Perceptions of Public Drinking Water in Newfoundland And
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PERCEPTIONS OF PUBLIC DRINKING WATER IN NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR: A MIXED METHODS STUDY By © KELLY DAWN BUTT A thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Medicine Department of Community Health and Humanities Faculty of Medicine Memorial University ofNewfoundland St. Jolm's, Newfoundland and Labrador August 2010 ABSTRACT From a health promotion perspective, it is important to understand what water sources the public is using and why, and to address any potential health risks relating to public and alternative water sources before negative health outcomes relating to water-borne contaminants are experienced. This study examined perceptions of public drinking water in Newfoundland and Labrador (NL) including factors that influence public drinking water consumption patterns, reported reasons for alternative water use, and the expressed need for information on drinking water. Three focus groups were conducted in October 2006 and a telephone survey in March and April 2007 with residents ofNL. Consumers appeared to use water aesthetics as a proxy measure of water safety for tap water and alternative water sources. When participants were unsure about the quality and safety of their tap water, they tended to find an alternative drinking water source. Low compliance with boil water advisory notifications was also observed, which may increase risk of waterborne illness in this population. Transparent communication enhanced trust and general perceptions by public water consumers. In general, public tap water consumers in NL felt that more information about their household drinking water quality would provide more confidence in the product. Enhanced information dissemination may improve perceptions of the safety of drinking water, and minimize health risks to the general public. No single information dissemination method was found to be extensive enough to communicate with the entire population; a combination of distribution methods is recommended to ensure widespread and timely information transfer. A health 11 promotion framework was used to make upstream recommendations for changes in drinking water policy and programs in NL. Ill ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS "I not only use all the brains that I have, but all that I can borrow." ~ Woodrow Wilson Thanks are due to the Public Health Agency of Canada and the Newfoundland and Labrador Centre for Applied Health Research (NLCAHR) for funding the project, and to NLCAHR for providing the Masters Fellowship. Thank you also to the Health Research Unit at Memorial University of Newfoundland for making the focus group recruitment calls and to Bristol Omnifacts Research Group for completing the telephone survey. I also want to thank the Government ofNewfoundland and Labrador Departments of Environment and Conservation and Health and Community Services for providing community names by water supply source and the boil water advisory policies and recommendations. Thank you to my copy editor, Alison Lobel, for providing fresh eyes to detail, and to the internal and external examiners for their time and expertise. And I can' t forget to thank the folks in the Division of Community Health and Humanities for the many stories, the laughter, and love. A special thank you to my supervisory committee for their generous time, never ending motivation, and always positive (yet critical) feedback. To my friends for providing a bountiful supply of distractions, and my family for keeping track of time. Most importantly, thank you to my loyal friend and faithful companion who never left my side on those long nights. You were greatly loved, and are deeply missed. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............. ................................................. ............................... IV TABLE OF CONTENTS .................. .......... .. .. ............ ... ... ...................................... ........... V LIST OF TABLES ............ .......... ...... .. ........... .................................................................. VII LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... IX LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................ X AUTHORSHIP AND CONTRIBUTIONS .. .. ........................ .... .......... .............................. 1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW ....................................................... 2 1.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 2 1.2 DRINKING WATER REGULATION IN CANADA ............................................................. 3 1.3 PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS INNL ................................................................................ 4 1.2 SIGNIFICANCE AND SCOPE .......................................................................................... 7 1.3 OVERVIEW ............................................................ .. ........................... ................. ........ 8 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................... 10 2.1 HEALTH PROMOTION AND DISEASE PREVENTION .................................................... 10 2.2 WATERBORNE DISEASE ............................................................................................ 11 2.3 PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS OF DRINKING WATER ............................................................ 13 2.4 ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF WATER ................ ..... ................... ........................... ... ... 16 CHAPTER 3: MIXED METHODS ........................................... .............................. .. ....... 20 3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN .... ....................... .. ... ................................ ............................ ....... 20 3.2 TELEPHONE SURVEY METHODS .. .......................... ............ ....................................... 28 3.3 CONFIDENTIALITY AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS ................................................ 30 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS ............................................................. ..................................... 32 4.1 FOCUS GROUP RESULTS .. .. ................... .. .. ................................................................ 32 4.2 TELEPHONE SURVEY RESULTS ................................................................................. 60 CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS ......................... 81 5.1 OVERVIEW ......................... ........ ................. ...... ................ ............ .. .. ....................... 81 5.2 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................. 84 5.3 STUDY LIMITATIONS ................................... ....... ..................................................... 101 5.4 DISSEMINATION METHODS ........ ............................................................................ 103 5.5 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................ .. .......................... 103 v ,-------------- - - ------- REFERENCES .............................................................................................. ................. 106 APPENDIX 1: FOCUS GROUP QUESTIONING GUIDE ........................................... 114 APPENDIX 2: TELEPHONE SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE .. .. .................................. 118 VI LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Demographic profile of focus group participants from three communities: Harbour Grace (HG), St. John's (SJ), and Trepassey (TR), NL, October 2006 ... 67 Table 2 Boil water advisories and drinking water quality index summary for Harbour Grace, NL public water supplies, 2000-2007 .................. ........................ 68 Table 3 Boil water advisories and drinking water quality index summary for St. John's, NL public water supplies, 2000-2007 ......... ................. ..... ........... 69 Table 4 Boil water advisories and drinking water quality index summary for Trepassey, NL public water supplies, 2000-2007 .. ..... ............ ... ... .. ...... ......... 70 Table 5 Demographic comparison of the telephone survey population (March-April 2007) and the 2006 NL census population, with associated significance ..... ........ ..... 71 Table 6 Participants' level of concern with potential contaminants/characteristics of public tap water in NL, March-April 2007 .................................... .... ..... 73 Table 7 Level of importance participants placed on specific factors in their decision to treat public tap water with an in-home treatment method, March-April 2007, NL ....................................... .. ....... ... .. .. ............ ... ........ ... ........... 74 Table 8 Level of importance participants placed on specific factors in their decision to drink bottled water instead oftap water in their homes, March-April2007, NL..75 Table 9 Level of importance participants placed on specific factors in their decision to drink water from roadside springs, ponds and rivers while in their homes, March- April 2007, NL ... ............ ... ......... .. ... .............. ..... ... ......... .. ............. 76 VII Table I 0 Level of importance participants placed on receiving information on specific topics for public drinking water systems, March-April 2007 .. ..