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H.Doc. 108-224 Black Americans in Congress 1870-2007 FORMER MEMBERS H 1971–2007 ������������������������������������������������������������������������ Julia May Carson 1938–2007 UNITED STATES REPRESENTATIVE H 1997–2007 DEMOCRAT FROM INDIANA vercoming poverty and racism, Julia Carson served serving as the assistant minority caucus chair, before Onearly two decades in the Indiana legislature and winning election to the Indiana senate. She served in the in an Indianapolis administrative office before winning upper chamber until 1990, sitting on its finance committee election to the U.S. House in 1996. Representative Carson, and eventually holding the minority whip position. the first African American and woman to represent the Throughout her service in the state legislature, Carson was Indiana state capital, focused on issues that affected employed as the human resources director at an electric working-class Americans, many with which she was company—a job she held from 1973 to 1996. In 1991, personally familiar. “The only thing some people learn Carson won election as a Center Township trustee. In from oppression and hatred is revenge. Others learn that post, she administered welfare payments in central compassion and empathy,” said former Representative Indianapolis, earning a reputation for defending the poor Andy Jacobs, Carson’s political mentor. “From the that would last throughout her career.3 Carson successfully physical pain of material poverty and the mindlessly cruel erased the agency’s crippling debt—a $20-million deficit— persecution of nitwit racism, Julia Carson made her choice leaving $7 million in the bank prior to winning a seat in of hard work, compassion, and a pleasing sense of humor.”1 Congress. “Julia Carson,” observed the county’s auditor, Julia May Porter was born in Louisville, Kentucky, on a Republican, “wrestled that monster to the ground.”4 July 8, 1938. Her single mother, Velma Porter, moved Representative Jacobs retired in 1996 after 15 terms to Indianapolis, Indiana, to find work as a domestic. representing a district encompassing greater Indianapolis. Julia Porter grew up poor, attended the local public Traditionally moderate, the district was 68 percent white schools, and worked part-time, waiting tables, delivering and 30 percent black. With Jacobs’s endorsement, Carson newspapers, and harvesting crops, among other jobs. In topped the former district party chair, Ann DeLaney, 1955, she graduated from Crispus Attucks High School in the Democratic primary with a margin of 49 to 31 in Indianapolis. Shortly thereafter she was married, and percent. Political observers maintained that Carson was at had two children, Sam and Tonya. She divorced while they a disadvantage in the general election against Republican were still young. She later studied at Martin University Virginia Blankenbaker, insisting she could not win in in Indianapolis and Indiana University in Bloomington. the conservative-leaning, majority-white district. Both In 1965 she was working as a secretary at a local chapter candidates were more liberal than their respective party’s of United Auto Workers when she met newly elected general positions, supporting abortion rights and opposing Representative Andy Jacobs. Jacobs was looking for a the death penalty. Carson sought to deflect attention from caseworker and district aide, and he hired Carson. She racial issues, insisting, “I am not your African American worked for Jacobs for seven years until 1972, when he candidate. I am the Democratic candidate for Congress. encouraged her to run for office in the Indiana legislature. I don’t allow my opponents to stereotype me and confine He recalled sitting in Carson’s living room for an hour, me to a certain segment of the population.”5 She prevailed, trying to convince her to run. “Come on, kid,” Jacobs with 53 percent of the vote to Blankenbaker’s 45 percent. encouraged. “This is the time to step up.”2 From 1973 to Carson underwent heart surgery shortly after her 1977, Carson served in the state house of representatives, election and was sworn in to office from her hospital 650 H BlacK AMERICANS IN CONGRESS Image courtesy of Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives H EDWARD W. BURKE H PORTRAIT H JULIA MAY CARSON H bed on January 9, 1997. She was unable to travel to million in federal funding for transportation initiatives Washington, DC, until early March. Her health problems in Indianapolis, including highway expansion, street led to speculation she would not return for re-election in improvements, and augmented public transportation.10 In 1998, but Carson quickly quelled the rumors.6 Carson 2005, she sponsored the largest Amtrak re-authorization won her four re-election campaigns by slightly larger bill in history—the National Defense Rail Act. The $40 margins in her competitive district. Reapportionment in billion bill provided for the development of new rail 2001 added more than 100,000 constituents, many of lines including high-speed rail corridors, and Carson them Republican. Nevertheless, Carson was re-elected in supported the bill partially because Amtrak’s largest 2004 and 2006, both times with 54 percent of the vote.7 repair facility was located near Indianapolis. In 2000, When Representative Carson claimed her seat in the Carson was one of the last House Members to support the 105th Congress (1997–1999), she received posts on the extension of permanent normal trade relations with China. Banking and Financial Services Committee (later renamed Intensely lobbied by President William J. (Bill) Clinton’s Financial Services) and the Veterans’ Affairs Committee. administration to support the bill, Carson hesitated In the 108th Congress (2003–2005) she left Veterans’ because of China’s questionable human rights record and Affairs to accept an assignment on the Transportation and organized labor’s opposition to the measure. “I feel like Infrastructure Committee. I have been put in a Maytag washer and put on the spin Representative Carson had varied legislative interests, cycle,” she noted before the vote. She reluctantly voted in ranging from national issues affecting children and favor of the legislation, believing that increased foreign working Americans to local programs of particular interest trade would benefit Indianapolis businesses. to her Indianapolis constituency. From her seat on the One of Carson’s crowning legislative achievements was Financial Services Committee, Carson authored legislation the bill she authored and introduced during the 106th to reform the debt consolidation industry. Boosting the Congress (1999–2001) to award the Congressional Gold “financial literacy” of average Americans was one of her Medal to civil rights activist Rosa Parks. It was while chief goals. To that end, she helped create the Indiana reading Parks’s autobiography, Quiet Strength, in early Mortgage and Foreclosure Hotline to counsel homeowners 1998, that Carson decided the civil rights activist—whose and potential buyers about the mortgage process. Carson refusal to move to the back of a segregated bus in 1955 noted that Indiana residents had one of the country’s galvanized the modern civil rights movement—should be highest rates of homeownership in 2001, only to see a awarded the highest civilian honor bestowed by Congress.11 record number of foreclosures in 2004. “Homeownership,” “I had a lingering kind of adoration in my own soul for Carson declared, “is the cornerstone of a healthy thriving Rosa,” Carson noted. “I always believed in my heart that city.”8 Carson was a regular sponsor of children’s safety, it was Rosa who paved the way for me to go to Congress health, and nutrition legislation. In 1999, she submitted and to other places. I felt like it then became my purpose comprehensive gun safety legislation, including a provision to give her some honor, to repay her.”12 The Representative requiring safety locks on handguns. “Kids and guns are introduced a resolution to honor Parks with the medal a deadly combination,” she noted in 1999. “It makes no on February 4, 1999—Parks’s 86th birthday. Knowing sense that it is easier for kids to operate a handgun than it the civil rights icon was watching House proceedings on is for kids to open an aspirin lid.”9 her television, Carson ignored a House rule requiring Representative Carson’s work on the Transportation Members to address only the Speaker pro tempore. “Mrs. and Infrastructure Committee also allowed her to support Parks, I am grateful for your steadfastness,” she declared. local Indiana businesses. In 2003, Carson helped win $11 Initially, the bill attracted only 40 cosponsors—primarily 652 H BlacK AMERICANS IN CONGRESS former members | 1971–2007 H 653 H JULIA MAY CARSON H Members of the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC). FOR FURTHER READING Carson began a media campaign on nationally syndicated “Carson, Julia May,” Biographical Directory of the U.S. radio and television programs, eventually netting 329 Congress, 1774–Present, http://bioguide.congress.gov/ cosponsors. On April 20, the House passed the bill, 424 scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000191. 13 to 1. The Senate unanimously followed suit. “This is NOTES one of the best days of my life,” declared a tearful Carson. 1 “Official Biography of Julia Carson,” http://www.juliacarson. “Not for anything I have done to honor her, but the honor house.gov/display2.cfm?id=778&type=news (accessed 14 June Rosa Parks brought to this whole nation.”14 On June 15, 2002). 1999, visitors packed the Capitol Rotunda to attend the 2 Rob Schneider, “Carson Remembered: Congresswoman Gave Congressional Gold Medal ceremony. Carson was among Voice to Disadvantaged,” 16 December 2007, Indianapolis Star. the dignitaries who spoke at the ceremony, along with 3 “The Quotable Julia Carson,” 15 December 2007, Indianapolis Star. President Clinton, who presented the medal to Parks. 4 “Julia Carson,” Contemporary Black Biography, Volume 23 (Detroit, Carson later helped her colleagues pass legislation allowing MI: Gale Research Inc., 1999). Parks to lie in honor in the Capitol Rotunda when she 5 Almanac of American Politics, 1998 (Washington, DC: National died in October 2005.
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