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Farmers Knowledge Based Agricultural Technologies

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Farmers Knowledge Based Agricultural Technologies ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND AGROECOSYSTEM CONSERVATION IN ARSI HIGHLANDS, SOUTHEASTERN ETHIOPIA BY BERHANU MENGESHA JULY 2010 ADDIS ABABA 0 ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND AGROECOSYSTEM CONSERVATION IN ARSI HIGHLANDS, SOUTHEASTERN ETHIOPIA By Berhanu Mengesha A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa University in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Botanical Sciences Approved by the Examining Board: _______________________________ Dr. Zemede Asfaw (Supervisor) ________________________________ Prof. Ensermu Kelbessa (Supervisor) ________________________________ Dr. Demel Teketay (External Examiner) ________________________________ Prof. Legese Negash (Internal examiner) ________________________________ Dr. Dawit Abate (Chairman) ________________________________ July 2010 1 DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to the Ethiopian Farmers who have lived under persistent poverty for centuries. i TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................................. I LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................... IV LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................... V LIST OF APPENDICES .......................................................................................................................... VI ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................................................VII ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................................. IX 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 1 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................................. 6 2.1. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE ........................................................................... 6 2.2. CONTRIBUTION OF AGRICULTURE TO THE ECONOMY .................................................................. 9 2.3. FACTORS AFFECTING AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS ..................................................................12 2.4. AGRICULTURAL LAND MANAGEMENT........................................................................................16 2.4.1. Diversity and productivity of agricultural crops ...............................................................19 2.4.2. Management of tree and shrub species diversity in the farming systems ..........................22 2.4.3. Ethnobotany for sustainable agricultural production and ecosystem conservation ..........25 2.5. AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND EXTENSION SERVICES IN ETHIOPIA .........................................29 2.6. ENSURING SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND ECOSYSTEM CONSERVATION ......32 2.6.1. Agrobiodiversity conservation ..........................................................................................34 2.6.2. Use of improved agricultural technologies in the farming systems...................................38 2.6.3. Agroecological approach in the agricultural production .................................................42 3. OBJECTIVES ...................................................................................................................................47 3.1. MAIN OBJECTIVE ........................................................................................................................47 3.2. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................................47 4. MATERIALS AND METHODS .....................................................................................................48 4.1. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA ...................................................................................................48 4.2. PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SETTINGS OF THE STUDY SITES .....................................................49 4.2.1. Topography and climate ....................................................................................................49 4.2.2. Geology and soils ..............................................................................................................51 4.2.3. Land tenure and land-use type ..........................................................................................52 4.2.4. Vegetation .........................................................................................................................53 4.2.5. The people of the study area..............................................................................................55 4.3. METHODS ...................................................................................................................................56 4.3.1. Selection of the study sites .................................................................................................56 4.3.2 Sampling methods of the households .....................................................................................56 4.3.2. Methods of data collection and analyses ...........................................................................57 4.3.3. Diversity and distribution of crop, tree and shrub species ................................................59 5. RESULTS ..........................................................................................................................................65 5.1. SOCIOECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS ..........................................................................................65 5.1.1. Social characteristics ........................................................................................................65 5.1.2. Socioeconomic situation ....................................................................................................68 5.1.3. Land use patterns ..............................................................................................................70 5.1.4 Livestock resources ................................................................................................................73 5.2. COMPOSITION, DISTRIBUTION AND PRODUCTION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS .............................77 5.2.1. Diversity, evenness and distribution of agricultural crops ...............................................77 5.2.2. Similarity of sites in composition of agricultural crop species .........................................82 5.2.3. Income and expenditure in the process of agricultural crops production .........................83 5.2.4. Trends of agricultural crops production ...........................................................................89 ii 5.3. COMPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION OF TREE AND SHRUB SPECIES IN THE STUDY SITES ....................90 5.3.1 Diversity of tree and shrub species ........................................................................................90 5.3.2 Occurrence of tree and shrub species in the study weredas ..................................................93 5.3.3. Classification of tree and shrub species ............................................................................94 5.3.4 Similarity in composition of tree and shrub species across the sites .....................................98 5.3.5. Ethnobotanical knowledge of the local communities ................................................................99 5.4 ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND ECOSYSTEM CONSERVATION .................................................................................................................102 5.4.1. Diversification of agricultural crop species ....................................................................102 5.4.2. Crop rotation ...................................................................................................................103 5.4.3 Use of organic and inorganic fertilizers ..............................................................................104 5.4.4. Use of improved seeds .....................................................................................................105 5.4.5. Use of traditional crop varieties .....................................................................................105 5.4.6. Diversity of tree and shrub species used in agroforestry ................................................106 6. DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................................................109 6.1. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS .........................................................................................109 6.1.1. Social characteristics of the housholds ...................................................................................109 6.1.2. Landholding and land use patterns of the households ....................................................110 6.1.3. Livestock resources .........................................................................................................114 6.2.
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