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Growth Rate, Prey Preference, and Feeding Rate of Evasterias Troschelii

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Growth Rate, Prey Preference, and Feeding Rate of Evasterias Troschelii Growth rate, prey preference, and feeding rate of Evasterias troschelii By Carla Di Filippo A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN LAND AND FOOD SYSTEMS Applied biology program (honours) in FACULTY OF LAND AND FOOD SYSTEMS THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA October 2017 We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ 1 Abstract The outbreak of sea star wasting disease along the Pacific Northwest in 2013 is associated with a shift in sea star community structure, with the normally abundant Pisaster ochraceus decreasing in abundance relative to Evasterias troschelii in and around Vancouver, BC. This change in relative abundance could directly affect the abundance and distribution of important prey species such as Mytilus trossulus (mussels) and Balanus glandula (barnacles), with Mytilus observed to exclude and decrease species richness of additional prey species in the intertidal. Previous research indicates that Pisaster prefers mussels over barnacles, however with Evasterias being understudied, these preferences are unknown. The goal of this research project was to improve our understanding of Evasterias prey preferences, feeding rates, and whether diet affects sea star growth. We conducted a lab experiment using organisms collected from Burrard Inlet, BC, and provided Evasterias with a diet of mussels, barnacles, or both, and recorded prey consumption and predator growth rate. Additionally, we conducted a feeding rate experiment between Evasterias and Pisaster. Results show the growth rate of Evasterias was higher when mussels were available. However, the proportion of mussels or barnacles consumed did not differ when sea stars were presented with only one or both prey species, suggesting that they did not have a strong prey preference. The number of mussels consumed overall was lower than that of barnacles, but tissue mass consumed was higher in mussels than that of barnacles. The feeding rates between Pisaster and Evasterias showed similarity. Although the strength of dietary preferences of Evasterias and Pisaster may differ, our results suggest that Evasterias may nevertheless play a similar ecological role when it becomes abundant on rocky shores. 2 Table of contents: Page List of Figures …………………………………………………………………………………. 5. Acknowledgments ……………………………………………………………………………. 6. Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………….... 7. 1.1. Climate change & disease ……………………………………………………………. 7. 1.2. Role in the intertidal - Pisaster ochraceus & Evasterias troschelii …………………. 8. 1.3. Feeding ecology ……………………………………………………………………… 10. 1.3.i. Prey preference …………………………………………………………………. 11. 1.3.ii. Effects of diet on growth ………………………………………………………. 15. 1.3.iii. Feeding rates …………………………………………………………………... 15. 1.4 Research objectives and hypotheses…………………………………………………. 17. 2. Materials and Methods …………………………………………………………………... 19. 2.1. Animal collection ……………………………………………………………………. 19. 2.2. Feeding experiment 1 – Evasterias …………………………………………………. 20. 2.3. Feeding experiment 2 – Evasterias …………………………………………………. 24. 2.4. Feeding rate experiment – Evasterias & Pisaster ………………………………….. 25. 2.5. Tissue consumption analysis ……………………………………………………….. 25. 2.6. Growth, prey preference, and feeding rate analysis ………………………………. 28. 3. Results …………………………………………………………………………………….. 30. 3.1. Growth of seastars …………………………………………………………………... 30. 3.2. Consumption – Quantity & Prey tissue ……………………………………………. 31. 3.3. Feeding rate ………………………………………………………………………….. 34. 3 4. Discussion ……………………………………………………………………………….... 37. 4.1. Growth rate ………………………………………………………………………….. 37. 4.2. Tissue consumption …………………………………………………………………. 38. 4.3. Feeding rate ………………………………………………………………………….. 40. 4.4. Applicability to the field – Role of Evasterias as a Pisaster substitute ………….... 41. 4.5. Future changes to the intertidal & Management implications …………………… 42. 5. Literature Cited ………………………………………………………………………….. 45. 4 List of Figures: Figure 1. Map of collection sites at Stanley Park, Vancouver, BC, Canada ….......................... 19. Figure 2. Laboratory setup of feeding experiments ……........................................................... 20. Figure 3. The impacts of diet on the cumulative growth rates for Evasterias from feeding experiments 1 and 2 ……............................................................................................ 30. Figure 4.a., b. The daily consumption rate of barnacles and mussels for feeding experiment 2 ........................................................................................................ 31. Figure 5. The weekly proportion of barnacles consumed from feeding experiment 2 .............. 32. Figure 6.a., b. Graphs displaying the relationship between prey size and dry tissue weight for mussels and barnacles ………………………………………………………………. 33. Figure 7. Total tissue consumption of mussels and barnacles by Evasterias in feeding experiment 2 ................................................................................................... 34. Figure 8. The daily consumption rate of mussels by Evasterias and Pisaster from feeding rate experiment ……………………………………………………………... 35. Figure 9. The preferred mussel sizes by Evasterias and Pisaster from feeding rate experiment ……………………………………………………………... 36. 5 Acknowledgments: I thank my supervisor Dr. Chris Harley for the research opportunity, resources, guidance and support throughout the entirety of this project that otherwise would not have been possible to complete. Colin MacLeod for his help in seawater chemistry, seawater system knowledge, laboratory resources, and overall guidance and support during the tougher times of my writing process. Sharon Kay for her past knowledge and advice on seastar species in the Burrard Inlet. Cassandra Konecny for her advice and support in creating the map for collection sites. Angela Stevenson for her advice, feedback, and constant support. The Harley lab for their unbelievable positive presence, acceptance, advice, and willingness to help. Dr. Wayne Goodey for supplies and resources. The Stanley Park Board and Royal Vancouver Yacht Club for allowing me access to the collection sites and organisms. Ocean Leaders for providing me with funding to conduct my research. 6 1. Introduction: 1.1 Climate change & disease A changing climate caused by increasing CO2 emissions has contributed to altering surface temperatures on a global scale (Solomon, 2007). Over the past one hundred years, it is estimated that global temperatures have increased by 0.74°C ± 0.18°C, with future predictions indicating a rise of 2°C to 6.4°C by the year 2099 (Sokolov et al., 2009; Solomon, 2007). This increase in global surface temperature will consequently result in an increase in ocean temperature, believed to be an important factor driving disease outbreaks in many marine taxa (Harvell et al., 1999; Lester et al., 2007; Ward and Lafferty, 2004). Specifically, increased disease frequency and intensity have occurred in vertebrates (mammals, turtles, fish), invertebrates (corals, crustaceans, echinoderms), and plants (seagrasses) (Karvonen et al., 2010; Lafferty et al., 2004; Ward and Lafferty, 2004). It has been proposed that an explanation for this phenomena is, 1) pathogen growth rates and fitness have a higher probability of increase at higher temperatures, 2) climate change shows an increase range expansion for pathogens, and 3) hosts exhibiting heat stress have an increase in susceptibility to disease (Bates et al., 2009; Harvell et al., 2002). Some examples of disease outbreak can be observed in coral reefs, with a dramatic global increase in the severity of coral bleaching in 1997 to 1998 coinciding with high El Nin͂ o temperatures (Harvell et al., 1999). Additionally, a study conducted on the prevalence of infection on two fish farms in northern Finland from 1986 to 2006 found an increase in disease prevalence during summer periods of increased water temperature for some, but not all, diseases observed (Karvonen et al., 2010). The latter example emphasizes that disease prevalence is not only impacted by local environmental conditions, but additionally by the biology of the disease. 7 An example of interest showing increased disease frequency and intensity in invertebrates, specifically within echinoderms, are sea stars (class Asteroidea). Sea stars showed extensive mortality during 2013 along the northeastern Pacific Coast, in association with Sea Star Wasting Disease (SSWD) (Kohl et al., 2016). SSWD causes an increased frequency in body lesions, loss of appendages, behavioural changes, and consequently, death of the individual, observed as rapid degradation (“melting”) (Hewson et al., 2014). Mass die-offs of the sunflower star Pycnopodia helianthoides, provided the first large scale documentation of the outbreak on the coasts of British Columbia, California, and Washington, with other species following soon after (Kohl et al., 2016). The range of present day outbreaks observe to encompass the entire Pacific coast of North America, from Baja California, MX to Alaska, and USA, impacting at least 20 known species and multiple genera (Kohl et al., 2016). However, not all species documented have been impacted to the same severity in population declines. The blood star, Henricia levuiscula, is susceptible to the disease but has shown little population
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