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Vojna Granica U Banatu I Banatski 1 2 ВОЈНА ГРАНИЦА У БАНАТУ И БАНАТСКИ МИЛИТАРИ У 18. И 19. ВЕКУ тематски зборник НОВИ САД 2014 3 4 УМЕСТО ПРЕДГОВОРА Последњег дана новембра 2013. у Томашевцу, надомак Зрењанина, одржана је међународна конференција, Војна граница у Банату и банатски милитари у 18. и 19. веку, у организацији Друштва за очување традиције банатских милитара и уз подршку Секретаријата за културу и јавно информисање Владе АП Војводине. Идући у сусрет двеста педесетој годишњици од формирања Банатске војне границе, Конференција је била замишљена као увод у низ догађаја који ће бити организовани у част наведеног јубилеја 2014. године, са циљем меморијализације, али и осветљавања неразјашњених процеса и реинтерпретације познатих у историји Војне границе у Банату; утврђивања узрока и генезе њеног формирања; друштвених и политичких околности које су условиле њен развитак; историјску улогу, начин живота и ратовања банатских граничара; узроке и последице демилитаризације Банатске војне границе, као и њена потоња истраживања и интерпретације у мемоаристици, историографији, етнологији, антропологији итд. На конференцији су учествовали стручњаци из Србије, Румуније и Аустрије и то из области историје, етнологије, социологије, музеологије, итд., као и представници културних установа који су говорили на тему историје Војне границе и банатских милитара, чиме су сви скупа дали нове обрисе у историјској интерпретацији овог сегмента прошлости Баната и Војводине. Ауторски радови учесника конференције сакупљени у овом зборнику, који предајемо читалачкој публици, јединствени су покушај да се дају научно релевантни одговори, којима се макар делимично попуњава историографска празнина у третирању истраживачких питања која су на наведеној конференцији, као и у овом зборнику, покренута. 5 6 С А Д Р Ж А Ј 1. ОСНИВАЊЕ И ТЕМЕЉНЕ ПРЕТПОСТАВКЕ ЗА ФУНКЦИОНИСАЊЕ ВОЈНЕ ГРАНИЦЕ У БАНАТУ Франц Шаусбергер, Историјски догађаји око Аустријске војне крајине у годинама 1763/64. 11 Николаје Бокшан, Оснивање Банатске војне границе и друштвени статус граничара . 18 Миливој Бешлин, Идентитетске и идеолошке претпоставке у функционисању Војне границе у Банату у XVIII веку . 30 Момир Самарџић, Граничарски идентитети на прелому векова (крај XVIII – почетак XIX века). О историјским оквирима почетака национално-интегративних процеса у Банатској војној граници . 43 2. ИЗ ИСТОРИЈЕ БАНАТСКЕ ВОЈНЕ ГРАНИЦЕ Ион Киржа, Пропутовање једног Француза кроз Банат. Граничарска регимента из Карансебеша у путопису маршала Мармона (1834) . 63 Срђан Милошевић, Окућје у Србији XIX века: један пример утицаја Војне границе на Кнежевину Србију . 69 Арпад Пача, Борбе око Томашевца 1848⁄49. године . 75 Стеван Славнић, Немачко-банатска регимента почетком XIX века у статистици једног Аустријанца . 98 3. СВАКОДНЕВИЦА БАНАТСКИХ ГРАНИЧАРА Људмила Шајтинац, Поморишки граничари и њихови потомци у Великокикиндском диштрикту . 113 Живан Вијатов, Свакодневни живот банатских милитара од 1718. године . 122 7 4. ДЕМИЛИТАРИЗАЦИЈА И УКИДАЊЕ ВОЈНЕ ГРАНИЦЕ У БАНАТУ Ивана Б. Спасовић, Банатска војна граница и њено укидање . 143 Филип Крчмар, Торонталска жупанија и укидање Банатске војне границе 1872–1873. 161 5. ИСТРАЖИВАЊА БАНАТСКЕ ВОЈНЕ ГРАНИЦЕ Лауренцију Овидију Рошу, Имовински фонд из Карансебеша и граничарски свет . 179 Милан Мицић, Миграције у Банатску војну границу из других делова Баната по делу Јована Ердељановића „Срби у Банату“ . 187 Мирча Маран, Рад бечког историчара Тринцу Марана на истраживању и објављивању грађе за историју Банатске војне границе . 196 Богдан Шекарић, Прилог историји етнографског истраживања Банатске војне границе . 202 8 ОСНИВАЊЕ И ТЕМЕЉНЕ ПРЕТПОСТАВКЕ ЗА ФУНКЦИОНИСАЊЕ ВОЈНЕ ГРАНИЦЕ У БАНАТУ 9 10 Prof. dr Franc Šausberger ISTORIJSKI DOGAĐAJI OKO AUSTRIJSKE VOJNE KRAJINE U GODINAMA 1763/64. Turski ratovi Veliki turski rat (1683–1899) započeo je s drugom opsadom Beča 1683. godine. Trupe cara Leopolda I pobedile su tursku vojsku velikog vezira Kara Mustafe 12. septembra 1683. godine u bici kod Kalenberga. Sada je cilj rata bio da se trajno zaustavi širenje Turaka, koji su već tri veka iz pravca jugoistoka sve više prodirali u ključne evropske teritorije, i da se što je moguće više potisnu u pravcu njihove zemlje. U daljem toku rata i Venecija i Rusija priključile su se borbi protiv Turaka. Glavno poprište rata bila je Mađarska, koju su Turci na kraju izgubili. Nakon pobede princa Eugena Savojskog 11. septembra 1697. godine u bici kod Sente (danas Senta u AP Vojvodini) nad sultanom Mustafom II, turska želja za ponovnom zapadnom ekspanzijom bila je ugušena. Sada su sve strane pokazale da su spremne na mir. Karlovački mir (današnji Sremski Karlovci u Vojvodini) sklopljen je 26. januara 1699. godine. Sremski Karlovci su odabrani zato što su se nalazili između habzburškog Petrovaradina i turskog Beograda na neutralnom terenu. Sa Karlovačkim mirom okončan je Veliki turski rat između Turskog carstva s jedne strane i Svetog rimskog carstva, Poljske, Republike Venecije, Papske države, kao i Rusije s druge strane. Posle Karlovačkog mira Tursko carstvo bilo je primorano da, između ostalog, celu Mađarsku, uključujući Transilvaniju (ali bez Temišvarskog Banata), kao i veliki deo Hrvatske (današnju Slavoniju) ustupi Austriji. Sklapanje mira predstavlja prekretnicu u evropskoj istoriji: nikada ranije nijedan carigradski sultan nije položio oružje pred nemuslimanskom vlašću. Karlovački mir postavio je temelj nove velike sile Austrije i predstavljao je početak epohe vojnog pada Turskog carstva. Turci su, doduše, pokušavali ponovo da osvoje izgubljene teritorije, ali ih je u bici kod Petrovaradina 5. avgusta 1716. godine pobedio princ Eugen Savojski. On je nakon toga osvojio i Temišvarsku tvrđavu u Banatu. S predajom Temišvara okončane su 164 godine turske vladavine nad Banatom, koji je do kraja Prvog svetskog rata ostao u sastavu Habzburške monarhije. Nakon kapitulacije Beograda 1718. godine, Požarevačkim mirom potvrđena je pobeda: 11 Austrija je dobila Banat, zapadni deo Vlaške, severni deo Srbije sa Beogradom i delove severne Bosne. Turci su nakon dve decenije mira u jeku Rusko-austrijsko-turskog rata (1736–1739), u proleće 1738. godine ponovo prodrli preko Dunava, spalili 28 sela duž južne granice Banata i tako uništili veći deo nemačkih naselja. Dana 18. septembra 1739. godine Austrija i Turska sklopile su Beogradski mir. Pritom je Austrija većinu teritorija stečenih Požarevačkim mirom ponovo izgubila i ustupila Turcima. Preostao je Temišvarski Banat, dok su Mala Vlaška, kao i severna Srbija sa Beogradom i granični pojas u severnoj Bosni izgubljeni. Godine 1739. na habzburškoj graničnoj teritoriji naseljeno je oko 30.000 Srba koji su kao seljaci vojnici obezbeđivali granicu. Vojna služba im je pružila dobrodošle mogućnosti za napredovanje. Carica Marija Terezija U daljem toku istorije, međutim, Rat za austrijsko nasleđe (1740–1748) i Sedmogodišnji rat (1756–1763) pod caricom Marijom Terezijom najpre su sprečili nov veliki talas naseljavanja. Marija Terezija je nakon smrti oca Karla VI 1740. godine preuzela tron. Ona je svoju pažnju usmerila pre svega na unutrašnje reforme. Njene dalekosežne mere postale su poznate pod nazivom Terezijanska državna reforma. Težište njene reformske politike predstavljalo je nastojanje da se prevaziđene i rasparčane staleške institucije zamene jednim centralnim, apsolutistički upravljanim državnim aparatom. Važnu ulogu igrala je obrazovna politika. Marija Terezija regulisala je školstvo tako što je uvela opšte školske obaveze. U seoskim oblastima uređene su jednorazredne osnovne škole za decu od šeste do dvanaeste godine. Do smrti Marije Terezije postojalo je već 500 takvih osnovnih škola. U gradovima su uređene osnovne škole sa tri razreda. Učitelji su svoje obrazovanje sticali u pedagoškim školama. Visoke škole su sada prešle u nadležnost države. Habzburška politika u jugoistočnoj Evropi u vreme terezijanskih i jozefinskih reformi sa administrativnim i socijalnim reformama pokrenula je evropeizaciju tog prostora. U ekonomsku politiku Marije Terezije spadao je i podsticaj kolonizacije mađarskih teritorija obeznarođenih u toku turskih ratova. Ciljevi su bili višestruki: s jedne strane, trebalo je novoosvojene teritorije obezbediti od Turskog carstva. S druge strane, u pitanju je bilo i to da se naseljavanjem 12 nemačkih kolonista spreče nemiri u Mađarskoj. Kolonisti su vrbovani iz gusto naseljenih regiona monarhije. Seobe Švaba Teritorije kraljevine: Mađarska, Slavonija, Bačka i Banat, koje su opustošene usled ratovanja s Turcima, organizovano su naseljavane prevashodno Nemcima sa zapada Svetog rimskog carstva a od strane Habzburške monarhije u 18. veku. Ta seoba nazvana je „seobama Švaba“, iako je taj naziv bio prikladan samo za manji deo kolonista. Ukupno se beleže tri velike i dve male seobe Švaba: Prva velika seoba Švaba (1722–1726), Prva mala seoba Švaba (1736–1738), Druga mala seoba Švaba (1744–1762), Druga velika seoba Švaba (1762–1773), Treća velika seoba Švaba (1781–1787). Car Leopold I i njegovi naslednici Jozef I, Karl VI, Marija Terezija i Jozef II nameravali su da od retko naseljenih i opustošenih predela Panonije stvore plodan i zaštićen hrišćanski životni prostor. Od 1692. do 1786. godine u tom regionu, u kom su prevashodno živeli Rumuni i Srbi, nastanilo se oko 150.000 ljudi. U periodu 1700–1778. odnos Rumuna i Srba prema Nemcima iznosio je 5:1. Banat i Bačka bili su omiljeni ciljni regioni državne kolonizacije, oni su primili pre svega talase kolonista u toku tri velike seobe Švaba, tako da je u južnoj Mađarskoj broj Nemaca u narednom periodu dostigao otprilike broj
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