Recovery Strategy and Action Plan for the Mapleleaf (Quadrula Quadrula) in Canada (Great Lakes – Upper St. Lawrence Population)

PROPOSED Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series Recovery Strategy and Action Plan for the Mapleleaf (Quadrula quadrula) in Canada (Great Lakes – Upper St. Lawrence Population) Mapleleaf 0.0.0.0. 2018 Recovery Strategy and Action Plan for the Mapleleaf – Proposed 2018 Recommended Citation: Fisheries and Oceans Canada. 2018. Recovery strategy and action plan for the Mapleleaf (Quadrula quadrula) in Canada (Great Lakes-Upper St. Lawrence population) [Proposed]. Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa. vi + 59 pp. For copies of the recovery strategy and action plan, or for additional information on species at risk, including COSEWIC Status Reports, residence descriptions, action plans, and other related recovery documents, please visit the Species at Risk Public Registry. Cover Illustration: Courtesy of S. Staton, Fisheries and Oceans Canada Également disponible en français sous le titre « Programme de rétablissement et plan d'action visant la mulette-feuille d'érable (Quadrula quadrula) au Canada (population des Grands Lacs - du haut Saint-Laurent) » © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans, 2018. All rights reserved. ISBN ISBN to come Catalogue no. Catalogue no. to come Content (excluding the illustrations) may be used without permission, with appropriate credit to the source. Recovery Strategy and Action Plan for the Mapleleaf – Proposed 2018 Preface The federal, provincial, and territorial government signatories under the Accord for the Protection of Species at Risk (1996) agreed to establish complementary legislation and programs that provide for effective protection of species at risk throughout Canada. Under the Species at Risk Act (S.C. 2002, c.29) (SARA), the federal competent ministers are responsible for the preparation of recovery strategies and action plans for listed Extirpated, Endangered, and Threatened species and are required to report on progress within five years after the publication of the final document on the Species at Risk Public Registry. This document has been prepared to meet the requirements under SARA of both a recovery strategy and an action plan. As such, it provides both the strategic direction for the recovery of the species, including the population and distribution objectives for the species, as well as the more detailed recovery measures to support this strategic direction, outlining what is required to achieve the objectives. SARA requires that an action plan also include an evaluation of the socio-economic costs of the action plan and the benefits to be derived from its implementation. It is important to note that the setting of population and distribution objectives and the identification of critical habitat are science-based exercises and socio-economic factors were not considered in their development. The socio-economic evaluation only applies to the more detailed recovery measures. The recovery strategy and action plan are considered part of a series of documents that are linked and should be taken into consideration together, along with the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada status report. The Minister of Fisheries and Oceans Canada is the competent minister under SARA for Mapleleaf (Great Lakes – Upper St. Lawrence population) and has prepared this recovery strategy and action plan, as per section 37 and 47 of SARA. It has been prepared in cooperation with the Government of Ontario, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Central Michigan University, University of Guelph, Bishop Mills Natural History Centre, St. Clair Region Conservation Authority, Ausable-Bayfield Conservation Authority, Upper Thames River Conservation Authority, Lower Thames Valley Conservation Authority, Grand River Conservation Authority, and Niagara Peninsula Conservation Authority. Success in the recovery of this species depends on the commitment and cooperation of many different constituencies that will be involved in implementing the directions set out in this recovery strategy and action plan and will not be achieved by Fisheries and Oceans Canada, or any other jurisdiction alone. All Canadians are invited to join in supporting and implementing this recovery strategy and action plan for the benefit of Mapleleaf (Great Lakes – Upper St. Lawrence population) and Canadian society as a whole. Implementation of this recovery strategy and action plan is subject to appropriations, priorities, and budgetary constraints of the participating jurisdictions and organizations. i Recovery Strategy and Action Plan for the Mapleleaf – Proposed 2018 Acknowledgments Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) would like to thank the authors, Peter L. Jarvis, Pat Dimond, Amy Boyko (DFO), and Shawn Staton (DFO) for the preparation of this document. The support of the following organizations was instrumental in the development of the Mapleleaf recovery strategy and action plan: Ontario Freshwater Mussel Recovery Team, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry (OMNRF), University of Guelph, Central Michigan University, Ausable-Bayfield Conservation Authority, Grand River Conservation Authority, St. Clair Region Conservation Authority, Upper Thames River Conservation Authority, Lower Thames Valley Conservation Authority, Niagara Peninsula Conservation Authority, and Bishop Mills Natural History Centre. Mapping was produced by Shady Abbas (DFO contractor) and Adriana Rivas Ruiz (DFO). ii Recovery Strategy and Action Plan for the Mapleleaf – Proposed 2018 Executive Summary The Mapleleaf is a medium-sized (up to 12 cm) member of the freshwater bivalve family Unionidae. The shell is approximately square in outline, relatively thick and displays colour variations ranging from yellowish green to light brown in juveniles, and greenish brown to dark brown in older individuals. Typically, two rows of raised nodules extending in a v-shape from the point of shell union (umbo or beak) to shell edge (ventral margin) distinguish the outer shell surface of this bivalve species, while the interior (nacre) of the shell is white. There are two designatable units (DUs) of Mapleleaf in Canada: the Great Lakes – Upper St. Lawrence DU in Ontario and the Saskatchewan – Nelson DU in Manitoba. In 2006, the Mapleleaf (Great Lakes – Upper St. Lawrence DU) was designated as Threatened by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC), and was listed on Schedule 1 of the Species at Risk Act (SARA) in 2013. The COSEWIC designation was based on the species’ restricted distribution as well as past and continuing declines. The Saskatchewan – Nelson DU has been designated as Endangered by COSEWIC and was also listed under SARA in 2013. A separate recovery strategy is being developed for the Saskatchewan – Nelson DU. The principal threats identified for Mapleleaf (Great Lakes – Upper St. Lawrence DU) (Mapleleaf from this point forward) include activities that degrade water quality and habitat, most prominently, run-off and discharge from agricultural, municipal and industrial activities, which often contain metals and nutrients and often result in increased siltation rates. In Ontario, invading dreissenid mussels (Zebra Mussel and Quagga Mussel), which began their spread in the mid-1980s, have resulted in profound changes in unionid community structure and continue to be a major threat for existing populations as they outcompete native mussels for habitat and food resources. The population and distribution objectives for Mapleleaf in Ontario are to return or maintain self- sustaining populations in the following locations where live animals currently exist: Ausable River, Sydenham River (including the North Sydenham River and Bear Creek), Thames River (including McGregor and Baptiste creeks), Ruscom River, Grand River, Welland River, Twenty Mile Creek/Jordan Harbour, and Sixteen Mile Creek. The populations at these locations could be considered recovered when they demonstrate active signs of reproduction and recruitment throughout their known distribution at each location, such that populations are stable or increasing; in addition, risk from threats at these locations would need to be reduced to ‘low’. Using available data, critical habitat has been identified at this time for Mapleleaf in the following locations: Ausable River, Sydenham River (including the North Sydenham River and Bear Creek), Thames River (including McGregor and Baptiste creeks), Ruscom River, Grand River, Welland River, Jordan Harbour/Twenty Mile Creek, and Sixteen Mile Creek. Additional areas of potential critical habitat for this species in Lake St. Clair may be considered in collaboration with Walpole Island First Nation if supported by the results of further surveys. A schedule of studies has been developed that outlines the necessary steps to obtain the information to further refine these critical habitat descriptions. Until critical habitat has been fully identified, the recovery team recommends that currently occupied habitats are in need of conservation. Recovery approaches have been organized into three broad categories: (1) Research and Monitoring; (2) Management and Coordination; and, (3) Communication and Outreach. These approaches are best accomplished through cooperation with existing ecosystem recovery iii Recovery Strategy and Action Plan for the Mapleleaf – Proposed 2018 teams and research efforts. Most of these will prove beneficial to all aquatic species at risk and eliminate duplication

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