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Estimating the Effects of Fiscal Policy in OECD Countries
Estimating the e®ects of ¯scal policy in OECD countries Roberto Perotti¤ This version: November 2004 Abstract This paper studies the e®ects of ¯scal policy on GDP, in°ation and interest rates in 5 OECD countries, using a structural Vector Autoregression approach. Its main results can be summarized as follows: 1) The e®ects of ¯scal policy on GDP tend to be small: government spending multipliers larger than 1 can be estimated only in the US in the pre-1980 period. 2) There is no evidence that tax cuts work faster or more e®ectively than spending increases. 3) The e®ects of government spending shocks and tax cuts on GDP and its components have become substantially weaker over time; in the post-1980 period these e®ects are mostly negative, particularly on private investment. 4) Only in the post-1980 period is there evidence of positive e®ects of government spending on long interest rates. In fact, when the real interest rate is held constant in the impulse responses, much of the decline in the response of GDP in the post-1980 period in the US and UK disappears. 5) Under plausible values of its price elasticity, government spending typically has small e®ects on in°ation. 6) Both the decline in the variance of the ¯scal shocks and the change in their transmission mechanism contribute to the decline in the variance of GDP after 1980. ¤IGIER - Universitµa Bocconi and Centre for Economic Policy Research. I thank Alberto Alesina, Olivier Blanchard, Fabio Canova, Zvi Eckstein, Jon Faust, Carlo Favero, Jordi Gal¶³, Daniel Gros, Bruce Hansen, Fumio Hayashi, Ilian Mihov, Chris Sims, Jim Stock and Mark Watson for helpful comments and suggestions. -
Responsible for an Remaining Errors. the Research Reported Here Is
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES USE OF (TI-DoIN) VECTOR AUTOREGRESSIONS TO TEST UNCOVERED INTEREST PARITY Takatoshi Ito Working Paper No. 1193 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 November 198). The author is thankful to Thomas Sargent and Christopher Sims for various useful suggestions and discussions. Comments from Paul Evans, Fumio Hayashi, Robert Hodrick, Angelo Melino and Danny Quah were very helpful. Financial assistance from the Suntory Foundation and the National Bureau of Economic Research is grate- fully acknowledged. The author is thankful to Lenny Dendunnen for his excellent computational assistance. The author, however, is responsiblefor an remaining errors. The research reported here is part of the NBER's research programs in Financial Markets and MonetaryEconomicsand International Studies. Any opinions expressedare those of the author and not those of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER Working Paper !i1493 November 1984 Use of (Time—Domain) Vector Autoregressions to Test Uncovered Interest Parity ABSTRACT In this paper, a vector autoregression model (VAR) is proposed in order to test uncovered interest parity (UIP) in the foreign exchange market. Consider a VAR system of the spot exchange rate (yen/dollar), the domestic (US) interest rate and the foreign (Japanese) interest rate, describing the interdependence of the domestic and international financial markets. Uncovered interest parity is stated as a null hypothesis that the current difference between the two interest rates is equal to the difference between the expected future (log of) exchange rate and the (log of) current spot exchange rate. Note that the VAR system will yield the expected future spot exchange rate as a k—step ahead unconditional prediction. -
Curriculum Vitae
Angus Deaton, CV, June 2018, Page - 1 - CURRICULUM VITAE Name: Sir Angus Stewart Deaton Date and Place of Birth: 19th October 1945 in Edinburgh, U.K. Nationality: British Children: 2 children, born 1970, 1971. Degrees: B.A. 1967, M.A. 1971, Ph.D. 1974 (Cambridge) Present Positions: Senior Scholar, Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University Dwight D Eisenhower Professor of Economics and International Affairs, Emeritus Presidential Professor of Economics, University of Southern California Senior Scientist, Gallup Organization Research Associate, National Bureau of Economic Research E-mail: [email protected] Chronology of Education and Appointments 1959-64 Foundation Scholar, Fettes College, Edinburgh. 1964 Exhibition in Mathematics, Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge. 1964-67 Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge, Mathematics, Parts 1a and 1b, and Economics, Part 2. 1967-68 Economic Intelligence Department, Bank of England. 1969 Junior Research Officer, Department of Applied Economics, Cambridge. 1972 Fellow and Director of Studies in Economics, Fitzwilliam College and Research Officer, Department of Applied Economics. 1976-83 Professor of Econometrics, University of Bristol. 1979-80 Visiting Professor, Princeton University. 1983- Dwight D. Eisenhower Professor of International Affairs, and Professor of Economics 2016 and International Affairs, Woodrow Wilson School and Department of Economics 1990-91 Overseas Fellow, Churchill College, Cambridge. Honors and Awards, Invited Lectures, most recent first 2017 Franklin Founder Award, joint with Anne -
Letter in Le Monde
Letter in Le Monde Some of us ‐ laureates of the Nobel Prize in economics ‐ have been cited by French presidential candidates, most notably by Marine le Pen and her staff, in support of their presidential program with regards to Europe. This letter’s signatories hold a variety of views on complex issues such as monetary unions and stimulus spending. But they converge on condemning such manipulation of economic thinking in the French presidential campaign. 1) The European construction is central not only to peace on the continent, but also to the member states’ economic progress and political power in the global environment. 2) The developments proposed in the Europhobe platforms not only would destabilize France, but also would undermine cooperation among European countries, which plays a key role in ensuring economic and political stability in Europe. 3) Isolationism, protectionism, and beggar‐thy‐neighbor policies are dangerous ways of trying to restore growth. They call for retaliatory measures and trade wars. In the end, they will be bad both for France and for its trading partners. 4) When they are well integrated into the labor force, migrants can constitute an economic opportunity for the host country. Around the world, some of the countries that have been most successful economically have been built with migrants. 5) There is a huge difference between choosing not to join the euro in the first place and leaving it once in. 6) There needs to be a renewed commitment to social justice, maintaining and extending equality and social protection, consistent with France’s longstanding values of liberty, equality, and fraternity. -
1 Nobel Autobiography Angus Deaton, Princeton, February 2016 Scotland
Nobel Autobiography Angus Deaton, Princeton, February 2016 Scotland I was born in Edinburgh, in Scotland, a few days after the end of the Second World War. Both my parents had left school at a very young age, unwillingly in my father’s case. Yet both had deep effects on my education, my father influencing me toward measurement and mathematics, and my mother toward writing and history. The school in the Yorkshire mining village in which my father grew up in the 1920s and 1930s allowed only a few children to go to high school, and my father was not one of them. He spent much of his time as a young man repairing this deprivation, mostly at night school. In his village, teenagers could go to evening classes to learn basic surveying and measurement techniques that were useful in the mine. In Edinburgh, later, he went to technical school in the evening, caught up on high school, and after many years and much difficulty, qualified as a civil engineer. He was determined that I would have the advantages that he had been denied. My mother was the daughter of William Wood, who owned a small woodworking business in the town of Galashiels in the Scottish Borders. Although not well-educated, and less of an advocate for education than my father, she was a great story-teller (though it was sometimes hard to tell the stories from gossip), and a prodigious letter- writer. She was proud of being Scottish (I could make her angry by saying that I was British, and apoplectic by saying that I was English), and she loved the Borders, where her family had been builders and carpenters for many generations. -
ΒΙΒΛΙΟΓ ΡΑΦΙΑ Bibliography
Τεύχος 53, Οκτώβριος-Δεκέμβριος 2019 | Issue 53, October-December 2019 ΒΙΒΛΙΟΓ ΡΑΦΙΑ Bibliography Βραβείο Νόμπελ στην Οικονομική Επιστήμη Nobel Prize in Economics Τα τεύχη δημοσιεύονται στον ιστοχώρο της All issues are published online at the Bank’s website Τράπεζας: address: https://www.bankofgreece.gr/trapeza/kepoe https://www.bankofgreece.gr/en/the- t/h-vivliothhkh-ths-tte/e-ekdoseis-kai- bank/culture/library/e-publications-and- anakoinwseis announcements Τράπεζα της Ελλάδος. Κέντρο Πολιτισμού, Bank of Greece. Centre for Culture, Research and Έρευνας και Τεκμηρίωσης, Τμήμα Documentation, Library Section Βιβλιοθήκης Ελ. Βενιζέλου 21, 102 50 Αθήνα, 21 El. Venizelos Ave., 102 50 Athens, [email protected] Τηλ. 210-3202446, [email protected], Tel. +30-210-3202446, 3202396, 3203129 3202396, 3203129 Βιβλιογραφία, τεύχος 53, Οκτ.-Δεκ. 2019, Bibliography, issue 53, Oct.-Dec. 2019, Nobel Prize Βραβείο Νόμπελ στην Οικονομική Επιστήμη in Economics Συντελεστές: Α. Ναδάλη, Ε. Σεμερτζάκη, Γ. Contributors: A. Nadali, E. Semertzaki, G. Tsouri Τσούρη Βιβλιογραφία, αρ.53 (Οκτ.-Δεκ. 2019), Βραβείο Nobel στην Οικονομική Επιστήμη 1 Bibliography, no. 53, (Oct.-Dec. 2019), Nobel Prize in Economics Πίνακας περιεχομένων Εισαγωγή / Introduction 6 2019: Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo and Michael Kremer 7 Μονογραφίες / Monographs ................................................................................................... 7 Δοκίμια Εργασίας / Working papers ...................................................................................... -
Alpha Sources
ALPHA SOURCES NOVEMBER, 2018 ALPHA SOURCES THE LIFE CYCLE HYPOTHESIS How individuals and economies bargain with the future Depending on the wording, a search on Google If aggregated to the economy as a whole, this Scholar for papers and research on the link between implies that the wealth of a nation is passed down macroeconomics and demographics yields anywhere through generations. The young and middle-aged between 20,000 and 100,000 results. This is an have relatively little wealth, and will save to buy the unhelpful start for someone looking to explore and assets that the elderly need to sell in order to fi- understand the field. This essay aims to rectify this nance consumption in old age. In an economy with a issue by tracing the origins of the life cycle hypoth- growing (working-age) population, the savings of the esis (LCH)—ground zero for linking macroeconomics young will be higher than the dissavings of the old; and demographics—through a close inspection of growth will be positive and wealth will rise. But what the 1950s literature that gave birth to the theory. It happens if the working-age population doesn’t grow? is motivated by the idea that anyone who wishes to Furthermore, what is the consequence of long-term explore this topic needs to have a firm grasp of the growth falling or even reaching zero, as would appear original material. A lot can be said for getting the to be the case in rising number of economies? The basics right, and this essay is an ode to that idea. -
Exploring Inequality
SMU McLane/Armentrout/Bridwell Scholars Reading Groups Fall 2020 Syllabus Exploring Inequality Tues./Wed.: Dean Stansel, Ph.D., Senior Research Fellow [email protected], office: 214-768-3492 Mon./Fri.: Meg Tuszynski, Ph.D., Research Fellow & Assistant Director [email protected], office: 214-768-3170 O’Neil Center for Global Markets & Freedom (www.oneilcenter.org) Cox School of Business, Crow 282 Meeting Times. Our meetings will be held on Mondays (Bridwell), Tuesdays (McLane), and Wednesdays (Armentrout) at 6-7 pm (Central time), and Fridays (Armentrout) at 11am-noon (Central time) online via Zoom. All four groups have the same readings. Attendance is required. Your attendance and active participation are required. We will have 10 regular meetings plus a joint reading group summit with the students from similar reading groups at Baylor, Texas Tech, Angelo State, and University of Central Arkansas. That event will be held online via Zoom on the morning of Sat. Oct. 17 and is a required part of the program. You will not be paid the $1000 stipend if you do not attend. You are required to attend all 10 weekly meetings. However, if you have an unavoidable conflict, we do have limited flexibility, with advance notice, for you to switch nights if you cannot attend on your regular reading group night (i.e., if you can’t make one of your regular Monday night meetings, you can instead attend on Tuesday, Wednesday, or Friday that week and vice-versa). In addition, the O’Neil Center hosts several guest speakers throughout the semester. Those will all be online this semester. -
The Time Series Consumption Function Revisited
ALAN S. BLINDER Brookings Institution and Princeton University ANGUS DEATON Princeton University The Time Series Consumption Function Revisited THERELATIONSHIP between consumer spending and income is one of the oldest statistical regularitiesof macroeconomics-and one of the stur- diest. Like the aging movie star, it needs a little touching up now and again, but always seems to come bouncingback. A dozen yearsago, boththe theoreticalderivation and the econometric form of the aggregateconsumption function were considered settled. Most economists adheredto one of two ways of puttingFisher's theory of intertemporaloptimization into operation: Milton Friedman's per- manent income hypothesis (henceforth, PIH) or Franco Modigliani's life-cycle hypothesis (henceforth,LCH). ' Since each variantseemed to have sound theoretical underpinnings,and since the two had similar econometricforms that explainedthe data well and had similarimplica- tions for policy, there was not a greatdeal to quarrelabout. Perhapsthe most contentious empirical issue was the apparently large marginal This paperhas benefitedfrom the commentsand suggestionsof AlbertAndo, Whitney Newey, and members of the Brookings Panel and from seminar presentationsat the Universityof Warwick,Princeton University, and Johns Hopkins University.We thank Peter Rathjensand Lori Gruninfor researchassistance and the National Science Foun- dationfor financialsupport. 1. Milton Friedman, A Theory of the Consumption Function (Princeton University Press, 1957); Franco Modigliani and Richard Brumberg, -
The Equity Premium and the One Percent∗
The Equity Premium and the One Percent∗ Alexis Akira Today Kieran Walshz First draft: March 2014 This version: December 29, 2016 Abstract We show that in a general equilibrium model with heterogeneity in risk aversion or belief, shifting wealth from an agent who holds comparatively fewer stocks to one who holds more reduces the equity premium. Since empirically the rich hold more stocks than do the poor, the top income share should predict subsequent excess stock market returns. Consistent with our theory, we find that when the income share of top earners in the U.S. rises, subsequent one year market excess returns significantly de- cline. This negative relation is robust to (i) controlling for classic return predictors such as the price-dividend and consumption-wealth ratios, (ii) predicting out-of-sample, and (iii) instrumenting with changes in estate tax rates. Cross-country panel regressions suggest that the inverse rela- tion between inequality and returns also holds outside of the U.S., with stronger results in relatively closed economies (emerging markets) than in small open economies (Europe). Keywords: equity premium; heterogeneous risk aversion; return pre- diction; wealth distribution; international equity markets. JEL codes: D31, D52, D53, F30, G12, G17. 1 Introduction Does the wealth distribution matter for asset pricing? Intuition tells us that it does: as the rich get richer, they buy risky assets and drive up prices. In- deed, over a century ago prior to the advent of modern mathematical finance, Fisher (1910) argued that there is an intimate relationship between prices, the heterogeneity of agents in the economy, and booms and busts. -
Investigations in the Economics of Aging
This PDF is a selection from a published volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: Investigations in the Economics of Aging Volume Author/Editor: David A. Wise, editor Volume Publisher: University of Chicago Press Volume ISBN: 0-226-90313-3; 978-226-90313-2 (cloth) Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/wise11-2 Conference Date: May 5-8, 2011 Publication Date: May 2012 Chapter Title: Comment on "The Financial Crisis and the Well-Being of America" Chapter Authors: Daniel McFadden Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c12448 Chapter pages in book: (p. 368 - 375) 368 Angus Deaton Schwarz, Norbert, and Frtiz Strack. 1999. “Reports of Subjective Well- Being: Judg- mental Processes and Their Methodological Implications.” In Well- Being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology, edited by Daniel Kahneman, Ed Diener, and Norbert Schwarz, 61– 84. New York: Russell Sage. Sen, Amartya K. 1985. Commodities and Capabilities. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ———. 1987. On Ethics and Economics. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. Shapiro, Matthew. 2010. “The Effects of the Financial Crisis on the Well- Being of Older Americans: Evidence from the Cognitive Economics Study.” University of Michigan. http:/ / www- personal.umich.edu/ ~shapiro/ papers/ CogFinCrisis.pdf. Stevenson, Betsey, and Justin Wolfers. 2008. “Economic Growth and Subjective Well- Being: Reassessing the Easterlin Paradox.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity Spring:1– 87. Stiglitz, Joseph, Amartya Sen, and Jean- Paul Fitoussi. 2009. Report of the Commis- sion on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress. http:/ / www .stiglitz- sen- fi toussi.fr/ en/ index.htm. Stone, Arthur A., Joseph E. Schwartz, Joan E. Broderick, and Angus Deaton. -
Intertemporal Choice and Inequality
Intertemporal Choice and Inequality Angus Deaton and ChristinaPaxson Princeton University The permanent income hypothesis implies that, for any cohort of people born at the same time, inequality in both consumption and income should grow with age. We investigate this prediction using cohort data constructed from 11 years of household survey data from the United States, 22 years from Great Britain, and 14 years from Taiwan. The data show that within-cohort consumption and income inequality measures do indeed increase with age in the three economies and that the rate of increase is similar in all three. Ac- cording to the permanent income hypothesis, the increase in in- equality reflects cumulative differences in the effects of luck on con- sumption. Other models of intertemporal choice-such as those with strong precautionary motives or liquidity constraints-can limit or even prevent the spread of inequality, as can insurance arrange- ments that share risk across individuals. The evidence on the spread of inequality can therefore be used to help quantify the extent to which private and social arrangements moderate the impact of risk on the distribution of individual welfare. I. Introduction Suppose that the permanent income hypothesis (PIH) is true, so that the consumption of each person in the economy follows a random We are grateful to James Banks and Richard Blundell for the cohort data for Great Britain and to Orazio Attanasio for the U.S. data that were used in an earlier version of this paper. We also thank Tim Besley, Anne Case, Ben Eden, Steve Davis, Marjorie Flavin, Robert Hall, Alan Krueger, Robert Lucas, Thierry Magnac, Jean-Marc Robin, Joe Stiglitz, participants in the National Bureau of Economic Research's February 1993 Economic Fluctuations Research meeting, and an anonymous referee for helpful suggestions.