through a written survey instrument and field interviews. This Task 1 report provides a summary and assessment of General Services Administration (GSA) data and survey results. PEVs generally are classified into two vehicle types: battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). BEVs are used to indicate that all motive power is provided by an onboard battery. PHEVs provide some of the motive power by an onboard battery, which is supplemented by another power source (e.g., a gasoline engine or generator). Collectively, BEVs and PHEVs are known as PEVs. Section 2 provides a general summary for GSA vehicles, which is divided by vehicle type. Section 2.1 presents the data summary for all GSA vehicles. Section 2.2 provides information for all non-electric cars, light trucks, and medium trucks, including a list of parking locations, as obtained from survey results, and a list of suggested vehicles for use with data loggers. In addition, discussion on open-ended survey responses and their pertinence for mission analysis is provided (a selection of responses is listed in Appendix A). Sections 2.3 through 2.5 present data specifically for cars, light trucks, and medium trucks, respectively. Section 3 provides a general summary of survey responses for all vehicles.

2. GENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION DATA SUMMARY 2.1 Data Summary for All Vehicles The GSA fleet at JBLM consists of 1,921 vehicles, with fuel type distribution as shown in Figure 1, and vehicle type distribution as shown in Figure 2. As can be seen in the figures, gasoline-powered vehicles (including a significant number of ethanol/gas) comprise the majority of vehicles. In particular, cars and light trucks are powered predominantly by gasoline. These vehicle types make up the majority of the fleet and are the most likely candidates for replacement by electric vehicles because auto manufacturers have focused on providing electric vehicles of this size to date. Diesel-powered vehicles also make up a sizeable fraction of the fleet; diesel is the predominant fuel used in larger vehicles. In particular, medium trucks are likely candidates for replacement by EVs because manufacturers plan to provide more vehicles of this size in the coming years.

0.1% 1.2% 0.1%

Gas 15.1% 1.1% Ethanol/Gas 32.9% CNG/Gas Diesel CNG Non‐Fuel 49.4% Electric

Figure 1. Fuel-type distribution for all vehicles.

1.6% 4.4% Car 2.9%

14.2% Light Truck (< 6000 6.1% pounds) Light Truck (6000‐8500 pounds) 19.3% Light Truck (8500‐12500 pounds) 31.9% Medium Truck

Heavy Truck 21.3% Bus

Figure 2. Vehicle-type distribution for all vehicles.

2.2 Data Summary for Cars, Light Trucks, and Medium Trucks This section provides a summary of data for non-electric cars, light trucks, and medium trucks, because these vehicles are most likely to be replaced by PEVs in the near term. This section differs from Section 2.1 in that heavy truck, bus, and other vehicles of that type (Figure 3) have been removed. In addition, vehicles currently using electric power have been removed. Approximately 1,780 vehicles (Figures 4 and 5) of the total 1921 vehicles are in this category. Of particular interest is the monthly mileage distribution (Figure 6). If one conservatively assumes a battery range of 75 miles for a PEV and 21 working days per month, then a vehicle that consistently travels the same distance each day would have to travel greater than approximately 1,500 miles per month to exceed the batter capacity. As can be in Figure 6, over 80% of JBLM cars, light trucks, and medium trucks have traveled less 1,500 miles per month during the last year. Therefore, barring charging constraints associated with the timing of daily mission activities and the range issues associated with off-base trips, a significant number of vehicles should be eligible for replacement by PEVs.

1 1600 0.9 1400 0.8 1200 0.7 1000 0.6 Distribution 0.5 800

Vehicles 0.4 600 0.3 400 0.2 Cumulative 200 0.1 0 0 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 GVWR (pounds)

Figure 3. Gross vehicle weight rating distribution for cars, light trucks, and medium trucks.

As can be seen in Figures 7 through 11, surveys have been received for approximately 350 vehicles; however, the number of respondents for each question differs. Figure 8 shows that the majority of respondents travel less than 40 miles on a typical workday. This confirms that many vehicles should be eligible for replacement by BEVs (e.g., Nissan LEAF). This is further justified by responses to the request for additional information (see Table A-2 in Appendix A) on this question, where it can be seen that only three respondents specify that they travel over 1,300 miles per month. These vehicles are at the Yakima Training Center; therefore, there may be less potential to replace vehicles that are based at this location. Nevertheless, many vehicles can be replaced by PHEVs (e.g., Chevrolet Volt), allowing for electric power usage on a regular basis and gasoline to be used as needed for longer trips. Figure 9 shows that many vehicles frequently make off-base trips. However, many survey respondents have indicated that these trips are relatively short. For example, some vehicles travel between Fort Lewis and McChord Field and others travel only to Tacoma. This type of driving is consistent with the results shown in Figure 10, where one can see that the majority of off-base trips are less than 100 miles in length. Tables A-5 and A-6 provide additional open-ended responses, which show that many drivers make short off-base trips very regularly. However, about 55 respondents indicate that they take trips that can exceed 100 miles at least a few times per year. Many of these vehicles are light trucks in the

191st infantry brigade, which performs training exercises that can require long travel distances. A few respondents specify that they make trips to locations such as Yakima, Sacramento, and Umatilla. Therefore, vehicles with similar missions may be better suited for replacement by a PHEV instead of a BEV. Yakima also is a common destination; therefore, there may be benefits associated with analyzing travel between JBLM and Yakima in more detail to see if some improvements in transportation efficiency on this route can be made.

1 1600 0.9 1400 0.8 1200 0.7

1000 0.6 Distribution 0.5 800 Vehicles 0.4 600 0.3

400 Cumulative 0.2 200 0.1 0 0 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 Model Year

Figure 4. Model year distribution for cars, light trucks, and medium trucks.

1 1600 0.9 1400 0.8 1200 0.7

1000 0.6 Distribution 0.5 800 Vehicles 0.4 600 0.3

400 Cumulative 0.2 200 0.1 0 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Cumulative Distance (1000 Miles)

Figure 5. Cumulative mileage distribution for cars, light trucks, and medium trucks.

1600 0.9

1400 0.8

1200 0.7

1000 0.6 Distribution 0.5 800 Vehicles 0.4 600 0.3 Cumulative 400 0.2

200 0.1

0 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 Monthly Distance (miles)

Figure 6. Monthly mileage distribution for cars, light trucks, and medium trucks.

% of Respondents 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

< 1 year

1‐2 years

2‐3 years

3‐6 years

> 6 years

Don't know

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Respondents

Figure 7. Survey results: How much longer do you expect to keep the vehicle in your fleet?

% of Respondents 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

< 6 miles

6‐10 miles

11‐40 miles

41‐100 miles

> 100 miles

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Respondents

Figure 8. Survey results: On a typical work day, how many miles is the vehicle driven?

% of Respondents 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

Never

Rarely

Occasionally

Frequently

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Respondents

Figure 9. Survey results: Is this vehicle used off-base?

% of Respondents 0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

1‐10 miles

11‐40 miles

41‐100 miles

>100 miles

0 2040 60 80 100 120 Respondents

Figure 10. Survey results: If this vehicle is used off base, how many miles does it typically travel on a single trip?

Figure 11 shows that many respondents do not use the vehicle during set times of the day; the majority indicate that vehicles can be used either anytime or that usage is mission related. Table A-7 provides further detailed responses on timing of usage. Around 50 respondents indicate that they may need the vehicle as much as 24 hours a day. Many of these vehicles are pool vehicles that are designated for usage at any time. Table A-10 shows that many vehicles need to respond to emergencies, including aircraft incidents, critical generator problems, spills, and various safety and law enforcement concerns. These vehicle missions appear to be relatively common in the responses, potentially requiring PHEVs if they are to be replaced by electric vehicles. In particular, the public works department seems to have multiple emergency response vehicles.

% of Respondents 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

Daytime only

Evenings only

Anytime

Mission related

0 50 100 150 200 Respondents

Figure 11. Is the vehicle used during specific hours or at any time during the day?

Some vehicles also are likely to have payload considerations, which may hinder their potential for replacement by a PEV (highlighted by Table A-9 and Table A-10). Around 25 respondents indicated that there are specific payload considerations, which may make the vehicle unsuitable for replacement. These considerations can vary greatly in both the type of cargo being transported and weight. For instance, the Directorate of Family and Morale, Welfare and Recreation has seven vans that carry up to 11 passengers on recreational trips. Although PEV manufacturers presently may not provide suitable replacements for these vans, there may be options in the future. Other types of cargo can vary in load from less than 100 up to 1,000s of pounds (listed in Table A-9). Typical PEV cars and light trucks should have little problem carrying loads of a few hundred pounds; however, there may be restrictions beyond this point. The types of cargo also can be extremely variable, and several vehicles have received custom modifications for specific purposes. The types of cargo listed include construction materials, surveillance equipment, arms, tools, repair parts, air compressors, generators, radioactive materials, and video production gear. Table 1 provides information on the number of vehicles that park near various buildings at JBLM. As can be seen in Table 1, many survey respondents are responsible for vehicles that park near buildings 1162 and 9980. However, the fleet near building 1162 is thought to be undergoing significant downsizing at the moment. During interviews with fleet managers, this has been noted as a significant concern when determining an optimal fleet replacement strategy. Nevertheless, the distribution of vehicle parking locations gives some indication of likely sites for electric vehicle infrastructure. Table 1. Survey results: Where is the vehicle typically parked? # Vehicles Nearest Building # Vehicles Nearest Building # Vehicles Nearest Building 1 BLDG 1004 2 BLDG 3236 1 BLDG 9500 4 BLDG 1017 1 BLDG 3317 3 BLDG 9503 1 BLDG 11596 2 BLDG 3360 1 BLDG 9614 30 BLDG 1162 2 BLDG 340 2 BLDG 9630 4 BLDG 1210 1 BLDG 345 1 BLDG 9640 1 BLDG 12228 1 BLDG 345 2 BLDG 9653 1 BLDG 1401 2 BLDG 3476 5 BLDG 9660 1 BLDG 1517 1 BLDG 3486 2 BLDG 9665 2 BLDG 174 2 BLDG 3752 2 BLDG 9784 5 BLDG 2012 1 BLDG 3759 1 BLDG 9900 9 BLDG 2013 2 BLDG 3916 2 BLDG 9907 15 BLDG 2025 1 BLDG 4042 2 BLDG 9913 3 BLDG 2027C 1 BLDG 4043 1 BLDG 9927B 13 BLDG 2044 3 BLDG 4074 1 BLDG 9925 2 BLDG 2056 1 BLDG 4171 1 BLDG 9958 7 BLDG 2057 1 BLDG 4290 50 BLDG 9980 1 BLDG 2058 1 BLDG 5164 1 BLDG 9988 1 BLDG 2063 1 BLDG 540 1 BLDG 9997 2 BLDG 2107 1 BLDG 5498g 1 BLDG 9998 1 BLDG 2109 2 BLDG 555 1 BLDG F0006 1 BLDG 2111 1 BLDG 556 1 BLDG R1407 1 BLDG 2140 1 BLDG 578 3 BLDG R6003 2 BLDG 2160 1 BLDG 588 1 BLDG R9643

# Vehicles Nearest Building # Vehicles Nearest Building # Vehicles Nearest Building 1 BLDG 2170 2 BLDG 690 1 BLDG R9653 1 BLDG 2171 1 BLDG 6993 2 BLDG R9654 2 BLDG 2295 7 BLDG 8050 0 BLDG 9656 2 BLDG 2400 1 BLDG 8559 2 BLDG T6194 1 BLDG 301 1 BLDG 8981 4 Madigan 1 BLDG 3032 2 BLDG 9040A 1 R9652 1 BLDG 3168 13 BLDG 9190 3 R9656 3 T-5038

2.3 Data Summary for Cars This section provides a summary of data for cars (Figures 12 through 18). There are 264 cars in the fleet of vehicles. Similar to Section 2.2, cars have a monthly mileage distribution that indicates the range generally should not be a concern. In addition, survey results indicate that the majority of off-base trips by cars are less than 40 miles long; therefore, many vehicles can usefully be replaced by PHEVs. Table 2 provides a list of PEV cars that are either confirmed or planned to be made available by 2013. The list aims to be comprehensive, although some of these vehicles are clearly unsuitable for inclusion in a standard military base fleet due to the high costs and lack of need for sports cars. Table 2. Plug-in electric vehicle cars available for 2013. Range (electric + Make Model Battery Size Range (electric only) conventional fuel) Chevy Volt 16 kWh 40 miles 380 miles Nissan Leaf 24 KWh 73 to 100 miles Mitsubishi i-MiEV 16 kWh 62 to 98 miles Toyota Prius 4.4 kWh 12.4 to 18.6 miles 540 miles Coda EV Sedan 31 kWh, 35 kWh 88 to 120 miles Fisker Karma 20 kWh 50 miles Scion iQ 20 kWh 50 miles BMW ActiveE 32 kWh 100 miles Ford Focus 23 kWh 100 miles Tesla Model S 85 kWh 160, 230, 300 miles Honda Fit 20 kWh 82 to 100 miles Ford C-Max 20 kWh 620 miles Honda Accord 6 kWh 10 to 15 miles 500 miles Fiat 500 20 kWh BYD e6 60 kWh 186 miles Chevrolet Crossvolt 10 kWh Chevrolet Spark Fisker Surf 20 kWh 50 miles 300 miles Ford Fusion 10 kWh Jaguar XJ 10 kWh

Range (electric + Make Model Battery Size Range (electric only) conventional fuel) Volkswagen E-Up! 18 kWh 80 miles Volvo C30 24 kWh 94 miles Audi E-Tron 45 kWh Up to 155 miles Volvo V70 11.3 kWh 12 to 19 miles

1 250 0.9 0.8 200 0.7 0.6 150 Distribution 0.5 Vehicles 100 0.4 0.3 Cumulative 50 0.2 0.1 0 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 GVWR (pounds)

Figure 12. Gross vehicle weight rating distribution for cars.

1 250 0.9 0.8 200 0.7 0.6 150 Distribution 0.5

Vehicles 100 0.4 0.3 Cumulative 50 0.2 0.1 0 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Model Year

Figure 13. Model year distribution for cars.

1 250 0.9 0.8 200 0.7 0.6 150 Distribution 0.5 Vehicles 100 0.4 0.3 Cumulative 50 0.2 0.1 0 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Cumulative Distance (1000 Miles)

Figure 14. Cumulative mileage distribution for cars.

1 250 0.9

0.8 200 0.7

0.6 150 Distribution 0.5 Vehicles 100 0.4 0.3 Cumulative

50 0.2 0.1

0 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 Monthly Distance (miles)

Figure 15. Monthly mileage distribution for cars.

Gas Ethanol/Gas

182

Figure 16. Fuel type distribution for cars.

% of Respondents 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

Never

Rarely

Occasionally

Frequently

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Respondents

Figure 17. Survey results: Is this vehicle used off-base?

% of Respondents 0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

1‐10 miles

11‐40 miles

41‐100 miles

>100 miles

0 5 10 15 20 25 Respondents

Figure 18. Survey results: If this vehicle is used off base, how many miles does it typically travel on a single trip?

2.4 Data Summary for Light Trucks This section provides a summary of data for light trucks (Figures 19 through 25). Approximately, 1,353 light trucks are in the fleet. Similar to cars, the monthly mileage distribution for light trucks indicates that range should not generally hinder replacement with electric vehicles. However, survey results shown in Figure 25 indicate that light trucks make longer off-base trips. In turn, it generally may be beneficial to have more PHEVs than BEVs when replacing light trucks. A list of light trucks available in the market by 2013 is shown in Table 3. Table 3. Plug-in electric vehicle light trucks available for 2013. Range (electric + Make Model Battery Size Range (electric only) conventional fuel) Toyota RAV4 42 kWh 100 miles Kia CUV Mitsubishi Outlander 20 kWh 35 miles 540 miles Volvo XC60 12 kWh 35 miles 600 miles

1200 0.9 0.8 1000 0.7

800 0.6 Distribution 0.5 600 Vehicles 0.4

400 0.3 Cumulative 0.2 200 0.1 0 0 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 GVWR (pounds)

Figure 19. Gross vehicle weight rating distribution for light trucks.

1200 0.9 0.8 1000 0.7

800 0.6 Distribution 0.5

Vehicles 600 0.4

400 0.3 Cumulative 0.2 200 0.1

0 0 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 Model Year

Figure 20. Model year distribution for light trucks.

1200 0.9 0.8 1000 0.7

800 0.6 Distribution 0.5 600 Vehicles 0.4

400 0.3 Cumulative 0.2 200 0.1

0 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Cumulative Distance (1000 Miles)

Figure 21. Cumulative mileage distribution for light trucks.

1200 0.9 0.8 1000 0.7

800 0.6 Distribution 0.5

Vehicles 600 0.4

400 0.3 Cumulative

0.2 200 0.1

0 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 Monthly Distance (miles)

Figure 22. Monthly mileage distribution for light trucks.

22 1 59

526 Gas Ethanol/Gas CNG/Gas Diesel CNG 745

Figure 23. Fuel type distribution for light trucks.

% of Respondents 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

Never

Rarely

Occasionally

Frequently

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Respondents

Figure 24. Survey results: Is this vehicle used off-base?

% of Respondents 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

1‐10 miles

11‐40 miles

41‐100 miles

>100 miles

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Respondents

Figure 25. Survey results: If this vehicle is used off-base, how many miles does it typically travel on a single trip?

2.5 Data Summary for Medium Trucks This section provides a summary of the data for medium trucks (Figures 26 through 30). As can be interpreted from Figure 29, medium trucks are not generally expected to exceed range limitations, making them eligible for replacement by electric vehicles. Few surveys have been received for medium trucks; however, those that have been received indicate that off-base trips are relatively infrequent and are generally short. This correlates with the data shown in Figure 29. The primary concern of replacing medium trucks with electric versions has to do with mission-specific requirements. Some trucks have been customized to specific activities, which can have high-power requirements. This has been noted as a concern for multiple vehicles in the public works division at JBLM. Table 4 shows a list of heavy trucks to be available by 2013. Table 4. Plug-in electric vehicle medium trucks available for 2013. Base Make Model MSRP Body Style Fuel Type Range Balqon Nautilus $208,000 Truck Electric 30 to 60 miles Boulder DV-500 $70,000 Van Electric 100 to 200 miles Bremach T-REX $120,000 Flatbed commercial truck Electric 100 miles Electrorides ZeroTruck $130,000 Medium truck Electric NaviStar eStar $150,000 Box van Electric Solo EV Passenger bus Electric 60 miles Optare Bus Proterra EcoRide $275,000 Passenger bus Electric 60 to 100 miles Smith Newton Van Electric 100 miles

100 0.9 0.8

80 0.7

0.6 60 Distribution 0.5

Vehicles 0.4 40 0.3 Cumulative 0.2 20 0.1

0 0 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 GVWR (pounds)

Figure 26. Gross vehicle weight rating distribution for medium trucks.

100 0.9 0.8

80 0.7

0.6 60 Distribution 0.5

Vehicles 0.4 40 0.3 Cumulative

20 0.2 0.1

0 0 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 Model Year

Figure 27. Model year distribution for medium trucks.

100 0.9 0.8

80 0.7

0.6 60 Distribution 0.5

Vehicles 0.4 40 0.3 Cumulative 0.2 20 0.1

0 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Cumulative Distance (1000 Miles)

Figure 28. Cumulative mileage distribution for medium trucks.

0.9 100 0.8

80 0.7

0.6 60 Distribution 0.5 Vehicles 0.4 40 0.3 Cumulative

0.2 20 0.1

0 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Monthly Distance (miles)

Figure 29. Monthly mileage distribution for medium trucks.

10 Gas Ethanol/Gas Diesel 87

Figure 30. Fuel-type distribution for medium trucks.

3. SURVEY RESULTS FOR ALL VEHICLES This section shows multiple choice survey results for all questions and for all types of vehicles (Figures 31 through 40). Figure 34 shows that the majority of respondents travel less than 40 miles on a typical workday. This confirms that many vehicles should be eligible for replacement by BEVs (e.g., Nissan LEAF). In addition, many vehicles can be replaced by PHEVs (e.g., Chevrolet Volt), allowing for electric power usage on a regular basis and gasoline to be used as needed for off-base trips. Figure 37 shows that many vehicles frequently make off-base trips. However, many survey respondents have indicated that these trips are relatively short. For example, some vehicles travel between Fort Lewis and McChord Field and others travel only to Tacoma. This type of driving is consistent with the results shown in Figure 38, where one can see that the majority of off-base trips are less than 100 miles in length.

% of Respondents 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Pool vehicle

Assigned to specific person

Specific route

Delivery vehicle (heavy payload)

Delivery vehicle (light payload)

0 50 100 150 200 Number of respondents

Figure 31. Survey results: vehicle general use.

% of Respondents 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Office parking lot

Pool parking area

Other

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Number of respondents

Figure 32. Survey results: vehicle location (where is the vehicle parked at night?).

% of Respondents 0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

< 1 yr

1‐2 yrs

2‐3 yrs

> 3‐6 yrs

> 6 yrs

Don't know

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Number of respondents

Figure 33. Survey results: How much longer do you expect to keep the vehicle in your fleet?

% of Respondents 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%

< 6 miles

6‐10 mi

11‐40 mi

41‐100 mi

101‐150 mi

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Number of respondents

Figure 34. Survey results: On a typical weekday, how many miles is the vehicle driven?

% of Respondents 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

1 person

2 persons

3 persons

4 persons

Varies

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Number of respondents

Figure 35. Survey results: When in use, how many people are typically onboard?

% of Respondents 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

1 assigned

2‐5 people

6‐10 people

11‐20 people

> 20 people

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Number of respondents

Figure 36. Survey results: How many people have access to the vehicle?

% of Respondents 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Never

Rarely (about once per year)

Occasionally (about once per month)

Frequently (every week)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Number of respondents

Figure 37. Survey results: Is this vehicle used off-base?

% of Respondents 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%

1‐10 mi

11‐40 mi

41‐100 mi

> 100 mi

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Number of respondents

Figure 38. Survey results: If this vehicle is used off-base, how many miles does it typically travel on a single trip?

% of Respondents 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Daytime only

Evenings only

Any time

Mission related

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Number of respondents

Figure 39. Is the vehicle used during specific hours or at any time during the day?

% of Respondents 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

Never

Rarely

Occasionally

Frequently

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Number of respondents

Figure 40. If it is an alternate fuel vehicle (e.g., E85), is the alternate fuel used?

Appendix A

Detailed Open-Ended Responses

This appendix presents selected open-ended responses to the survey. The aim in selecting particular responses is to include those responses provide information relevant to determining the characteristics of the vehicles that may not be suitable for replacement by a PEV. To reduce the size of the appendix, many redundant responses are not included and some responses that indicate a vehicle easily can be replaced with a PEV also are not included. Table A-1. Survey results: Vehicle general use additional information. Family child care outreach, home inspections This vehicle’s key control and reservations for usage is managed through a dual calendar system coordinated through Bldg 1210 and Bldg 2012; it is available for use by 30 drivers located in Bldg 1210; and it also available for use by 20 other drivers located on the third floor of Bldg 2012. Shared and available to 30 drivers Transport supplies to/from medical clinics Transports all Class VIII items from Madigan to clinics on base On location for video production, photo assignments, and graphic supply delivery Transports personnel and GIS equipment Personnel transport Vehicle has light bar and is emergency response for airfield flightline and base emergency Transport to GSA vehicle incidents, air field driver certification program, and civil engineering squadron All have access Spill response Heavy equipment Youth sports, recreational trips Recreational trip Recreational trip Youth center mission support recreation trips Maintenance of backup generator sites and aircraft systems on McCord Field Electrical and safety inspections Activity support grounds maintenance 16 safety personnel can use vehicle 36 engineers Covert vehicle used by criminal investigator for surveillance Multiple elements use vehicle Police patrol vehicle Vehicle assigned to command staff Police patrol vehicle Pollution prevention, hazardous waste section

Table A-2. Survey results: On a typical weekday, how many miles is the vehicle driven per day? If you track miles separately, please identify total miles and measurement period: Miles Measurement Period 6,964 10/2011 to 03/2012 4,927 10/2011 to 3/2012 48,100 To date 2,000 10/2011 to 03/2012 1,136 Monthly 1,025 Monthly 2,623 10/2011 to 3/2012 1,630 10/2011 to 03/2012 1,500 to 2,000 Monthly 12,210 10/2011 to 3/2012 3,722 10/2011 to 03/2012 4,800 10/2011 to 03/2012 8,467 10/2011 to 03/2012 3,300 10/2011 to 03/2012 1,155 10/2011 to 03/2012 5,988 10/2011 to 03/2012 2,583 10/2011 to 03/2012 8,160 10/2011 to 03/2012 7,380 10/2011 to 03/2012

Table A-3. Survey results: When in use, how many people are typically on board? Any additional information. 1 to 8 occupants Personnel 3 to 12 Varies from 1 to 4 2 to 12 personnel Personnel 2 to 12 Personnel 2 to 12 Personnel 2 to 12 5 to 12 children transported 5 to 12 person transported 5 to 12 person transported 12 to 15 people transported on each trip 12 to 15 people transported on each trip 5 to 12 children transported 5 to 12 children transported

Table A-4. Survey results: How many people have access to drive the vehicle? Any additional information. JPPSO personnel in other sections JPPSO personnel in other sections JPPSO personnel in other sections All PM Stryker personnel Greater than50 50 drivers 30 All in ENV division Used by all Stryker personnel Used battalion wide All on reservation basis All on reservation basis All shop personnel All Shop truck All ECS to support ops Everyone in Stryker has access 4 assessors and ENV personnel Available to all with DPW 36 engineers 36 engineers All in ESD All by reservation All ECS to support operations

Table A-5. Survey results: Is this vehicle used off-base? Exactly how many times per period selected (e.g., per week, month, or year)? Vehicle routinely driven off post for DFMWR function Varies 1 to 4 times weekly Once/week Off post for National Guard requests At least once a week Used in auburn A few times per week Once for trip up, in and around town, then trip back Travel to Camp Murray McChord, Umatill, and Sacramento Tours, training seminars

McChord to Madigan Once per quarter Often off-base Daily from JBLM to McCord Field Driven between Lewis Main and McChord Field once or twice daily Driven off post from McChord to Main Mission dependent Once for trip up, then around, then trip back Used off post for airport transport Transport to YTC and local training areas

Table A-6. Survey results: If this vehicle is used off-base, how many miles does it typically travel on a single trip? Additional information. Occasional trips to Seattle Vehicle may travel over 100 miles Weekly trip to Yakima Trips to/from airports Used to travel to NS Everett (140 miles) and JBLM (258 miles) Too many variables to predict Too many variables to predict About 140 miles and about 258-mile trips Has only made one off-base trip During training exercise, vehicles may go over 100 miles During training, vehicle may go over 100 miles Vehicle may go over 100 miles Deliver medical supplies on and off-base Support missions at YTC Yakima, WA, and Vancouver, WA Trips to Ft Lewis Yakima WA, and Vancouver, WA Vehicle may go over 100 miles Driven between McCord Field, Lewis Main, and Lewis North YTC trips exceed 325 miles roundtrip Monthly inspection of post cemeteries in WA and OR During training, vehicle may go over 100 miles During training, vehicle may go over 100 miles During training exercises, vehicle may go over 100 miles Frequent trips to JBLM During training exercise vehicles may go over 100 miles Perimeter fence repairs

Yakima, WA, Vancouver, WA, Spokane, WA, Hayden Lake, UT, and Eugene, OR

Table A-7. Survey results: Is the vehicle used during specific hours or at any time during the day? Specifically, what times is the vehicle used (e.g., 1000 to 1100 and 1500 to 1700): Mission dictates time of use 0600 to 1900 0800 to 1630 M through F 24/7 Anytime Mission dictates time of use Mission dictates time of use 24/7 Varies, available 7 days/week 0700 to 1645; 1645 to 0700 standby; 24 hours in winter for snow removal 24/7 As required by battalion duty officer 0800 to 1800 Varies, available 5 days/week Varies, available 7 days/week 0800 to 1600 24/7 0700 to 1645; emergency calls after normal duty hours

Table A-8. Survey results: If an alternate fuel vehicle (e.g., E85), is the alternate fuel used? Any additional information. Often used off-base, alternate fuel used when available Uses E85 Uses unleaded only Often used off-base; if alternate fuel available, it will be used Only E85 Fill up off the CIF on duty hours Often used off-base, alternate fuel used when available E85 Alternate fuel not available Often used off-base, alternate fuel used when available Often used off-base, alternate fuel used when available Often used off-base, alternate fuel used when available Hybrid electric vehicle E-85

Unleaded Often used off-base, alternate fuel used when available Unleaded only Often used off-base, alternate fuel used when available E85 Alternate fuel is used when available When available Gasoline No E85 available Biodiesel Biodiesel and ultra low sulfur

Table A-9. Survey results: Does the vehicle typically carry specific materials or cargo? Please specify and include typical payload weights if available. Computer equipment occasionally, computer tools frequently Cargo varies depending on mission Slave cables and computers Personal (sic) only 180 lb Payload up to 750 Transport ammo to and from range Lightweight furniture and office supplies Passengers Ladder and tool bag Small tools and ladders Inspection tools and drawings Police patrol equipment, maybe 100 lb Personnel transport, some supplies, and equipment Office supplies, furniture, and medical records Weapons Medical supplies, typical load 50 to 500 lb Cargo dependent on mission Office supplies, furniture, medical records Video production gear and personnel, occasional tow video trailer 6,000 lb Office supplies, parts, computers, palletized paper items Banners and magazines Equipment and personnel Survey and GIS equipment Not used for cargo Construction materials and equipment

Coordination documentation and mobile radios Small arms tools, large repair parts Range supplies and equipment Billeting and barracks supplies Spill response Materials to support RSC 1,500 lb Troop transportation Personnel with equipment Ground support Range Support Recreational trip transport Bldg supplies and materials Passengers up to 11 Service members and staff Tools and maintenance Tools and testing equipment Small arms tools, large repair parts Yes, mamite, food service equipment Materials to support RSC, 500 lb Equipment for soldiers, payload over 800 lb Equipment and personnel Headstones Meet with contractors Plans, equipment, computers, construction supplies Ladders and equipment Carries an air compressor and a generator daily Computer equipment occasionally, computer tools frequently Yes, used to ship radioactive material Carries safety equipment for confined space entry adding 100 lb Surveillance equipment Equipment and supplies Cargo trailers stages Equipment and personnel Police vehicle Range maintenance equipment possibly 1,000 lb Range maintenance equipment and personnel Police patrol equipment, maybe 100 lb Pollution prevention equipment Hazardous waste Tows trailers, equipment, and supplies transport

Small arms tools, large repair parts

Table A-10. Survey results: Please add any information pertinent to identify the mission of the vehicle(s). OPS Det Sedans are primarily used for level 1-3 ASO training conducted off post Group MLE sedans are used primarily for numerous ASOT training with the group conducted in and around the installation Primary usage is trips to R9651 and B3317 and Ranges Our office conducts meetings and briefings all over JBLM and the nearby area; the vehicle enables us to extend our reach by meeting clients at their location IT support Mission related PW mail messenger car ASOT training Deployment support QA inspect household goods on and off post QA inspect household goods on and off post QA inspect household goods on and off post IT support Admin support Family child care outreach support Admin support Admin support IT support Management of barracks, attend briefings, deployment events, etc Management of barracks, attend briefings, deployment events, etc Admin duties plus transport to doctors appointments Long paragraph that says “don’t get rid of this vehicle” Vehicle does not accumulate much mileage QA inspection of household goods on and off post Long paragraph paraphrased “this vehicle is important to us; you can’t get rid of it” Transport Battalion Commander and Sgt major to and from training sites and missions Transport personal (sic) assigned to Col Eagle training area TBI has multiple missions in the Pacific Northwest Provides ministry and religious services Multiple uses Used for a wide variety of missions Vehicle does not accumulate much mileage due to mission Used for mobilization/demobilization transport to North Fort Admin support Security

supplies Admin/security QA inspections as assigned New construction, housing inspections Used by shop supervisor Inspects family housing New construction inspections Regular compliance checks All work for Stryker Transport supplies, unit postal vehicle, HR transactions Supports entire BDE required for regular & emergency deliveries Mail cannot be transported via personal vehicle in accordance with Army regulations Transportation support Library support Supply tech Also first responders to military aircraft incidents O&M electrical system Emergency response Supports base ops Battalion duty officer's vehicle Mission of vehicle varies Admin Support Linen supplies for cabins Vehicle is an accreditation check list item Support Air Force mission Responds to critical generator sites Only vehicle with medium payload capacity Equipment and supplies Supports base ops Transports Battalion Commander and Command Sgt Major Transports food service and TISA All Stryker personnel have access to vehicle All Stryker personnel have access to this vehicle Transport supplies on and off post Track soldiers during training and mission Safety officers and managers have 24/7 access None One of 2 pool vehicles assigned for constant use One of 2 pool vehicles assigned for constant use

QA inspection Lewis and McChord Off road in training areas and range complex Supports Warrior Training Academy Vehicle does not accumulate much mileage due to mission Used to transport mail Needed for health physics mission Transportation to all areas of base Also used for personnel and equipment for range support Community relations, internal strategies, media relations, legislative liaison Natural resource management Meeting attendance, PM duties, customer service

35 PROGRAM NAME

EERE Information Center 1-877-EERE-INFO (1-877-337-3463) www.eere.energy.gov/informationcenter