Translat Regular English Writting in Roman Time
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Roman to Urdu Transliteration Using Word List
Roman to Urdu Transliteration using word list Tafseer Ahmed Universitaet Konstanz [email protected] Abstract script is widely used when there comes a need of a language for the informal communication over internet. The paper discusses transliteration of Urdu words Unlike Urdu script, the roman script for Urdu does from roman script to Urdu script. We propose a word not have any standard for spelling the words. A word list based approach that gives a better transliteration can be written in various forms not only by distinct to the Persio-Arabic letters that have same or similar writers but also by the same writer at different sound but are written as different letter in Urdu script. occasions. Specially, there is no one to one mapping We give a rule based system for roman to Urdu between Urdu letters for vowel sounds and the transliteration. As the roman script for Urdu does not corresponding roman letters. The support of Urdu follow any standard and a single word can be written script on the computers is getting better by the usage of in multiple ways, the proposed rule based system Unicode character set and Open Type fonts. The covers the different ways of writing and give the best availability of Urdu script support demands for roman possible Urdu transliteration based on word list and to Urdu transliterator that can convert the text written roman to Urdu script mapping rules. in roman Urdu into proper Urdu script. This paper focuses on the issues related to the 1. Introduction transliteration of Urdu text from roman script to Urdu script. -
ENG ME 566 Advanced Engineering Mathematics Instructor: M
Fall 2011 ME 566 Advanced Engineering Mathematics ENG ME 566 Advanced Engineering Mathematics Instructor: M. S. Howe EMA 218 (730 Commonwealth Ave) [email protected] Prerequisites: Multivariate Calculus; Ordinary Differential Equations; or instructor permission. It is expected that you can already: • solve simple first and second order linear ordinary differential equations • differentiate and integrate elementary functions, including trigonometric, exponential and hyperbolic functions • integrate by parts; evaluate simple surface and volume integrals • use the binomial theorem and the series expansions of elementary functions (sine, cosine, exponential, logarithmic and hyperbolic functions) • do all the problems in the prerequisites self test at the end of these notes. Course Outcomes: • consolidate understanding of vector calculus and applications to graduate level engi- neering • introductory understanding of complex variable theory with applications to engineering problems • ability to solve standard partial differential equations of engineering science using eigen- function expansions, Fourier transforms and generalised functions • become proficient in documenting calculations Textbook: Lectures are based on Mathematical Methods for Mechanical Sciences (M. S. Howe; 6th edition). It can be downloaded in pdf form from the ME 566 BlackBoard web site. You are expected to ‘read around’ the subject, and are recommended to consult other textbooks such as those listed on page 5. Course grading: • 4 take-home examinations (12.5% each) • final closed book examination (50%) Fall 2011 1 ME 566 Advanced Engineering Mathematics Fall 2011 ME 566 Advanced Engineering Mathematics Homework: Four ungraded homework assignments provide practice in applying techniques taught in class – model answers will be posted on BlackBoard. In addition there are four take home exams each consisting of a short essay and 5 problems. -
Agreement Between the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan, The
AGREEMENT Between the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic and the Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Cooperation in the Area of Environment and Rational Nature Use The Governments of the participating countries of the Agreement hereinafter referred to as the Parties, Guided by the Treaty on Eternal Friendship between the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic and the Republic of Uzbekistan, signed in Bishkek, January 10, 1997; Attaching great significance to environmental protection and rational use of the natural resources and desiring to obtain practical results in this field by means of effective cooperation; Realistically estimating potentialities of ecological dangers in the context of unfavorable natural climatic and hydrometeorological conditions, and acknowledging these problems as the common tasks; Recognizing the great importance of protection and improvement of the environmental situation, prudent and zealous use of natural resources for effectuation of economic and social development with due regard to the interests of the living and future generations; Expressing confidence that cooperation while solving common problems in the environmental protection in each of the countries meets their mutual advantage; and Desiring thereafter to promote the international efforts through this cooperation, aimed at protection and improvement of the environment and rational use of natural resources as the basis of the sound development on the global and regional levels; Have agreed as follows: Article I The Parties shall develop cooperation in the area of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources on the basis of equality of rights, mutual benefit pursuant to the Laws of the respective Countries. -
Roman Numerals
History of Numbers 1c. I can distinguish between an additive and positional system, and convert between Roman and Hindu-Arabic numbers. Roman Numerals The numeric system represented by Roman numerals originated in ancient Rome (753 BC–476 AD) and remained the usual way of writing numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages. By the 11th century, the more efJicient Hindu–Arabic numerals had been introduced into Europe by way of Arab traders. Roman numerals, however, remained in commo use well into the 14th and 15th centuries, even in accounting and other business records (where the actual calculations would have been made using an abacus). Roman numerals are still used today, in certain contexts. See: Modern Uses of Roman Numerals Numbers in this system are represented by combinations of letters from the Latin alphabet. Roman numerals, as used today, are based on seven symbols: The numbers 1 to 10 are expressed in Roman numerals as: I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X. This an additive system. Numbers are formed by combining symbols and adding together their values. For example, III is three (three ones) and XIII is thirteen (a ten plus three ones). Because each symbol (I, V, X ...) has a Jixed value rather than representing multiples of ten, one hundred and so on (according to the numeral's position) there is no need for “place holding” zeros, as in numbers like 207 or 1066. Using Roman numerals, those numbers are written as CCVII (two hundreds, plus a ive and two ones) and MLXVI (a thousand plus a ifty plus a ten, a ive and a one). -
Proposal to Encode Two Latin Letters for Janalif — 2010-09-24 Page 1 of 9 2
JTC1/SC2/WG2 N3916 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set International Organization for Standardization Organisation Internationale de Normalisation Международная организация по стандартизации Doc Type: Working Group Document Title: Proposal to encode two Latin letters for Jaalif (remaining characters of N3581 from 2009-03-16 which was partially accepted) Source: Karl Pentzlin, Ilya Yevlampiev (Илья Евлампиев) Status: Individual Contribution Action: For consideration by JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC Date: 2010-09-24 Additions for Janalif U+A792 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER YERU → 042B cyrillic capital letter yeru → 042C cyrillic capital letter soft sign → 0184 latin capital letter tone six U+A793 LATIN SMALL LETTER YERU → 0131 latin small letter dotless i Properties: A792;LATIN CAPITAL LETTER YERU;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;;A793; A793;LATIN SMALL LETTER YERU;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;A792;;A792 1. The Jaalif alphabet (fig. 3, 4; excerpt from N3581) In 1908–1909 the Tatar poet Säğit Rämiev started to use the Latin alphabet in his own works. He offered the use of digraphs: ea for ä, eu for ü, eo for ö and ei for ı. But Arabists turned down his project. In the early 1920s Azerbaijanis invented their own Latin alphabet, but Tatarstan scholars set a little store to this project, preferring to reform the İske imlâ (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/iske_imla). The simplified İske imlâ, known as Yaña imlâ (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/yana_imla) was used from 1920–1927. [1] But Latinization was adopted by the Soviet officials and the special Central Committee for a New Alpha- bet was established in Moscow. The first project of the Tatar-Bashkir Latin alphabet was published in Eşce (The Worker) gazette in 1924. -
Urdu Alphabet 1 Urdu Alphabet
Urdu alphabet 1 Urdu alphabet Urdu alphabet ﺍﺭﺩﻭ ﺗﮩﺠﯽ Example of writing in the Urdu alphabet: Urdu Type Abjad Languages Urdu, Balti, Burushaski, others Parent systems Proto-Sinaitic • Phoenician • Aramaic • Nabataean • Arabic • Perso-Arabic • Urdu alphabet ﺍﺭﺩﻭ ﺗﮩﺠﯽ [1] Unicode range U+0600 to U+06FF [2] U+0750 to U+077F [3] U+FB50 to U+FDFF [4] U+FE70 to U+FEFF Urdu alphabet ﮮ ﯼ ء ﮪ ﻩ ﻭ ﻥ ﻡ ﻝ ﮒ ﮎ ﻕ ﻑ ﻍ ﻉ ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ ﺵ ﺱ ﮊ ﺯ ﮌ ﺭ ﺫ ﮈ ﺩ ﺥ ﺡ ﭺ ﺝ ﺙ ﭦ ﺕ ﭖ ﺏ ﺍ Extended Perso-Arabic script • History • Diacritics • Hamza • Numerals • Numeration The Urdu alphabet is the right-to-left alphabet used for the Urdu language. It is a modification of the Persian alphabet, which is itself a derivative of the Arabic alphabet. With 38 letters and no distinct letter cases, the Urdu alphabet is typically written in the calligraphic Nasta'liq script, whereas Arabic is more commonly in the Naskh style. Usually, bare transliterations of Urdu into Roman letters (called Roman Urdu) omit many phonemic elements that have no equivalent in English or other languages commonly written in the Latin script. The National Language Authority of Pakistan has developed a number of systems with specific notations to signify non-English sounds, but ﺥ ﻍ ﻁ these can only be properly read by someone already familiar with Urdu, Persian, or Arabic for letters such as Urdu alphabet 2 [citation needed].ﮌ and Hindi for letters such as ﻕ or ﺹ ﺡ ﻉ ﻅ ﺽ History The Urdu language emerged as a distinct register of Hindustani well before the Partition of India, and it is distinguished most by its extensive Persian influences (Persian having been the official language of the Mughal government and the most prominent lingua franca of the Indian subcontinent for several centuries prior to the solidification of British colonial rule during the 19th century). -
ENG 2210 Writing About Literature: Novels Cr
ENG 2210 Writing about Literature: Novels Cr. 3 ENG - ENGLISH Satisfies General Education Requirement: Cultural Inquiry, Intermediate Comp Pre-2018 ENG 1010 Basic Writing Cr. 3 Critical reading of, and writing about, a representative sample of Extensive practice in fundamentals of college writing and reading in novels from the eighteenth century through the modern period. Offered preparation for ENG 1020. Offered Every Term. Intermittently. ENG 1020 Introductory College Writing Cr. 3 Prerequisites: ENG 1020 with a minimum grade of C, ENG 1020 with a Satisfies General Education Requirement: Basic Composition minimum grade of P, ENG 1050 with a minimum grade of C, College Level Competency Exam Program with a test score minimum of BC-BD, (AA) Exempt from A course in reading, research, and writing skills that prepares students to Gen Ed MACRAO with a test score minimum of 100, Michigan Transfer write successfully in college classes. Offered Every Term. Agreement with a test score minimum of 100, or (BA) Competencies Waiver with a test score minimum of 100 ENG 2100 Writing about Literature: Poetry Cr. 3 Satisfies General Education Requirement: Cultural Inquiry, Intermediate ENG 2390 Introduction to African-American Literature: Literature and Comp Pre-2018 Writing Cr. 3 Introduction to techniques and forms of poetry through critical reading Satisfies General Education Requirement: Diversity Equity Incl Inquiry, of, and writing about, poems of various types and from many periods. Intermediate Comp Pre-2018, Intermediate Comp Post-2018 Offered Intermittently. Introduction to major themes and some major writers of African- Prerequisites: ENG 1020 with a minimum grade of C, ENG 1020 with a American literature, emphasizing modern works. -
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court The text of the Rome Statute reproduced herein was originally circulated as document A/CONF.183/9 of 17 July 1998 and corrected by procès-verbaux of 10 November 1998, 12 July 1999, 30 November 1999, 8 May 2000, 17 January 2001 and 16 January 2002. The amendments to article 8 reproduce the text contained in depositary notification C.N.651.2010 Treaties-6, while the amendments regarding articles 8 bis, 15 bis and 15 ter replicate the text contained in depositary notification C.N.651.2010 Treaties-8; both depositary communications are dated 29 November 2010. The table of contents is not part of the text of the Rome Statute adopted by the United Nations Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court on 17 July 1998. It has been included in this publication for ease of reference. Done at Rome on 17 July 1998, in force on 1 July 2002, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2187, No. 38544, Depositary: Secretary-General of the United Nations, http://treaties.un.org. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Published by the International Criminal Court ISBN No. 92-9227-232-2 ICC-PIOS-LT-03-002/15_Eng Copyright © International Criminal Court 2011 All rights reserved International Criminal Court | Po Box 19519 | 2500 CM | The Hague | The Netherlands | www.icc-cpi.int Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Table of Contents PREAMBLE 1 PART 1. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE COURT 2 Article 1 The Court 2 Article 2 Relationship of the Court with the United Nations 2 Article 3 Seat of the Court 2 Article 4 Legal status and powers of the Court 2 PART 2. -
Learning Trilingual Dictionaries for Urdu – Roman Urdu – English
Learning Trilingual Dictionaries for Urdu – Roman Urdu – English Moiz Rauf and Sebastian Padó Institut für Maschinelle Sprachverarbeitung University of Stuttgart, Germany {moiz.rauf,pado}@ims.uni-stuttgart.de Abstract In this paper, we present an effort to generate a joint Urdu, Roman Urdu and English trilingual lexicon using automated methods. We make a case for using statistical machine translation approaches and parallel corpora for dictionary creation. To this purpose, we use word alignment tools on the corpus and evaluate translations using human evaluators. Despite different writing script and considerable noise in the corpus our results show promise with over 85% accuracy of Roman Urdu–Urdu and 45% English–Urdu pairs. 1 Introduction Bilingual lexicons serve an integral role in cross lingual information retrieval and bringing NLP to low resourced languages. The process of dictionary generation has greatly benefited from improvements in statistical translation methods. However, for low resourced languages the large parallel and monolingual corpora necessary to learn these dictionaries are hard to come by and remain a critical hurdle (Lam et al., 2015). In this paper, we have developed such a resource for Urdu, English and Roman Urdu (Urdu written in Latin script) language pairs. Urdu is an Indo-Aryan language with an extended Persio-Arabic script. It is the national language of Pakistan (Rasul, 2013), while English has been established as the medium used in educational and official settings in the country (Rafi, 2013; Muhammad Asghar and Mahmood, 2013). Roman Urdu despite not being an official script, plays an important role in communication and is widely popular on social media platforms (Bilal et al., 2017). -
Bana Braille Codes Update 2007
BANA BRAILLE CODES UPDATE 2007 Developed Under the Sponsorship of the BRAILLE AUTHORITY OF NORTH AMERICA Effective Date: January 1, 2008 BANA MEMBERS American Council of the Blind American Foundation for the Blind American Printing House for the Blind Associated Services for the Blind and Visually Impaired Association for Education and Rehabilitation of the Blind and Visually Impaired Braille Institute of America California Transcribers and Educators of the Visually Handicapped Canadian Association of Educational Resource Centres for Alternate Format Materials The Clovernook Center for the Blind and Visually Impaired CNIB (Canadian National Institute for the Blind) National Braille Association National Braille Press National Federation of the Blind National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped, Library of Congress Royal New Zealand Foundation of the Blind. Associate Member Publications Committee Susan Christensen, Chairperson Judy Dixon, Board Liaison Bob Brasher Warren Figueiredo Sandy Smith Joanna E. Venneri Copyright © by the Braille Authority of North America. This material may be duplicated but not altered. This document is available for download in various formats from www.brailleauthority.org. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ENGLISH BRAILLE, AMERICAN EDITION, REVISED 2002 ....... L1 Table of Changes.................................................................. L2 Definition of Braille ............................................................... L3 Rule I: Punctuation Signs .....................................................L13 -
Sequence to Sequence Networks for Roman-Urdu to Urdu Transliteration
20th International Multitopic Conference (INMIC’ 17) Sequence to Sequence Networks for Roman-Urdu to Urdu Transliteration Mehreen Alam, Sibt ul Hussain [email protected], [email protected] Reveal Lab, Computer Science Department, NUCES Islamabad, Pakistan Abstract— Neural Machine Translation models have natural language processing methods are being employed for replaced the conventional phrase based statistical translation Urdu language which limit the extent to which the methods since the former takes a generic, scalable, data-driven performance can be achieved. Their reliance on hand-crafted approach rather than relying on manual, hand-crafted features. features and manual annotations restricts not only their The neural machine translation system is based on one neural scalability for larger datasets but also their capacity to handle network that is composed of two parts, one that is responsible varying complexities of the language. In this paper, neural for input language sentence and other part that handles the machine translation based on deep learning has been applied desired output language sentence. This model based on to get transliteration from Roman-Urdu to Urdu with distributed representations of both the languages. encoder-decoder architecture also takes as input the distributed representations of the source language which enriches the Neural Machine Translation is based on the concept of learnt dependencies and gives a warm start to the network. In encoder-decoder where encoder and decoder are both based on this work, we transform Roman-Urdu to Urdu transliteration the sequence of multiple Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) into sequence to sequence learning problem. To this end, we cells [3]. -
Arabic Numeral
CHAPTER 4 Number Representation and Calculation Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 4.4, Slide 1 4.4 Looking Back at Early Numeration Systems Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 4.4, Slide 2 Objectives 1. Understand and use the Egyptian system. 2. Understand and use the Roman system. 3. Understand and use the traditional Chinese system. 4. Understand and use the Ionic Greek system. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 4.4, Slide 3 The Egyptian Numeration System The Egyptians used the oldest numeration system called hieroglyphic notation. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 4.4, Slide 4 Example: Using the Egyptian Numeration System Write the following numeral as a Hindu-Arabic numeral: Solution: Using the table, find the value of each of the Egyptian numerals. Then add them. 1,000,000 + 10,000 + 10,000 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 1,020,034 Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 4.4, Slide 5 Example: Using the Egyptian Numeration System Write 1752 as an Egyptian numeral. Solution: First break down the Hindu-Arabic numeral into quantities that match the Egyptian numerals: 1752 = 1000 + 700 + 50 + 2 = 1000 + 100 + 100 + 100 + 100 + 100 + 100 + 100 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 1 + 1 Now use the table to find the Egyptian symbol that matches each quantity. Thus, 1752 can be expressed as Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 4.4, Slide 6 The Roman Numeration System Roman I V X L C D M Numeral Hindu- 1 5 10 50 100 500 1000 Arabic Numeral The Roman numerals were used until the eighteenth century and are still commonly used today for outlining, on clocks, and in numbering some pages in books.