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War Council” (December 1912)
Volume 5. Wilhelmine Germany and the First World War, 1890-1918 The “War Council” (December 1912) Those who argue that Germany planned a war of aggression in 1914 have cited this meeting as evidence. In the following account of the “War Council” meeting, Chief of the General Staff Helmuth Johann Ludwig von Moltke (1848-1916) appears to favor war at the first suitable opportunity. It is another question, though, whether German policy in 1914 was guided by this calculation. Sunday: summoned to the palace to see His Majesty at 11 o’clock along with Tirpitz, Heeringen (Vice Admiral), and General von Moltke. H.M. with a telegraphic report on the political situation sent by the ambassador in London, Prince Lichnowski. As Grey’s spokesman, Haldane informed Lichnowski that if we attack France, England will come to France’s aid, for England cannot tolerate a disturbance in the European balance of power. H.M. welcomed this message as providing the desired clarification for all those who have been lulled into a false sense of security by the recently friendly English press. H.M. painted the following picture: Austria must deal firmly with the Slavs living outside its borders (the Serbs) if it does not want to lose control over the Slavs under the Austrian monarchy. If Russia were to support the Serbs, which she is apparently already doing (Sassonow’s remark that Russia will go straight into Galicia if the Austrians march into Serbia), war would be inevitable for us. But there is hope that Bulgaria, Romania, and Albania—and perhaps even Turkey—will take our side. -
Robert H. Cartmell (1828-1915) Papers 1849-1915
State of Tennessee Department of State Tennessee State Library and Archives 403 Seventh Avenue North Nashville, Tennessee 37243-0312 ROBERT H. CARTMELL (1828-1915) PAPERS 1849-1915 Processed by: Harriet Chappell Owsley Archival Technical Services Accession Numbers: 1968.27; 1974.142 Date Completed: 1974 Location: XVII-D-2-3 Microfilm Accession Number: 1076 MICROFILMED INTRODUCTION These are the diaries and other papers of Robert H. Cartmell (1828-1915), Madison County farmer. The papers are composed of an account book, clippings, letters, and thirty-three volumes of Mr. Cartmell’s diaries (the first four volumes of which have been typed and edited by Emma Inman Williams). There are two photographs of Mr. Cartmell. Beginning in 1853, the diaries contain full commentaries on the nature of his farm operation, the weather, and the fluctuations of the cotton market. They contain thoughtful comments on politics and candidates for office and opinions on matters of public interest, such as the price of cotton, slavery, abolition, railroads, agricultural meetings, state fairs, prohibition, religion, secession, the Union, and conditions in Madison County during and after the Civil War. The diaries during the war years are filled with accounts of battles and the movements of Federal armies stationed in west Tennessee. Except for a break from May, 1867 to January,1879, the journals are faithfully kept and rich with information through the early years of the twentieth century. Descriptions of farming have many interesting details, and the views expressed on public affairs are both literate and well-informed. The materials in this finding aid measures 2.1 linear feet. -
INTRODUCTION Around 1911, Maḥmūd Nedīm Bey, from 1913 The
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Around 1911, Maḥmūd Nedīm Bey, from 1913 the last Ottoman gov- ernor-general of Yemen, met in Cairo with Horatio Herbert Kitchener, then Britain’s pro-consul in Egypt.1 When the conversation turned to the difficulties of the Ottoman central government with ending oppo- sition to its rule over this southernmost province of the Ottoman Empire, Kitchener offered this advice: “In the Red Sea region, there are French, Italian, and English colonies. If you were to study these colo- nies . and see what has been done and what is being done there, your job would be rendered much easier.” Then he drove his point home 1 In his memoirs, Maḥmūd Nedīm does not specify when exactly this conversation took place. It must have occurred between 1911 when Kitchener took up his post as British consul-general and agent in Egypt and the summer of 1914 when he became secretary of state for war. Maḥmūd Nedīm (1865–1940) was born in Damascus in AMal 1281 (beginning 13 March 1865), the son of a provincial administrator. He was educated at a rüşdīye school (advanced primary school) in Tripoli (Ṭrāblusşām) and entered provincial officialdom at age twelve, as an apprentice clerk. From 1880 to 1894, Maḥmūd Nedīm held positions in the provincial judiciary, in the Hijaz and in Yemen, including as president of the commercial court of Ḥudayda (August 1886–Decem- ber 1887 and April 1888–January 1889) and of Jidda (January 1889–March 1892 and December 1892–September 1894). Starting with two short terms as deputy district governor (ḳāymaḳām vekīli) of Jidda (July–October 1892 and May–October 1893) he continued to work as a provincial administrator for the rest of his professional life. -
The January 1901 Special National Convention of the Social Democratic Party of America by A.S
The January 1901 Special National Convention of the Social Democratic Party of America by A.S. Edwards 1 (January 26, 1901) The special national convention of the Social Democratic Party of America, which opened in Aldine Hall, Chicago, at 10 o’clock Tuesday morning, January 15 [1901], was attended by a larger number of individual delegates than the convention at Indianapolis last March [1st: March 6-9, 1900]. The principal object of the former gathering was the nomination of Presidential candidates; that of the present one to dispose of the question of the consolidation of the socialists of the United States.2 For nearly a year, during which the campaign prosecuted a national campaign and found its resources taxed to the utmost in discharging its duty to the cause of socialism, it has found itself harassed by persistent misrepresentations of the attitude of its members toward the question of union with the Rochester faction of the Socialist Labor Party and a few bolters from its own ranks. The officers and members of the party have never been opposed to union os socialists; they have stood almost solidly against the surrender of the Social Democratic Party organization to the control of those who, by methods now familiar to and condemned by the socialists of the country generally, sought its destruction. The convention just held was a complete and splendid vindication of the course pursued by those in temporary control of the party’s interests, in local branch and national board, and the inspiriting outcome of the four days’ deliberations, marked by the truest devotion, tolerance, and comradeship,3 is that the Social Democratic Party is on record not merely for union with a faction which has attempted to destroy it, but for a consolidation of all the organized socialists of the country, whether constituted as national parties or in isolated state and territorial organizations. -
Neutrality's Last Gasp? the Balkan Wars of 1912
1 Ne utrality's Las t Gasp? The Balkan Wars of 1912 - 1913 Elizabeth C h a dwick * General rules ofintemational Iaw establishing neutrality as a status tnat prescribes nght,,> and obliga tions ha ve been (J phase ill tile transition from the balance-of-power to interncniona! orqanisation in most civilisations. Q. Wright l Either the spread of war excludes neu trality or neu trality supp resses war by mak illg war pmctically impossibte. N. Pclitiss 1. In tro duction. Since world agreement in 1945 to p ro h ib it the waging of aggressive war between states>. it is th e job of the Un ited Na tion s Security Council to 'determine t he existence of any th reat to the peace, b rea c h of the peace, or act of aggression', a n d to proceed to 'maintain or restore in tern ational peace and security'." Prio r to t his development, s ta tes which wis hed to deter the outbreak of war , or to remain u n in volved in it , cou ld adop t what was effec tively a policy of n on-involvement, or 'n eutrality'. A centuries-old s tance, n eutrality remained viable as a m ode of war avoidance throughout th e early year s of the XXth Century, up to a n d in cl u d in g the time of the Balka n Wars of 1912 a n d 1913. These wars erupted initially on 17 October 1912, when the Ba lkan Le a gu e , consisting of Bulga r ia, Greece and Serbia, d eclared wa r on T u rkey to liberate Ma ced.on ia from Tu rkish rule.s The Balkan Allies won this first war, and th e peace treaty was s igned in May 19 13. -
W.M. Adkins Account Books, 1909-1948
ADKINS, W. M. ACCOUNT BOOKS 1909-1948 Processed by: Harriet C. Owsley Archives & Manuscripts Unit Technical Services Section Date Completed: October 22, 1969 Accession Number: 1111 Location: I-H-1 INTRODUCTION The W. M. Adkins Account Books, 1909-1948, chronicle and reflect the operation of the general merchandise store of W. M. Adkins in Erin, Houston County, Tennessee. The collection was obtained through the agency of Miss Louise Davis, Children’s Museum, Nashville, Tennessee. The collection occupies 2.1 linear feet of shelf space and number 150 items and 12 volumes. There are no restrictions on the materials and single photocopies of unpublished writings may be made for purposes of scholarly or individual research. SCOPE AND CONTENT NOTE This collection of accounts and account books is for the general merchandise store of William M. Adkins in Erin, Tennessee, for the dates 1909-1948. It is composed of twelve volumes of account books and approximately 150 items. The volumes contain inventory lists, daily accounts of sales, and payments received in cash and produce. The account books reflect that the store carried a great variety of merchandise, examples of which range from hardware to groceries, dry-goods, ready-to-wear, wire and cheese. There are some bills, notes, and receipts that include accounts for the schooling of Hubert Fulton Adkins at the John Locke School which later became the Morton Elliott Junior College located at Elkton, Kentucky. Hubert graduated at the Morton Elliott Junior College in 1922. He attended, for a short time, Southwestern Presbyterian University, Clarksville, Tennessee. Some business and personal correspondence for the years 1915-1962 make up the remainder of the collection. -
The Evolution of Australian Citizenship*
One Hundred Years of (Almost) Solitude: the Evolution of Australian Citizenship* Helen Irving On 1 January 1901, six of the Australasian colonies joined together in one ‘indissoluble federal Commonwealth’, as the words of the Preamble to the Australian Constitution put it. Massive celebrations accompanied the inauguration of the Commonwealth. They were repeated for the opening of the First Federal Parliament four months later, and again, around the new nation, for the tour of the Duke and Duchess of York that followed. The celebrations stretched over the first six months of that year. There were parades, banquets, picnics, sporting competitions, exhibitions and historical re- enactments. Streets were decorated, poems were composed, songs were sung, medals were struck, prisoners were pardoned, and fireworks lit again and again. What was being celebrated? Among the many other achievements of that day, Australians who read their newspapers learned on 1 January 1901, that they had become Australian citizens. It was a rather curious claim to make. There had been an attempt in 1898 to write a definition of citizenship into the Australian Constitution, but it had failed. Although the delegates to the Federal Convention laboured long and hard in their effort to say just what it was to be a citizen—traversing legal and political rights, as well as cultural attributes—the Constitution’s framers could not settle on a definition. * This paper was presented as a lecture in the Department of the Senate Occasional Lecture Series at Parliament House on 22 June 2001. Legally, Australians were British subjects, not citizens. To use the term ‘citizen’ meant going beyond this simple fact. -
The Frisco-Man, January 1912
THE FRISCO-MAN 49 seriously hurt. The train was stopped and the conductor got back in time to hear the old woman say to her husband, as she sat there in a foot or two of mud: "Yon old fool, I told 3-on you couldn't make it!" Anotlicr illustration is a plain case of ignorance. Not long ago n \roman, taking her first ride on the cars, was on one of the Prisco flyers. When her station was called, she picked up her baby, walked out and jumped off the Past-moving train. Neither u-as hurt, but 1 guess the little intelligence she had was considerably shaken up, for she afterwards said "she 'lowed, when they called her town, it wns time to git off." But if there are some accidents that happen to be ludicrous, tlie majority are so very sad that we beg and implore for some movement to be started to get railroad men to be thinking to do away forever with carelessness. Be so determined to put an end to the mangling and maiming of men that in a very short time railroad accidents will be the rarest thing on record. Let us hope and pray that the time has come Pol. Frisco men to realize how much this safety movement is needed, and that it all de- pends on them to make it a grand -,L iccess. Good luck and speed results for safety first. They Are Not "Spotters." E. W. SEGRAVES. I take great pleasure, as a member of the Safety Committee, in writing through TIIEFiusco-MAX an aiiiclc asking your co-operation in the movement. -
NJDARM: Collection Guide
NJDARM: Collection Guide - NEW JERSEY STATE ARCHIVES COLLECTION GUIDE Record Group: Governor Franklin Murphy (1846-1920; served 1902-1905) Series: Correspondence, 1902-1905 Accession #: 1989.009, Unknown Series #: S3400001 Guide Date: 1987 (JK) Volume: 6 c.f. [12 boxes] Box 1 | Box 2 | Box 3 | Box 4 | Box 5 | Box 6 | Box 7 | Box 8 | Box 9 | Box 10 | Box 11 | Box 12 Contents Explanatory Note: All correspondence is either to or from the Governor's office unless otherwise stated. Box 1 1. Elections, 1901-1903. 2. Primary election reform, 1902-1903. 3. Requests for interviews, 1902-1904 (2 files). 4. Taxation, 1902-1904. 5. Miscellaneous bills before State Legislature and U.S. Congress, 1902 (2 files). 6. Letters of congratulation, 1902. 7. Acknowledgements to letters recommending government appointees, 1902. 8. Fish and game, 1902-1904 (3 files). 9. Tuberculosis Sanatorium Commission, 1902-1904. 10. Invitations to various functions, April - July 1904. 11. Requests for Governor's autograph and photograph, 1902-1904. 12. Princeton Battle Monument, 1902-1904. 13. Forestry, 1901-1905. 14. Estate of Imlay Clark(e), 1902. 15. Correspondence re: railroad passes & telegraph stamps, 1902-1903. 16. Delinquent Corporations, 1901-1905 (2 files). 17. Robert H. McCarter, Attorney General, 1903-1904. 18. New Jersey Reformatories, 1902-1904 (6 files). Box 2 19. Reappointment of Minister Powell to Haiti, 1901-1902. 20. Corporations and charters, 1902-1904. 21. Miscellaneous complaint letters, December 1901-1902. file:///M|/highpoint/webdocs/state/darm/darm2011/guides/guides%20for%20pdf/s3400001.html[5/16/2011 9:33:48 AM] NJDARM: Collection Guide - 22. Joshua E. -
Terrorism at the Outbreak of the First World War
Wilson 5/13/09 6:36 PM Page 29 The Journal of Conflict Studies Hamlet – With and Without the Prince: Terrorism at the Outbreak of the First World War by Keith Wilson ABSTRACT While the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 helped to set in train a series of reactions by various governments that led to the outbreak of the First World War, the story neither begins nor ends there. From an historian’s perspective, this simple ‘cause and effect’ formula does not do justice to what is a far more complex story. This article assesses that event’s place in histo- ry by situating it within a wider context. It explores how the assassi- nation interacted, first with the Byzantine geopolitics of the Balkans and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and then with the weltanschaung of Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany, to become a catalyst for war. If the events of 1914 tell us anything about the nature of ter- rorism they first illustrate ‘the law of unintended consequences.’ Terrorists are not always able to control the outcome of their actions, which depends on how others react. The Archduke’s assassins did not intend to start a global war by killing him. Unwittingly, they provid- ed the Kaiser with the pretext for a war that he had sought for two years. Second, and flowing from that, it is clear that the significance of terrorist campaigns and actions cannot be understood in isolation from the political contexts in which they occur. Finally, in their desire to strike a blow against a ‘foreign’ authority, one can see that the motives and actions of the Archduke’s attackers were analogous to those of other insurgents before and since. -
William J. Hammer Collection
William J. Hammer Collection Mark Kahn, 2003; additional information added by Melissa A. N. Keiser, 2021 2003 National Air and Space Museum Archives 14390 Air & Space Museum Parkway Chantilly, VA 20151 [email protected] https://airandspace.si.edu/archives Table of Contents Collection Overview ........................................................................................................ 1 Administrative Information .............................................................................................. 1 Biographical/Historical note.............................................................................................. 2 Scope and Contents........................................................................................................ 3 Arrangement..................................................................................................................... 4 Names and Subjects ...................................................................................................... 4 Container Listing ............................................................................................................. 5 Series 1: Professional materials............................................................................... 5 Series 2: Photographs and other materials............................................................ 13 William J. Hammer Collection NASM.XXXX.0074 Collection Overview Repository: National Air and Space Museum Archives Title: William J. Hammer Collection Identifier: NASM.XXXX.0074 Date: -
MATTER of MASCORRO-PERALES in Deportation Proceedings A-10720396 Decided by Board May 15,1967
Interim Decision 40731 MATTER OF MASCORRO-PERALES In Deportation Proceedings A-10720396 Decided by Board May 15,1967 An unconditional nunc pro dune waiver under section 212(g) [now section 212 00], Immigration and Nationality ACt, as amended. of Lhe ground of exclud ability based on respondent's 1959 conviction of theft, granted in 1961 at a time when he stood convicted of only one offense did not preclude the subse- quent use of such crime to establish deportability under section 241 (a) (4) of the Act based on conviction of two crimes involving moral turpitude when respondent thereafter was convicted in 1965 of a second offense involving moral turpitude. th/AEGEI: Order: Act of 1952—Section 241(a) (4) [8 U.S.C. 1251 (a ) (4)]—Convicted of two crimes after entry, to wit, theft under $50, and child molesting. ON BEHALF OF SERVWE: R A. Vielhaber Appellate Trial Attorney (Oral argument) Stephen hi. Sufiln Trial Attorney (Brief submitted) The Government appeals from a decision by the special inquiry officer, finding respondent not deportable as charged and terminating proceedings. Respondent is a 28-year-old male alien, native and citizen of Mexico, a widower and the father of five United States born children. He was lawfully admitted to the United States for permanent residence at El Paso, Texas on or about June 22, 1959. On September 29, 1959, he was convicted of the offense of theft under $50, in the County Court at Law No. 2, El Paso County, Texas and sentenced to 90 days in the County Jail.