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Shelley, Louise. Addressing the Links of Crime and Terrorism

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i THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY THE TURKISH GENERAL STAFF ANKARA PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM (ANKARA, 10-11 MARCH 2008) GLOBAL TERRORISM AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION The Turkish General Staff Centre of Excellence Defence Against Terrorism Publications ii PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “GLOBAL TERRORISM AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION” Editor Maj. Gen. Yaşar GÜLER Board of PUBLICATION Col. Ahmet TUNCER Col. Mete TAHMİSOĞLU Assoc.Prof. Mustafa KİBAROĞLU Assoc.Prof. Çınar ÖZEN Cpt. Olcay DENİZER Cpt. Erdoğan ÇELEBİ Cvl. Zeynep SÜTALAN Translator and Redactors Ltc. Oğuz GÜZEL Ltc. Mesut YALÇIN Cpt. Behlül BULUT Cvl. Enver TOPÇOĞLU Cvl. Fatma DUMAN Cvl. Orkun TÜRKMEN Page Design Omay Ofset Tel : (0312) 394 57 30 The opinions and comments in the “Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Global Terrorism and International Cooperation” represent the personal views of the authors. They do not represent the official views of Turkish Armed Forces. All the rights of the articles and pictures included in this book are reserved. However, they may be quoted if referred to. iii iv THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK v CONTENTS Preface ....................................................................................................................1 Opening Remarks of General Yaşar BÜYÜKANIT ..................................................3 Dr. Andrew MANGO, Keynote Speaker .................................................................13 FIRST SESSION PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS IN DEFENCE AGAINST TERRORISM AND EXISTING CONCEPTS AND DOCTRINES Co-Chairman : Prof. Dr. Ali DOĞRAMACI Co-Chairman : (R) MG. Mohamed Kadry SAID Rapporteur : Assoc. Prof. Mitat ÇELİKPALA Rapporteur : Assoc. Prof. Oktay TANRISEVER Mr. Ercan ÇİTLİOĞLU The Existing Concepts in Defence Against Terrorism .............................................23 Assoc. Prof. Ahmed HASHIM Counter-Terrorism Doctrines ............................33 (R) Gen. Kemal YAVUZ Problems and Prospects in Defence Against Terrorism: The Experience of Turkey ...41 (R) LTG. Talat MASOOD Problems and Prospects in Defence Against Terrorism: The Experience of Pakistan ...........................................................47 Questions and Answers ........................................................................................55 vi SECOND SESSION THE SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL DIMENSION OF TERRORISM Chairman : Prof. Dr. Jesus Martin RAMIREZ Rapporteur : Asst. Prof. Emel OKTAY Prof. Dr. Abdülkadir ÇEVİK Socio-Psychology of Terrorists and Terrorism ..........................................................61 Prof. Dr. Yonah ALEXANDER The Situation in the Middle East ......................71 Questions and Answers ........................................................................................77 THIRD SESSION THE LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE INTERNATIONAL FIGHT AGAINST TERRORISM Chairman : Ambassador Daryal BATIBAY Rapporteur : Dr. Müge KINACIOĞLU Ambassador Rıza TÜRMEN Legal Aspects of International Counter- Terroism: Turkey’s Perspective .................... 85 Prof. Dr. Tom FARER Defense against Transnational Terrorism: Legal Dimensions ......................95 Questions and Answers ......................................................................................109 FOURTH SESSION THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN COUNTERING TERRORISM Chairman : Ambassador Ochieng ADALA Rapporteur : Dr. Birgül DEMİRTAŞ COŞKUN Dr. Patricia LEWIS The Role of the United Nations in Defence against Terrorism .......................... 117 Dr. Shao YUQUN The Role of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) in Counter-Terrorism in the Region .............................................. 125 vii Mr. Raphael PERL The Role of the Organization for Security and Cooperation Europe (OSCE) in Countering Terrorism .................133 Questions and Answers ......................................................................................141 FIFTH SESSION AREAS OF COOPERATION IN THE INTERNATIONAL FIGHT AGAINST TERRORISM-I Chairman : Prof. Dr. Ali KARAOSMANOĞLU Rapporteur : Dr. Özgür ÖZDAMAR Ms. Loretta NAPOLEONI Terrorist Financing Since 9/11 ....................151 Prof. Dr. Louise SHELLEY Addressing the Links of Crime and Terrorism .....................................................161 Rear Admiral Dr. Deniz KUTLUK Energy Security and Terrorism ................... 179 Questions and Answers ......................................................................................195 SIXTH SESSION AREAS OF COOPERATION IN THE INTERNATIONAL FIGHT AGAINST TERRORISM-II Co-Chairman : (R) MG. Mihail IONESCU Rapporteur : Dr. Burak TANGÖR Dr. Gabriele KRAATZ-WADSACK Measures against the Threat of WMD Terrorism ..........................................203 Assoc. Prof. Motohiro TSUCHIYA Defence against Cyber Terrorism ...............211 Questions and Answers ......................................................................................217 Closing Remarks by Gen. Ergin SAYGUN ..........................................................223 viii THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Symposium 1 Preface “The Global Terrorism and International Cooperation Symposium”, which is an activity in the annual program of the Centre of Excellence Defence Against Terrorism, and which is co-hosted by the Turkish Armed Forces, was held on 10- 11 March 2008. The aim of the Symposium, which attracts a very broad range of participants, is to improve international cooperation by providing an environment where various countries can contribute from their experiences. 690 participants from 80 countries were involved in the Symposium, including very high level officials from NATO, Partnership for Peace, Mediterranean Dialogue and other countries. The Symposium was composed of seven sessions with thirty-four academics, state officials, specialists, session heads and rapporteurs from nine different countries taking part. The Symposium began with opening remarks by the Commander of the Turkish Armed Forces General Yaşar BÜYÜKANIT, after a short introductory film on COE- DAT. After that, there was a keynote speech given by Dr. Andrew MANGO. 2 Global Terrorism and International Cooperation-II In the first session, headed by Prof. Dr. Ali DOĞRAMACI and (R) Major General Mohammed Kadry SAID, the main topic was “Problems and Prospects in Defence against Terrorism and Existing Concepts and Doctrines”. There were five presentations in this session. The second session was headed by Prof. Dr. Jesus Martin RAMIREZ, and “The Socio-Psychological Dimension of Terrorism” was discussed. There were three presentations in this session. The topic of the third session is “The Legal Aspects of the International Fight against Terrorism” and this session was headed by Ambassador Daryal BATIBAY. There were two presentations in this session. The second day of the Symposium started with the fourth session, headed by Ochieng ADALA, and the topic of this session was “The Role of International Organizations in Countering Terrorism”. There were three presentations in this session. The topic of fifth and sixth sessions was “Other Areas of Cooperation in the International Fight against Terrorism”. The fifth session was chaired by Prof. Dr. Ali KARAOSMANOĞLU, and the sixth session was chaired by (R) Major General Mihail IONESCU. There were a total of five presentations in these sessions. After the sixth session, the Symposium results and evaluations related to the sessions were presented by rapporteurs. This was headed by Prof. Dr. Ersin ONULDURAN. The Symposium ended with closing remarks by Deputy Chief of General Staff General Ergin SAYGUN. The book, which includes the opening remarks of Commander of the Turkish Armed Forces General Yaşar BÜYÜKANIT, the papers presented at the Symposium, the question and answer sessions, the closing remarks by Deputy Chief of General Staff General Ergin SAYGUN is published as a contribution to global security. H. Nusret TAŞDELER Lt. General Chief of Operations of TGS Symposium 3 OPENING REMARKS BY THE COMMANDER OF THE TURKISH ARMED FORCES GENERAL YAŞAR BÜYÜKANIT Distinguished guests, Welcome to the Second “Global Terrorism and International Cooperation Symposium”. This symposium is organized in a period during which the international efforts against global terrorism have been intensified. This, along with the support provided by our esteemed participants, is the indication of our common determination in the fight against terrorism. I would like to thank you all for your contributions and greet you warmly. I would like to begin my speech by emphasizing the importance of the “Center of Excellence Defense Against Terrorism”. This center, which was founded by its host country, Turkey, supports NATO’s efforts in concept and doctrine development for combating terrorism. It also provides NATO and the other countries with operative and strategic level training on defense against terrorism. With the support and involvement of the USA, Germany, Bulgaria, Britain, the Netherlands and Romania, the center conducts workshops, courses, seminars and symposiums to form a common platform against global terrorism. 1976 participants from 85 countries and 469 instructors and experts from 40 different countries have participated in the 4 Global Terrorism and International Cooperation-II activities of the center since its establishment. I believe these activities contribute a lot to the establishment of a common understanding and to cooperation among the nations in the fight against terrorism. Distinguished
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