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CEOS Strategy for Carbon Observations from Space

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CEOS Strategy for Carbon Observations from Space CEOS STRATEGY FOR CARBON OBSERVATIONS CEOS FROM SPACE S TR A TE APRIL 2014 G Y FOR C ARBON OBSE R V A TIONS FROM S P A CE CEOS STRATEGY FOR CARBON OBSERVATIONS FROM SPACE The Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) Response to the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) Carbon Strategy Developed under the auspices of the CEOS Carbon Task Force The front cover of the CEOS Strategy For Carbon Observations From Space is a derivative work that uses a number of Creative Commons licensed images, as follows: Coral Reef at Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge (https://flic.kr/p/9tPDCU) by Jim Maragos/U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, used under Creative Commons license CC BY 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/2.0/). The image was cropped to fit the cover design. Yuganskiy Nature Reserve Aerial View (https://flic.kr/p/diNuJH) by Tatiana Bulyonkova, used under Creative Commons license CC BY-SA 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/). The image was cropped to fit the cover design. Smoke stack - Ilirska Bistrica, Slovenia (https://flic.kr/p/dTYqpY) by why 137, used under Creative Commons license CC BY 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/). The image was horizontally flipped and cropped to fit the cover design. This cover is itself (except the select images that are copyrighted) is licensed under Creative Commons license CC BY-SA 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/). The following satellite images also appear on the cover: GOSAT Image, The global distribution of XCH4 for the month of September in 2010, courtesy JAXA/NIES/ MOE, http://www.gosat.nies.go.jp/eng/related/2010/img/XCH4_L3_201009010930_v01_30.png. The image was cropped to fit the cover design. A Southern Summer Bloom, courtesy ESA, http://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2012/01/A_southern_ summer_bloom. The image was cropped to fit the cover design. Landsat false-color images shows clear cutting and forest regrowth between 1984 and 2010 in Washington State, northeast of Mount Rainier, courtesy NASA Earth Observatory, http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/ Features/CarbonCycle/page6.php. The image was cropped to fit the cover design. This document should be cited as: CEOS. (2014) CEOS Strategy for Carbon Observations from Space. The Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) Response to the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) Carbon Strategy. Issued date: September 30 2014 Printed in Japan by JAXA and I&A Corporation TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ………………………………………………………………………………… v CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………………… 1 1.1 Purpose …………………………………………………………………………………… 2 1.2 Audience ………………………………………………………………………………… 3 1.3 Background and Context ………………………………………………………………… 3 1.4 Scope and Objectives ……………………………………………………………………… 5 1.5 Content …………………………………………………………………………………… 5 1.5.1 Domain Chapters …………………………………………………………………… 5 1.5.2 Integration Chapter ………………………………………………………………… 6 1.5.3 Way Forward Chapter ……………………………………………………………… 6 1.5.4 Two Types of Recommendations: Challenges and CEOS Actions ……………… 6 1.5.5 Supporting and In Situ Observations ……………………………………………… 7 CHAPTER 2: LAND DOMAIN …………………………………………………………………………… 8 2.1 Introduction: The Importance of Land in the Carbon Cycle …………………………… 8 2.1.1 Scientific and Societal Significance ………………………………………………… 10 2.1.2 Current Status and Trends ………………………………………………………… 11 2.2 Key Information and Observation Needs ……………………………………………… 13 2.2.1 Terrestrial Domain Information Needs …………………………………………… 13 2.2.1.1 Carbon Pools ………………………………………………………………… 13 2.2.1.2 Land-Atmosphere Fluxes …………………………………………………… 14 2.2.1.3 Disturbance Regimes ………………………………………………………… 14 2.2.1.4 Ecosystem Dynamics ………………………………………………………… 15 2.2.1.5 Export Fluxes from Lateral Transport ……………………………………… 15 2.2.2 Key Elements Identified by the GEO Carbon Strategy …………………………… 15 2.2.3 Need for Supporting Climate Observations ……………………………………… 17 2.3 The Role of Satellite Observations ………………………………………………………… 17 2.3.1 Characterizing the Role of Satellite Observations ………………………………… 17 2.3.2 Summary of Contribution of Satellite Data Records ……………………………… 24 2.3.2.1 Land Cover ………………………………………………………………… 24 2.3.2.2 Vegetation Condition ……………………………………………………… 25 2.3.2.3 Disturbance ………………………………………………………………… 25 2.3.2.4 Ambient Conditions ………………………………………………………… 26 2.3.3 Institutional Issues ………………………………………………………………… 26 2.3.3.1 Consistency of Definitions …………………………………………………… 26 2.3.3.2 Calibration and Validation at Product Level ……………………………… 27 2.3.3.3 Cross-Agency Intercomparison Exercises …………………………………… 28 2.3.3.4 Traceability, Transparency, and Documentation …………………………… 28 2.3.3.5 Consistency Across Spatial Resolutions ……………………………………… 29 2.3.3.6 Data and Product Access and Maintenance ………………………………… 29 2.3.3.7 Data Availability for Global/Regional Scientific Studies …………………… 30 2.4 Satellite Observations Adequacy ………………………………………………………… 31 2.4.1 Land Cover ………………………………………………………………………… 31 2.4.2 Vegetation Conditions ……………………………………………………………… 33 2.4.2.1 Leaf Area Index and FAPAR …………………………………………………… 33 CEOS Strategy for Carbon Observations from Space | i 2.4.2.2 Land Surface Phenology …………………………………………………… 34 2.4.2.3 Vegetation Height and Biomass …………………………………………… 34 2.4.3 Disturbance ………………………………………………………………………… 36 2.4.3.1 Forest Area Disturbed ……………………………………………………… 36 2.4.3.2 Fire Timing (Active Fire Products) ………………………………………… 37 2.4.3.3 Burned Area ………………………………………………………………… 38 2.4.4 Ambient Conditions ………………………………………………………………… 39 2.4.4.1 Soil Moisture ………………………………………………………………… 39 2.4.4.2 Land Surface Temperature ………………………………………………… 40 2.4.4.3 Freeze-thaw ………………………………………………………………… 41 2.4.4.4 Surface Water and Inundation ……………………………………………… 42 2.4.4.5 Snow Area Extent and Timing ……………………………………………… 43 2.5 Land Domain Recommendations and CEOS Actions …………………………………… 44 2.5.1 Mission-Related Recommendations ……………………………………………… 44 2.5.2 Product-Related Recommendations ……………………………………………… 45 2.5.3 Calibration/Validation-Related Recommendations ……………………………… 47 CHAPTER 3: OCEANS AND INLAND WATERS DOMAIN ………………………………………………… 49 3.1 Introduction: Why are the Oceans and Inland Waters Relevant? ……………………… 49 3.1.1 The Coastal System ………………………………………………………………… 51 3.1.2 Inland Water Bodies ………………………………………………………………… 52 3.2 The Role of Satellites in Monitoring the Carbon Cycle and Pools in Oceanic, Coastal, and Inland Water Bodies ………………………………………………………… 53 3.3 Oceans and Inland Waters Domain Recommendations and CEOS Actions …………… 63 3.3.1 Mission-Related Recommendations ……………………………………………… 63 3.3.2 Product-Related Recommendations ……………………………………………… 64 3.3.3 Calibration/Validation-Related Recommendations ……………………………… 66 3.3.4 Interactions/Linkages/Communications-Related Recommendations …………… 66 CHAPTER 4: ATMOSPHERE DOMAIN ………………………………………………………………… 68 4.1 Introduction: The Importance of the Atmosphere in the Carbon Cycle ……………… 68 4.2 Estimating Sources and Sinks of CO2 and CH4 with Atmospheric Measurements …… 70 4.3 Ground and Aircraft Based Observations of CO2 and CH4 ……………………………… 71 4.4 Space-Based Observations of CO2 and CH4 ……………………………………………… 73 4.5 Alignment of Future Space-based Observations with Science and Policy Objectives … 81 4.6 GEO Carbon Strategy Report …………………………………………………………… 82 4.7 Toward a Future Constellation for GHG observations ………………………………… 84 4.8 Atmosphere Domain Recommendations and CEOS Actions …………………………… 86 4.8.1 Mission-Related Recommendations ……………………………………………… 87 4.8.2 Calibration/Validation-Related Recommendations ……………………………… 88 CHAPTER 5: INTEGRATION …………………………………………………………………………… 89 5.1 Introduction: The Importance of Integration …………………………………………… 89 5.2 Understanding Interfaces, and Processes, between Domains …………………………… 90 5.2.1 Land-Inland Water Interactions …………………………………………………… 90 5.2.2 Land-Atmosphere Interactions …………………………………………………… 92 5.2.3 Oceans and Inland Waters-Atmosphere Interactions …………………………… 94 ii | CEOS Strategy for Carbon Observations from Space 5.2.4 Consideration of the Whole System: Three-way Coupling ……………………… 95 5.2.4.1 Black Carbon ………………………………………………………………… 95 5.2.4.2 Aerosol Nutrient Fertilization in Oceans …………………………………… 96 5.2.5 Climate-carbon Coupling ………………………………………………………… 97 5.2.5.1 Oceans and Inland Water Carbon and Climate …………………………… 97 5.2.5.2 Land Carbon and Climate ………………………………………………… 99 5.2.5.3 Land-Ocean-Atmosphere Carbon and Climate ………………………… 100 5.3 Science, Policy, and Implementation of Directives …………………………………… 100 5.3.1 The Importance of Policy and the Difference from Scientific Drivers ………… 100 5.3.2 Data in Support of Policy and Carbon Management …………………………… 101 5.3.3 Exploitation of Existing Infrastructure and Coordination across Agencies, Research Facilities and Directive-driven Programs …………………………… 101 5.3.4 Spatial Integration ……………………………………………………………… 102 5.3.5 Temporal Integration …………………………………………………………… 103 5.4 Data Harmonization, Uncertainty, Traceability, and Consistency …………………… 103 5.5 Model Development and the Interface to Data ……………………………………… 104 5.6 Timelines and Evolution ……………………………………………………………… 105 5.7 Practical Considerations in Integration ……………………………………………… 106 5.8 Integration Recommendations and CEOS Actions …………………………………… 106 5.8.1 Mission-Related Recommendations …………………………………………… 106 5.8.2 Product-Related Recommendations …………………………………………… 107 5.8.3 Calibration/Validation-Related Recommendations …………………………… 110 5.8.4 Interactions/Linkages/Communications-Related Recommendations ………… 112 5.8.5 CEOS Mechanisms- and Future Planning-Related Recommendations
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