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Belanda Sejarah Ringkas Belanda Sejarah Ringkas Yusuf Wibisono <[email protected]> Des'2019 (c) ilmuiman.net. All rights reserved. *** Jadulnya Jadul Kira-kira 2000 sebelum masehi, mulai diyakini di daerah yang sekarang negeri Belanda itu ada komunitas Hilversum. Sebelum itu, kurang lebih gelap gulita. Mungkin ada sih penduduk di sana, tapi tidak tercatat sejarah. Lebih maju dikit ke tahun 1500SM, dikenal komunitas Elp, agak di utara, ko-eksis dengan Hilversum di tengah-selatan. Proto-Frysians muncul di pesisir di sekitar 1000SM. Dan pada 500SM, yang paling eksis itu tiga: Elp, Frisian, dan Hallstatt. Hilversum di tengah-selatan tidak begitu dominan lagi, kesilep Hallstatt. Dan makin lama, kesilep lagi Hallstatt-nya. Yang meluas itu Frisian dan Elp. Sampai kemudian, berbaur dengan suku-suku Germanic, dan gampangnya ya udah.. Germanic dan Frisian itulah yang paling eksis pada sektiar tahun 100SM. Sekitaran 50SM, daerah di selatannya Belanda, dicaplok Romawi (Gallia). Awalnya tidak langsung bersinggungan dengan wilayah suku-suku Germanik, tapi di sekitar era Julius Caesar.. jadi berbatasan langsung yaitu di sekitar 50SM. Jebret.. terus 12SM.. seluruh tanah Belanda kecaplok Roman Empire. Kecuali pulau-pulau terpencilnya di tengah laut.. sampai sekitar tahun 9M. Jadilah, negeri itu muncul di blantika sejarah dunia, sampai sekarang. Alkisah, di tahun 9M itu, suku-suku Germanic dapet lagi daerah di utara (dikit, nggak semua). Lalu kelompok Frisian menjelma jadi Frisii.. dapet wilayah bebas di pesisir tempat leluhur mereka. Frisian ini kayak merek susu kental manis toh? Frisian flag. Ya memang sama sih. Tahun 46-47M meluas. Wilayah Frisii dan suku-suku Germanic Chauci, sampai seluas Belanda sekaranglah kurang lebih areanya, sampai muncul Tubani, Saxons, Chamavi, Salian Franks, dari sempalan suku Germanic Chauci, tapi di pesisir, Frisii solid utuh satu terus sampai 250M. Mulai 264M, yang dominan itu empat: Frisii (tapi dah jauh mengecil), Saxons, Chauci, dan Salian-Franks. Bagian selatan banget,.. itu dipegang kekaisaran Gallic/Romawi (atau persisnya, Romawi barat, belakangan setelah Romawi pecah). Menjelang 300M, yang dominan: Saxons dan Franks/Frankish, dan Frisii/Frysians mengecil-cil. Orang-orang Saxons melenyap kekuasanya di sekitar 400M. Pada pindah ke Inggris atau ke utara, atau kemana. Tapi tidak lagi berkuasa di tanah Belanda. Pengaruh Romawi pun lama-lama melenyap sekitaran 450-an. Kaum Franks berjaya, terbelah dua jadi: Ripurian Franks di bagian tengah, dan Kerajaan Tournal (Salian Franks) di selatannya. Di utara bekas wilayah Saxon itu tidak banyak diomongin lagi... lama-lama diisi Frysians di sekitaran 470M. Tahun 480-an yang dominan dua itu: Frysians dan Kerajaan Frankish. Yang mana 511M, Frankishnya terus pecah jadi: Austrasia dan Neustria. Terus, nyatu lagi bentar jadi Francia sekitaran 560M, terus mecah lagi. Terus nyatu lagi 681M. Bahkan sekitaran 730-an, itu Frysia juga dicaplok, disatukan semua.. jadi Francia. Ini mungkin pertama kalinya Belanda keseluruhan jadi satu kesatuan (tapi nyatu juga dengan sisa Francia yang lain sampai ke Perancis sana, dan lain-lain). Pendeknya cerita, sampai abad ke-8 itu.. namanya Belanda belum ada. Bagian ini, bisalah dilupakan dunia, dan cukuplah jadi bahan kajian para peneliti eropa kuno. *** Belanda Abad Ke-8 s/d Ke-11 Francia terus berubah jadi Kekaisaran Carolingian pertengahan abad ke-8, sampai pertengahan abad ke-9. Habis itu, pecah tiga: Francia barat (rada selatan), Francia Tengah (Lotharingia), dan Francia Timur (rada utara). Di awal abad ke-10, Lotharingia dan Francia Timur itu jadi Kerajaan Jerman (kuno). Dan yang barat jadi Flanders yang wilayahnya kecilan (county of Flanders). Pertengahan abad ke-10, Kerjaaan Jerman kuno ini berubah jadi Holy Roman Empire. Sampai memasuki abad ke-11, yang bagian tengah (yang disebut juga wilayah Lower Lorraine), terus agak memisah dan terpecah-pecah. Pendeknya, sampai abad ke-11 itu, namanya Belanda juga tetap belum ada. Dan yang kurang lebih penentu eropa daerah situ, itu awalnya Kerajaan Francia itu (cikal bakal Perancis-Jerman), dan Holy Roman Empire (cikal bakal semua kerajaan di eropa tengah, Jerman-Austria dan lain- lain, yang mengklaim sebagai penerus sah kekaisaran Romawi, padahal bukan). Mohon diingat, di abad ke-7, agama islam sudah muncul, dan terus jadi jaya dan di abad ke-8 s/d ke-10 sudah kokoh menguasai semenanjung Iberia (Portugal-Spanyol). Baru kelak mereka terusir di era Reconquista (penaklukan kembali) pada abad ke-15. Kekuatan islam lain yang terus eksis sampai jaman perang dunia pertama, itu ada di tengah, yaitu Turki Ottoman, yang di tahun 1453 sudah kokoh menaklukkan Konstantinopel (sekarang Istambul) dan sampai akhir abad ke-16 jadi kekuatan darat terkuat di eropa dan dunia. Pembanding lain, di nusantara, itu Sriwijaya sudah jadi kekuatan maritim digdaya di sekitar abad ke-8. Dan kemudian dilanjut oleh Majapahit, yang muncul di akhir abad ke-13, dan jadi kekuatan digdaya se-nusantara di puncaknya di sekitar abad ke-15 pertengahan. Kerajaan-kerajaan islam nusantara, itu juga sudah muncul di abad ke-13 (Samudra Pasai), yang kemudian berjaya di seantero kawasan selepas runtuhnya Majapahit. Pendek kata, sementara nusantara sudah canggih jadi perebutan kekuasaan regional, mengingat sumber- sumber alam yang lukratif, negeri Belanda itu belum apa-apa, dan bahkan.. belum eksis. *** Belanda Abad Ke-12 & Ke-16 Mameasuki abad ke-12, di sisi selatan-barat, daerah Flanders itu masuk jadi Perancis. Sisi tengah-timur itu jadi Holy Roman Empire. Dua itu kerajaan besar, jangkarnya eropa kristiani kala itu. Sedangkan Belanda-merdekanya, itu terpcah-pecah jadi beberapa kerajaan (bawahan Holy Roman Empire kebanyakannya, atau di bawah bayang-bayangnya), yaitu: County of Brabant, County of Holland, Bisophric Utrecht, Duchy of Hamaland (Guilders), dan Frysia. Lalu, Flanders pun lepas dari Perancis (County of Flanders). Ada daerah kecil: Lordship of Vianen dan Barony of IJsselstein. Abad ke-14 terus muncul County of Cuylenburg, Buren, Lordship of Bokhoven. Lalu Flanders jatuh ke tangan Perancis lagi. Pertengahan abad ke-15, tetap Belanda ini dibayangi dua kerajaan Besar: Holy Roman Empire dan Perancis, tapi daerah (semi?) merdekanya agak berubah jadi kelompok besar: Burgundian- Netherlands, Utrecht, Guilders, dan Frysia (dan Flanders yang di bawah Perancis). Menjelang akhir abad ke-15, bagian tengah kurang lebih bersatu di bawah kekuasaan Habsburg-Netherlands (kecuali Flanders yang masih di bawah Perancis dan Frysia yang terus eksis). Tetangga raksasanya tetap mantap: Holy Roman Empire. Belanda-Habsburg lama-lama mencaplok Flanders, tapi.. di tengah-utara, Guilders menyempal jadi anti-Habsburg, dan demikian pula Utrech muncul lagi. Sebentar, lalu.. Utrech-dan Guilders menyatu (anti Habsburg, Guilders) dan daerah Frysia terbagi dua antara Habsburgs dan Guilders. Sekitar 1525-an, Belanda terbagi dua jadi daerah Habsburg itu dan Guilders. Tahun 1546.. utuh menyeluruh,.. semua dikuasai Habsburg-Netherlands. Kecuali sisi timurnya yang masih di tangan Holy Roman Empire. Pertengahan abad ke-16, Habsburg-Netherlands (yang dekat ke Holy Roman Empire), berubah jadi Spanish-Netherlands yang lebih dekat ke Iberia. Raja besarnya adalah Raja Spanyol. Yaitu kecuali daerah yang masih di tangan Holy Roman Empire, dan ada daerah di tengah yang nyempil sendiri yaitu Liege. Menjelang 1570-an, pemberontakan terhadap kekuasaan Raja Spanyol mulai merebak. Sampai kemudian 1590-an, muncul Republik Belanda (Dutch Republic), kumpulan dari 17 propinsi membentuk federasi yang relatif longgar. Kekuasaan Spanyol tinggal di bagian selatan saja. Dan Liege tetap ada juga. Holy Roman Empire juga nggak diutik-utik wilayahnya. Orang Belanda, mencatat ini sebagai perang 80 tahun (1568-1648). Pendek kata, di sinilah baru muncul, Belanda bersatu yang beneran. Yaitu, 1590, saat muncul Republik Belanda, yang merupakan perserikatan atau kumpulan dari 17 propinsi itu, yang sebelumnya, di bawah kekuasaan Raja Spanyol. Nah, dari awal muncul ini, orang-orang Belanda mayoritasnya kelompok Protestan dan kesehariannya merupakan bangsa bahari. Banyak berguru dari Portugis dan Spanyol. Pelaut-pelaut top Belanda, itu yang generasi- generasi awalnya, adalah para pekerja di kapal-kapal Portugis itu (dan Spanyol). Tapi, setelah merdeka, seiring menajamnya pertikaian Katolik-Protestan, Belanda si negeri baru ini sampai 1648 perang terus melawan bangsa-bangsa Iberia, khususnya Portugis. Dan kemanapun mereka melaut, mereka menempur koloni Portugis, yang notabene adalah guru serta sodara tuanya para leluhur mereka. Sekali lagi kita simpulkan di sini biar nggak lupa: negeri Belanda, yang bersatu utuh, itu pertama ada setelah proklamasi kemerdekaan (dari Spanyol, di Utrecht) di tahun 1581M. Begicu. Dan pengakuan kedaulatannya itu 1648. Jadi, singkat cerita, sekumpulan provinsi itu ya.. semulanya dasarnya banyak dihuni para pelaut ulung, dan pedagang rempah-rempah sukses. Tapi kulakannya bukan ke sumbernya, melainkan ke Lisabon (Portugis), dimana untuk bertahun-tahun, kala itu, Portugis memonopoli kulakan rempah-rempah eropa. Lama-lama, orang-orang Belanda itu penasaran, pelautnya banyak yang jadi awak kapal Portugis, dan akhirnya berhasil mencuri ilmunya. Tapi, tetap belum pernah berlayar dengan bendera sendiri. Mereka masih jajahan Spanyol. Kemudian, konstelasi eropa berubah, 1580, Portugis itu menyatu dengan Spanyol. Dan oleh Spanyol, Lisabon terus ditutup untuk pedagang Belanda, tidak boleh dipakai kulakan rempah-rempah. Kebetulan, waktu itu orang-orang Belanda sudah terendus mau berontak-berontak gitu. Ya udah.
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