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T-CY Mapping Study on Cyberviolence

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T-CY Mapping Study on Cyberviolence 9 July 2018 T-CY(2017)10 Strasbourg, France Cybercrime Convention Committee (T-CY) Working Group on cyberbullying and other forms of online violence, especially against women and children Mapping study on cyberviolence with recommendations adopted by the T-CY on 9 July 2018 www.coe.int/cybercrime T-CY mapping study on cyberviolence Contents 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 4 2 Mapping the phenomena .......................................................................................... 5 2.1 Overview of cyberviolence .................................................................................................. 5 2.1.1 Defining cyberviolence ................................................................................................ 5 2.1.2 Types of cyberviolence ............................................................................................... 6 2.2 Statistics ........................................................................................................................ 14 2.2.1 Data on cyberviolence against children ....................................................................... 15 2.2.2 Data on cyberviolence against women ........................................................................ 16 2.3 Challenges to the investigation and prosecution of cyberviolence ........................................... 18 2.4 Cyberviolence against women and children as addressed by Istanbul and Lanzarote Conventions ..................................................................................................................................... 21 2.4.1 “Lanzarote” Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse (CETS 201) ............................................................................................................... 21 2.4.2 Istanbul Convention on violence against women and domestic violence (CETS 210) ......... 23 2.5 Review of other national and international responses ........................................................... 25 2.5.1 Prevention .............................................................................................................. 25 2.5.2 Protection ............................................................................................................... 29 2.5.3 Prosecution ............................................................................................................. 31 2.5.4 Criminalisation of cyberviolence ................................................................................. 32 3 Cyberviolence against women and children: the role of the Budapest Convention ... 36 3.1 Substantive law ............................................................................................................... 36 3.1.1 Articles with a more-direct connection to cyberviolence ................................................ 36 3.1.2 Articles with a facilitating connection to cyberviolence .................................................. 36 3.2 Procedural law ................................................................................................................. 37 3.3 International cooperation .................................................................................................. 37 3.3.1 Preservation ............................................................................................................ 38 3.3.2 General cooperation principles ................................................................................... 38 3.3.3 Mutual assistance in accessing of stored data .............................................................. 38 3.3.4 Mutual assistance in the real-time collection of traffic data and mutual assistance in the interception of content data .................................................................................................. 38 3.4 The question of a Guidance Note ....................................................................................... 39 4 Findings and recommendations .............................................................................. 39 4.1 Findings (gaps and issues) ................................................................................................ 39 4.1.1 On the concept of cyberviolence ................................................................................ 39 4.1.2 Cyberviolence: Scope, impact and issues .................................................................... 39 4.1.3 National and international responses to cyberviolence .................................................. 40 4.1.4 Types of cyberviolence addressed or not addressed in international agreements .............. 41 4.1.5 Role of the Budapest Convention ............................................................................... 42 4.2 Recommendations ........................................................................................................... 42 4.3 Follow up ........................................................................................................................ 43 5 Appendix ............................................................................................................... 44 5.1 References/sources/bibliography ....................................................................................... 44 5.2 Websites ......................................................................................................................... 49 5.3 Links to references provided by Parties and Observers ......................................................... 49 5.3.1 Austria ................................................................................................................... 49 5.3.2 France .................................................................................................................... 49 5.3.3 Italy ....................................................................................................................... 49 5.3.4 Mauritius ................................................................................................................ 49 5.3.5 Norway ................................................................................................................... 50 5.4 Relevant international instruments ..................................................................................... 50 5.4.1 Binding instruments ................................................................................................. 50 2 T-CY mapping study on cyberviolence 5.4.2 Soft law/non-binding instruments .............................................................................. 51 5.5 Examples of domestic legislation and policies on cyberviolence .............................................. 54 5.5.1 Andorra .................................................................................................................. 54 5.5.2 Austria ................................................................................................................... 56 5.5.3 Canada ................................................................................................................... 57 5.5.4 Chile ...................................................................................................................... 58 5.5.5 Czech Republic ........................................................................................................ 59 5.5.6 Estonia ................................................................................................................... 64 5.5.7 France .................................................................................................................... 65 5.5.8 Finland ................................................................................................................... 70 5.5.9 Germany................................................................................................................. 71 5.5.10 Israel ..................................................................................................................... 73 5.5.11 Italy ....................................................................................................................... 74 5.5.12 Japan ..................................................................................................................... 76 5.5.13 Liechtenstein ........................................................................................................... 78 5.5.14 Mauritius ................................................................................................................ 83 5.5.15 Mexico .................................................................................................................... 83 5.5.16 Moldova .................................................................................................................. 86 5.5.17 Norway ................................................................................................................... 86 5.5.18 Slovakia.................................................................................................................. 88 5.5.19 Spain ..................................................................................................................... 94 5.5.20 United States of America .......................................................................................... 99 5.6 Examples of cases ........................................................................................................
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