Appendix V Marine Operations

WORKSHOP EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE CAPT David Martin, USN, Ph.D., Director, Ocean.US

Dr. Larry Atkinson, Dept of Oceanography, Old Dominion University

Dr. Thomas Malone, Center for Environmental Science, Univ. of Maryland

Dr. Worth Nowlin, Dept of Oceanography, Texas A&M University

WORKSHOP SUPPORT STAFF OCEAN.US Ms. Rosalind Cohen Ms. Muriel Cole Mr. Patrick Dennis Dr. Stephen Piotrowicz

NOAA Ms. Judy Hickey

NOPP PROGRAM OFFICE Dr. William Fornes Ms. Shannon Gordon Mr. Robert Wagner

Special thanks to Ms. Shelby Walker, Sea Grant Knauss Fellow, NSF

Photos by Andrew Gordon Edited by Mark Schrope, Open Water Media

Please refer to this document as follows: Ocean.US, 2002. Building Consensus: Toward an Integrated and Sustained Ocean Observing System (IOOS). Ocean.US, Arlington, VA. 175pp

Electronic copy of this document is available at http://www.ocean.us.net/ BUILDING CONSENSUS: TOWARD AN INTEGRATED AND SUSTAINED OCEAN OBSERVING SYSTEM

Ocean.US Workshop Proceedings

Airlie House, Warrenton, Virginia March 10-15, 2002 TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS

1. THE WORKSHOP AND ITS GOALS 5 2. WORKSHOP RECOMMENDATIONS 6 3. BACKGROUND 9 3.1 Recent History of Planning for a Sustained IOOS 3.2 Workshop Planning and Organization 3.3 Workshop Perceptions 4. RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 13 4.1 Potential variables and techniques 4.2 Ranking variables for the National Backbone 4.3 Evaluating techniques for the National Backbone 4.4 Guidelines for phased implementation 4.5 Data Management and Communications 4.6 Economic Considerations 4.7 Consensus recommendations 5. APPENDICES 26 I. “An Integrated and Sustained Ocean Observing System For the United States: Design and Implementation” 27 II. MOA Creating Ocean.US 29 III. Workshop Participants 33 IV. Workshop Agenda 40 V. Background Papers 41 1. Detecting and Predicting Climate Variability 41 2. Facilitating Safe and Efficient Marine Operations 52 3. Ensuring National Security 56 4. Managing Living Resources 61 5. Preserving and Restoring Healthy Ecosystems 65 6. Mitigating Natural Hazards 73 7. Ensuring Public Health 77 8. A Data and Communication Infrastructure for the U.S. Integrated Sustained Ocean Observing System 82 9. Economics of a US Integrated Ocean Observing System 89 TABLE OF TABLE CONTENTS 1 TABLES FIGURES 7. 6. XI. 5. X. 4. IX. VIII. 3. 3. 2. 2. VII. 1. 1. VI. Variables and Categorization of TechniquesVariablesof Categorization and Example of a cost-benefit analysis for ocean observing variables observing ocean for analysis cost-benefit a of Example Members and institutional affiliations of the Data and Communications Steering Committee Steering Communications and Data the of affiliations institutional and Members Economics Report Economics Development of an Operational Observation System Observation Operational an of Development Data and Communications Report Communications and Data marine system variables system marine ocean-coastal 20 top (IFA)the analysis for impact-feasibility the of Results Scenarios for Phased Implementation of an IOOS an of Implementation Phased for Scenarios Non-ocean variables that are drivers of changes in oceanic and coastal marine systems marine coastal and oceanic in changes of drivers are that variables Non-ocean subsystem. Communications and Data The Rankings of variables that measure attributes of oceanic and coastal marine systems. systems. marine coastal and oceanic of attributes measure that variables of Rankings feasibility and impact their of terms in techniques of Categorization VariablesGroupBreakoutof Each Ranking by II: Phase of Results Workshop Steering Committee Executive Committee Executive WorkshopCommittee Steering (IFA)techniques analysis of Impact-feasibility variables and productsprovisional subgoals, of list Collated 169 165 143 114 105 24 23 20 19 17 22 17 18 10 11 95 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

BACKGROUND that are relevant to all of the seven goals and that should, therefore, be incorporated into a federally The goal of the Ocean.US workshop was to provide supported national system of data acquisition, manage- information and guidance for the formulation of a ment and analysis. Based on this consensus, various phased implementation plan for a sustained and inte- observing technologies were examined to determine the grated ocean observing system (IOOS) for the U.S. The optimum methods for observing the ocean and coastal system is intended to provide the data information marine ecosystems in terms of: required to achieve seven major goals: 1 What is ready to implement now? Improve predictions of climate change and 2 What elements are ready to transition from its effects on coastal populations research into an operational system? Mitigate more effectively the effects of 3 What research and development activities natural hazards should be given high priority to develop a fully Improve the safety and efficiency of integrated system? marine operations Improve national security The workshop also addressed the need to identify socio- Reduce public health risks economic benefits from the observing system. Cost- More effectively protect and restore benefit analyses are needed with initial emphasis on healthy coastal marine ecosystems those products that have potentially broad application Sustain living marine resources and a significant return on investment.

An integrated observing system consists of three closely The workshop process (consensus building) and its linked subsystems: (1) the measurement (monitoring) results provided the basis for formulating a design and subsystem, (2) the data management and communica- implementation plan requested by Congress (completed tions subsystem, and (3) the data analysis-modeling 23 May, 2002, Appendix I) and a detailed, multi-agency subsystem. This workshop focused on measurements phased implementation plan for developing the system and data management. over the next 5-10 years (to be completed in CY 2002). This will not be the final plan. It will be periodically The first workshop task was to come to a consensus on reviewed and updated as information needs become the subgoals and provisional products for each goal more defined and as new technologies and knowledge above. The resulting lists were used to formulate a com- become available. The actions recommended below are prehensive list of potential variables and observational first steps and are intended to significantly improve the techniques to be considered for the national backbone ability of government agencies to achieve missions and of the observing system. Variables were then ranked goals that require ocean observations. based on the number of subgoals to which they are relevant. The highest ranked variables are recommended RECOMMENDATIONS for incorporation into the national backbone of observations. Potential techniques for measuring these vari- (1) Highest priority was given to the establishment of an ables (platforms, sensors, methods) were then evaluated integrated subsystem for data management and commu- based on their feasibility and their importance to pro- nications (the DAC) that transcends government agen- viding the data required to detect and predict changes in cies, individual research and monitoring programs, and the phenomena of interest identified in the subgoals. research institutions. Consequently, the establishment This impact-feasibility analysis and the ranking of vari- of a DAC Steering Committee to develop the ables provided the basis for achieving a consensus on preliminary design into a formal DAC implementation high-priority actions needed to develop an IOOS for the plan by the end of CY 2002 was considered an immedi- Nation. ate priority.

Through these activities the workshop articulated the (2) Based on technical feasibility and importance, the community consensus on the core set of ocean variables following core variables were given high priority for EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 the core variables: core the of distribution time-space and/or the in detection changes of prediction rapid more for capabilities enhance or improve to intended arerecommendations following actions The subsystem. priority measurement the improve on to required reached was consensus DAC, the of implementation and design the with parallel In (3) incorporation into the national backbone of the IOOS: the of backbone national the into incorporation o icroain no rgas ht r t be to are that programs linked to form an integrated system of observations. into incorporation for priority high considered be should variables These of drivers external the scale: national a on change quantify to required are environment,variables marine following the the ize requiredcharacter- variables to those to addition In dissolved inorganic nutrients, dissolved oxygen inorganicdissolved dissolved nutrients, Chemical: characteristics bottom flux, heat surface concentration, ice currents, vector waves, surface level, sea Physical: gauges, and variables measured. variables and gauges, number,geo-referencedof of terms number the in gauges tide of network existing the Enhance telemetry.data real-time and sensors automated with (nationwide) moorings 500 of network a on based transects cross-shelf establish to systems mooring existing Enhance pathogens. human of concentration column water tion, use: and health Human Terrestrial: pressure,humidity precipitation, Meteorological: species color,properties,ocean phytoplankton optical abundance, and species zooplankton Biological: salinity,bathymetry,temperature, water column contaminants, column water fish species and abundance, and species fish river dischargeriver vector winds, temperature, winds, vector seafood contamina- seafood in situ in orities include: orities require will substantial research system and development. High pri- observing initial the in Improvements (4) waters. coastal shallow in pigments phytoplankton other and chlorophyll-asurface sea and salinity,surface sea temperature,surface sea water,over winds currents, and waves surface height, surface sea of resolution and accuracy the improve to capabilities satellite Enhance turtles. and mammals marine erosion), and the distribution and abundance of (coastal shoreline in changes etc.), marshes, tidal beds, kelp beds, grass sea reefs, (coral habitats structured biologically of condition physiological and distributions in changes detect to aircraftsensing remotein Invest 6,000. to 3,000 from management) fisheries based (ecosystem variables ecosystem key of measurements and assessments stock to devoted ship-days of number the Increase and chemical variables. chemical and biological key of telemetry and measurements Development of Development models ecosystem physical- coupled operational, of Development beds) grass sea and reefs coral of distribution and health level, sea pigments, salinity,phytoplankton waves, currents, temperature,surface (e.g., variables core of resolution high with waters coastal shallow into capabilities sensing remote of extension including sensing remote satellite Enhanced profiling) column (water Gliders fields) wave and currents (coastal radar HF of Development in situ in sensors for real-time for sensors 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY systems by investing in a national system for the measurement and processing of common (core) variables that minimizes redundancy and optimizes data and information exchange

Establishing national standards and protocols for measurements, data dissemination and management

Establishing a network of reference stations to 1. THE WORKSHOP AND provide baseline data required to assess the significance of local variability and sentinel ITS GOALS stations to provide early warnings of events and trends and to enable adaptive monitoring for 1.1 THE OBSERVING SYSTEM improved detections and predictions As articulated in “Towards a U.S. Plan for an Integrated, Sustained Ocean Observing System” (submitted to Linking the large-scale network of observations Congress in 1999 and described on page 9), the purpose for the ocean-climate system to local and of the IOOS is to make more effective use of existing regional scales of interest in coastal ecosystems resources, new knowledge, and advances in technology to provide the data and information required to achieve Providing the means for comparative ecosystem seven major goals: analysis required to understand and predict variability on the local scale of interest Improve predictions of climate change and its effects on coastal populations Facilitating capacity building at the state level to ensure that all states and regions can contribute Mitigate more effectively the effects of natural to and benefit from the IOOS. hazards The design and implementation of regional observing Improve the safety and efficiency of marine systems will be guided by state and regional priorities operations based on socio-economic and ecological considerations unique to each region. Regional ocean observing sys- Improve national security tems will both contribute to and benefit from the national backbone and will enhance the national back- Reduce public health risks bone based on regional priorities. In most cases, rapid detection and timely prediction of changes in the phe- More effectively protect and restore healthy nomena of interest in each region will require greater coastal marine ecosystems resolution in the measurement of selected core variables and the measurement of additional variables. The Sustain living marine resources. design, implementation, operation and development of regional systems will be conducted by regional consor- The implementation of the IOOS will require the estab- tia that include representatives of all primary stakehold- lishment of two related components, one for the global ers from the region (e.g., private enterprise, state and ocean and one for U.S. coastal waters. The global com- federal agencies, scientists, educators, and NGOs). ponent is the U.S. contribution to the international Global Ocean Observing System which is part of the Realization of the IOOS will require unprecedented Integrated Global Observing Strategy. The coastal com- coordination and collaboration on three related fronts: ponent is conceived as a federally supported national (1) within and among federal agencies, (2) between federal backbone of observations and data management that agencies and regional consortia, and (3) among regional incorporates regional systems, i.e., a National consortia. Achieving this in collaboration with the U.S. Federation of Regional Observing Systems (Appendix GOOS Steering Committee is a major role of Ocean.US. I). The purpose of the national backbone is to develop, maintain, and operate the observing and data manage- 1.2 DEVELOPING A PHASED ment infrastructure that will benefit the nation, regions IMPLEMENTATION PLAN and states by: This report presents the proceedings of the Ocean.US 2002 Workshop convened by Ocean.US in partnership Providing economies of scale that will improve THE WORKSHOP AND ITS GOALS with the U.S. Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) the cost-effectiveness of regional observing 5 Steering Committee. The proceedings, the second of three reports, summarize recommendations for imple- 4 High priority research areas menting the federal contribution to the development of a sustained Integrated Ocean Observing System 5 High priority actions that should be (IOOS) and the process by which consensus was initiated now achieved. The consensus developed and the process by which it The first report, “An Integrated and Sustained Ocean was reached are described below. Observing System For the United States: Design and Implementation” ( Appendix I), summarizes

1 The rationale for an Integrated Ocean Observing System

2 The conceptual design of the System

3 Economic benefits of an integrated system

4 Initial steps for implementation

5 The higher priority actions and associated funding levels that should be implemented now

Initial steps and high priorities were based on a consensus that crystallized at the Ocean.US workshop 2. WORKSHOP described in this document. This report, which was approved and endorsed by the NORLC on 23 May, 2002, RECOMMENDATIONS has been transmitted to the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) and is expected to go for- A systematic and open process was used to achieve a ward to Congress before the end of FY 02. The third national ocean community consensus on the develop- report, to be completed by the end of calendar year 2002, ment of a national backbone for an integrated and sus- will describe the first year of a multi-year, phased imple- tained ocean observing system for the nation. mentation plan with a timetable and cost estimates for Workshop participants developed a ranked list of vari- implementing the IOOS. It is intended to be a strategic ables to be considered for measurement and analysis as plan that charts the way forward based on current part of the backbone, established processes for the knowledge and technical capabilities. It will be devel- development of the data communications and manage- oped with guidance from the federal agencies of the ment subsystem and for economic assessments of the National Oceanographic Partnership Program (NOPP). efficacy of the observing system, and agreed to high-priority actions that should be taken in the near-term to The Ocean.US 2002 Workshop was organized to pro- implement the system. These are summarized below. vide the information and guidance needed to formulate a phased implementation plan for the federal contribu- 2.1 CORE VARIABLES tion to the observing system. The objectives of the workshop were to achieve a consensus on The problem of detecting and predicting changes in coastal environments has many facets, and the develop- 1 A prioritized list of core variables to be ment of a national backbone that will provide compre- measured as part of the national backbone (the hensive characterization of all changes on a national minimum number of variables required to scale is neither possible nor desirable. Thus, a major detect or predict changes in a maximum challenge is the specification of key properties and number of phenomena of interest within processes (i.e., core variables) that should be measured each of the seven goals. See Appendix I) as part of the national backbone. The goal is not to specify all of the variables that must be measured and 2 Operational techniques (platforms, sensors, processed to detect and predict all changes that are rel- methods) for providing the required data evant to all regions. The goal is to identify the mini- streams mum number of variables (the core variables) that are required to detect and/or predict changes in a maximum

3 Guidelines for the formulation of a phased number of phenomena of interest to user groups, i.e., to WORKSHOP RECOMMENDATIONS implementation plan based on both feasibility provide data and information required by all regions and 6 and impact relevant to all 7 goals articulated in section 1 and to achieve a maximum number of subgoals within each of estuarine ecosystems, but they are not appropriate for these broad goals (Appendices I and V) was guided by implementation on a national scale, i.e., variables of the reality that there are a small number of variables that regional significance that are not national in extent (e.g., will be required by all regions and that must be meas- coral reefs, kelp beds, sea ice) and variables that should ured and processed to achieve the seven goals outlined be measured on different time and space scales depend- above. Further, the variables must be suitable for meas- ing on the region (e.g., upwelling vs river dominated urement in a national system of sustained, routine, and environments, broad vs narrow continental shelves). robustly calibrated observations. These variables and time-space scales will be considered by regional observing systems based on priorities estab- Many types of variables merit consideration for lished by stakeholders in each region. inclusion. Some are clearly relevant and are already measured routinely, others are well recognized as being 2.2 DATA MANAGEMENT AND important for describing or predicting dynamic process- COMMUNICATIONS es or significant trends, but are not measured systematically in the oceans. Still others are measured more for The IOOS interface for most users will be the data man- research than for routine operations. All were consid- agement and communications subsystem (DAC). This ered for inclusion in the national backbone of observa- subsystem will link every part of the observing system tions. The inventory of variables considered for this from the instruments to the users, and will contribute to analysis is representative but not exhaustive (Appendix defining the quality of the end products. It is a crucial VI). Even so, it greatly exceeds the scope of a national component of the observing system, and its design system for sustained observations. Clearly, an important should ensure that both users and contributors are an task was to develop a procedure for selecting a small set effective part of the data management and communica- of core (common) variables from such a long list of tions process. A preliminary design plan was developed measurable properties and processes (Appendices VII that includes the following recommendations: and VIII). The procedure had to be guided by the need to detect and predict, in a national and global context, General environmental changes and their effects on coastal Design and implement an enhanced, ecosystems, living marine resources and people. This distributed data and information management was achieved, and the top 20 variables that should be system that links all observational and data considered for measurement as part of the national back- management systems across agencies and bone are as follows: programs to all data users. Improve data management infrastructure. Physical: salinity, temperature, bathymetry, sea level, surface waves, vector currents, ice Specific concentration, surface heat flux, bottom Assess oceanographic middleware protocols for characteristics data acquisition and modify as needed to Chemical: water column contaminants, accommodate multi-disciplinary data streams dissolved inorganic nutrients, dissolved oxygen (meteorological, physical, geological, chemical Biological: fish species and abundance, and biological data). zooplankton species and abundance, optical Use federal standards for semantic metadata properties, ocean color, water column descriptions of the data. concentration of human pathogens, Use http as the network data transport protocol phytoplankton species for data discovery. Designate the Global Ocean Data Assimilation In addition to those variables required to character- Experiment (GODAE) as a primary integrator ize the marine environment, the following variables for real-time data assembly. are required to quantify the external drivers of Establish a DAC Steering Committee to oversee change on a national scale: the formulation of a comprehensive design and implementation plan for the data management Meteorological: vector winds, temperature, subsystem by the end of CY 2002. (The terms pressure, precipitation, humidity of reference for this committee were established Terrestrial: river discharge at the workshop.) Human Health and Use: seafood contamination, water column concentration of 2.3 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS human pathogens The value of improved weather and climate forecasts

WORKSHOP RECOMMENDATIONS Finally, many variables are demonstrably important for alone has been shown by numerous cost-benefit studies 7 detecting and predicting changes in coastal marine and to substantially exceed the investment required to estab- ft l priiat fo fdrl gnis o regional to follows: as agencies are These stakeholders. of consortia federal from participants all efit ben- will that actions IOOS an establish to taken be should that years) 1-3 (next near-term for ommendations rec- of development the with concluded workshop The Near-TermImplementation: 2.4 Actions recommendations: following the endorsed participants procedures.workshop these addition, formulate In to ed An benefits. and costs of terms in performance system of assessments ongoing for cedures pro- establish to and benefits specific assess to needed is lish anddeveloptheIOOS.However, additionalresearch 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 the near term. near the in deferred be should markets uncertain have but developed been have or considered, been yet not have development, in are that Products system. integrated an of potential and sibility fea- the demonstrate and investment, on return high and impact high both have should ducts pro- These distributed. prepared,and selected, be should benefits significant and immediate have to likely most are that products Initially observing system. observing chemical variables into the global ocean-climate and biological of measurements Incorporate ecosystems. coastal in occurring changes to basins drainage coastal in activities land-use and basins ocean the in observations ocean-climate Relate plans. and commitments existing Confirm System. Observing Climate Global the of component ocean the to contribution U.S. the Implement Islands. Pacific and region, Caribbean the Mexico, Canada, with linkages Foster Federation. the building begin Fund regional, end-to-end observing systems to performance. system of evaluations ongoing guidelines for governance of the Federation and Withfrominput regionaldevelop stakeholders, evolves. backbone national the as assessments national include to them expand and systems observing regional of fits bene- and costs of analyses economic Continue Federation. the in ship member-of” “benefits and for” “rules Define Systems. Observing Ocean Regional of Federation National a Create ad hoc ad team was creat-was team 2 1 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 2 1 5 4 3 sensors. oceanographic and meteorological with equipped are that platforms fixed of number the 5 of factor a by increase step, first a As habitats. benefit of extent spatial the and bathymetry water shallow- of mapping high-resolutionSupport needs. user on based elements existing incorporating, enhancing and supplementing selectively by IOOS initial the Establish delivery. timely their and needs user to response in products data of development ongoing ensure to Ocean.US within capacity the Develop and remoteprograms, differentsources(agencies, many from data multidisciplinary to access rapid provides (iii) and systems, observing regional and backbone national the both of needs management data the addresses user-driven,(ii) is (i) that subsystem communications and management data integrated an of implementation the promote and formulate to experts of panel a Establish system. management data integrated an implement and Design key biological and chemical variables chemical and biological key situ In operational are that models physical-ecosystem Coupled reefs) coral and beds grass sea of aircraft (coastal erosion, health and distribution and resolution) higher and algorithms (coastal satellites from sensing remote Enhanced waters coastal water-columnin profilingfor Gliders fields wave and currents coastal for radar HF capabilities: new following the develop to projects pilot researchand implement and Plan Development: and Research IOOS. the operate requiredto be will forcethat work- technical the of training the Promote public. the and teachers on Focus programs.outreach public and education supplement and Enhance arrangements. servicing buoy maintain . e.g., maintenance, infrastructureSupport geo-referencedgauges. of number the increase and variables, more add measured, is level water where sites of number the Increase surveys). periodic and tation (instrumen- ships from observations Enhance sensors for real-time measurements of measurementsreal-time for sensors in situ in sensing, etc.). sensing, 8 WORKSHOP RECOMMENDATIONS of nine federal agencies (Appendix II). Ocean.US immediately began working in partnership with the U.S. GOOS Steering Committee, NOPP agencies and regional stakeholders to address the complex issue of how to develop a regionally relevant national system that builds on existing infrastructure, programs and expertise. The workshop reported on here represents the culmination of the first stage of this process and made possible the development of the implementation plan for Congress. 3. BACKGROUND 3.2 Workshop Planning and Organization

3.1 Recent History of Planning for the Design and implementation of an IOOS for the seven Integrated Ocean Observing System goals (listed on page 3) requires participation and support from a broad spectrum of communities and organizations that do not have a tradition of working togeth- In 1998, Representatives James Saxton and Curt Weldon er. Accordingly, planning for the workshop began with requested that the National Ocean Research Leadership the formation of a Steering Committee (SC) consisting Council (NORLC) propose “a plan to achieve a truly of members who represent the diverse mix of issues that integrated ocean observing system.” In response, a task- must be addressed in the design and implementation of force of federal and non-federal experts, chaired by Drs. the IOOS (Table 1). The SC selected over 100 experts Worth Nowlin (Texas A&M University) and Thomas from government agencies (federal and state), private Malone (University of Maryland), prepared a report, enterprise, academia, non-governmental organizations, “Towards a U.S. Plan for an Integrated, Sustained Ocean and different regions of the coastal U.S. to participate in Observing System.” The report, which was submitted to the workshop (Appendix III). Participants represented Congress in June, 1999, was the first formal step toward the diversity of stakeholders that have interests in or the articulation of a strategic design for an integrated responsibilities for the marine environment from estuaries ocean observing system for the U.S. It sets forth the gen- to the open ocean. Participants not only represented eral requirements for (1) a sustained and integrated many sectors of U.S. society and geographic regions, ocean observing system that will provide the data and they provided the breadth of technical expertise information required to improve our ability to detect and required to develop a plan for a scientifically sound predict climate variability, enable safer and more efficient observing system that will serve the needs of many user marine operations, improve national security, sustain groups. living marine resources, preserve and restore healthy marine ecosystems, mitigate natural hazards and reduce The workshop agenda (Appendix IV) was structured by public health risks; and for (2) the development of the the SC to ensure a systematic and rigorous selection of system by selectively linking, enhancing and supple- the variables and techniques that should be incorporat- menting existing systems based on the needs of multiple ed into the initial system. To catalyze this process lead- user groups. The report can be found on the web at ers in the ocean science community were invited by the http://www.coreocean.org/resources/nopp/towardint SC to provide participants with the context for planning egrated.pdf and implementing the IOOS. Vice Admiral Paul Gaffney of the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy kicked off the This report provided the basis for the next step, the for- workshop with a keynote address that highlighted the mulation of recommendations for initiating the system by need for and challenges of establishing an integrated an Oceans Observation Task Team chaired by Dr. Robert and sustained ocean observing system. On subsequent Frosch (Harvard University). This report, “An Integrated days Mr. John Rayfield (senior staff member on the Ocean Observing System: A Strategy for Implementing House Subcommittee on Fisheries, Wildlife, and the First Steps of a U.S. Plan”, called for the creation of an Oceans) briefed participants on expectations of interagency program office (the Ocean.US Office) that Congress for the IOOS; Dr. Rick Spinrad (Technical would coordinate the design and implementation of the Director of the Oceanographer of the Navy) described national integrated and sustained ocean observing system the contributions and expectations of the Navy; Vice (IOOS). This document can be found on the web at Admiral Conrad Lautenbacher (Under Secretary of http://www.coreocean.org/Dev2Go.web?id=220672 Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere and &rnd=28503 Administrator of NOAA) stressed the importance of achieving the goals of the workshop in a timely fashion; With the approval of the NORLC, Ocean.US. was estab- Dr. Larry Clark (National Science Foundation) lished in October 2000 by a Memorandum of BACKGROUND described the role of current and planned research and Agreement (MOA) that has been signed by the leaders 9 its importance to the development of the IOOS; and Drs. John Delaney(University of Washington), Rick TABLE 1. Jahnke (Skidaway Institute of Oceanography), and Bob WORKSHOP STEERING COMMITTEE Weller (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution) described current and planned research projects that are NAME AFFILIATION relevant to the development of the IOOS.

* Larry Atkinson Old Dominion University In preparation for the workshop, the SC also selected Jonathan Berkson U.S. Coast Guard teams of experts to draft recommended subgoals and provisional products for each of the seven national goals Bill Birkemeier U.S. Army Corps of to be addressed by an integrated system (Appendix V). Engineers Provisional products were used to develop lists of variables required to produce them and potential techniques Mel Briscoe Office of Naval Research for measuring the variables were identified. These “background” papers (Appendix V) summarize the Bob Cohen Weather News, Inc. issues associated with each of the seven goals and pro- Lee Dantzler NOAA (NESDIS) vided a starting point for the series of workshop phases described below. Margaret Davidson NOAA (NOS) 3.2.1 Phase 1: Variables and Techniques Fred Grassle Rutgers University John Haines U.S. Geological Survey Phase 1 began with a morning plenary session during which the objectives of the workshop and the process by Ed Harrison NOAA (OAR, PMEL) which the objectives would be achieved were described and discussed. That afternoon, seven breakout groups Rick Jahnke Skidaway Institute of reviewed each background paper (one group for each Oceanography goal-specific background paper working in parallel) and Jim Kendall Minerals Management Service completed a comprehensive list of variables and techniques to be considered for incorporation into the Eric Lindstrom NASA national backbone of the IOOS. The variables were then ranked based on the number of subgoals to which they Mark Luther University of South Florida are relevant. The groups produced (1) a revised background paper reflecting the group’s consensus that * Tom Malone University of Maryland included a comprehensive list of variables and tech- Center for Environmental niques and (2) a ranked list of the top ten variables Science specific to each of the seven goals. All of the variables Greg Mandt NOAA (NWS) were then compiled in a matrix and ranked based on the number of subgoals that would require them for detec- * David Martin Ocean.US tion or prediction of the phenomena of interest (Table 1 in Appendix VII). The rankings were presented and dis- David Mountain NOAA (NMFS) cussed in a plenary session and, once a consensus was Phil Mundy Exxon Valdez Oil Spill reached, used to initiate Phase 2. This procedure was followed for each of the subsequent phases. Trustee Council * Worth Nowlin Texas A&M University 3.2.2 Phase 2: Prioritize Variables Jeff Paduan Navy (NPS) Four breakout groups were established with members from each of the seven Phase 1 groups and charged with Paul Pan EPA evaluating the list of variables and their rankings based James Rigney Navy (NavOceano) on their expertise and experience. This provided an opportunity to add or remove variables and change Linda Sheehan Ocean Conservancy rankings based on the expertise and experience of members of the breakout groups. Changes were only made Mike Szabados NOAA (NOS) when a group consensus could be reached. The rankings Steve Weisberg Southern California Coastal of the four groups were then reconciled by consensus. Water Research Project

(* EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE) BACKGROUND 10 FIGURE 1. Impact-Feasibility Analysis of Techniques

HIGH IMPACT, HIGH IMPACT, HIGH IMPACT, LOW FEASIBILITY MODERATE FEASIBILITY HIGH FEASIBILITY

MODERATE IMPACT, MODERATE IMPACT, MODERATE IMPACT, LOW FEASIBILITY MODERATE FEASIBILITY HIGH FEASIBILITY IMPACT

LOW IMPACT, LOW IMPACT, LOW IMPACT, LOW FEASIBILITY MODERATE FEASIBILITY HIGH FEASIBILITY

FEASIBILITY

3.2.3 Phase 3: Evaluating Techniques for 3.2.4 Phase 4: Recommendations and Guidelines Incorporation into the IOOS for Phased Implementation of the IOOS

The final list of ranked variables was divided into two Following presentation and discussion of the results of groups: (1) physical variables (including coastal geolog- both breakout groups in plenary session, four breakout ical processes) and (2) non-physical variables (biologi- groups worked in parallel to formulate scenarios for a cal, chemical, ecological, public health). Two working 10-year step-wise, phased implementation of the IOOS. groups were tasked with evaluating the impact and fea- The groups were provided with general guidelines but sibility of potential techniques (from Phase 1) for deter- encouraged to use not only the workshop information mining the distribution of each variable in time and gathered previously, but also their expertise and expec- space. Beginning with the highest ranked variable, all tations in formulating their scenarios. potential techniques were evaluated in terms of their feasibility and impact (I-F analysis, Figures 1 and 2). Scenarios were crafted based on: Impact is a subjective assessment of the relative value of the technique for making quality measurements of the 1 An analysis of observing system requirements variable in question at the required time-space scales (results of Phases 1 and 2) (temporal resolution, spatial extent and resolution, syn- 2 Existing observing capabilities opticity). Feasibility is a subjective appraisal of the (results of Phase 3) degree to which observational techniques can be used in 3 Gaps between requirements and capabilities a routine, sustained and cost-effective fashion, i.e., the 4 Resource implications of addressing these extent to which they are operational. Once the I-F gaps in a phased, prioritized fashion analysis was completed for each variable, techniques were categorized in one of the following four categories: The groups were also asked to: Suitable for incorporating into the observing system now (operational) 1 Confine their scenarios to the global ocean Suitable for pre-operational testing component and the federal backbone for the Ready for evaluating as part of a pilot project coastal component BACKGROUND Requires additional research and development 2 Consider federal resources that may or may not 11 remain within the federal system tem as well as improve the efficiency and efficacy of 3 Assume that techniques that have both high system elements that are functioning now. Notable impact and high feasibility are high priority examples of current major challenges include: (1) the candidates for incorporation in IOOS now, separation and relative roles of real time and delayed while those that are rated as high impact and mode/archive centers for most data types and (2) the low feasibility are high priority candidates for lack of capability to handle most types of non-physical research and development data (real time/delayed mode/or archive) needed by the 4 Consider both the extent to which capacity observing system. Among the many additional ele- building is needed (personnel technical expertise ments that will be addressed in the plan are, for exam- & training, manufacturing, data and ple, the use of self-describing data syntax, the need for communications, etc.), and the time and effort a controlled vocabulary for marine variables, and the required (both nationally and regionally) and need for more consistent data exchange protocols. The then develop an investment strategy targeted to plan will be completed in December 2002. those areas able to absorb resources 5 Estimate the time required for high impact-low 3.2.7 Economic Considerations feasibility techniques to become operational. A second group of experts in economics also worked in 3.2.5 Phase 5: Reaching Consensus parallel to create (1) a template for economic assessments of IOOS benefits at the user sector level that could The four scenarios and the results of the Data and be utilized by different regions of the country and (2) a Communications and Economic Breakout groups (see prioritized list of user sectors for which economic assess- below) were presented and discussed in plenary session. ments should be developed. More specifically, this work- Recommendations were then prioritized by consensus in ing group developed a methodology to assemble the fol- plenary and used to (1) establish guidelines for the for- lowing information necessary for more precise estimates mulation of a phased implementation plan based on both of IOOS benefits: feasibility and need, (2) specify high priority actions that should be implemented within the next 1-3 years, and Data parameters and cost estimates for IOOS (3) recommend high priority research areas. itself and for value-added products to be derived from IOOS, including the means of distributing 3.2.6 Data Management and Communications these products to users and how the IOOS data and products differ from what is presently The development of an integrated data management available system that transcends individual government agencies A comprehensive list of industrial, recreational, and programs is critical to the successful development and public administration activities that use of the IOOS. In an effort to address this challenge from products derived (in part) from ocean observation the beginning, a breakout group of experts in the field Information about how these activities use of data management worked in parallel with the five ocean observation products (at present and, phases described above to define the needs for and the hypothetically, under IOOS) to make economic conceptual design of a data management and commu- decisions nications subsystem (DAC) for the IOOS. This group Information about how these decisions affect the summarized their discussion in a revised DAC back- (economic) outcome of their operations ground paper (Appendix V) which describes the system vision, components and design, as well as a process to 3.3 Workshop Perceptions develop a system implementation plan. A second document (Appendix X) was also prepared which describes The workshop began with a briefing on the goals and the process to develop the system implementation plan format of the workshop, the rationale for an integrated in greater detail. and sustained ocean observing system, and work to date on its design and implementation. Immediately follow- The plan, a phased prioritized approach to developing ing this, participants were given an opportunity to the DAC, will include: cost estimates; mechanisms for express what they thought was good about the process allowing continued oversight; processes for evaluating and their concerns. These may be summarized as follows: system performance and incorporating user feedback; definition of a path for introduction of new technolo- THE POSITIVES gies; processes for developing/adopting standards, protocols, and formats, and consensus agreement on a pol- The meeting’s approach is pragmatic and goals icy statement on data release and distribution; etc. The are realistic. The organizers have established a plan will redress major deficiencies of the present sys- framework for constructive interaction among BACKGROUND 12 participants. The approach is integrated for course of the workshop, they did help guide the debate more cost-effective detection and prediction and helped to develop the consensus recommendations and to leverage funding. Participants are described below. encouraged to think broadly across disciplines and geographically.

There is recognition that to be successful the system must have clients from government, private enterprise and public sectors.

The timing is right. The IOOS is a concept whose time has come. There is a clear need for a sustained system of ocean observations, the technology is at hand, and the benefits to society will be substantial.

CONCERNS

The effort to design and implement the IOOS does not appear to be sufficiently coordinated 4. RESULTS & RECOMMENDATIONS on regional to national scales. What is the relationship between Ocean.US and the Ocean Commission and are these efforts duplicative? 4.1 Potential Variables and Techniques (Phase 1) Participation and support of the research community is critical. How will this be 4.1.1. Detecting and Predicting Climate Variability achieved? How will the broader community be engaged? How can we engage the commercial Climate has received substantial national and interna- sector as both users and contributors to the tional attention for several years, and many workshops IOOS? have been convened to effect the planning and implementation of an efficient observing system for the glob- Who is in charge and how does the proposed al ocean-climate component. The focus has been on system relate to research programs? How will monitoring, describing, and understanding (1) the the required support be developed in public, physical and biogeochemical processes that determine private and government sectors? How will the ocean circulation and (2) the effects of the ocean on sea- problem of selectively shifting elements from sonal to decadal climate changes, as well as to provide the research realm to an operational mode be the observations needed for climate predictions and addressed institutionally given that government related research (see Appendix V). The climate back- mechanisms are not in place to do this? ground paper used to initiate Phase 1 draws heavily on the work of two international panels (the Ocean Open access to data and information may not Observing System Development Panel, OOSDP, and the be realistic given proprietary issues with data Ocean Observations Panel for Climate, OOPC) and the that are particularly relevant to industry and results of an international conference (The First national security. International Conference for Climate Observations).

Build on existing infrastructure and programs. Four subgoals were considered: Don’t reinvent the wheel. 1 Obtain improved estimates of surface fields and Can the cost of such a system be justified in surface fluxes economic and social terms? 2 Document variability and change to obtain improved ocean analyses and predictions on Are current participants the best group to be seasonal and longer time scales recommending priorities? There is too much 3 Detect and assess the impact of ocean climate emphasis on physics. User groups other than change on the coastal zone scientists are not well represented. 4 Establish and maintain the infrastructure and techniques that will ensure that information is

RESULTS AND RESULTS RECOMMENDATIONS Although all of these could not be addressed during the obtained and utilized in an efficient way 13 The products and associated variables and techniques 1 Maintain navigable waterways. that were considered by the group are listed in Appendix 2 Improve search and rescue and emergency VI. response capabilities. 3 Ensure safe and efficient marine operations and The Climate working group encountered several philo- activities. sophical issues that prompted discussion and evaluation. These included the need to: The associated products, variables, and potential techniques are listed in the Marine Operations background 1 Coordinate with the coastal module for both paper (Appendix V), as well as in the subgoal/product boundary conditions and forcings and variable association matrix. 2 Examine the climate of the ocean as well as the influence of the ocean on climate, including the 4.1.3. Ensuring National Security full water column and its variation with time 3 Examine the non-physical aspects of blue water National security is generally considered to encompass climate investigations not only the protection of U.S. citizens and interests, but 4 Interface with data management to ensure also the promotion of economic and social interests of adequate infrastructure, product development, the United States. Relative to the national ocean observ- data maintenance, and quality climate ing system, national security is limited to the military’s observations mission of warfighting, peacekeeping, and humanitarian 5 Remain an evolving system, and allow for assistance. The role of oceanography in this context is changes over time in the approach, products, to provide sufficient knowledge of the ocean to allow for and goals of the IOOS “better decision making and employment of people, platforms, and systems, increasing their effectiveness, and 4.1.2 Facilitating Safe and Efficient Marine decreasing risks to those resources” (Appendix V). Operations Oceanography is considered to include classic oceanography, meteorology, hydrography, acoustics, precise tim- This working group examined the role of a national ing, astrometry, and GIS. The ocean observing require- ocean observing system in the U.S. marine trans- ments for the national security theme have been exam- portation system’s vision to be the “world’s most ined previously in formal Department of Defense technologically advanced, safe, efficient, effective, processes and in the Chief of Naval Operations- accessible, and environmentally sound system for Oceanographer of the Navy R&D strategy. These moving goods and people” (Appendix V). The group requirements, along with review of the background noted that the current system needed substantial paper and the associated discussions at the Ocean.US improvements in the areas of marine transportation, workshop, led to the following subgoals within the offshore energy, environmental management, and national security theme: recreation to satisfy the demands of growing international trade, the presence of oil and hazardous cargo 1 Improve the effectiveness of maritime homeland in populated areas, and public concerns about mar- security and war-fighting effectiveness abroad, itime accidents. An integrated system of navigation especially mine warfare, port security, information is required for real-time delivery of data amphibious warfare, special operations and and access to current, historical, and forecasted antisubmarine warfare. oceanographic and meteorological conditions. 2 Improve the safety and efficiency of operations at sea. To that end, users in those sectors most likely to be 3 Establish the capability to detect airborne and impacted by marine operations were identified as follows: waterborne contaminants in ports, harbors, and littoral regions at home and abroad, and the 1 Commercial and military shipping capability to predict the dispersion of those 2 Commercial fishing contaminants for planning, mitigation, and 3 Recreational users (boaters, fishermen, surfers), remediation. 4 Extraction industries (e.g., oil and gas) 4 Support environmental stewardship. 5 Construction 5 Improve system performance at sea through 6 Cable laying more accurate characterization and prediction of 7 Community response agencies the marine boundary layer. 8 Insurance and reinsurance industries These subgoals are all related to functions of national In this context, three major subgoals were defined: security including homeland security, seaport security,

mine warfare, contaminant dispersal, and environmental RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 14 sabotage prevention. The working group also provided Development in 1992, specifically called for a global an extensive list of techniques in a matrix format asso- ocean observing system that will “enable effective man- ciated with specific variables (Appendix V). agement of the marine environment and sustainable utilization of its natural resources” (Appendix V). While 4.1.4. Managing Living Resources significant strides have been made toward implementing the global ocean component of GOOS, the develop- Managing living resources is a topic that has gained ment of a coastal module that would address these much attention in recent years. In addition to being a broad goals has been limited. theme for national and international ocean observing systems, it has also been addressed by a dedicated panel Impediments to the development of this component of (Living Marine Resources-LMR) within the GOOS the coastal module include: structure. This panel has been joined in its efforts by the Health of the Ocean (HOTO) and the coastal com- 1 The challenge of designing and implementing a ponent of GOOS (C-GOOS) panels in generating rec- system to detect and predict changes in an area ommendations for an integrated plan to address this as inconstant as the coastal zone issue. The main objective of these groups is to provide 2 Inefficient data management systems operationally useful information on the state of living 3 Technological immaturity in the area of marine resources and their ecosystems. Specifically, a detecting and predicting changes within this three-system approach (inshore, coastal ocean, and region open ocean) for observational needs has been recom- 4 Ineffective or absent mechanisms to support the mended. This approach would enable the development transition of research capabilities to an and implementation of an ecosystem-based management operational context approach to living marine resources, which was the pri- 5 The challenges of developing partnerships mary recommendation of the Managing Living between all stakeholders. Resources working group at the Ocean.US workshop. After examining the background paper, the results of the The working group addressed the first three issues in its previous groups’ (LMR-GOOS, HOTO, C-GOOS) deliberations. The subgoals addressed were as follows: efforts, and taking into account the need for ecosystem- based management, the working group then developed 1 Establish ecological “climatologies” for key the following five subgoals: biological and chemical variables. 2 Detect changes in the spatial extent and 1 Measure fluctuations in harvested marine physiology of biologically structured habitats. species and improve predictions of abundance, 3 Detect changes in species diversity. distribution, recruitment, and sustainable yield. 4 Detect/predict coastal eutrophication. 2 Measure and detect changes in spatial extent 5 Detect/predict toxic and noxious algal species. and condition of habitat, production, and 6 Detect/predict non-native species. biodiversity. 7 Detect/predict diseases in and mass mortalities 3 Predict effects of fishing and other human of fish, marine mammals, and birds. activities on habitat and biodiversity. 8 Monitor effects of anthropogenic contaminants 4 Improve knowledge of spatial distribution of on marine organisms. habitat and of living marine resources. 5 Improve measurements of abundance and impacts Detecting and predicting changes in or the occurrence (environmental and human) on endangered of these factors (Appendix IV) was a major goal for not species, marine mammals, and seabirds. only the coastal module of GOOS, but the Ocean.US working groups. In their evaluation of the background The working group noted, during their evaluation of paper and associated reports, the workshop participants subgoals, products, variables, and techniques, that a generated a large list of subgoals, products, variables (by substantial infrastructure currently exists to fulfill many far the most numerous of the working groups), and aspects of the subgoals, however, augmentation of these potential techniques. The full list of products, variables current systems is required (Appendix V). and techniques are given in Appendix V.

4.1.5. Preserving and Restoring Healthy Marine 4.1.6 Mitigating Natural Hazards Ecosystems During the discussions of the hazard mitigation work- Preserving and restoring healthy marine ecosystems is a ing group, the participants determined that natural haz- topic of intense discussion and evaluation on a national ards and their impacts extend beyond what is typically

RESULTS AND RESULTS RECOMMENDATIONS and international scale. Agenda 21, a mandate generat- considered. Impacts should include risks to ecosystem 15 ed at the UN Conference on Environment and resources in addition to direct and indirect losses to human health and the economy. Mitigating the effects of Great Lakes, is risks associated with the drinking water natural hazards, including weather events, biological supply. This concern was not specifically addressed in hazards, and anthropogenically-induced hazards (e.g. oil the context of the Ocean.US workshop as the partici- spills), consists of “actions taken to prevent and reduce pants determined that the effects were regional, not risks to life, property, and social and economic activities” national in scope, and so did not fit into the workshop (Appendix V). While controlling natural hazards is criteria of broad national relevance. The working group beyond human control, their effects can be mitigated did examine possible effects of climate change on human through improved predictions and enhanced technolo- health. These effects would consist of indirect impacts gies beyond current capabilities. Current natural hazard such as possible increased rainfall promoting higher mitigation is impeded by an “under-sampling of the runoff and increased contaminant loading to the coastal ocean, a lack of an integrated data management nearshore zone, and alteration of the distribution, inten- system, and the capabilities (or lack thereof) of existing sity, and frequency of HAB events. The public health models.” The working group discussions of the back- working group discussions and evaluation of the background paper, associated reports, and the current capa- ground paper reflected a systematic risk assessment bilities for hazard mitigation held to a common theme, approach to public health relative to ocean impacts and specifically, filling gaps in the present system. The spe- influence. This approach has five main features: (1) cific subgoals generated by the background paper and describe patterns of risk, (2) assess overall risk from these discussions were the following: present conditions, (3) predict risk from specific sets of conditions likely to occur in the future, (4) measure 1 Provide adequate data gathering capabilities at exposure of human populations to factors related to risk, the temporal and spatial scales required to and (5) calculate risk from measures of exposure and improve the understanding of the physical and estimates of dose-response relationships. biological nature of natural hazards. 2 Improve modeling capabilities and predictions. To satisfy these requirements, the working group devel- 3 Provide timely dissemination and convenient oped two main subgoals: online access to real-time hazards observations. and warnings as well as complete metadata and 1 Nationally standardized risk measures for retrospective information on all aspects of swimming natural disaster reduction. 2 Nationally standardized risk measures for 4 Develop new instrumentation to improve the seafood consumption existing systems, i.e., make them workable in wider areas for longer duration, and with Multiple products, variables, and potential techniques higher reliability, safety, and efficiency. were initially presented in the background paper and then substantially expanded in the ensuing discussions. The working group also generated specific products, variables, and potential techniques associated with these 4.2 Ranking Variables for the National subgoals (Appendix V). Backbone (Phase 2)

4.1.7 Ensuring Public Health Breakout groups reviewed the variable lists and each came to a consensus on the variables and their rankings. The public health working group examined two primary These results, and details of the procedure used, are potential health risks associated with the ocean: (1) given in Appendix VII. Chairs of the breakout groups swimming safety (to include all water-contact activities), and the Executive Committee worked together to ensure and (2) seafood safety. The presence of pathogens, that the names of variables were consistent (e.g., it was derived from wastewater discharge and stormwater agreed to list variables without specifying spatial criteria runoff, was considered the most probable risk for swim- such as “surface” or “water column”) and to eliminate ming activities. Seafood consumption risk involves three duplication (e.g., same variable, different name). Even separate areas. The first is poisoning through con- so, as noted in the table legends, some duplication and sumption of filter-feeding shellfish that concentrate nat- inconsistency survived in the “final” list of 59, and cor- ural toxins produced by phytoplankton during harmful rections were made in the preparation of this report algal blooms (HABs). The second is the risk of illness by resulting in a final list of 55 variables. It should be noted consuming raw shellfish contaminated with pathogens that, despite efforts to ensure consistency and minimize (human/animal or naturally-derived source). The third redundancy, some duplication survived the workshop is the risk of long-term illness (e.g., cancer) from con- process. Ocean color, surface spectral irradiance, ocean suming contaminated finfish. Contaminants include a surface chlorophyll-a, and phytoplankton abundance/ wide range of compounds such as pesticides, PCBs, and biomass were ranked 19, 35, 48 and 53, respectively. metals. An additional area of concern, confined to the Surface spectral irradiance was dropped. Bottom charac- RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 16 TABLE 2. Rankings of Variables that Measure Attributes of Oceanic and Coastal Marine Systems FOR THE TOP 20 VARIABLES TWO RANKINGS ARE GIVEN: ORIGINAL RANK (NUMERATOR) AND RANK WITHOUT THE NON-OCEAN VARIABLES.

PHYSICAL RANK CHEMICAL RANK BIOLOGICAL RANK Salinity 1/1 Contaminants: water 9/8 Fish species 11/10 Water temperature 3/2 Dissolved nutrients 10/9 Fish abundance/biomass 12/11 Bathymetry 4/3 Dissolved oxygen 23/18 Zooplankton species 13/12 Sea level 5/4 Contaminants: sediments 28 Optical properties 14/13 Directional wave spectra 6/5 Carbon: total organic 32 Ocean color 19/15 Vector currents 7/6 Suspended sediments 34 Pathogens: water 22/17 Ice concentration 8/7 pCO2 40 Phytoplankton species 24/19 Surface heat flux 15/14 Carbon: total inorganic 42 Zooplankton abundance 25/20 Bottom characteristics 20/16 Total nitrogen: water 50 Benthic abundance 27 Sea floor seismicity 39 Benthic species 29 Ice thickness 46 Mammals: abundance 37 Sea surface height 51 Mammals: mortality events 38 Bacterial biomass 47 Chlorophyll-a 48 Non-native species 52 Phytoplankton abundance 53 Phytoplankton productivity 56 Wetland: spatial extent 58 Bioacoustics 59

TABLE 3. Non-Ocean Variables that are Drivers of Changes in Oceanic and Coastal Marine Systems.

METEOROLOGICAL RANK TERRESTRIAL RANK HUMAN HEALTH & USE RANK Wind vector 2 River discharge 16 Sea food contaminants 17 Air temperature 18 Groundwater discharge 41 Pathogens: sea food 30 Atmospheric pressure 21 Fish catch & effort 49 Precipitation 26 Sea food consumption 54 (dry and wet) Humidity 31 Beach usage 57 Aerosol type 43 Ambient noise 44 Atmospheric visibility 45 RESULTS AND RESULTS RECOMMENDATIONS 17 Cloud cover 55 ae o te akd it f aibe, w breakout (IFAs) two Analyses variables, Impact-Feasibility of performed list groups ranked the on Based 3) (Phase Backbone TechniquesNational Evaluating the 4.3 for abundance). ton ocean color, pathogens,phytoplanktonspecies,andzooplank- properties, optical species, zooplankton dance, abun- and species (fish variables biological 8 and the gen) oxy- in dissolved and nutrients, (contaminants 20 dissolved column, top variables water The chemical subgoals. 3 the includes of most to processes ical phys- importanceof the given expected was This ables. the vari- systems), physical are 1-8) coastal (ranks variables ranked and highest (ocean 1 category Within marine systems (Table coastal 2) and (2) non-ocean and variables (Table oceanic 3). of attributes measure that variables (1) groups, two in categorized Variableswere habitat. (benthic) of tion characteriza- physical include would it as retained was were ranked 20 and habitat 33, respectively. of “Bottom characteristics” characterization physical and teristics IMPACT Feasibility and Impact Their TermsTechniquesof in of Categorization 2. FIGURE development (R&D), or “watch and wait.” and “watch or (R&D), development pilot project (to gain community consensus on accuracy and precision), high priority for research and a of part as evaluation for ready fashion), cost-effective and routine a in sustained be can technique to incorporate into the IOOS now), pre-operational (testing required to assess the extent to which the FIGURE 2. PILOT PROJECT PILOT WATCH & WAITWATCH& Impact-feasibility analysis (IFA) used to categorize potential techniques as operational (ready DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH & RESEARCH PRE-OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY WATCH & WAITWATCH& PILOT PROJECT PILOT lhuh se t dvlp cnro fr multi-year for scenarios develop to asked Although that. just do to weretasked parallel, in groups,working the phased implementation of the IOOS. Four breakout for the realisticrequiredscenarios formulate information to developed had participants workshop below), 4.6 the and 4.5 of (sections groupsbreakout Economics and DAC work the and IFAs the of completion the With 5) and 4 (Phases implementation phased for Guidelines 4.4 within the coastal zone. use coastal the within for pre-operational considered is the but in ocean, operational open currently is temperature water for XBTsof use the example, category.For one than more into fall techniques Some VIII. Appendix in are ables (Tableables areTable2) in given vari- all for Results 4. Results of this analysis for the top 20 ocean-system vari- then were categorized based on IFAtheir operational status (Figure 2). the in identified techniques The ated. evalu- variables the of each for summation short a and IFAworksheets completed groups The 3.2.3). (section for thephysicalandnon-physicalvariables,respectively PRE-OPERATIONAL WATCH & WAITWATCH& OPERATIONAL 18 RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 19 RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ZOOPLANKTON BIOMASS ZOOPLANKTON SPECIES PHYTOPLANKTON DISSOLVEDOXYGEN WATERPATHOGENS CHARACTERISTICS BOTTOM COLOR OCEAN HEATFLUX PROPERTIES OPTICAL SPECIES ZOOPLANKTON ABUNDANCE FISH SPECIES FISH NUTRIENTS WATERCONTAMINANTS CONCENTRATIONICE CURRENTS WAVESSURFACE LEVEL SEA BATHYMETRY TEMPERATURE SALINITY VARIABLES TableVariables2. from Ranked Highest 20 the for Analysis Impact-Feasibility of Results Summary TABLE4. grab samples grab Video,& CoreChirp, seismic, Multichannel scan, Interferometricside systems systems warning State counts, HAB Enteric bacteria culture bacteria Enteric Net tows, CPR-VOS CPR-VOS tows, Net Towed CPR nets, assessment Stock assessment Stock grab samples grab Sediment watch, Mussel SAR sensors, Microwave sonar,SAR Multibeam scan, side Altimetry,Interferometric kHz), (>12 sonar Multibeam drifters Surface floats, Profiling AVHRRXBT,GOES, + altimetry PrecisionTidegauges, OPERATIONAL PRE-OPERATIONAL PILOT PROJECT RESEARCH & DEVELOP & RESEARCH PROJECT PILOT PRE-OPERATIONAL OPERATIONAL Instrumented bore hole bore Instrumented penetrometer,bottom laser,Line-scan Expendable remote, Multispectral Runoff Runoff platforms Fixed Underway Underway samples, Discrete Moorings, AOPs, IOPs AOPs, radiation, leaving Ocean acoustics Ship-based acoustics Ship-based Underway samples, Discrete Moorings, Watersamples radiance leaving Ocean ADCP Fixed drifters, surfaceresolution Hi sensors, fixed resolution Hi video Airborne sounder,Echo video, based Land- Multispectral, LIDAR, Underway CTD, XBT), (moorings, resolution High accelerometers Altimetry,ments, Moored measure- 1-D Platform-based buoy,pitch-rollresolution ADCP,High mounted, bottom pressureBottom Underway CTD, floats, Profiling Seabeam, Hyperspectral remote remote Hyperspectral Seabeam, NWP resolution Hi VOS, quality Hi In situ In VOS LIDAR Acoustics Acoustics recorders,plankton Optical Optical plankton recordersplankton Optical VOS drifters surfaceresolution Hi radar,ADCP,HF Fixed Floats, (semi-permeable membranes) (semi-permeable situ In currentsMoored resolution) (high SAR radiometer radiometer,Airborne Microwave mounted, Hull Drifters XCTD, Moorings, hyperspectral sampling sensing (300 m resolution) m (300 sensing remresolution spatial High AUVs, Gliders, Optical sens Optical Gliders, AUVs, Laser linesheets Laser fluorescencerepetition Fast fluorescence, CDOM Chemical indicators Chemical culture, by Pathogens tors, in immunoassay & Genetic probes Genetic imaging, Underway situ In probes probes Gen indicators, Biochemical AUVs/Gliders nitrate, of detection UV Acoustic lens technology technology lens Acoustic LIDAR recordersoptical Ship-based Phytotoxics probes, Gene Fluorescence, probes,Electrochemical radar phased HF arrays, mounted Botto arrays, Platform-based chain thermister Drifting (aircraft,sa sensing Remote altimetry,reflectometry GPS altimetry,Delay-doppler Air flow cytometry,flow 2. 1. parallel. in developed be should system operational an of development the to contribute to likely are that projects research and pilot, Pre-operational, system. integrated an into elements operational existing linking by begin should system operational an of implementation Phased DATA SENSORS LAND AIRCRAFT SATELLITE SENSING REMOTE SHORE-BASED SHIPS AUV MOORINGS ELEMENTS System Observation Operational an of Development TABLE5. tions, the participants considered the requirements of an delibera- During scenarios. realistic construct to shop ment and the results of the previous phases of the work- judg- best their use to asked were groups working The Implementation” plan. and implementation phased multi-year detailed, Design States: (Appendix I) for Congress and the completion of a more United the for System Observing Ocean “An Sustained of and Integrated drafting the guide to used be would resulting scenarios The years. 1-3 next the over and now ment develop- and implementation for required activities on development oftheIOOS,groups were toldtofocus 3. event-drive Develop Mexico. of Gulf the and coasts both on spacing) miles (300 transects cross-shelf variability) of scales on 6. 5. 4. inorganicnutrients Profiler-ADCP),Currentdissolved Doppler and This should include multibeam surveys, CalCOFI, and stock assessments. Expand as appropriate to establish repeated (monthly to (monthly repeated establish to appropriate as Expand assessments. stock and CalCOFI, surveys, multibeam include should This NDBC + those that meet standards for greater resolution of met variables over water. Increase number of NDBC buoys to 500 (fro Waterz salinity,fluorescence,temperature,chlorophyll oxygen, properties,dissolved bio-optical waves, directionalcurrents, Distribution and abundance of marine mammals and turtles. and mammals marine of abundance and Distribution shoreline. in changes monitoring and condition) physiological and extent (areal assessments Habitat technology.ADCP on based package sensor “fish” a Including S surveys Enhance satellite & satellite for shopping stop One Iridium Assess streams & rivers Increase geo-referencedgauges of no. & gauges Increase supplement) PORTS moorings Network PRTOA R-PRTOA IO RJC RESEARCH PROJECT PILOT PRE-OPERATIONAL OPERATIONAL 2 performance of performance (enhance, 1 no. of gauged of no. tide of no. existing existing in situ in

data Access to SAR for ice for SAR to Access Optimize for at sea use sea at for communications data cellular Develop sensors oceanographic physical with moorings NDBC Enhance 3 VOS system VOS Iridium-like global Iridium-like

pedx X Hget roiis dniid y each by identified in priorities provided follows: as weregroup Highest are plans specific IX. The Appendix detail. of levels each different expect, at scenarios might implementation developed one group As timelines. and tasks tion implementa- identified and system, national a complete to introduced essential research shortfalls, proposed technologies, identified maturing they process, and the existing In both capabilities. and techniques and observational potential system observing integrated sensors chemical & biological with Enhance platforms of variety a on use for package Develop projects pilot regional High Photography imagery Hyperspectral (gliders) propertiesoptical & physical Spatial (e.g.,multi-beam + video) + (e.g.,multi-beam habitats benthic Nested (60 now), existing package –surface met, –surface package existing now), (60 stations 500 with array (NDBC) Center 1: Group frequency radar: frequency 3 5 standard sensor standard NDBC moorings NDBC technologies to map to technologies distributions of distributions & IR & Moored Buoys: National Data Buoy Data National Buoys: Moored Delayed Doppler altimeter altimeter Doppler Delayed properities chemical & biological key for sensors operational Develop tat & stock assessments stock & tat Technologies Bottom 4 crawlers crawlers n response capability.response n for more rapid habi- rapid more for ooplankton (Acoustic ooplankton m current array of 60). decadal depending decadal 20 RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS enhanced package- (several variables listed), mend that OPeNDAP be considered as the preferred cost-$200K initial/$50K per yr to maintain, middleware solution to achieve the goals of the DAC R&D needed for enhanced buoy, phase subsystem in a rapid and cost effective manner. over 3-5 yrs Considerable progress in the encoding of ocean biolog- Group 2: Detailed ‘System’ timelines and ical data has also been demonstrated in the OBIS2 data associated tasks for three major components: system. Modifications to accommodate OBIS standards IOOS Management, Data Management, Design may be required in OPeNDAP. In addition to a syntac- and Dissemination, and Monitoring/Measurements tic description of the data, machine-to-machine interop- Group 3: ‘Process’ identified products, erability within the DAC subsystem also requires a con- defined elements, and made recommendations sistent semantic description of the data. The DAC WG Group 4: Plan was developed for such purposes members recommend the FGDC3 standard for this pur- as: weather and marine conditions for pose in the IOOS. recreational users, waves, 3-D coastal circulation model to support regional models, etc. 4.5.3 Subsystem Design

Although each group approached this challenge differ- Figure 3 depicts the elements of the national ocean ently and focused on different aspects of the IOOS, com- observing system in cyan, elements of the DAC subsys- mon themes were apparent and are summarized in Table tem in red, elements supplied by cooperating IOOS enti- 5. Note that workshop participants were asked to focus ties in pink, elements of other data systems in blue, and on the in situ elements of the observing subsystem. the user community as a white circle at the center of the Thus, this analysis does not do justice to the importance diagram. The red and blue concentric circles with of remote sensing to the development of the IOOS. attached lines leaving the diagram to the right represent the World Wide Web (Web). The blue circle represents transfers on the Web which do not adhere to the DAC 4.5 Data Management and Communications middleware standards – the documents, images, user interface forms, etc. that are typical today. The red cir- 4.5.1 The Vision cle represents data transfers made using the middleware standards adopted by IOOS4. The Data and Communications (DAC) subsystem will knit together the different components of the national The DAC subsystem contains a data discovery element IOOS and function as a unifying component within the and it is recommended that NOAA’s National Coastal international GOOS (Appendix V – the DAC back- Data Development Center be designated as a primary ground paper). The vision for the DAC subsystem data discovery facility. It is also recommended that includes the collection of data, as well as the data and HTTP be the network data transport protocol for data communications components needed to move data discovery search parameters and search results (as indi- among systems and users in a distributed environment. cated by the blue line connecting this element to the The DAC subsystem will link multidisciplinary observa- network). The DAC subsystem also contains a data tions collected from a broad range of platforms and assembly (a.k.a. “aggregation”) element, and a “deep” transmit them (in real-time, near-real-time, and delayed archive for the system. As with data discovery, the sys- modes) to provide rapid access to diverse data for tem design encourages multiple data assembly ele- research and applied purposes. ments, but the DAC WG members recommend that the GODAE Data Server be designated as a primary center 4.5.2 Subsystem Components for real-time assembly. Until the data of interest have been moved to the “deep” archive, at least one assembly The DAC subsystem will consist of the following key center or local storage center must maintain the data. functional elements: data transport, quality control, data Coordination of these activities will be an important assembly, limited product generation, metadata manage- administrative function of the DAC subsystem. ment, data archeology, data archival, data discovery, and administration functions (Appendix V). A design plan Quality control (QC) is shown as a separate function, is proposed to integrate these components (Figure 3). but in fact it will be performed by several components – The basic concept underlying the plan is to implement at the observing subsystem, at the real-time data assem- a “middleware” level of connectivity for the IOOS – a bly centers, at the delayed-mode (climate) data assem- common set of standards and protocols that connects bly centers, and often again at the product generation heterogeneous data sources to heterogeneous user com- sites. The development of metadata (not shown) munities. The most broadly tested and accepted mid- reflecting these QC operations must occur in lock-step. dleware in oceanography is the OPeNDAP1 data access

RESULTS AND RESULTS RECOMMENDATIONS protocol, which underlies the National Virtual Ocean A process was initiated at the workshop to transform 21 Data System (NVODS). The DAC WG members recom- this preliminary design plan into a formal implementa- IOOS Data and Communications Subsystem Communications and Data IOOS 3. FIGURE DISCOVERY IOOS DataandCommunications Subsystem OBSERVATION DATA DATA REGIONAL SYSTEMS ARCHIVE DATA DATA DATA SHIP CONTROL QUALITY BROWSER WEB SATELLITE GENERATION DATA PRODUCT USERS BROWSER PROGRAM ANALYSIS WEB AGGREGATION DATA SET SERVER WEB SYSTEM COMPONENTS OBSERVATION SUBSYSTEM DATA &COMMUNICATION OTHER DATA SYSTEMS COOPERATING SYSTEM ATMOS SYSTEM DATA DATA DATA DATA LAND 22 RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS tion plan for the DAC. It began with the creation of a What is the economic value of that Data and Communications Steering Committee information? (DACSC) by Ocean.US (Table 6). The DACSC will be supported by four Expert Teams (Data Transport, The Ocean.US workshop, as whole, was designed to pro- Discovery/Metadata, Applications, and Archival), and vide the answer to the first question. The second ques- two Outreach Teams (Data Facilities Management and tion has been addressed theoretically and speculatively User Outreach). The Expert Teams will evaluate avail- by both producers and users of data, but has not been able technologies and make recommendations in the empirically assessed. Techniques for considering the form of White Papers; the Outreach Teams will assem- third question exist, but have not been examined in the ble Community Issues Lists. Following receipt of the context of a national ocean observing system. The task White Papers and Community Issues Lists, the Steering of the Economics working group was to put forth a plan Committee will write the Plan. It will be circulated for for answering the second and third questions. A second review and comment, and presented at a meeting, host- task was to familiarize workshop participants with the ed by Ocean.US, for additional review in a public forum. economic framework and the analytical approaches that The final Plan will be submitted to Ocean.US in such an analysis will require. To these ends, the group December, 2002. reviewed the full list of subgoals and provisional products and selected 12 products whose costs and benefits 4.6 Economic Considerations could be estimated quantitatively. The group then conducted a simple analysis illustrating how such estimates The Economics breakout group was charged with devel- could be made by listing products, and establishing the oping procedures for determining the economic benefits degree of benefit and the timing of the information of the IOOS (Appendix XI). Cost-benefit studies have (Table 7). In generating this table and formulating a concluded that the value of improved weather and cli- plan for economic analysis, the working group stressed mate forecasts alone far outweigh the investment that in addition to benefits and timing, incremental costs required to implement and sustain an IOOS. However, of implementation and operation must be estimated. as stressed in the background paper (Appendix V), additional research is required to assess the specific benefits The group recommended that the preparation and distri- accruing from the data and information that would be bution of products that have significant short-term net provided by the IOOS. To accomplish this task, three benefits should be a high priority. Such products should questions must be addressed: (1) have a high impact, (2) have a high return on investment, and (3) demonstrate the capabilities and potential What information will the system provide? of an IOOS. Products that are in development or have To what use will that information be put? not yet been considered, as well as those that have been

TABLE 6. The DAC Steering Committee

NAME AFFILIATION Lowell Bahner NOAA Chesapeake Bay Office Landry Bernard National Data Buoy Center (NOAA) Peter Cornillon University of Rhode Island Fred Grassle Rutgers University Chuck Hakkarinen EPRI *Steve Hankin Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (NOAA) David Legler U.S. Climate Variability and Predictability Office (CLIVAR) John Lever Naval Oceanographic Office Phil Mundy Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council Worth Nowlin Texas A&M University Susan Starke National Coastal Data Development Center (NOAA) Steven J. Worley NCAR/SCD RESULTS AND RESULTS RECOMMENDATIONS 23 * CHAIRMAN Variables Observing Ocean for Analysis Cost-benefit a of Example TABLE7. 5 Improve measurements Improve 5 fluctuations Measure 1 standardized Nationally 2 standardized Nationally 1 Modeling 2 Airborne/waterborne 4 Emergencyand SAR 3 navigable Maintain 2 and safe Ensure 1 Anthropogenic 9 Detection/prediction 5 sea Global/regional 2.6 variability/ ocean Upper 2.3 prediction ENSO 2.2 variability SST 1.1 impacts and abundance of species marine harvested in consumption measures/seafood risk measures/swimming risk uncertainty capabilities/predictions/ prediction and distribution contaminant Response Spill waterways activities and ops marine efficient Contaminants species algal harmful of level predictions climate ADD’L OBS ADD’L INCURRED COSTS X X X X X X X X X X X X PROCESSING VALUE-ADDED X X X X X X X X X X FREQ UNIT $ UNIT FREQ BENEFITS OF TIMING AND EXTENT HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH LOW LOW LOW HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH LOW? LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH? HIGH HIGH LOW? HIGH HIGH HIGH LONG-TERM SHORT& LONG-TERM SHORT& SHORTRUN SHORTRUN LONG-TERM SHORT& LONG-TERM SHORT& RESPONSE EFFECTIVE COST-MORE LONG-TERM SHORT& RUN LONG SHORTRUN LONG-TERM SHORT& 24 RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS developed but that have uncertain markets, should be deferred in the near term. Early, successful product development and use should demonstrate economic benefits that can be readily understood by the public.

NOTES 1 The Open source Project for a Network Data Access Protocol (OPeNDAP) is a non profit corporation formed to develop and maintain the syntactic data access protocol used in the NOPP funded National Virtual Ocean Data System (NVODS). 2 The Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS) is an on-line, open-access, globally-distributed network of systematic, ecological, and environmental information systems. Collectively, these systems operate as a dynamic, global digital atlas to communicate biological information about the ocean and serve as a platform for further study of biogeographical relationships in the marine environment. (http://marine.rutgers.edu/OBIS/) 3 The Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) is an interagency committee, organized in 1990, that promotes the coordinated use, sharing, and dissemination of geospatial data on a national basis. (http://www.fgdc.gov/) 4 OPeNDAP modified to accommodate OBIS data objects with the IOOS required semantic metadata in FGDC containers. RESULTS AND RESULTS RECOMMENDATIONS 25 APPENDICES weather and climate; they are highways for marine commerce and a buffer for national security; they are a major reservoir of natural resources; havens for recreation; virtual schoolrooms for educators; and natural laboratories for science. Rapid growth in the number of people living in immediate proximity to the ocean is placing conflicting demands on coastal ecosystems that threaten their integrity and capacity to provide goods and services. This demographic trend is also placing an increasingly large segment of our society at risk to nat- APPENDIX I: ural hazards. Improvements in the quality of life, effective management of the marine environment and sus- AN INTEGRATED OCEAN tained utilization of living resources depend on the abil- OBSERVING SYSTEM FOR ity to (1) rapidly detect changes in the status of marine THE UNITED STATES ecosystems and living resources and to (2) provide timely predictions of changes and their consequences for the There is an immediate need for a sustained and Integrated public good. We do not have this capability today. Ocean Observing System (IOOS) that will make more Historically, the U.S. has responded to these challenges effective use of existing resources, new knowledge, and in an uncoordinated, piecemeal, ad hoc fashion. advances in technology as the means to develop a unified, Consequently, when the programs of all government comprehensive, cost-effective approach for providing agencies with ocean related missions and goals are con- the data and information required to: sidered as a whole, they are not as cost-effective as they could be, and they do not provide data and information Improve the safety and efficiency of marine on the causes and consequences of human activities and operations natural variability rapidly enough to serve as a basis for timely and scientifically sound decision making - the More effectively mitigate the effects of natural whole is less than the sum of its parts. This need not be hazards the case. Today, the rates at which data can be acquired, processed and analyzed are approaching the time scales Improve predictions of climate change and its on which our political, social and economic systems effects on coastal populations function. It is time to close the gap between scientifically sound analyses of changes in the oceans and the Improve national security decision making process.

Reduce public health risks Conceptual Design More effectively protect and restore healthy coastal marine ecosystems The IOOS must be operational (in the same sense as the weather forecasting system), and it must evolve as a Enable the sustained use of marine resources partnership of government agencies (state and federal), private enterprise, academia and non-governmental The development of such an integrated system will ben- organizations. The ocean observing system is envi- efit those sectors of society that use or are influenced by sioned as a network that systematically acquires and dis- the ocean from private enterprise and government agen- seminates data and information to serve the needs of cies to the science and education communities, NGOs, many user groups (government agencies, industries, sci- and the public at large. Recent studies indicate that entists, educators, non-governmental organizations, and benefits will substantially exceed the required invest- the public). Achieving this goal depends on the devel- ment. For example, improved climate forecasts made opment of a system that efficiently links ocean observa- possible by the El Niño tropical ocean observing system tions to data management and analysis for timely deliv- have been estimated to save the agriculture sector ery of environmental data and information. This is the $300M/year. The system costs $10M/year to maintain purpose of the IOOS, the implementation and evolution and operate. of which will selectively build on, enhance and supplement existing elements based on user group specifica- Rationale for an Integrated System tions - the whole will be greater than the sum of its parts. The IOOS will develop as two interdependent compo- The oceans are critically important to our society. They nents, a global oceanic component and a national APPENDIX I are the birthplace of weather systems and modifiers of coastal component. The global component of the IOOS 27 is part of an international partnership to develop a glob- Building the National Federation by al system (the Global Ocean Observing System, GOOS) establishing regional observing systems designed to improve weather forecasts and climate pre- as “proof of concept” projects with the goal of dictions. The coastal component is a national effort con- transitioning successful systems or elements of cerned with the effects of the ocean-climate system and these systems into an operational mode as part human activities on coastal ecosystems, living of the IOOS resources, and the quality of life in the coastal zone. Existing governance structures were not designed to This component is conceived as a federation of regional implement, maintain, and improve a sustained and inte- observing systems nested in a federally supported grated observing system for coasts and oceans. Three national backbone of observations, data management, approaches are described in this report that should be and modeling. Regional observing systems would both considered in the establishment of an effective gover- contribute to and benefit from the national backbone nance mechanism. and would enhance the national backbone based on regional priorities. Emphasis here is on in situ observations. Although crit- Funding ical to the development of a fully integrated observing system, the recommendations here do not specifically Current Federal spending on ocean-related research is address requirements for satellite-based remote sensing. approximately $600M, while spending for operational Clearly, implementation of in situ elements of the system oceanography across all federal agencies and other must be coordinated with and meet the requirements for stakeholders is roughly $1B. The additional annual cost the remote sensing elements of the system. of a fully implemented IOOS is estimated to be $500M in constant dollars. A phased, multi-year development Developing the Initial System of the IOOS is recommended to implement the system effectively and efficiently. To begin this effort, an initial investment of new money is required to (1) accelerate The development of the IOOS requires the establish- the implementation of the U.S. commitment to the glob- ment of (1) a process for selectively incorporating, al ocean observing system for climate change ($30M), enhancing and supplementing existing programs; (2) an (2) develop the data communications and management integrated data management subsystem; (3) procedures system required for the IOOS ($18M), (3) enhance and for selectively and systematically migrating new knowl- expand existing federal programs ($40M), and (4) edge, technologies and models into the operational develop regional observing systems ($50M). The total observing system; and (4) mechanisms for permanent new investment needed to begin the phased implemen- and ongoing evaluations of system performance. tation plan is estimated to be $138M. Development of the global component depends on: Full report can be downloaded at Full implementation of Argo and the global http://www.ocean.us.net/ ocean time series observatories

Successful completion of the Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment (GODAE)

Optimizing the global network of observations

Enhancing the ocean time series observatories with key biological and chemical sensors Implementing the coastal component depends on:

Enhancing existing federal networks for in situ measurements from fixed platforms and tide gauges to improve spatial and temporal resolution and to expand the spectrum of measurements to include physical, chemical and biological variables APPENDIX I 28 APPENDIX II: MOA CREATING OCEAN US

National Oceanographic Partnership Program NAVY • NOAA • NSF • NASA • DoE • EPA • USCG • Dol/USGS • DARPA • Dol/MMS • OSTP • OMB

National Oceanographic Partnership Program (NOPP)

MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT For Establishing A NOPP Interagency Ocean Observation Office

1. BACKGROUND. The statutory authority for the National Oceanographic Partnership Program (NOPP), with representatives from twelve (12) Federal agencies, its National Ocean Reserch Leadership Council (NORLC), and the Ocean Research Advisory Panel (ORAP) is contained in 10 USC 7901 et seq. In response to a Congressional request for “a plan to achieve a truly integrated ocean observing system,” the report “Toward a U.S. Plan for an Integrated, Sustained Ocean Observing System” was prepared by a joint federal/non-federal Task Team. This led to a set of implementing recommendations in the report “An Integrated Ocean Observing System: A Strategy for Implementing the First Steps of a U.S. Plan” that was delivered in December 1999. On May 22, 2000, based on the ORAP Report implementation recommandations, the NORLC approved the establishment of an office having the charter to develop a national capability for integrating and sustaining ocean observations and predictions. The formation of this OCEAN.US office was jointly announced by the Chief of naval research, the Administrator of NOAA, and the President of the Consortium for Ocean Research and Education on May 25, 2000, at a joint hearing of the House Resources Subcommittee on Fisheries, Conservation, Wildlife, and Oceans and the Armed Services Subcommittee on Military Research and Development to examine the status of implementing the recommendations of the ORAP report.

This interagency OCEAN.US Office has as its goal over the next decade to integrate existing and planned elements to establish a sustained ocean observing system to meet the common research and operational agency needs in the following areas: • Detecting and forecasting oceanic components of climate variability • Facilitating safe and efficient marine operations • Ensuring national security • Managing resources for sustainable use • Preserving and restoring healthy marine ecosystems • Mitigating natural hazards • Ensuring public health

2. PURPOSE. This Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) outlines the initial functions and responsibilities agreed to by the participating agencies to establish the interagency ocean observation office/organization known as the OCEAN.US Office. The Office will serve as the national focal point for integrating ocean observing activities.

3. AUTHORITY. This interagency OCEAN.US Office is a functioning entity of, and established under the auspices of, the National Oceanographic Partnership Program, as established by the National Oceanographic Partnership

APPENDIX II Act (10 USC 7901 et seq). OCEAN.US functions or actions will not conflict with mission prerogatives or regulatory 29 responsibilities of the participating agencies. 4. DEFINITIONS. a. Observation and Prediction System. The integrated ocean observation system will be a heterogeneous, distributed system of linked elements, with organizational structures and interfaces developed where common good is identified (e.g., a federation) in the manner described by “An Integrated Ocean Observing System: A Strategy for Implementing the First Steps of a U.S. Plan.” OCEAN.US will be the focal point for relating U.S. ocean observing system elements to the international Global Ocean Observing System. The primary purpose is to enhance broad user access knowledge, data, tools and products. In appropriate cases, the OCEAN.US Office will establish, fund, and provide for the operation of components of the observing system whose functionality cuts across the roles and interests of the individual participating agencies. Examples might include network links, master databases and indexes, or collaborative tools and services. The system, therefore, will be a virtual system, consisting of the physical links, servers, and other elements that contribute to the mission, regardless of their ownership or operational responsibility. The system will comprise four main activities: • operational and routine ocean observations (“data access”) • long-term research observations (“observatories”) • technology development to support the OCEAN.US objectives (“tools”), and • a web-based “commons” for access to models, algorithms, numerical techniques, etc. to foster improved predictions by the users. The OCEAN.US Office will integrate and coordinate assigned elements within these four areas. Further, the Office will foster and integrate linkages among the many other agency and partner elements in these areas. b. Functioning Bodies. The following bodies are established by this Agreement:

1. NORLC OCEAN OBSERVATIONS EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (EXCOM). The NORLC Ocean Observations EXCOM will be composed of the NOPP Agency heads (or their designees) for the Agencies that are both party to this Agreement and who provide personnel or resources to the OCEAN.US Office. The Chair of the NORLC will designate the Chair of the EXCOM. The Chair of the EXCOM will be from an Agency other than the Chair of the NORLC. With regard to the OCEAN.US Office, the EXCOM will provide policy guidance, ensure sustained Agency support, and approve implementing documents.

2. OCEAN.US Office. The OCEAN.US Offcie will initially establish and have cognizance over the ocean observation federation - as defined above - and, as it evolves over time, other appropriate components of a more encompassing ocean observation and pediction federation as defined by the EXCOM. it will initially have a Director and deputy Director appointed by the EXCOM and will include other technical representatives from the EXCOM Agencies and a modest administrative/support staff, as appropriate. Other agencies and partners may be represented at appropriate times through the invitation of the EXCOM or the Office. The Office will function as an official Federal Government office via assignment of its staff from the NOPP Federal Agencies.

3. Director of the OCEAN.US Office. The Director of the OCEAN.US Office will be selected by the EXCOM. The selection process will seek to achieve balance across the participating Agencies. c. Project Categories. Elements of the system may be regarded as “NOPP-related.” Elements in the first two categories are to eventually become fully integrated elements of the ocean observation and prediction system by the signatories of this Agreement. NOPP-related elements, while not directly integrated, also can provide valuable data, information, tools or products of interest to the user community.

1. NOPP-funded elements are a result of a NOPP solicitation and/or selection process, which is to say, approved by the NORLC and in accordance with overall NOPP objectives. these elements must adhere to the integrating conventions established by the OCEAN.US Office and approved by the NORLC/EXCOM. Once accepted as an element in this category, the sponsoring agency must notify the NORLC of its intent to withdraw.

2. NOPP-coordinated elements are ongoing and new activities of one or more NOPP agencies and partners which are offered to the NORLC for integration with the observation system. These elements will adhere to the data access and documentation conventions of the Federation established by the

OCEAN.US Office and approved by the NORLC EXCOM at the cost of the offering agency. Once APPENDIX II accepted as an element in this category, the sponsoring agency must notify the NORLC of its intent 30 to withdraw. 3. NOPP-related elements are ongoing and new activities of agencies and/or adjunct partners (including, for instance, international partnering) which are offered to the NORLC for coordination with the integrated observation system activities.

5. FUNCTIONS & RESPONSIBILITIES. This undertaking requires active participation of the involved parties. Further, the Office is of substantive interest in its promotion of collaboration between agencies, in providing information useful for assisting agencies in the development of their budget submissions, and ensuring compatibility and interoperability.

The EXCOM Agencies will support the OCEAN.US Office by (1) designating agency representative(s), as needed, and/or (2) providing adequate funding support to the Office. Costs for operating the Office intend to be shared among the Agency participants at levels commensurate with their involvement. each Agency will be responsible for suppoting its staff seconded to the OCEAN.US Office. Transfer of funds or personnel for this effort will be made pursuant to other appropriate authorities, agreements or by amendment to this agreement.

The OCEAN.US Office will: 1 Develop and maintain a document outlining the long-range vision of an integrated ocean observation and prediction federation. This document will serve as the conceptual foundation for the federation and will delineate the desired goal of a fully integrated and sustained ocean observation and prediction capability for the nation.

2 Ensure integration of the elements of the observing system.

3 Serve as the focal point to coordinate OCEAN.US observing system activities with the NOPP Interagency Working Group (IWG), the Ocean Research Advisory Panel (ORAP), and the Federal Oceanographic Facilities Council (FOFC) as well as other federal and non-federal partners, and with the international community.

4 Report regularly to the EXCOM for guidance and the IWG for coordination. Provide an annual assessment of the observing system status, products and planned directions including results of external reviews, as appropriate.

5 Recommend enhancements to existing systems, new projects, need for research and development, and identification of system components suitable to transition from research to operations.

6 Carry out all other tasks as directed by the NORLC.

6 DATA. All NOPP agencies and affiliates partners will provide data required to support OCEAN.US operations, research, and education efforts in accordance with applicable laws, regulations, and policies of the participating agencies.

7 REVIEWS. An initial external review of the OCEAN.US program will be conducted after an appropriate startup period as determined by the EXCOM. Regular external reviews will take place periodically thereafter.

8 PERIOD OF AND PARTIES TO THE AGREEMENT. This MOA, and thus the establishment of the OCEAN.US Office, shall be effective upon signatures from four NORLC Agencies and is subject to availability of funds. It may be modified by mutual agreement of all the parties, usually by the addition of an Appendix or Annex. Signatory parties may terminate their participation with six (6) months formal notice to all other parties via the NORLC. All NOPP agencies are eligible to participate as active parties to this agreement by affixing a signature of the Agency to this MOA. Other governmental organizations and entities may be recognized as adjunct partners to this agreement by consideration and approval of the National Oceanographic Research Leadership Council (NORLC) upon receipt of a signed statement agreeing to the principles of the MOA, as appropriate to that partner. APPENDIX II 31 APPENDIX II 32 Brock Bernstein Independent Consultant 308 Raymond St., Ojai, CA 93023 Ph: 805-646-8396 Fax: 805-646-3849 [email protected]

Bill Birkemeier STEERING COMMITTEE, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Field Research Facility 1261 Duck Rd, Duck, NC 27949 APPENDIX III: Ph: 252-261-3511x229 Fax: 252-261-4432 WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS [email protected] John Blaha Art Allen National Oceanographic Office/Northern U.S. Coast Guard R&D Center Gulf of Mexico Littoral Initiative (NAVO/NGLI) 1082 Shennecossett Rd, Groton, CT 06340-6096 Modeling Division, Code N 333T Ph: 860-441-2747 Fax: 860-441-2792 1002 Balch Blvd, Stennis Space Center, MS 35922-5001 [email protected] Ph: 228-688-5187 Fax: 228-688-5577 [email protected] Mary Altalo Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) Phil Bogden 8301 Greensboro Drive, M/S E 4-6, McLean, VA Gulf of Maine Ocean Observing System (GoOOMS) Ph: 703-676-4687 Fax: 703-676-4681 P.O. Box 4919, Portland, ME 04112-4919 [email protected] Ph: 207-773-0423 Fax: 207-775-0612 [email protected] Thomas Armitage U.S. EPA, Office of Science and Technology (4305) Walter Boynton 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460 Chesapeake Biological Lab Ph: 202-260-5388 Fax: 202-260-9830 1 Williams Street, P. O. Box 38, Solomons, MD 20688 [email protected] Ph: 410-326-7275 Fax: 410-326-7378 [email protected] Larry Atkinson EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, Ocean.US Melbourne Briscoe 768 W. 52nd Street Steering Committee, Office of Naval Research Crittenton Hall, Norfolk, VA 23529 800 North Quincy Street, Code 322, Rm. 407-1 Ph: 757-683-4926 Fax: 757-683-5550 Arlington, VA 22217 [email protected] Ph: 703-696-4120 Fax: 703-696-2007 [email protected] Lowell Bahner NOAA Chesapeake Bay Office Francisco Chavez 410 Seven Ave., Suite 107, Annapolis, MD 21403 Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute Ph: 410-267-5671 Fax: 410-267-5666 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039 [email protected] Ph: 831-775-1709 Fax: 831-775-1620 [email protected] Jonathan Berkson STEERING COMMITTEE, G-OPN-1, U.S. Coast Guard Lou Codispoti 2100 2nd St. SW, Washington, D.C. 20593 Horn Point Laboratory (HPL) Ph: 202-267-1457 University of Maryland, PO Box 775 [email protected] 2020 Horns Point Rd., Cambridge, MD 21613 Ph: 410-221-8479 Fax: 410-221-8490 Landry Bernard [email protected] National Data Buoy Center (NDBC, NWS, NOAA) 1020 Balch Blvd. Engineering Division Bob Cohen Stennis Space Center, MS 39529 STEERING COMMITTEE, Weather News Inc. Ph: 228-688-3394 Fax: 228-688-1364 333 W. El Camino Real, Suite 300

APPENDIX III [email protected] Sunnyvale, CA 94087-1307 33 Ph: 408-731-2429 Fax: 408-731-2497 [email protected] Roz Cohen Margaret Davidson WORKSHOP STAFF, Ocean.US STEERING COMMITTEE National Oceanographic Data Center National Ocean Service (NOS, NOAA) (NESDIS, NOAA) 1305 East-West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 1315 East-West Highway, SSMC3, #4822 Ph: 301-713-3074 Fax: 301-713-4269 Silver Spring, MD 20910 [email protected] Ph: 301-713-3267 x146 Fax: 301-713-3300 [email protected] Sam Debow Office of Coast Survey (NDS, NOAA Muriel Cole 1315 East-West Highway, N/CS3 WORKSHOP STAFF, Ocean.Us Silver Spring, MD 20910 NOAA Headquarters Ph: 301-713-2700 x124 Fax: 301-713-4533 Room 5224, U.S. Dept. of Commerce [email protected] 14th St & Constitution Ave. NW Washington, D.C. 20230 Margaret Dekshenieks Ph: 202-482-2049 Fax: 202-482-5231 Ocean Sciences Department, University of California [email protected] Santa Cruz, California 95064 Ph: 831-459-4632 Fax: 831-459-4882 Charles Colgan [email protected] Edmund S. Muskie School of Public Service University of Southern Maine, P. O. Box 9300 John Delaney 96 Falmouth Street, Portland, ME 04104-9300 School of Oceanography, University of Washington Ph: 207-780-4008 Fax: 207-780-4317 Box 357940, Seattle, WA 98195 [email protected] Ph: 206-543-0845 Fax: 206-543-0275 [email protected] Marie Colton National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Patrick Dennis Information Service WORKSHOP STAFF, Ocean.US Office of Research and Applications 2300 Clarendon Blvd., Suite 1350 5200 Auth Road, Camp Spring, MD 20746 Arlington, VA 22201-3667 Ph: 301-763-8127 Ph: 703-588-0847 Fax: 703-588-0872 [email protected] [email protected]

Peter Cornillon Carol Dorsey Graduate School of Oceanography Alabama Dept of Health University of Rhode Island 757 Museum Dr., Mobile, AL 36608 215 South Ferry Rd., Narragansett, NJ 02882 Ph: 251-344-6049 Fax: 251-344-6895 Ph: 401-874-6283 Fax: 401-874-6728 [email protected] [email protected] Dave Driver Jim Cummings BP Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) Monterey PO Box 3092, Houston, TX 77253-3092 Marine Meteorology Div., Code 7533 Ph: 281-366-2699 Fax: 281-366-7941 Monterey, CA 93943 [email protected] Ph: 831-656-1935 Fax: 831-656-4769 [email protected] Michael Fogarty National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS, NOAA) Lee Dantzler 1 Williams Street, P. O. Box 38, Solomons, MD 20688 STEERING COMMITTEE Ph: 410-326-7289 National Oceanographic Data Center [email protected] (NESDIS, NOAA) SSMC3, 4th Floor Bill Fornes 1315 East-West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 WORKSHOP STAFF, Consortium for Oceanographic Ph: 301-713-3270 x200 Fax: 301-713-3300 Research and Education (CORE) [email protected] 1755 Massachusetts Ave., NW, Suite 800 Washington, D.C. 20036-2102

Ph: 202-332-0063, x220 Fax: 202-332-8887 APPENDIX III [email protected] 34 Jed Fuhrman John Haines University of Southern California STEERING COMMITTEE Dept. of Biological Sciences, Mail Code 0371 United States Geological Survey (USGS) Los Angeles, CA 90089-0371 345 Middlefield Road, MS 496, Menlo Park, CA 94025 Ph: 213-740-5757 Fax: 213-740-8123 [email protected] [email protected] Steve Hankin Silvia Garzoli Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (OAR, NOAA) Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological 7600 Sand Point Way NE, C15700, Seattle, WA 95115 Laboratory (OAR, NOAA) Ph: 206-526-6080 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 [email protected] Ph: 305-361-4338 [email protected] D.E. Harrison STEERING COMMITTEE Scott Glenn Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory Institute of Marine and Costal Sciences (OAR, NOAA) Rutgers University 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 71 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8521 Ph: 206-526-6225 Fax: 206-526-6744 Ph: 732-932-6555 x544 Fax: 732-932-1821 [email protected] [email protected] Judy Hickey Shannon Gordon WORKSHOP STAFF, NOAA Headquarters WORKSHOP STAFF, Consortium for Oceanographic Room 5224, U.S. Dept. of Commerce Research and Education (CORE) 14th St & Constitution Ave. NW 1755 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Suite 800 Washington, D.C. 20230 Washington, DC 20036-2102 Ph: 202-482-2049 Fax: 202-482-5231 Ph: 202-332-0063, ext273 Fax: 202-332-9751 [email protected] [email protected] Larry Honeybourne Fred Grassle Orange County Health Care Agency/ STEERING COMMITTEE Environmental Health Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences 2009 E. Edinger, Santa Ana, CA 92705 Rutgers University Ph: 714-667-3750 Fax: 714-972-0749 71 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8521 [email protected] Ph: 732-932-6555 X509 Fax: 732-932-8578 [email protected] Alexandra Isern Division of Ocean Sciences Karl Gustavson National Science Foundation Committee on Resources 4201 Wilson Blvd, Arlington, VA 22230 U.S. House of Representatives Ph: 703-292-8580 Fax: 703-292-9085 188 Ford Hob, Washington, D.C. [email protected] Ph: 202-226-0200 Fax: 202-225-1542 [email protected] Rick Jahnke STEERING COMMITTEE Steve Haeger Skidaway Institute of Oceanography Division of Ocean Modeling 10 Ocean Science Circle, Savannah, GA 31441 Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO) Ph: 912-598-2491 Fax: 912-598-2310 1002 Balch Blvd, Stennis Space Center, MS 39522 [email protected] [email protected] Michael Johnson Dale Haidvogel Office of Global Programs (OAR, NOAA) Institute of Marine and Costal Sciences 1100 Wayne Avenue, Suite 1210 Rutgers University Silver Spring, MD 20910 71 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8521 Ph: 301-427-2089 x 169 Fax: 301-427-2073 Ph: 732-932-6555 x256 Fax: 732-932-8578 [email protected] [email protected] APPENDIX III 35 Jim Kendall Steve Lozano STEERING COMMITTEE, Great Lakes Environmental Research Lab Minerals Management Service (OAR, NOAA) 3810 Elden St. (MS 4041), U. S. Dept. of Interior 2205 Commonwealth Blvd., Ann Arbor, MI 48105-1593 Herndon, VA 20170-4817 Ph: 734-741-2286 Fax: 734-741-2003 Ph: 703-787-1652 Fax: 703-787-1053 [email protected] [email protected]

Hauke Kite-Powell Mark Luther Marine Policy Center STEERING COMMITTEE, College of Marine Science Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) University of South Florida Mail Stop 41, Woods Hole, MA 02543-1138 140 Seventh Avenue South , St. Petersburg, FL 33701-5016 Ph: 508-289-2938 Fax: 508-457-2184 Ph: 727-553-1528 Fax: 727-553-1188 [email protected] [email protected]

Val Klump Tom Malone University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Great Lakes Water Institute University of Maryland, Horn Point Laboratory 600 E. Greenfield Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53204 P.O. Box 775 , Center for Environmental Studies Ph: 414-382-1700 Fax: 414-382-1705 Cambridge, MD 21613 [email protected] Ph: 410-221-8406 Fax: 410-221-8473 [email protected] Chet Koblinsky Division of Ocean & Ice Research Greg Mandt Goodard Space Flight Center (GSFC, NASA) STEERING COMMITTEE Code 971, Greenbelt, MD 20771 National Weather Service (NWS, NOAA) Ph: 301-614-5697 Fax: 301-614-5644 1325 East-West Highway, SSMC2, Room 14348 [email protected] Silver Spring, MD 20832 Ph: 301-713-0700 Evamaria Koch-Eilers [email protected] Horn Point Laboratory (HPL) University of Maryland Buzz Martin P.O. Box 775, Cambridge, MD 21613 Texas General Land Office Ph: 410-221-8418 Fax: 410-221-8490 Oil Spill Prevention & Response [email protected] 1700 N. Congress Ave., SFA Bldg., Rm. 340 Austin, TX 78701-1495 Richard Kren Ph: 512-475-4611 Fax: 512-475-1560 Director; Plans, Programs, and Resources [email protected] Department (N8) Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO) David Martin 1002 Balch Blvd, Stennis Space Center, MS 39529 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, Ocean.US Ph: 228-688-5715 2300 Clarendon Blvd., Suite 1350 [email protected] Arlington, VA 22201-3667 Ph: 703-588-0848 Fax: 703-588-0872 David Legler [email protected] U.S.Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR) 400 Virginia Ave. SW; Suite 750 Dick McCaffery Washington, D.C. 20024 WORKSHOP STAFF, President, McCaffery Assoc. Ph: 202-314-2237 Fax: 202-488-8681 2001 N. Adams, Suite 124, Arlington, VA 22201 [email protected] Ph: 703-812-9426 Fax: 703-243-7956 [email protected] Eric Lindstrom NASA Headquarters, Code YS Alan Mearns 300 E. Street, SW, Washington, D.C. 20546 7600 Sand Point Way NE (NOS, NOAA) Ph: 202-358-4540 Fax: 202-358-2770 Hazmat NOAA, Seattle, WA 98115 [email protected] Ph: 206-526-6336 Fax: 206-526-6329

[email protected] APPENDIX III 36 Paul Moersdorf Worth Nowlin National Weather Service (NOAA) EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE National Data Buoy Center 3146 Texas A&M University, Dept. of Oceanography 1100 Balch Blvd., Stennis Space Center, MS 39529 College Station, TX 77843-3146 Ph: 228-688-2805 Fax: 228-688-1364 Ph: 979-845-3900 Fax: 979-847-8879 [email protected] [email protected]

Dick Moritz Tom O’Connor University of Washington, Polar Science Center NOAA N/SCI1 Applied Physics Laboratory 1305 East West Hwy, Silver Spring, MD 20910 1013 NE 40th Street, Seattle, WA 98105 Ph: 301-713-3028 Fax: 301-713-4388 Ph: 206.543.8023 Fax: [email protected] [email protected] John Ogden Dave Mountain Florida Institute of Oceanography STEERING COMMITTEE, Northeast Fisheries Science 830 First Street South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701 Center (NMFS, NOAA) Ph: 727-553-1100 Fax: 727-553-1109 166 Water St., Woods Hole, MA 02543 [email protected] Ph: 508-495-2271 Fax: 508-495-2255 [email protected] Joan Oltman-Shay Northwest Research Associates, Inc. Phil Mundy Division of Ocean Studies STEERING COMMITTEE 14508 NE 20th St., Bellevue, WA 98007-3713 Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council (EVOSTC) Ph: 425-644-9660 x314 Fax: 425-644-9422 Gulf of Alaska Ecosystem Monitoring & Research [email protected] (GEM) 441 West Fifth Avenue, Suite 500, Anchorage, AK 99501 John Orcutt Ph: 907-278-8012 Fax: 907-276-7178 Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) [email protected] 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0225 Ph: 858-534-2887 Fax: 858-822-3372 Don Murphy [email protected] Int’l Ice Patrol, U.S. Coast Guard 1082 Shennecossett Rd, Groton, CT 06340-6096 Tim Orsi Ph: 860-441-2635 Fax: 860-441-2773 National Coastal Data Development Center [email protected] (NESDIS, NOAA), Building 1100, Room 101 Stennis Space Center, MS 39529 Dave Musgrave Ph: 228-688-2788 Fax: 288-688-2968 University of Alaska-Fairbanks [email protected] Seward Marine Center, School of Fisheries & Oceans Fairbanks, AK 99775 Jeff Paduan Ph: 907-474-7837 Fax: 907-474-7203 STEERING COMMITTEE, [email protected] Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) 833 Dyer Road, Code OC/Pd Jan Newton Department of Oceanography, Monterey, CA 93943 Washington State Dept. of Ecology Ph: 831-656-3350 Fax: 831-656-2712 Box 47710, 300 Desmond Drive [email protected] Olympia, WA 98504-7710 Ph: 360-407-6675 Fax: 360-407-6884 Terri Paluszkiewicz [email protected] National Science Foundation [email protected] Division of Ocean Sciences 4201 Wilson Blvd, Arlington, VA 22230 Lt. Col. Charles Reid Nichols Ph: 703-292-8580 Fax: 703-292-9085 II Marine Expeditionary Force [email protected] 700 Talon Circle, 1B, Jacksonville, NC 28546 Ph: 910-451-5434 [email protected] APPENDIX III 37 Paul Pan Harvey Seim STEERING COMMITTEE University of North Carolina (Chapel Hill) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) CB# 3300, 12-7 Venable Hall Ariel Rios Building (4504 T) Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3300 Oceans & Coastal Protection Ph: 919-962-2083 Fax: 919-962-1254 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW [email protected] Washington, D.C. 20460 Ph: 202-260-9111 Linda Sheehan [email protected] STEERING COMMITTEE, The Ocean Conservancy 116 New Montgomery Street, Suite 810 Mary Jane Perry San Francisco, CA 94105 University of Maine Ph: 415-979-0900 Fax: 415-979-0901 193 Clark’s Cove Road, Walpole, ME 04873 [email protected] Ph: 207-563-3146 Fax: 207-563-3119 [email protected] Ben Sherman Health Ecological and Economic Dimensions of Nancy Rabalais Major Disturbance (HEED MD Program) Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium 428 Forest Ave., Teaneck, NJ 07666 8124 Hwy. 56, Chauvin, LA 70344 Ph: 201-560-0446 Fax: 201-747-6802 Ph: 985-851-2800 x2836 [email protected] Fax: 985-851-2874 [email protected] Michael Sissenwine Northeast Fisheries Science Center (NMFS, NOAA) Donald Resio 166 Water Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543-1026 Coastal & Hydraulics Laboratory Ph: 508-495-2233 Fax: 508-495-2232 U.S. Army Corp Engineers (USACE) [email protected] 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199 Ph: 601-634-2018 Fax: 601-634-2055 Malcolm Spaulding [email protected] Applied Science Associates, Inc. 70 Dean Knauss Drive, Narragansett, RI 02882 James Rigney Ph: 401-789-6224 (HQ) Fax: 401-789-1932 STEERING COMMITTEE [email protected] Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO) Department of Oceanography Ocean Engineering 1002 Balch Blvd., Stennis Space Center, MS 39522-5001 University of Rhode Island Ph: 228-688-5634 Fax: 228-688-4078 Naragansett, RI 02882 [email protected] Ph: 401-874-6666 Fax: 401-874-6837

Kevin Schexnayder Yvette Spitz Office of the Oceanographer of the Navy Oregon State University 3450 Massachusetts Avenue, NW College of Oceanic & Atmospheric Sciences Building 1, U. S. Naval Observatory Oceanography Administration Bldg 104 Washington, D.C. 20392 Corvallis, OR 97331-5503 Ph: 202-762-0251 Fax: 202-762-0208 Ph: 541-737-3227 Fax: 541-737-2064 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Susan Starke Oscar Schofield National Coastal Data Development Center Institute of Marine and Costal Sciences (NESDIS, NOAA), Building 1100, Room 101 Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 Stennis Space Center, MS 39529 Ph: 732-932-6555 x548 Fax: 732-932-4083 Ph: 228-688-2788 Fax: 288-688-2968 [email protected] [email protected]

Mark Schrope Rick Stumpf Open Water Media, Inc. National Ocean Service (NOS, NOAA) 8592 Sylvan Dr., Melbourne, FL 32904 1305 East West Hwy, N/SCI1; Room 9115

Ph: 321-956-8431 Silver Spring, MD 20910 APPENDIX III [email protected] Ph: 301-713-3028 x173 Fax: 301-713-4388 38 [email protected] Mike Szabados STEERING COMMITTEE National Ocean Service (NOS, NOAA) N/COP42, Room 6623, SSMC4 1305 East-West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 Ph: 301-713-2981 x126 Fax: 301-713-4392 [email protected]

Michael Vogel Shell Global Solutions (US) Inc. 3737 Bellaire Blvd., Houston, TX 77025 Ph: 713.245.7454 Fax: 713.245.7233 [email protected]

Bob Wagner WORKSHOP STAFF Consortium for Oceanographic Research and Education (CORE) 1755 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Suite 800 Washington, D.C. 20036-2102 Ph: 202-332-0063 x263 Fax: 202-332-8887

Shelby Walker WORKSHOP STAFF, National Science Foundation Sea Grant Fellowship, Ocean.US 2300 Clarendon Blvd., Suite 1350 Arlington, VA 22201-3667 Ph: 703-588-0845 Fax: 703-588-0872 [email protected]

Rodney Weiher NOAA Headquarters, Rm. 6121, HCHB US Department of Commerce 14 St. & Constitution Ave., NW Washington, D.C. 22030 Ph: 202-482-0636 Fax: 202-501-3024 [email protected]

Steve Weisberg STEERING COMMITTEE Southern California Coastal Water Research Project (SCCWRP) 7171 Fenwick Lane, Westminster, CA 92683 Ph: 714-372-9203 Fax: 714-894-9699 [email protected]

Bob Weller Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) Clark 204a MS 29, Woods Hole, MA 02543 Ph: 508-289-2508 Fax: 508-457-2163 [email protected]

Don Wright Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS) PO Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 Ph: 804-684-7103 Fax: 804-684-7009

APPENDIX III [email protected] 39 APPENDIX IV: WORKSHOP AGENDA SUNDAY, 10 MARCH 1300 - 1700 Registration 1700 - 1800 Reception 1800 - 1930 DINNER (Speaker: Vice Admiral Paul Gaffney) MONDAY, 11 MARCH 0830 - 1230 Introduction 0830 - 0915 Plenary: Overview of Background and Purpose (Martin, Nowlin) 0915 - 0930 Plenary: What is Congress Looking For? (John Rayfield) 0930 - 0945 Plenary: Process and Ground Rules (McCaffery) 0945 - 1030 Break Out Meetings (7): Clarification of purpose and workshop deliverables 1030 BREAK 1100 - 1200 Plenary: Feedback 1200 - 1300 LUNCH 1300 - 1330 Plenary: Review agenda, process, charge to Working Groups, Logistics (Malone and Atkinson) 1330 - 1730 BREAKOUT SESSION I: 7 THEME-BASED WORKING GROUPS SPECIFY VARIABLES AND TECHNIQUES 1330 - 1345 Summary of Charge (Chair) 1345 - 1415 Review and Discuss Background Paper 1415 - 1730 Specify Variables and Potential Techniques 1730 SOCIAL 1830 DINNER 2000 Ex Com Meeting with Chairs (progress, problems) TUESDAY, 12 MARCH 0830 - 1200 Complete Phase 1 and Begin Phase 2 0830 - 1030 Plenary: Reports from WG Chairs and General Discussion 1030 BREAK 1100 - 1200 Phase 2: Prioritorize Variables Plenary Review charge to WGs for Phase 2 Processes for Ranking Variables and for Assessing Techniques 1200 - 1300 LUNCH 1300 - 1730 Breakout Session II: Discipline-Based Working Groups 1730 SOCIAL 1830 DINNER 2000 Ex Com Meeting with Chairs WEDNESDAY, 13 MARCH 0830 - 1730 Phase 3: Parallel Working Sessions Discipline-Based Working Groups: Categorize Techniques for Measuring or Estimating the Common Variables DIMS Working Group Socio-Economic Benefits Working Group 1200 - 1330 LUNCH (Speaker: Lautenbacher) 1330 - 1730 Resume Working Sessions (Break 1500) 1730 SOCIAL 1830 DINNER 2000 Ex Com Meeting with Chairs (progress, problems) THURSDAY, 14 MARCH 0830 - 1200 Complete Phase 3 and Begin Phase 4 0830 - 1000 Plenary: Final Reports of WG Chairs, Discussion and Conclusions 1000 - 1030 BREAK 1030 - 1200 Phase 4 1030 - 1200 Plenary: Review Charge to Working Groups 1200 - 1330 LUNCH - Ex Com Meet with Chairs of WGs 1330 - 1730 Breakout Session III Time Line for developing and incorporating operational elements Cost Estimates Research Priorities 1730 SOCIAL 1830 DINNER FRIDAY, 15 MARCH 0830 - 1000 Plenary: Final Reports and Discussion (Working Group Chairs) 1000 BREAK 1030 - 1130 Plenary: Vision Reports APPENDIX IV 1130 - 1145 Political Realities (McCaffery) 40 1145 - 1230 Plenary: Phase 5 and Beyond, Closure (Martin, Nowlin) 1230 LUNCH ponents: the global atmosphere, the world ocean, the cryosphere, the land surface, and the biosphere, including human influence. All subsystems are coupled, with the complete system exhibiting variations from fractions of seconds to millions of years. The ocean shows variations on all of these time scales. The best understood are those of the diurnal and seasonal cycles, where the response of the system is strong. Interannual variations of the atmosphere-ocean system are beginning to be understood and experimental predictions have shown APPENDIX V: some skill. Variations with decadal time scales are just beginning to be documented, but it is here that the BACKGROUND PAPERS ocean is most important in influencing long-term changes in the Earth’s climate system. 1. DETECTING AND PREDICTING CLIMATE VARIABILITY: A THEME It is useful at the outset to describe what we mean by “climate”. For the purposes of this document the cli- FOR THE U.S. INTEGRATED OCEAN mate is a set of low frequency averages of variables of OBSERVING SYSTEM interest, with their associated variances. All available information suggests that there has been considerable Prepared By Worth D. Nowlin, Jr. with climate variability over recorded history. This variability may be contained primarily in the variances if the aver- collaborators Melbourne Briscoe, aging period is long, or in the evolution of both the Ed Harrison, Mike Johnson, and means and the variances if the averaging is done over a Robert Weller decade or two. A major aspect of the ocean observing system for climate will be to enable the first reliable cli- FOREWORD matologies (means and variances) of the subsurface This background document was prepared for the ocean to be prepared. This “baseline” climatology is Ocean.US Workshop, “An integrated and sustained essential for future work on climate change related to ocean observing system,” held 11-14 March 2002 in the ocean. Airlie, VA, and it was revised at that workshop. The workshop focused on designing the U.S. contribution to We have only a partial understanding of the role of the a sustained, integrated ocean observing system and was ocean in the coupled climate system of the Earth. In organized around seven topical themes, plus data and spite of their widely different time scales, mesoscale information management and economic benefits. ocean eddies, the global effects of an El Niño, deep water formation, and greenhouse gas warming are all Section 1 describes the theme, detecting and predicting manifestations of the complex interactions between the climate variability, and work done nationally and inter- atmosphere, land, ocean, and human systems. For the nationally over the past decade to design an ocean most part they can only be poorly modeled and hence observing system to meet the requirements of this poorly predicted. Although our understanding of ocean theme on a global basis. climate is increasing through research programs such as those of the World Climate Research Programme Section 2 describes for this theme the subgoals, expect- (WCRP), many aspects require systematic long-term ed products, and variables which must be measured to global observations for significant improvements. attain those products. Then, in Section 3 the recommended observing system to achieve these subgoals and “Detecting and Predicting Climate Variability” is one products is described. theme of the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) and of the U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System

CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE Section 4 gives a brief description of the intergovern- (IOOS), which is a contribution to GOOS. By this theme mental mechanism now in place to implement and we mean that part of the observing system designed and coordinate the observing system described in Section 3. implemented to monitor, describe, and understand the Finally, in Section 5 some suggestions given to this physical and biogeochemical processes that determine theme at the Ocean.US Workshop are presented. ocean circulation and the effects of the ocean on seasonal to decadal climate changes and to provide the 1. THE THEME—DETECTING AND observations needed for climate predictions and related PREDICTING CLIMATE VARIABILITY research. The total system is meant to be sustained and APPENDIX V integrated and to be based on the needs of users. 41 The Earth’s climate system consists of five major com- Design of this theme of the GOOS began even before the Following from the Action Plan and the Interim formal establishment of GOOS. In 1990, the Ocean Implementation Advisory Group that prepared it, the Observing System Development Panel (OOSDP) was decision was made by the WMO and the IOC to estab- appointed jointly by the Joint Scientific Committee, lish a Joint Technical Commission for Oceanography Sponsored by the World Meteorological Organization and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM), replacing the for- (WMO) and the International Council of Scientific mer Technical Commission for Marine Meteorology and Unions (ICSU), and the Committee for Climatic Change the Integrated Global Ocean Services System. Thus for and the Ocean, sponsored by the Intergovernmental the first time coordination of and commitments for Oceanographic Commission (IOC) and the Scientific operational oceanography come under the aegis of an Committee on Oceanic Research (of ICSU). That panel intergovernmental organization. JCOMM met for the produced in 1995 a scientific design for this theme that first time in June 2001 (http://www.wmo.ch/web/aom/ had been reviewed by numerous representatives of the marprog/index.html). The adequacy of this part of the sponsoring organizations. That design (OOSDP, 1995; observing system for climate now is regularly reported Smith et al., 1995; Nowlin et al., 1996) was accepted by to the Conference of Parties for the UNFCCC, e.g. both GOOS and the Global Climate Observing System GCOS (1998). (COP/UNFCCC report of COP-7 can be (GCOS) as the basis for the common portion of those found at http://www.unfccc.int/resource/docs/2001/ two observing systems. sbsta/misc09.pdf ; General GCOS web page with link to UNFCCC can be found at http://www.wmo.ch/web/ The OOSDP was succeeded in 1996 by the Ocean gcos/gcoshome.html). Observations Panel for Climate (OOPC), which has since reported to both GOOS and GCOS. Refinement of This document is based on the aforementioned reports the design has been continuous under the OOPC, and and subsequent work in planning for this theme of the great strides toward implementation have been made. GOOS, including conclusions of the Climate Theme Working Group at the Ocean.US Workshop. In October 1999, the First International Conference for Climate Observations was held in San Raphael, France. 2. SUBGOALS AND PRODUCTS Organized jointly by the OOPC and CLIVAR, this con- There are four major subgoals to the theme of Detecting ference brought together for the first time over 300 rep- and Predicting Climate Variability listed below with the resentatives of academia, operational agencies and the key products needed to meet each. These subgoals fol- private sector from some 20 nations to discuss the cli- low the recommendations of the OOSDP (1995) and mate theme (OceanObs, 1999a, 1999b). Papers present- also reflect discussion at the Ocean.US Workshop at ed at the conference have been organized into a Airlie, VA in March, 2002. Those discussions reviewed reviewed book, Observing the Ocean in the 21st the recommendations from the OOSDP, expanded them, Century, which was published in late 2001. It was and clarified the link between the observing system for agreed that long-term measurements needed for cli- climate and the coastal observing system. These are mate-related research should be included with opera- described below, giving for each the key products need- tional needs as part of this module of the observing sys- ed to meet the subgoals. tem. And, in turn, it was agreed that such observations, even those made by researchers, would be made avail- CLIMATE CHANGE SUBGOAL 1: able for other observing system purposes in real time. A Obtain improved estimates of surface fields and sur- review of many of the issues and agreements may be face fluxes. Almost all the information needed to deter- found in Nowlin (1999), Nowlin et al. (2001a), and mine the ocean’s circulation and properties is originally Nowlin et al. (2001b). A more complete summary may communicated through the air-sea interface, so the esti- be viewed at http://www.bom.gov.au/OceanObs99/ mation of ocean surface fields and air-sea fluxes is a fun- Papers/Statement.pdf damental requirement of the ocean observing system. Sea ice is included because measures of its extent, con- In 1999, an Action Plan was developed to bring togeth- centration, and thickness are intimately related to the er previous planning and to provide an embryonic fluxes of heat and water to and from the ocean. The nec-

mechanism for coordinating the in situ and satellite- essary products are: CLIMATE CHANGE based observations needed for this theme (IOC/WMO, 1999). That action plan explicitly stated implementa- Product CC-1.1: Estimates of the global sea tion requirements, recognized strengths and weaknesses surface temperature (SST) field and its of existing bodies and mechanisms, assigned to bod- variability on monthly, seasonal, interannual, ies/mechanisms specific actions, specified implementa- and longer time scales. Where it can be tion gaps and how to address them, specified how future determined with sufficient accuracy, sea surface needs might be addressed, and suggested a workable salinity and its variability should be measured. operational coordination and integration mechanism. APPENDIX V 42 Product CC-1.2: Estimates of global CLIMATE CHANGE SUBGOAL 2: distributions of the surface flux of momentum Document variability and change and obtain improved (wind stress) on monthly, seasonal, interannual, ocean analyses and predictions on seasonal and longer and decadal time scales. time scales. The upper ocean is a buffer to the exchange of heat and other properties between the atmosphere Product CC-1.3: Estimates of global and the interior of the ocean and thus provides the first distributions of surface fluxes of heat and fresh level of “memory” for the ocean-atmosphere system. water on monthly, seasonal, interannual, and The upper ocean is characterized by prominent season- decadal time scales. Additional constraints on al to interannual signals suggesting that observation of these estimates will be provided by products the upper ocean will be important for prediction and obtained in response to subgoal 2 dealing with regular monitoring of climate variability over these time upper ocean budgets. scales. The interior ocean is characterized by its capacity to sequester heat, fresh water, and chemicals from the Product CC-1.4: Descriptions of the global surface layers and delay exchange for long periods distribution of sources and sinks for (from decades to perhaps 1000s of years). Deep ocean atmospheric carbon dioxide and the carbon observations are essential to reach this subgoal. The exchanges within the interior ocean. Initially, focus here is on monitoring, understanding, and valida- monthly climatologies of the exchanges are tion of model simulations. Key products are: required to resolve longer term changes in the presence of strong variability on interannual Product CC-2.1: Global analyses of upper and shorter time scales. ocean temperature and salinity distributions at monthly intervals. These will allow monitoring, Product CC-1.5: Descriptions of the extent, understanding, and analyzing of monthly to concentration, volume, and motion of sea ice interannual upper ocean temperature and on monthly and longer time scales. salinity variations.

Variables required for Climate Change Product CC-2.2: ENSO prediction. Upper Subgoal 1 include: ocean data in the tropical Pacific will be used SST for the initialization and verification of models Surface Wind Stress for ENSO prediction. Surface Gravity Waves SSS Product CC-2.3: Global descriptions of upper Surface Air Temperature ocean variability and climate predictions on Flux Estimates from analyses of atmospheric seasonal to interannual time scales. Upper observations by NWP models ocean data outside the tropical Pacific will be Surface Weather Measurements to verify used for understanding and description of and improve NWP models and to calibrate ocean variability and for the initialization and satellite measurements, including SST, sur- development of present and future models face air temperature, sea level atmospheric aimed at climate prediction on seasonal to pressure, precipitation, solar and longwave interannual time scales. Of particular interest radiation, relative humidity, precipitation, are the decadal modes of variability. and wind velocity time series at selected sites. Product CC-2.4: Oceanic inventories of heat, River Discharge Rates fresh water, and carbon on large space and long Heat and Freshwater Transports on time scales. Here the focus is on observations transocean sections and in selected straits to allow estimation of the changes in these Upper Ocean Temperature and Salinity inventories on decadal time scales. Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide,

CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE Chlorophyll, Beam C, DIC, DOC, and Product CC-2.5: Estimates of the state of the selected samples of 13C/12C ratio in ocean circulation and transports of heat, fresh surface waters water, and carbon on long time scales. The Sea Surface Color, Chlorophyll and other focus is on estimating changes in interior ocean phytoplankton products from the water transports on decadal time scales. This will be column accomplished through the collection of data Sea Ice Concentration, Thickness, Velocity, and their assimilation in ocean circulation and Age models. APPENDIX V 43 Product CC-2.6: Estimates of global and Product CC-3.3: Routine analyses of regional regional sea level. These are needed to monitor sea level change. the long-term change in sea level due to climate change, in particular that arising from Variables required for Climate Change greenhouse gas warming. Subgoal 3 include: Currents, U(z) Variables required for Climate Change Density Profiles T(z), S(z) Subgoal 2 include: Bathymetry SST, Surface Wind Stress, and Air-Sea Heat Nutrients Flux (products from Subgoal 1) O2 Upper Ocean Temperature and Salinity, Air/Sea Exchanges including Mixed Layer Depth C02 flux Sea Surface Salinity and/or Air-Sea Density Profiles Freshwater Flux (particularly in regions Currents, including Tidal Currents where salinity is known to be critical) GPS receivers at tide gauges Global Sea Level by altimetry and in situ Air Pressure observations (including sea level pressure) Surface Currents and selected subsurface CLIMATE CHANGE SUBGOAL 4: currents in the tropical oceans Establish and maintain infrastructure and techniques to Subsurface Profiles of Temperature, Salinity, ensure that information is obtained and utilized in an DIC, and DOC efficient way. Over the water column time series of T, S, and carbon related variables at select sites This will require the following actions and resulting Transocean Sections measuring T, S, 14C, products: and selected tracers Repeat Hydrographic Sections in critical Action CC-4.1: Providing improved global regions for water mass formation climatologies (means and variances) of key Sea Surface Elevation from precision ocean variables such as temperature, salinity, altimeter, including Marine Geoid mission velocity, and carbon, especially for the purpose Suite of geocentrically located tide gauges of validating probabilistic climate modeling and Freshwater Discharge from land simulations at decadal and longer time scales. Upper Ocean Heat and Freshwater Content (product 2.1) Action CC-4.2: Providing the system Surface Wind Stress and SST (from Subgoal 1) management and communication facilities Sea Ice Concentration, Thickness, and Drift necessary for routine monitoring, analysis, and (from Subgoal 1) prediction of the ocean from monthly to long time scales. Improved products could be obtained by: Measurement of Inter-Basin Exchanges Action CC-4.3: Developing the facilities for Boundary Current Monitoring processing assembled data sets and providing Sea Ice Thickness timely analyses, model interpretations, and Sea Surface Fluxes of Freshwater, Heat, and model forecasts. Carbon (from Subgoal 1) Sea Surface Salinity and pCO2 Action CC-4.4: Providing the system with (from Subgoal 1) sufficient bandwidth.

CLIMATE CHANGE SUBGOAL 3: Product CC-4.1: Climate quality data. The Detect and assess the impact of ocean climate change on data system needs to ensure that a) the data are

the coastal zone. collected and b) they are properly maintained CLIMATE CHANGE so that the observational data, products, and Product CC-3.1: Ocean state estimates tailored analyses are of sufficient quality for detecting to provide offshore boundary conditions for climate changes, validating climate models and high(er) resolution coastal models. climate forecasting.

Product CC-3.2: Benchmark statistics for Product CC-4.2: Available long records. higher resolution local observing systems Climate variability requires long time series of

(sparse, high quality time series observations). the parameter of interest. In the early years of APPENDIX V 44 IOOS this can only be achieved with the Program) measurement systems delivering historical record. This requires access to products of modest accuracy (around 0.5ºC) at existing historical data, long-term maintenance intermediate resolution (order of 100 km at of these data, and recovery of data that have weekly time scales). Focus should be on been collected but are not available digital form continuing the network and improving the or not accessible directly. quality and accuracy of the long-term record. The scientific and technical issues associated Product CC-4.3: The model and data with the treatment of skin and bulk assimilation systems and data delivery systems measurements of SST must be addressed. necessary to synthesize observations into Continuity of the higher accuracy ATSR-class products and analyses for the purpose of satellite measurements must be addressed and climate monitoring and prediction, e.g. ocean further research is needed on the assimilation model/analysis systems, hardware-computers, and use of geostationary satellite data and and data delivery/product delivery microwave measurements for improved temporal infrastructure. resolution and more complete spatial coverage. The major issue is to pursue the development The effectiveness of the observing system in meeting of integrated products based on data from Subgoal 4 through these needed actions will have different platforms in order to realize sea surface direct consequences on its ability to meet Subgoals temperature estimates to better than 0.4°C on 1-3. A more effective methodology for interpolating, fine (order 20 km) global grids. extrapolating, and drawing inferences from a measurement system will usually imply a reduced 3.1.2 - Surface Wind Vectors reliance on any one particular observation. Surface wind sampling capabilities have been Ultimately this synthesis will be performed by ocean vastly improved with the launch of various general circulation model data assimilation systems scatterometers and the utilization of surface that will combine all information from the surface, wind speeds provided by passive microwave upper ocean, and deep ocean to produce a multi- measurements. The use of dedicated surface variate description of the global ocean circulation. moorings (e.g. TAO/TRITON) has also had a This system does not yet exist, so we now rely on a significant impact. To support requirements for variety of simpler tools. wind data will require two scatterometers for sustained global daily coverage at around 25- km resolution, together with maintenance of 3. RECOMMENDED OBSERVING SYSTEM support for in situ observations (particularly in The Ocean Obs99 Conference Statement is found at the tropics) and continued use of passive http://www.bom.gov.au/OceanObs99/Papers/Statement.pdf. microwave measurements. This strategy This statement contains the most current intergovern- assumes continued support for analysis via mental description of the observing system recommend- numerical weather prediction and re-analysis ed to meet the subgoals of the Climate Theme of GOOS. systems. The needed coverage is not yet assured This section gives a brief summary of those recommen- for the coming ten years. The impact and utility dations (found in Section 5 of the Conference of enhanced spatial and temporal resolution, Statement). Note that the Conference Statement does including the diurnal cycle, should be carefully not contain subgoal 3 recommended in this document evaluated in the next decade using the periods or its related products. when multiple sensors will be available and through further analysis and sensitivity studies 3.1 - PRIMARY CONTRIBUTIONS of atmospheric data assimilation systems for These measurements include sea surface temperature, global and regional numerical weather prediction. wave height, surface topography, winds, and salinity, as well as upper ocean color, sea ice properties, and 3.1.3 - The ENSO Observing System

CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE the gravity field. In all cases space-based observations The El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are valid when used in conjunction with complementary Observing System was set up after TOGA to in situ data help understand, monitor, and predict ENSO variations and consists of a network of VOS 3.1.1 - Sea Surface Temperature lines (for both surface and subsurface parameters), The present operational SST measurement net- drifting and moored data buoys (such as TAO work is sustained through complementary and TRITON and those of the DBCP), and satellite (AVHRR) and in situ (surface buoys island and coastal sea level stations. SST, surface

APPENDIX V and the Voluntary Observing Ship (VOS) wind and surface topography measurements 45 from satellites provide important complementary Critical complementary data include Argo (for data sets. The utility of this network remains baroclinic structure and thermal expansion) one of the most prominent and tangible examples and gravity missions for determination of the of practical benefits accruing from the ocean geoid (see Section 3.2). Altimetric data also observing system and real-time, free distribution have utility for wave forecasting, surface wind of data. The pervasive influence of ENSO on estimation and other geophysical applications. timescales ranging from the intra-seasonal to those of climate change mean the ENSO net- 3.1.6 - The Surface Marine Network work also has utility far broader than ENSO Surface marine data have important roles in prediction. Maintenance of the ENSO observing addition to those covered above, including the network in the Pacific is accorded high priority. determination of global air-sea fluxes, sea state We anticipate that the detailed configuration prediction, inputs for weather prediction, the will change as observational methods evolve determination of surface salinity and surface and both knowledge and models improve. A current fields, and as inputs for ocean prediction. recent review recommended no major changes, The VOS and data buoy programs should have though the demand for expansion beyond the increasing emphasis on quality and a broader tropical Pacific is likely to influence future con- suite of measurements to better determine figurations. surface fluxes. The surface drifter program is of particular importance for remote locations and 3.1.4 - Argo as a direct measure of surface currents. Details Recent advances in technology have made possible of enhancements are covered in the next a major increment in in situ observing sub-section. For wind waves, good estimates of capabilities with the potential to close many of surface wind velocity remain critical. the wide gaps in our routine upper ocean Significant wave height estimates from altimetry measurement network. Such data on temperature are increasingly being used to initialize models. and salinity are important for seasonal to inter- Data from wave-rider buoys remain important annual and longer time scales climate applications for model validation. as well as ocean prediction. Complementary ocean topography data are critical. Argo, an 3.1.7 - The Ship-of-Opportunity Network initiative to populate the global ocean with The advent of Argo and precision altimetry has profiling floats, is an appropriate and effective changed the context within which the Ship of strategy for large-scale sampling of temperature Opportunity Program (SOOP) operates. It has and salinity in the upper 2000 m of the ocean. been recognized that there should be a change The expectation is that Argo will become a fully in emphasis from broad-scale, areal sampling to sustained contribution by 2005. The proposed line mode sampling (high-resolution and sampling (order 300 km and every 10 days) is frequently repeated lines) progressively over appropriate given the limited knowledge of the next five years. This approach will promote global temperature and salinity variability. synergy with Argo, the surface reference network, altimetry, and moored arrays. There is special 3.1.5 - Ocean Surface Topography utility of such sampling in boundary regions and Sea Level and it has a unique role in heat and freshwater The availability of precise measurements of transport calculations. ocean surface topography from space has had a dramatic effect on our understanding of ocean 3.1.8 - Sea Ice Concentration, Extent and dynamics and contributed to an enhanced Motion capacity to predict ocean and climate variations Some sea ice measurements of concentration and monitor climate change. The remote sensing and extent are sustained now through passive requirements can be met through a combination microwave observations, as well as combined in

of continuing integrated missions of high- situ, aircraft, and satellite analyses. These are CLIMATE CHANGE precision and low-precision but high-resolution expected to continue through the next decade. altimetry. These data must be supplemented by In addition, buoys are used to monitor ice a global network of in situ measurements for motion, notably as part of the International independently monitoring long-term change, Arctic Buoy Programme. There is the need for a changes in the ocean circulation, and to calibrate sustained effort to monitor sea ice concentration, the satellites. To produce accurate global extent, and motion. Enhancements are needed determinations of sea level change, around thirty for estimates related to surface fluxes and sea geocentrically positioned sites are required. ice thickness. APPENDIX V 46 3.2 - ADDITIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS AND models. The models have been adjusted. ENHANCEMENTS However, neither the models nor the global In this subsection we briefly describe additional measurements of air-sea gas fluxes are yet contributions and recommended enhancements reliable approaches to estimating future that, for various reasons, could not yet be included inventories and changes in storage. At least in the primary network. These reasons include the for the near-term, it will be necessary to lack of clearly identified funding mechanisms, the make measurements of anthropogenic need for further planning and/or design studies, or carbon and other tracers to provide new the need for further research or testing. inventories. Such surveys will extend over the full depth but may be more closely No relative priority is attached to these potential spaced in regions near carbon injection, enhancements other than to emphasize that all and more widely spaced and limited in contributions have high priority for at least one of depth in areas where tracers have not yet the rationale discussed in Section 2. Also, the order penetrated into the deep waters. Moreover, of presentation here is not significant. Global the frequency of such surveys will be less as enhancements are discussed prior to regional one moves away from the injection region and/or specific enhancements. where changes are most rapid. The OceanObs99 Conference concluded the 3.2.1 - Global Enhancements over-riding consideration for deep ocean In this subsection we discuss those contributions measurements should be the need to that might be characterized as global network measure and monitor carbon inventories. enhancements. In relation to the scientific rationale, the enhancements are primarily Fixed-point Time Series aimed at problems that are global. Remote The above strategy might be termed a “deep sensing has obvious advantages as a global line mode”. A complementary strategy of a approach and experimental missions are driven selected number of deep-ocean, fixed-point by both technological challenge and societal time series stations is needed. The multi- need. For the most part, experimental missions disciplinary advantages of time-series over the next 5-10 years have already been stations are well accepted. A plan is being decided. In this subsection we restrict the developed for a staged deployment over the discussion to those developments that, in the next five years and demonstration of the view of the OceanObs 99 Conference, represented capability to operate as a sustained, high priority enhancements to the primary net real-time network. works described in Section 3.1. Surface Reference Data Sets Hydrography and Carbon Inventories In the climate community, the concept of There is a strong conviction that the reference sites and/or reference data sets approach to climate change and longer time- receives considerable attention. This is scale problems would be fatally flawed in principally because of the interest in the absence of a systematic network of deep climate change and a sustainable marine measurements, in particular repeated environment, but also because defined data hydrographic sections. This view has been sets can be used to calibrate and tune manifested in many international models. High quality is the over-riding negotiations and agreements. Monitoring characteristic, with continuous records, the earth-system carbon cycle now is an preferably of some length, being important issue of high political and societal interest. additional features. Such reference data sets However, the view of some is that we are are in demand for testing weather not yet ready for a sustained field program. prediction, re-analysis, and coupled climate

CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE models. The sustained observing system The relative importance of carbon should include a network of selected inventories has been raised because climate surface reference flux sites and a change assessments require knowledge of complementary selected network of climate the anthropogenic carbon (and related quality VOS lines. trace gas) inventories in the ocean and how they are changing. The inventories Upper Ocean Current Network completed in 1997 as part of WOCE There is the continuing need for direct and

APPENDIX V demonstrated flaws in our global carbon indirect estimates of components of the 47 ocean circulation, particularly for Ocean Biology non-climate applications such as ocean GOOS has endorsed the need for sustained forecasts, and endorsed efforts to provided ocean color measurements, and the Ocean synthesized products. A wide variety of Theme Team of the Integrated Global instruments measure different components Observing Strategy Partnership of the upper ocean circulation globally, (http://ioc.unesco.org/igospartners/) has including surface topography from included those observations in the Theme altimeters, improved reference levels from and noted the additional utility of such data satellite gravity measurements, surface drift for climate and physical oceanography inferred from wind measurements, surface applications. The issues are to help define currents from drifters, and subsurface and realize the bridging mission(s) for the currents from Argo floats. Plans are under post-2005 time frame and to refine and development to synthesize these observations coordinate the products that can be derived into regional estimates of the circulation from such measurements for routine near the surface and at depth. applications. Needed in addition are autonomous measurements of in situ ocean Precision Gravity Field or Geoid biology and optics and of routine Needed are improved estimates of the static measurements of the CO2 system. (geoid) and time-dependent gravity field for oceanography and in particular for Surface Wind Waves estimates of the ocean circulation (with The Conference noted the utility of the altimetry). Several missions are planned, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and altimeter with varying degrees of accuracy and for wave spectrum and wave height data, spatial resolution. Complementary surface respectively, for wave applications. The and subsurface measurements of ocean existing network of wave observations from currents are needed. operational meteorological buoys are valuable fixed point “time series” measurements. Salinity Such observations are now routinely An inability to provide synoptic assimilated into operational wave forecast measurements of global salinity variations models, but only the buoy observations can represents a significant gap in our primary be considered sustained measurements. capabilities. Recommended are experimental The enhancement of buoy observations development and demonstration of space using oceanographic moorings is an option. technologies that can provide long-term Enhanced availability of SAR observations surface salinity data. The utility of such is sought though the considerable cost will methods will need to be considered in con- be a limiting factor. junction with the enhanced capacity to measure salinity directly from Argo and 3.2.2 - Regional Networks and other platforms and the availability of Other High Priority Enhancements reliable surface precipitation estimates. It is beyond question that focused regional initiatives offer a viable and effective route for Sea-ice Thickness and Extent building and enhancing the global sustained An inability to monitor the temporal and observing system. Plans for some ocean basins spatial variations in ice thickness for the are well developed; those for others are under ice-covered ocean constitutes a significant active development. All are taking somewhat gap for several climate problems, different approaches. Irrespective of the particularly those requiring a determination approach, the systems must be integrated so of the heat and freshwater budget. The that, to the user, the interfaces between different

Conference welcomed exploratory remote regional systems and to the global systems will CLIMATE CHANGE sensing missions aimed at providing useful appear seamless, yielding a total system that is ice thickness measurements. Radarsat/SAR, more effective than the sum of the parts. SeaWinds/METOP scatterometers, along with EOS, ADEOS and operational passive 4. A MECHANISM FOR IMPLEMENTATION microwave sensors can provide for long- AND COORDINATION OF THE GLOBAL term observations of ice extent and type. A MODULE key issue at present is funding for Radarsat-2. This section is presented to convey to the interested

reader the status of intergovernmental focus to coordi- APPENDIX V 48 nate and integrate requirements for the climate variabil- key positions were filled. Finally a work program for ity and predictability from GCOS, GOOS, and the the Commission, including each of its elements, for UNFCCC together with requirements for marine weath- the four-year period 2001-2005, was approved. er and services from the WMO and international con- Intersessionally, management of JCOMM falls to the Co- ventions. This is not necessary reading for participants Presidents with the advice of the Management in the Ocean.US Workshop; that workshop focused Committee. That committee met for the first time 6-9 principally on what is needed, not on how those needs February 2002 in Geneva. The four Program Area will be met. Coordination Groups will be meeting for the first time before August 2002. Most expert teams already exist The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Marine and are proceeding with the business of implementation Programme was traditionally the responsibility of the as usual. intergovernmental Commission for Marine Meteorology (CMM), with strong links to the Intergovernmental At this time JCOMM is concerned only with the physi- Oceanographic Commission (IOC) and related pro- cal observations and services needed to support inter- grams. However, the Thirteenth Congress of WMO governmental requirements for climate and marine (May 1999) and the 20th IOC Assembly (July 1999), meteorology. However, JCOMM is fully aware of the following on recommendations of the Executive need to broaden their remit to include non-physical Councils of both IOC and WMO, and recalling that variables as the design for the coastal module of the many areas of close collaboration already existed Global Ocean Observing System is completed and between WMO and IOC, agreed that a Joint IOC/WMO implementation begins to accelerate. Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM) should be established with sta- 5. SUGGESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION tus and responsibilities of a WMO Technical The U.S. is a party to the JCOMM and has in effect Commission and IOC Committee. JCOMM replaces approved the action plan for the climate module of CMM and the Joint Committee for IGOSS and acts as a GOOS and GCOS. That action plan, as described briefly reporting and coordinating mechanism for the full range in Section 3, is now being implemented and coordinat- of existing and future WMO operational marine activi- ed under the oversight of JCOMM. U.S. representatives ties. It coordinates and manages the implementation of appear on virtually every task team, and the U.S. con- the operational ocean observing system in support of tributes support to most of those efforts. Of course, it is the Global Ocean Observing system (GOOS) and the up to national agencies to provide the support required Global Climate Observing system (GCOS). to carry through the implementation. Moreover, it should be noted that the action plan for the climate In line with its status as a technical commission of module is indeed for a global observing system, and WMO, JCOMM is an intergovernmental body of techni- regional enhancements may be needed to monitor, pre- cal experts in the field of oceanography and marine dict, or mitigate effects of climate variability in the meteorology, with a mandate to prepare both regulatory coastal zone. (what Member States shall do) and guidance (what Member States should do) material relating to marine Therefore, it is suggested that strong U.S. support be observing systems, data management and services. The provided for the global climate module. Moreover, it role of the full commission in session is to act as a final also is suggested that consideration be given for U.S. review body for activities, proposals and recommenda- support of measurements needed to understand, moni- tions prepared for it by its sub-structure of working tor, and predict the climate of the ocean as well as the groups, expert teams and rapporteurs. Based on these, it ocean’s influence on atmospheric climate variability. then prepares recommendations for actions by Member States, for consideration and adoption by the respective The observational network proposed for the climate governing bodies of WMO and IOC. module is that needed to monitor, understand, and predict climate variability. It is suggested that the U.S. The Commission met for the first time 19-29 June 2001 Integrated Ocean Observing System also include those

CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE in Akureyri, Iceland. The session was attended by rep- observations in the coastal zone needed to make it pos- resentatives of 42 nations and 10 international organi- sible to predict and perhaps mitigate the effects of ocean zations, as well as invited experts and staff of the WMO and atmospheric climate variability on the coastal zone. and IOC secretariats. The abridged final report of that Clear examples are (1) effects of currents outside our meeting with resolutions and recommendations is avail- coastal zone on circulation and distributions of proper- able as WMO publication 931 or on the WMO website. ties within our coastal zone and (2) sea level rise asso- The organizational structure (see Figure 1) was ciated with potential continued global warming and approved including terms of reference for all elements. high latitude ice melting.

APPENDIX V Nominees from governments were considered and all 49 Obs. TeamObs. Ship WMO AND THE IOC. THE AND WMO SECRETARIATJCOMM THE BY ASSISTED LOCATEDACTIVITIES, THE ONGOING WITHIN THE OUT VARIOUSCARRY ARE RAPPORTEURSWHO TASKTHERE AND AREA TEAMS PROGRAM EACH WITHIN COORDINATORA COORDINATION(PAs),WITH AND AREAS EACH GROUP.PROGRAM FOUR INTO DIVIDED IS METEOROLOGY.STRUCTURE MARINE THE AND OCEANOGRAPHY FOR COMMISSION tant overlap in the integration of all the observing sys- observing the all of integration the in overlap tant impor- an is This records. long as aggregation allowed This documented. and logged were many but activities, time-scale shorter for needed were data because exists It might be noted that much of our climate record today FIGURE 1. FIGURE SOOPIP ASAPP VOS 2 additional experts additional 2 OBS Coord. Group Coord. OBS Chair,Coord. OBS PROGRAM AREA PROGRAM OBSERVATIONS Satellite Expert Satellite DBCP FOR Maritime Safety Maritime Expert TeamExpert THE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE FOR THE JOINT WMO-IOC TECHNICAL WMO-IOC JOINT ORGANIZATIONALTHE THE FOR STRUCTURE Services Argo Link to Link Team Waves/Surge Expert TeamExpert GLOSS/GE SERV Coord. Group SERVCoord. 3 additional experts additional 3 Chair,SERVCoord. PROGRAM AREA PROGRAM SERVICES FOR REPS. OF GOOS, GCOS, IODE GCOS, GOOS, OF REPS. MANAGEMENT GROUP MANAGEMENT 3 ADDITIONAL EXPERTSADDITIONAL 3 Expert TeamExpert 4 PA4 COORDINATORS Sea Ice Sea 2 CO-PRESIDENTS 2 Products Bulletin Products Editor,JCOMM TaskTeam Resources CAPACITYBUILDING 5 additional experts additional 5 PROGRAM AREA PROGRAM CB Coord. Group Coord. CB Chair,Coord. CB links reg. bodies reg. links primarily intended. primarily are they which for ones for the as applicability well as timescales of other terms in accessed be should work- recom- shop this of by recommended list finally the variables Perhapsmended elements. their and tems Additional Experts FOR Point of Contact/ of Point User Forums User MPERSS Data Mgmt. Pract. Mgmt. Data Expert TeamExpert DATAMANAGEMENT 5 additional experts additional 5 PROGRAM AREA PROGRAM DM Coord. Group Coord. DM Chair,Coord. DM IODE rep. IODE FOR Point of Contact/ of Point User Forums User 50 APPENDIX V CLIMATE CHANGE REFERENCES GCOS (Global Climate Observing System), 1998: Report WMO (World Meteorological Organization), 2001. on the adequacy of the Global Climate Observing System. Joint WMO/IOC Technical Commission for Report to the United Nations Framework Convention Oceanography and Marine Meteorology, First Session, for Climate Change, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Akureyi, 19-29 July 2001, Abridged Final Report with November 2-13, 1998. GCOS-48, Geneva, 34 pp. Resolutions and Recommendations. Secretariat of the WMO, Geneva, Switzerland, 157 pp. IOC/WMO, 1999: Global Physical Observations for GOOS/GCOS: an Action Plan for Existing Bodies and Mechanisms. GOOS Report No. 66; GCOS Report No. 51. 50pp plus 9 annexes.

Nowlin, Jr., W. D., Neville Smith, George Needler, Peter Taylor, Robert Weller, Ray Schmitt, Liliane Merlivat, Alain Vezina, Arthur Alexiou, Michael McPhaden, and Masaaki Wakatsuchi. 1996. An ocean observing system for climate. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77 (10): 2243- 2273.

Nowlin, Jr., W. D. 1999. A strategy for long-term ocean observations. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Association, 80(4): 621-627.

Nowlin, W. D., Jr., M. Briscoe, N. Smith, M. J. McPhaden, D. Roemmich, P. Chapman, and J. F. Grassle, 2001a. Evolution of a Sustained Ocean Observing System. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 82 (7): 1369-1376.

Nowlin, Jr. W. D., Neville Smith, Ed Harrison, Chet Koblinsky, and George Needler. 2001b. An integrated, sustained ocean observing system, In Observing the Ocean in the 21st Century.

OceanObs, 1999a. International Conference on The Ocean Observing System for Climate (OceanObs99), Proceedings, Volume I: Solicited Papers. 18-22 October 1999, St. Raphael, France.

OceanObs, 1999b. International Conference on The Ocean Observing System for Climate (OceanObs99), Proceedings, Volume II: Submitted Papers. 18-22 October 1999, St. Raphael, France.

OOSDP (Ocean Observing System Development Panel), 1995: Scientific Design for the common module of the Global Ocean Observing System and the Global Climate Observing System: an Ocean Observing System for Climate. Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M

CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE University, College Station, Texas, 265 pp.

Smith, N R., G. T. Needler, and the Ocean Observing System Development Panel. 1995. An ocean observing system for climate: the conceptual design. Climatic Change, 31: 475-494. [Also published in Long-Term Climate Monitoring by the Global Climate Observing System, editor Thomas R. Karl. Kluwer Academic

APPENDIX V Publishers, p 345-364, 1996.] 51 Mexico accounted for 92 percent of the total U.S. reported new oil field discoveries. The total expenditures for offshore exploration and development in 2000 were over $20 billion (Energy Information Administration, 2001). Safe design, construction and efficient operation of these new structures and associated infrastructure requires additional and more detailed knowledge about the meteorological and oceanographic conditions on the surface and throughout the water column. APPENDIX V: The existing marine infrastructure, technology, products, and services have not kept pace with the expand- BACKGROUND PAPERS ing volume of maritime traffic, increase in recreational boating, and development and growth of coastal areas. 2. FACILITATING SAFE AND Improvements are needed throughout the marine trans- EFFICIENT MARINE OPERATIONS: portation, offshore energy, environmental management, and recreational sectors of the maritime community. A THEME FOR THE U.S. Improvements in the safety and efficiency of U.S. ports INTEGRATED SUSTAINED OCEAN and waterways are necessary for a variety of reasons, OBSERVING SYSTEM including the demands of growing international trade, the trend towards larger ships and faster cargo loading and off-loading operations, the presence of oil and haz- Prepared By Robert Cohen with collabora- ardous cargo in congested and heavily populated areas, tors Arthur Allen, Jonathan Berkson, James and public concerns about maritime accidents that can Kendall, and Michael Szabados cause environmental damage. Improvements are required that will support the needs of coastal zone 1. THE THEME planners, regulatory officials, and researchers as they The health of coastal economies and the nation’s success work to ensure the safe, sustainable, and efficient devel- in the emerging global market requires safe and efficient opment of our coastal and ocean resources. marine operations. More than 98 percent of the U.S. foreign trade by weight moves by sea. Since 1955, mar- The U.S. Integrated Sustained Ocean Observing System itime trade has doubled and the nation’s volume of theme “Facilitating Safe and Efficient Marine Operations” international trade has nearly quadrupled. By the year supports the U.S. Marine Transportation System vision to 2020, foreign ocean borne trade into the U.S. is expect- be the world’s most technologically advanced, safe, effi- ed to at least double again. This growth will increase cient, effective, accessible, and environmentally responsi- demands for harbors and shore side facilities and create ble system of navigation information to provide real-time new pressures to expand development in our nation’s delivery and display of current, historical and forecast sensitive coastal areas. Each year more than 2 billion oceanographic and meteorological conditions from the tons of cargo moves through U.S. ports. The U.S. U.S. waterways, ports and open ocean waters. Marine Transportation System generates more than $200 billion in tax revenues, and contributes more then 2. SUBGOALS AND PRODUCTS $743 billion to the nation’s Gross Domestic Product. In developing the subgoals and products we have tar- But with increased marine commerce comes increased geted a wide variety of user groups, including commer- risks. During the last half century the length, width, cial and military shipping, commercial fishing, recre- and draft of ships have doubled. Every year there are ational users (boaters, fishing, surfers), the extraction about 3,500 commercial shipping accidents in the U.S. industry, construction, cable laying, community waters, and between 1993 and 1995 the Coast Guard response agencies (federal, state and local), and the reported 4,078 groundings, 147 collisions, and 12 insurance industry. deaths. One major oil spill can cost billions of dollars, MARINE OPERATIONS while burdening governments and the private sector For the purposes of this paper, we define nowcasts as with litigation, regulation, cleanup, and remediation the analysis of current conditions using real time or near expenses. real time observations, usually in combination with a “first guess” forecast from a previous model run. Petroleum companies drilling in the U.S. who now provide approximately 38 percent of the domestic con- MARINE OPERATIONS SUBGOAL 1: sumption have for the past decade been reaching into Maintain navigable waterways. Maintenance of navi- deeper waters to secure oil and natural gas to fuel our gable waterways is a requirement of the safe and effi- APPENDIX V 52 nation’s growth. In 2000, federal waters in the Gulf of cient use of our coastal areas for transportation, offshore industry and recreation. Product MO-1.1: WATER LEVEL: Real-time, Directional Wave Spectra referenced water level in the coastal area, and Precipitation Amount its variability on 0.1 hour to interannual and Precipitation Intensity longer time scales. Accurate nowcasts and Precipitation Type forecasts of water level directly affects safe Sea Level transportation in the coastal area. Current Profile Product MO-1.2: BATHYMETRY: Monitor Geotechnical Hazard Locations coastal bathymetry and its variability on Manmade Hazard Locations monthly, seasonal, interannual and longer time River Discharge scales. Accurate, up-to-date charts of bathymetry Sediment Load are required to maintain waterways, and as Bottom Type input into ocean current and shallow water wave models. MARINE OPERATIONS SUBGOAL 2: Product MO-1.3: ESTUARINE/COASTAL Improve search and rescue and emergency response CURRENTS: Real-time currents and the vari- capabilities. Short-term trajectories of hours to days are ability on 0.1 hourly to interannual and longer required in conjunction with hazards in the water in time scales. order to assess location and survivability. Timeliness of Product MO-1.4: ICE: Ice in the coastal area products, as real time, historical and forecast fields are and icebergs in the open ocean and the mission critical. accumulation of ice on vessel superstructures, and the variability on daily, weekly, monthly, Product MO-2.1: SURFACE AND SUBSUR- seasonal, interannual and longer time scales. FACE CURRENTS: Real-time products are Predictions are required for safe and efficient critical as is access to forecast fields up to 12 navigation in areas affected by ice and icebergs hours in the future, and historical fields for the and where icing on the superstructures of 30 days previous. vessels can lead to the catastrophic loss of Product MO-2.2: SURFACE WINDS: Real- stability. time products are critical, as is access to Product MO-1.5: NATURAL HAZARDS: forecast fields up to 12 hours in the future, and Monitor the susceptibility of the coastal area to historical fields for the 30 days previous. natural hazards such as extreme weather Product MO-2.3: SEA SURFACE events, flooding and tsunamis. Timely TEMPERATURE: Real-time for survivability predictions and analyses are required to models. provide nowcasts and forecasts, as well as to Product MO-2.4: SEA STATE: Directional wave enable long-term planning and engineering in information is required for capsizing/swamping coastal area. modules and drift trajectories of large vessels. Product MO-1.6: SURFACE WAVES: Monitor Product MO-2.5: TOXIC/DANGEROUS the wave climate to enable assessment of MARINE ORGANISMS: Abundance and sediment transport. distribution of organisms which might affect Product MO-1.7: RIVER FLOW AND survivability. SEDIMENT LOAD: River outflow and sediment Product MO-2.6: METEOROLOGY loading can affect the bathymetry. AFFECTING DETECTION: Weather conditions can affect the ability to locate The variables required for MarineOperations a target. Subgoal 1 include: Dew point The variables required for MarineOperations Humidity Subgoal 2 include: Pressure Aerosol Type Air Average Upper Layer Temperature

MARINE OPERATIONS Temperature Average Upper Layer Dewpoint Wind Boundary Layer Elevation Bathymetry/Topography Cloud Base Height Ice Concentrations Cloud Density Ice Thickness Cloud Type Salinity Dew Point Ocean temperature Humidity Current Cloud Amounts (low/mid/high)

APPENDIX V Sea Surface Temperature Pressure 53 Air Temperature The variables required for Marine Wind Operations Subgoal 3 include: Ice Concentration Aerosol type Ice Thickness Average Upper Layer Temperature Currents Average Upper Layer Dewpoint Sea Surface Temperature Cloud Base Height Directional Wave Spectra Cloud Density Precipitation Amount Cloud Type Precipitation Intensity Dew Point Precipitation Type Humidity Cloud Amounts (low/mid/high) MARINE OPERATIONS SUBGOAL 3: Pressure Ensure safe and efficient marine operations and activities. Air Temperature Wind Product MO-3.1: Observations, nowcasts and Bathymetry/Topography forecasts of open ocean, coastal and estuarine Ice Concentration 4D fields available for real-time operations. Ice Thickness Fields include winds, waves, currents, Salinity temperature, salinity, visibility, humidity, water Ocean Temperature levels, and ice. Currents Product MO-3.2: Geotechnical hazards data on Sea Surface Temperature slope instabilities, hydrates, and bottom-type Directional Wave Spectra characterization. Precipitation Amount Product MO-3.3: Maps of fixed subsurface Precipitation Intensity structures and hazards. Precipitation Type Product MO-3.4: Updated bathymetry. Sea Level Product MO-3.5: Monitoring of drifting Current Profile hazards to navigation. Geotechnical Hazard Locations Manmade Hazard Locations River Discharge Sediment Load Bottom Type Heat Flux Components Geolocation Type

3. OBSERVING TECHNOLOGIES THE AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE TOP TEN RANKED VARIABLES (BASED ON A RANK OF HOW FREQUENTLY THE INDICATED VARIABLE WAS REQUIRED FOR EACH OF THE THREE SUBGOALS) ARE:

VARIABLE OBSERVING TECHNOLOGIES Wind Scatterometer; aneomometer on buoys, ships, platforms, and coastal stations Sea Surface Temperature remote sensing, thermometers on buoys, and ships Directional wave spectra accelerometer and pitch/roll buoys, satellites Surface currents high frequency radar, ship mounted ADCP’s, fixed ADCP’s, point moorings Current profiles point moorings, ADCPs, drifters River discharge water level gauging network (USGS)

Ice coverage/concentration SAR, ship observations, other satellite instrumentation MARINE OPERATIONS Dew point/humidity hygrometer on buoys, ships and fixed platforms, remotely via satellite Precipitation intensity/amount rain gauges on buoys, ships and fixed platforms, remotely via satellite Air temperature thermometers on buoys, fixed platforms and coastal stations Ocean salinity conductivity from buoys, fixed moving platforms, XBT’s Ocean temperature profile thermister strings from buoys, fixed/moving platforms, XBT’s Bottom type bottom grabs, video, multibeam seismic, visual (AUV’s, ROV’s submersibles) APPENDIX V Marine Organisms standard biological, chemical and microbial techniques, and visual monitoring 54 4. REFERENCES Nowlin, W.D., Jr., N. Smith, G. Needler, P.K. Taylor, R. Weller, R. Schmitt, L. Merlivat, A. Vezina, A. Alexiou, M. Dickey, T.D. 2001. For Observing World’s Oceans, McPhaden, and M. Wakatsuchi. 1996. An Ocean Emerging Sensors, Systems. Sea Technology, December Observing System for Climate. Bulletin of the American 2001. 10-16 Meteorological Society, 77(10): 2243-2273.

Energy Information Administration. 2000. U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Reserves Annual Report. http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/natural_gas/data_publica- tions/crude_oil_natural_gas_reserves/reserves_historical.h tml

IOC. 1998a. The GOOS 1998. IOC, Paris, 168 pp. http://ioc.unesco.org/goos/Prospe98/Contents.html

IOC. 2000. Strategic Design Plan for the Coastal Component of the Global Ocean Observing System. October 2000. GOOS Report No. 90. 99 pp + annexes.

Komen, G. and N. Smith. 1997. Wave and sea level monitoring and prediction, Annex IV, Report of the Fourth Session of the J-GOOS, Miami, USA, 23-25 April 1997, IOC/UNESCO, 23 pp.

McKay, M., J. Nides, L. Atkinson, A. Lugo-Fernandez, D. Vigil. 2001. Workshop of the Physical Oceanography Slope and Rise of the Gulf of Mexico, September 2000. U.S. Dept. of Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, New Orleans, La. OCS Study MMS 2001-02. 151 pp.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1998. Final Study Report for Environmental Informational Products and Services Study, Northrup Grumman Data Systems and Services Division. 3 pp.

National Oceanographic Partnership Program. 1999. Toward a U.S. plan for an Integrated, Sustained Ocean Observing System, Washington, D.C. April 1999. 68 pp.

NOPP. National Ocean Research Leadership Council. 1999. An Integrated Ocean Observing System: A Strategy for Implementing the First Steps of a U.S. Plan. 38 pp.

National Research Council. 1989. Opportunities to

MARINE OPERATIONS Improve Marine Forecasting. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 125 pp.

Nowlin, W.D., Jr. M. Briscoe, N. Smith, G. Needler, M. McPhaden, D. Roemmich, P. Chapman, and J. Grassle. 2001.Evolution of a Sustained Ocean Observing System. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 82 (7): 1369-1376. APPENDIX V 55 precise timing, astrometry, and geographic information and services. The Navy focuses on these disciplines to determine environmental effect on naval operations. Requirements for oceanographic information for national security purposes have been stated and validated through formal Department of Defense processes. In the Chief of Naval Operations-Oceanographer of the Navy R&D Strategy (2001), many of these requirements are translated into various product lines. The subgoals and products below reflect many of these validated APPENDIX V: requirements and product lines. BACKGROUND PAPERS It is anticipated that a number of the elements of the IOOS will be useful in addressing a variety of national 3. ENSURING NATIONAL security issues. For example, a network of coastal SECURITY: A THEME FOR THE radars would not only support the prediction of waterborne contaminant movement, but could also be used U.S. INTEGRATED OCEAN for port security and tracking ship traffic. Additionally, OBSERVING SYSTEM a robust U.S. coastal component of IOOS will enable the U.S. Navy to use the U.S. littorals as “surrogates” for Prepared By James Rigney and Jeff Paduan denied areas in order to assess its coastal prediction and forecasting capabilities through data deprivation and 1. THE THEME—NATIONAL SECURITY forecasting experiments and exercises. National security may be broadly defined to encompass not only the protection of U.S. persons and interests, 2. SUBGOALS AND PRODUCTS but also the promotion of the economic and social inter- (Note: The term “coastal” below refers to both “denied” ests of the U.S. government and its citizens. Using the areas around the world, and areas accessible to U.S. in broader definition, many of the other themes of the U.S. situ observations, including the U.S. homeland.) Integrated Ocean Observing System have aspects that can be considered as contributing to national security. NATIONAL SECURITY SUBGOAL 1: Therefore, these broader national security aspects will Improve the effectiveness of maritime homeland securi- not be explicitly handled here. Instead, the scope of the ty and warfighting effectiveness abroad, especially in the National Security theme will be limited to the military’s areas of mine warfare, port security, amphibious war- missions of warfighting, peacekeeping and humanitari- fare, special operations and antisubmarine warfare. an assistance. It includes maritime national security interests around the world, in every ocean, as well as Product NS-1.1: Estimates/predictions of near- maritime homeland security. surface currents on hourly to seasonal (i.e. climatological) time scales.

As will be detailed in the subgoals and products, the oceans profoundly affect those whose job it is to ensure Product NS-1.2: Estimates/predictions of near- national security in the maritime environment (for bottom currents on hourly to seasonal time example, the Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard). scales. Knowledge of the ocean makes for better decision making and employment of people, platforms, and systems, Product NS-1.3: Estimates/predictions of tidal increasing their effectiveness, and decreasing risks to period, sea level/water level and velocity those resources. This knowledge is used both opera- fluctuations. tionally in the planning and execution of military missions, and by researchers supporting the development of Product NS-1.4: Estimates/predictions of near new national security capabilities. “Operational” refers water clarity on hourly to seasonal time scales. NATIONAL SECURITY to those data and products for which availability is assured for timeframes needed to support practical deci- Product NS-1.5: Estimates/predictions of sion making. sediment transport on hourly to seasonal time scales.

The U.S. Navy uses the term “Oceanography” to include classic oceanography (physical, biological, chemical, Product NS-1.6: Estimates/predictions of and geological), meteorology, hydrography, acoustics, acoustic performance, especially on the APPENDIX V 56 3. ENSURING NATIONAL SECURITY TECHNIQUES LIST

VARIABLESAcousticAcoustic travelAcoustic StatigraphytimesAmbient ReverberationAir-humidity NoiseAir-temperatureBathymetryBioluminescenceBottomBottom CharacteristicsContaminant RoughnessFlux estimatesHumidity distributiIce d TECHNIQUES Directed ships Volunteer Observation Ships Drifters Profiling Floats, e.g. ARGO, Glider XBT’s/XSV/XCTD CTD’s/moving vessels profiler Side Scan Sonar Multibeam/single beam Sonar Synthetic Aperture Sonar Scatterometers Anemometers ADCP’s Magnetometer Gravity meter Satellite/Airborne Remote Sensing Multispectral Hyperspectral ATSR AVHRR SOP AUV’s UAV’s LIDAR (Topo & Bathy) Moored Buoys & Platforms Satellite Altimetry HF Radar Tide gauges GPS positioning Transmissometer Fluorometer NATIONAL SECURITY NATIONAL Satellite Imagers NBC detectors Microwave SST’s SAR Subbottom Profiler Bioluminescence meter

APPENDIX V Nutrient Analyzer 57 on & characteristics

ottom velocity

Near-surfaceNutrients Ocean-3-D-salinityvelocityOcean-3-D-temperatureOcean-3-D-velocityOceanOcean Color OceandirectionalOptical surface-wind waveOptical properties-apparent spectraPhytoplankton-abundance properties-inherentstressRadiation-long-waveRadiation-solarRiver dischargeSea levelSea datumsrates SurfaceSediment-composition TemperatureSediment-thicknessSubmergedSuspended vegetationVisibility sedimentWind VelocityZooplankton-abundance

NATIONAL SECURITY

APPENDIX V 58 continental shelf on daily to seasonal 3-D Vector Currents timescales. Ice Concentration Variables required for National Security Ice Thickness Subgoal 1 include: Atmospheric Visibility 3-D Vector Currents 3-D Water Temperature National Security Subgoal 3 3-D Salinity Establish the capability to detect airborne and water- 3-D Suspended Sediment (for density) borne contaminants in ports, harbors, and littoral Flux Estimates of Momentum, Heat, regions at home and abroad, and to predict the disper- Moisture/Freshwater, and Radiation. sion of those contaminants for planning, mitigation, and Usually these are provided by NWP remediation. models, need to be verified by observations. Wind Vectors Product NS-3.1: Background levels of nuclear, Water Temperature biological and chemical (NBC) contaminants. Air Temperature Humidity Product NS-3.2: Analyses and predictions of Long-Wave Radiation NBC concentrations on scales from the sub- Solar Radiation hourly to weekly. Precipitation Amount River Discharge Variables required for National Security Bathymetry Subgoal 3 include: Sea Level/Ocean-Sea Surface Height 3-D Vector Currents Bottom Characteristics (type, vegetation, Wind Vectors sediment composition and thickness, Water Contaminant Observations (both acoustic stratigraphy) initial conditions and real-time updates) Ambient Noise Bottom Characteristics (sediments Nutrients composition) Bioluminescence Optical Properties National Security Subgoal 4: Ocean Color Support environmental stewardship. Surface Roughness Product NS-4.1: Physiological descriptions of National Security Subgoal 2: sensitivity to and utilization of acoustic signals Improve safety and efficiency of operations at sea. by classes of marine mammals.

Product NS-2.1: Improved wave forecasts at Product NS-4.2: Real-time and climatological the 3-7 day range, especially for storms and marine mammal/protected species tropical cyclones. distributions.

Product NS-2.2: High-resolution (to include Product NS-4.3: Real-time velocity fields in variability at scales of meters) shallow-water locations of hazardous material spills or wave and surf forecasts, especially in denied potential spills. areas. Variables required for National Security Product NS-2.3: Real-time near-surface Subgoal 4 include: velocity estimates and forecasts for search and Marine Mammal Abundance rescue. All variables listed for Subgoals 1 and 3.

NATIONAL SECURITY NATIONAL Product NS-2.4: Improved navigational National Security Subgoal 5: products. Improve at-sea system performance through more accurate characterizations and prediction of the marine Variables required for National Security boundary layer. Subgoal 2 include: Directional Wave Spectra Product NS-5.1: Improved prediction of Bathymetry electromagnetic/electro-optic propagation Wind Vectors through the marine boundary layer in support APPENDIX V 59 of strike warfare, antiaircraft warfare, and anti submarine warfare. Product NS-5.2: Improved prediction of near- surface visibility

Variables required for National Security Subgoal 5 include: Water Temperature (especially sea surface temperature) Humidity Marine Boundary Layer Height Directional Wave Spectra (especially wave height) Aerosols Atmospheric Visibility

4. REFERENCES

Chief of Naval Operations-Oceanographer of the Navy, 2001: Naval Oceanography R&D Strategy. (Available at http://oceanographer.navy.mil/)

“Oceans and Global Security,” National Ocean Conference Proceedings, June 11-12, 1998, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA. pp. 36-69.

“Hearing on Ocean Observing Systems,” Subcommittee on Fisheries Conservation, Wildlife, and Oceans, July 30, 1998, Serial No. 105-106, Washington, DC. (available at www.acess.gpo.gov/congress/house) NATIONAL SECURITY APPENDIX V 60 tions in operational models is increasing. In addition to supporting operational needs, the Integrated Ocean Observing System is intended to provide an informational underpinning for research efforts leading to increased operational capabilities. In the System design, consideration of the informational needs for these emerging capabilities is appropriate.

The LMR-GOOS panel considered a three-system approach for LMR observational needs – inshore, APPENDIX V: coastal ocean and open ocean. The boundaries separat- ing these systems were nominally at about 3 miles and BACKGROUND PAPERS 200 miles (coincidentally corresponding to the boundaries between state, federal and international jurisdic- 4. MANAGING LIVING tion). The needs in the coastal and open ocean systems RESOURCES: A THEME FOR are to be addressed under this national ‘backbone’ effort, with the expectation that the greater need and greater THE U.S. INTEGRATED OCEAN allocation of resources will be in the coastal system. The OBSERVING SYSTEM needs for the inshore system (particularly for estuarine areas) will be addressed in subsequent regional Prepared By David G. Mountain in enhancements to the national system. collaboration with Philip Mundy and 2. SUB-GOALS AND PRODUCTS Thomas Malone Following the discussions and recommendations of the LMR-GOOS and the COOP panels and the two NRC 1. THE THEME committees, five sub-goals are identified for the Within the structure of the international Global Ocean Managing Living Resources theme. These are described Observing System (GOOS), issues relating to living below with key information products needed to meet marine resources (LMR) were addressed by the LMR- those goals. GOOS panel. From 1998-2000 this panel held four meetings 1-4 leading to the development of a Strategic Note: See Addendum below for information about Design Plan 5. In 2000 the efforts of LMR-GOOS were later changes to these initial subgoals. joined with those of the Health of the Ocean (HOTO) and the Coastal (C-GOOS) GOOS panels in the Coastal MARINE RESOURCES SUBGOAL 1: Ocean Observations Panel (COOP). A primary task for Obtain improved and more timely predictions of annu- COOP is to combine the recommendations of the three al fluctuations in spawning stock size, distribution, panels into an integrated plan, which is currently being recruitment and sustainable yield for exploitable fish drafted 6. In addition two recent National Research stocks. Accurate predictions of stock abundance and Council (NRC) committees addressed the issues of sus- productivity are the most critical information needs for taining marine fisheries and of marine protected areas as the management of the living marine resources to insure a tool for sustaining marine ecosystems. The reports of both the sustainability of the resources and their opti- both committees 7-8 made recommendations concern- mum use. ing information needs for fishery and ecosystem management. Product MR-1.1: Estimates of abundance and age structure of exploited stocks A major objective of GOOS is to provide operationally useful information on the state of living marine Variable required: resources and their ecosystems. Such information Number and Weight at age for each fish

MARINE RESOURCES would include changes in physical conditions and species ecosystem components required for now-casting and eventually forecasting of the ecosystem and of its living Technologies: resources 2. In general, operational models for LMR Fishing Trawl/Net (various types) Surveys management currently do not incorporate environmen- Acoustic Surveys tal variability, essential habitat variability or ecosystem Commercial Landings Data interactions. However, these areas are the focus of major national research programs and the understand- Product MR-1.2: Estimates of stock APPENDIX V ing needed to include that variability and those interac- parameters (e.g., fecundity, growth rates) 61 Detect in a more timely manner changes in the areal Variables required: extent and condition of essential fish habitat. Maturity at Age Availability of appropriate habitat is critical to success- Size at Age ful recruitment for fish stocks. Changes in the availability of that essential habitat, due to either natural Technologies: (see above) processes or societal actions, can adversely affect the productivity and sustainability of fish stocks. Timely Product MR-1.3: Estimates of abundance for knowledge of those changes will be important to good key, non-exploited components of the management of the resources. ecosystem Product MR-2.1: Estimates of the distribution Variable required: of sediment type Number and Weight of key non-exploited fish species Variable required: Sediment Grain-Size Distribution Technologies: Fishing Trawl/Net (various types) Surveys Technologies: Analysis of Grab Samples Product MR-1.4: Estimates of food availability Multi-beam Surveys for the early life stages of the fish Product MR-2.2: Estimates of benthic Variable Required: community structure and abundance Zooplankton Abundance Variable required: Technologies: Abundance of Dominant Species Net, Acoustic, and/or Video Sampling Technologies: Variable required: Analysis of Grab Samples Phytoplankton Abundance and Multi-beam Surveys Productivity Video Surveys

Technologies: Product MR-2.3: Estimates of environmental Fluorescence Profiles conditions that alter benthic habitat Satellite Variables required: Product MR-1.5: Estimates of environmental Waves conditions that influence the survival of the Currents early life stages of the fish and the distribution and migration of the adults Technologies: (see Detecting and Predicting Climate Variability theme) Variables required: Temperature MARINE RESOURCES SUBGOAL 3: Salinity Obtain improved predictions of when fish stocks are Stratification about to be over-fished. A key goal of risk-adverse man- Currents agement for LMRs is to insure that no healthy stock Winds becomes over-fished. Better information on environ- Solar Insolation mental conditions that adversely affect stock reproduc- tion, combined with information on harvesting prac- Technologies: (see Detecting and Predicting tices, can insure that management policies do not create MARINE RESOURCES Climate Variability theme) situations that put a stock at risk.

Product MR-1.6: Estimates of the condition Products: The information needs for this sub- and extent of essential fish habitat goal are addressed by the products identified above for subgoal 2.1. Variables and Technologies: see sub-goal 2.2 MARINE RESOURCES SUBGOAL 4:

MARINE RESOURCES SUBGOAL 2: Obtain improved predictions of the effects of fishing on APPENDIX V 62 habitats and biodiversity. Fishing activities can alter Product MR-5.1: Estimates of the export of benthic habitats by gear impacts and change communi- adults/juveniles/larvae for selected species from ty species composition by selective harvesting. an MPA to the surrounding ecosystem Knowledge of the environmental and biological conditions that contribute to the recovery from these impacts Variables required: is important for evaluating the time-scale and the accu- Abundance of Selected Species by life stage mulated effect of the harvesting activities. Technologies: Product MR-4.1: Estimates of harvesting Net, Acoustic and/or Video Sampling intensity by area and gear type

Variables required: Product MR-5.2: Estimates of the condition of Fishing Effort by gear type benthic habitat within and outside an MPA

Technologies: Variables required: From reports by commercial vessels Abundance of Dominant Benthic Species

Product MR-4.2: Estimates of environmental Technologies: conditions that promote recovery of disrupted Analysis of Grab Samples benthic habitats Multi-beam Surveys Video Surveys Variables required: Waves ADDENDUM: Currents The Managing Marine Resources Working Group met Temperature on March 11 to finalize the statement of Subgoals, Products, and required variables based on the back- Technologies: (see Detecting and Predicting ground document provided. The group first clarified Climate Variability theme) that its remit focused on Living Marine Resources with guidance provided by the Executive Committee. The Variable required: group identified an overarching goal for further deliber- Sediment Type ations during the session: To develop and implement an ecosystem-based management approach for living Technologies: marine resources. The group then considered the spec- Analysis of Grab Samples ification of subgoals to fit within this overall framework. Multi-beam Surveys Five subgoals were identified; these subgoals represent a consolidation of several of the original subgoals identi- Product MR-4.3: Estimates of ecosystem fied above in the working paper and also chose to high- community structure light an additional concern related to monitoring the status of endangered species, marine mammals and Variable required: seabirds. The subgoals identified by the working group Abundance of Key Benthic Species each relate to varying degrees to mandates specified by legal or regulatory requirements and therefore meet Technologies: immediate needs related to the management of living Analysis of Grab Samples marine resources. The new subgoals agreed to by the Multi-beam Surveys group are: Video Surveys NEW MARINE RESOURCES SUBGOAL 1: MARINE RESOURCES SUBGOAL 5: Measure fluctuations in harvested marine

MARINE RESOURCES Determine and monitor the effectiveness of Marine species and improve predictions of abundance, Protected Areas. Marine Protected Areas (MPA’s) are distribution, recruitment and sustainable yield. becoming a common and important tool for promoting the sustainability of marine fisheries and for protecting NEW MARINE RESOURCES SUBGOAL 2: marine ecosystems. Monitoring conditions within and Measure and detect changes in spatial extent around an MPA will be needed to determine that the and condition of habitat, production and ecosystem objectives for which the MPA was established biodiversity. are being met. APPENDIX V 63 NEW MARINE RESOURCES SUBGOAL 3: 7. National Research Council (NRC). 1999. Sustaining Predict effects of fishing and other human Marine Fisheries. National Academy Press, Washington, activities on habitat and biodiversity. D.C.

NEW MARINE RESOURCES SUBGOAL 4: 8. National Research Council (NRC). 2001. Marine Improve knowledge of spatial distribution of Protected Areas: Tools for Sustaining Ocean Ecosystems. habitat and of living marine resources. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.

NEW MARINE RESOURCES SUBGOAL 5: Improve measurements of abundance and impacts (environmental, human) on endangered species, marine mammals and seabirds.

Products related to these subgoals, variables required for measurement, and methods of observation were then identified and placed within the matrix format used by all working groups. During the course of the deliberations of the working group, it was noted that a substantial infrastructure now exists to carry out many of the observing system elements for Managing Living Resources. Augmentation of these existing programs, now carried out by the National Marine Fisheries Service, state resource agencies, and other groups will be required to enhance spatial and temporal coverage.

REFERENCES 1. Living Marine Resources Panel of the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS), First Session (Paris, France, 23-25 March 1998). GOOS Report 54.

2. Living Marine Resources Panel of the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS), Second Session (Montpellier, France, 22-24 March 1999). GOOS Report 74.

3. Living Marine Resources Panel of the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS), Third Session (Talachuano, Chile, 8-11 December 1999). GOOS Report 83.

4. Living Marine Resources Panel of the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS), Fourth Session (Honolulu, Hawaii, 1-4 May 2000). GOOS Report 91.

5. Strategic Design Plan for the IOC-WMO-UNEP- ICSU-FAO Living Marine Resource Panel of the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS), Tracking Change in Marine Ecosystems. GOOS Report 94. MARINE RESOURCES 6. Coastal Ocean Observations Panel (COOP) draft report: The Integrated, Strategic Design Plan For The Coastal Ocean Observations Component of The Global Ocean Observing System. Available at: http://ioc.unesco.org/goos/COOP-3/COOP-DESIGN- TCs.htm. APPENDIX V 64 Although “effective management of the marine environment and sustainable utilization of its natural resources” are not restricted to coastal marine and estuarine ecosystems, the effects of climate change and human activities are and will continue to be most pronounced in coastal ecosystems where ecosystem goods and services and people are most concentrated. Thus, the focus of this theme will be on coastal marine and estuarine ecosystems (open waters of the coastal ocean, semi- enclosed bodies of water, and the intertidal). APPENDIX V: GOOS is being developed through two related and con- BACKGROUND PAPERS vergent modules: (1) a global ocean module concerned primarily with the role of the ocean in the earth’s climate 5. PRESERVING AND RESTORING system and (2) a coastal module concerned primarily HEALTHY ECOSYSTEMS: A THEME (but not exclusively) with changes in coastal environments and their impacts on society and the goods and FOR THE U.S. INTEGRATED services provided by coastal marine and estuarine SUSTAINED OCEAN OBSERVING ecosystems. The international effort is lead by a GOOS SYSTEM Steering Committee that oversees the activities of the Ocean Observations Panel for Climate (OOPC) and the Coastal Ocean Observations Panel (COOP). (See the Prepared By Thomas Malone, David Background Paper: Detecting and Predicting Climate Musgrave, Walter Boyton, James Cloern, Variability) Since Rio ‘92, significant progress has and Richard Jahnke been made in the design and implementation of the basin-scale, ocean-climate module of GOOS. In contrast, although a high national priority, progress in FOREWORD the development of the coastal module has been slow. The mandate to establish a Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) was articulated and ratified as an inter- This is primarily a consequence of: national consensus in 1992 with the signing of the 1. The daunting challenge of designing and Framework Convention on Climate Change, the implementing nationally and internationally Convention on Biodiversity, and the Program of Action accepted systems that will provide the data and for Sustainable Development (Agenda 21) at the UN information required to detect and predict Conference on Environment and Development changes in a wide diversity of phenomena that (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro. In particular, Agenda 21 are occurring in a complex mosaic of coastal calls for the establishment of a global ocean observing ecosystems system that will enable effective management of the 2. Inefficient data management systems that do marine environment and sustainable utilization of its not capture significant amounts of relevant data natural resources. Achieving this broad and ambi- and do not enable rapid collation of diverse tious goal depends on the capability to repeatedly data from disparate sources assess and anticipate changes in the status of 3. The primitive state of our capacity to rapidly coastal ecosystems and living resources on national and routinely detect and predict changes in to global scales. those phenomena of interest that require measurements of biological and chemical variables GOOS is an effort to respond to this mandate by devel- 4. The absence of mechanisms (institutional and oping a national and international frameworks for coor- fiscal) for the selective transition of research dinating, enhancing and supplementing existing moni- activities and products into an operational

MARINE ECOSYSTEMS toring and research programs to provide the data and framework based on user needs information required for more timely detection and pre- 5. The challenges of developing the state, regional diction of changes in the state of coastal ecosystems and and national partnerships needed to fund and the resources they support. Successful implementation implement the coastal module of the observing system will increase the value to society of research and monitoring in marine and estuarine The design and implementation of coastal GOOS must ecosystems, in part by providing the data and informa- address these challenges. Here, we are concerned pri- tion required to routinely assess and predict changes in marily with challenges (1), (2) and (3), however, it is APPENDIX V the status of marine and estuarine ecosystems. clear that many of the observations needed in the 65 coastal ocean are also required in the deeper ocean since of ecosystems and the propagation of variability among it represents the offshore boundary of the coastal ocean. them (e.g., the effects of changes occurring in coastal drainage basins, the ocean basins and airsheds on For this background paper, section 1 describes the coastal marine and estuarine ecosystems). theme and section 2 describes goals and products. Incomplete lists of required variables and potential tech- 2. SUBGOALS AND PRODUCTS niques are also listed, but these must be completed on Proposed subgoals corresponding to the phenomena of day one of the workshop (The variables are those that interest are as follows: must be measured to achieve the goals and potential techniques are those that could be used to provide the MARINE ECOSYSTEMS SUBGOAL 1: required data, e.g., remote sensing and type of sensor, For each region, establish ecological “climatologies” for autonomous in situ sensing and type of sensors, in situ sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface salinity samples and subsequent measurement and sampling (SSS); surface dissolved inorganic N, P and Si; surface and measurement methods). chlorophyll-a concentration and the abundance of harmful algal (HAB) species. 1. THE THEME – DETECTING AND PREDICTING ECOLOGICAL VARIABILITY Product ME-1.1: Estimates of the SST field and Protecting and restoring healthy ecosystems is one of its variability on monthly, seasonal, interannual seven themes identified as priorities by national and and decadal time scales for the coastal ocean international bodies involved in the design and imple- within 25 km of the shoreline. (Here and in the mentation of GOOS (e.g., NRC, 1994; Nowlin and following, 25 km is thought to be an arbitrary Malone, 1999; IOC, 2000). Although the concept of distance and within any region it likely ecosystem “health” has been the subject of much con- corresponds to the continental shelf and shelf troversy, marine and estuarine ecosystems are clearly break.) experiencing changes that affect their capacity to support a broad spectrum of “goods” and “services.”1 The Product ME-1.2: Estimates of the SSS field and phenomena of interest in the ecosystem health theme are its variability on monthly, seasonal, interannual and decadal time scales for the coastal ocean (1) Habitat modification and loss2 within 25 km of the shoreline. (2) Loss of biodiversity3 (3) Cultural eutrophication3 Product ME-1.3: Estimates of surface DIN, P (4) Harmful algal events5 and Si fields and their variability on monthly, (5) Invasions of non-native species6 seasonal, interannual and decadal time scales (6) Diseases in and mass mortalities of marine for the coastal ocean within 25 km of the organisms7 shoreline. Improving our ability to detect and predict changes in or the occurrence of these phenomena is a major Product ME-1.4: Estimates of the chl-a field goal of the coastal module of GOOS (Nowlin and and its variability on monthly, seasonal, inter- Malone, 1999; IOC, 1996, 2000; Malone and Cole, annual and decadal time scales for the coastal 2000). In regard to prediction, the forcings of interest ocean within 25 km of the shoreline. are global warming and sea level rise; extreme weather events; seismic events; basin scale changes (e.g., ENSO, Product ME-1.5: Estimates of the abundances NPDO, NAO); inputs of water, sediments, nutrients, of HAB species and their variability on monthly, organic matter and chemical contaminants from coastal seasonal, interannual and decadal time scales drainage basins; harvesting living resources; physical for hot spots (sites where repeated HAB events restructuring of the environment; and introductions of have occurred). non-native species. We have only begun to understand the effects of human activities and climate variability on Variables required for Marine Ecosystems Subgoal 1 include: the structure and function of coastal ecosystems and MARINE ECOSYSTEMS their capacity to support ecosystem goods and services.9 SST Resolving and predicting anthropogenic and climate SSS effects requires long-term times series observation of Surface Concentrations of DIN, DIP, and key properties and processes, more efficient and effec- DISi tive data management that enables rapid access to Surface Chl-a Concentration diverse data from disparate sources, more timely deliv- Cell Densities of HAB Species ery and analysis of environmental data, and a more comprehensive understanding of the structure and function APPENDIX V 66 Potential Techniques: Potential Techniques: Remote Sensing (SST, chl-a) Water Samplers, Net Tows, Microscopy, Moored Sensors (SST, SSS, nutrients, Optical Techniques, Molecular Probes, chl-a, HAB species) Photography, Ships, Moorings, AUVs In Situ Sampling and subsequent (Plankton) measurement (SSS, nutrients, Scuba, Dredges, Box Cores, Bottom chl-a, HAB species) Photography (Macrobenthos) Net Tows, Bottom Trawls, Acoustic MARINE ECOSYSTEMS SUBGOAL 2: Surveys, Fishery Landings (Fishes); Visual Obtain more timely detection of changes in the areal Inspection, Aerial Photography (Birds And extent and physiological state of biologically structured Mammals), and Acoustic Surveys habitats (coral reefs, submerged attached vegetation, (Mammals). mangroves, and tidal marshes). MARINE ECOSYSTEMS SUBGOAL 4: Product ME-2.1: Annual report of areal Obtain more timely detection and improved prediction distribution (GIS) of biologically structured of coastal eutrophication measured in terms of accumu- habitats by region and for U.S. coastal waters as lations of organic matter and oxygen depletion of bot- a whole (specifically as tidal marsh, mangrove tom waters on ecosystem and regional scales for coastal stands, seagrasses, macrobenthic algae, coral marine and estuarine ecosystems. reefs, deep-water hard bottom, and shellfish beds as appropriate to the region. Product ME-4.1: Improved estimates of episodic and seasonal inputs of freshwater N, P Variables required for Marine Ecosystems and Si from coastal drainage basins and Subgoal 2: airsheds into semi-enclosed systems and to the Seagrass Bottom Area Cover coastal ocean within each region. Minimum and Maximum Seagrass Depth Seagrass Canopy Height Product ME-4.2: Seasonal inventories of total Seagrass Plant Density organic C, total organic N and P, and Seagrass Species Composition chlorophyll-a content of representative semi- enclosed bodies of water and of the coastal Potential Techniques: ocean within 25 km of the coast line. Visual Inspection (scuba) Aerial Photography Product ME-4.3: Annual estimates of the Hyperspectral Imagery volume of water that experiences hypoxia (DO < 2 ppm) for 1 month or more in representative MARINE ECOSYSTEMS SUBGOAL 3: semi-enclosed systems and for the coastal Obtain more timely detection of changes in species ocean8 (EEZ) in each region. diversity of marine and estuarine flora and fauna. Product ME-4.4: Annual predictions of the Product ME-3.1: Annually updated inventories temporal and areal extent of seasonal bottom of species at reference sites and representative water hypoxia for selected semi-enclosed and stations for the following groups: macrobenthic continental shelf systems based on predictions animals and plants, microphytoplankton (> 20 of monthly river and stream flows and the µm), macrozooplankton (> 200 µm), fish, predicted effectiveness of nutrient control mammals and birds. efforts.

Product ME-3.2: Annually updated reports of Variables required for Marine Ecosystems the number of marine and estuarine species Subgoal 4 include: legally defined as at-risk that are increasing, Atmospheric Deposition

MARINE ECOSYSTEMS decreasing or stable by region and for U.S. Surface and Groundwater Discharges and coastal waters as a whole. associated inputs of organic C and N and Dissolved Inorganic N, P and Si Variables required for Marine Ecosystems SST Subgoal 3: SSS Species composition and abundance based Surface Chlorophyll-A Fields on monthly (plankton), seasonal (fish, Vertical Profiles of Temperature birds and mammals), and annual (sub-tidal Salinity

APPENDIX V and intertidal macrobenthose observations TOC 67 TN Chlorophyll-A Gauged Rivers and Streams Dissolved Inorganic N, P, And Si Aerial and Satellite Remote Sensing (SST, Dissolved Oxygen surface chlorophyll and other phytoplankton pigments) Potential Techniques: Automated In Situ Sensing (nutrients, Gauged Rivers and Streams absorption and fluorescence spectra, Aerial and Satellite Remote Sensing (SST, species specific molecular probes) surface chlorophyll) In Situ Sampling and Lab-Based Automated In Situ Sensing (nutrients, Measurements (nutrients, chlorophyll, chlorophyll, dissolved oxygen) dissolved oxygen, TOC and TN, organic C In Situ Sampling and Lab-Based and N) Measurements (nutrients, chlorophyll, In Situ Sampling and Microscopic Counts dissolved oxygen, TOC and TN, organic C and N) MARINE ECOSYSTEMS SUBGOAL 6: Obtain more timely detection of non-native species and MARINE ECOSYSTEMS SUBGOAL 5: improved predictions of the probability they will Obtain more timely detection and improved prediction become invasive species. of the presence, growth, movement, and toxicity of toxic and noxious algal species. Product ME-6.1: Annual report on the occurrence of non-native species in semi- Product ME-5.1: Annual report of the frequency enclosed bodies of water for each region where of harmful algal events (blooms of toxic occurrence is measured in terms of both surface species, HAB induced fish kills and illness in area affected and number of species relative to humans) that have high, medium, and low the number of native species. intensity in terms of both spatial and temporal extent for each region and U.S. coastal waters. Variables required for Marine Ecosystems Subgoal 6 include: Product ME-5.2: For hot spots (areas and Number and Distribution (abundance) of seasons that have a history of HAB events), native and non-native species per unit area weekly reports on the distribution and abundance of selected HAB species. MARINE ECOSYSTEMS SUBGOAL 7: Obtain more timely detection and improved predictions Product ME-5.3: For hot spots, weekly of diseases in and mass mortalities of fish, marine mam- forecasts (updated daily) of the formation and mals and birds. trajectory of HABs and where and when the bloom is likely to affect beaches, shellfish beds Product ME-7.1: Annual report on the and aquaculture operations. frequency of strandings and mass mortalities of marine organisms for each region and U.S. Variables required for Marine Ecosystems coastal waters. Subgoal 5 include: Inputs of Freshwater Sediments and Product ME-7.2: For hot spots (areas and Nutrients (surface and groundwater dis- seasons with a history of fish lesions), weekly charges, rainfall) updates on the incidence of skin lesions in fish Surface Currents and Waves populations from semi-enclosed bodies of water. Incident and Downwelling PAR Vertical Profiles of Salinity, Temperature, Product ME-7.3: For hot spots, weekly updates Dissolved Inorganic Nutrients, Dissolved on infection rates of Dermo and MSX in oyster Organic Carbon and Nitrogen populations.

Surface and Vertical Distributions MARINE ECOSYSTEMS (abundance, biomass) of HAB Species and Variables required for Marine Ecosystems Toxin Concentrations Subgoal 7 include: Shellfish Bed Closures and Fish Kills Location and number of organisms caused by HAB species involved in each mortality and stranding Incidence of Human Illness caused by the event consumption of seafood contaminated by Number of fish species and percent of each HAB species or by exposure (skin contact, population with skin lesions

inhalation) to HAB toxins Number of oysters infected APPENDIX V Potential Techniques: 68 Technologies: distribution and levels of anthropogenic Visual Inspection contaminants. Seines and Net Tows followed by visual inspection Product ME-9.1: For hot spots (areas and Microscopic Examination and Molecular seasons that have a history of contaminations), Probes of Oyster Samples weekly (daily) reports on the distribution and levels of anthropogenic contaminants. MARINE ECOSYSTEMS SUBGOAL 8: Obtain improved predictions of the effects of habitat Variables required for Marine Ecosystems modification and loss on species diversity. Subgoal 9 include: Concentrations of Heavy Metals, Endocrine Product ME-8.1: Annual report of the species Disrupters, PCBs and Toxins, Marine composition and diversity of macrobenthic Debris, Pesticides, Noise, Hydrocarbons, organisms, macrozooplankton, fishes, Antibiotics, and Pathogens. mammals and birds in semi-enclosed bodies of water relative to the distribution of biologically REFERENCES structured and abiotic (hard and soft bottom Carlton, J.T. 1996. Marine bioinvasions: the alteration substrates, mud flats) habitats. of marine ecosystems by nonindigenous species. Oceanography, 9: 36-45. Product ME-8.2: Annual report of the distribution and abundance of marine and Cloern, J.E. (1996). Phytoplankton bloom dynamics in estuarine species that have been legally coastal ecosystems: a review with some general lessons identified as at-risk relative to the distribution from sustained investigation of San Francisco Bay, of biologically structured and abiotic (hard and California. Reviews of Geophysics, 34: 127-168. soft bottom substrates, mud flats) habitats. Costanza, R. and others. 1997. The value of the world’s Variables required for Marine Ecosystems ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature, 387: Subgoal 8 include: 253-260. Species Composition and Abundance based on monthly (plankton), seasonal (fish, Daily, G.C, and others. 2000. The value of nature and birds and mammals), and annual (sub-tidal the nature of value. Science, 289: 395-396 and intertidal macrobenthos) observations Area of Biological Structured and Abiotic Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission. 1996. Habitats A Strategic Plan for the Assessment and Prediction of Temporal and Spatial Extent of Hypoxia the Health of the Oceans. IOC/INF-1044, 54 pp.

Technologies: Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission. 2000. Visual Inspection (scuba) Strategic Design Plan for the Coastal Component of the Aerial and Benthic Photography and Global Ocean Observing System. GOOS Report No. 90, Hyperspectral Imagery 99 pp. Water Samplers, Net Tows, Microscopy, (http://ioc.unesco.org/iocweb/iocpub/iocpdf/i1146.pdf) Optical Techniques, Molecular Probes, Photography, Ships, Moorings, SUVs Howarth, R., D. Anderson, J. Cloern, C. Elfring, C. (Plankton) Hopkinson, B. Lapointe, T. Malone, N. Marcus, K. Scuba, Dredges, Box Cores, Bottom McGlahery, A. Sharpley and D. Walker. 2000. Nutrient Photography (Macrobenthos) pollution of coastal rivers, bays and seas. Issues In Net Tows, Bottom Trawls, Acoustic Ecology, Ecological Society of America, 7, 15 pp. Surveys, Fishery Landings (Fishes); Visual

MARINE ECOSYSTEMS Inspection, Aerial Photography (Birds And Kemp, W.M. and W.R. Boynton. 1997. Eutrophication, Mammals), and Acoustic Surveys habitat dynamics and trophic feedbacks: understanding (Mammals). and managing coastal ecosystems. In the Stockholm Water Symposium, Rivers to the Sea: Interaction of MARINE ECOSYSTEMS SUBGOAL 9: Land Activities, Fresh Water and Enclosed Coastal Seas. Monitor anthropogenic contaminants and their effects Proceedings of the Joint Conference, 7th Stockholm on the ecosystem. Water Symposium and the 3rd International Conference on the Environmental Management of

APPENDIX V Product ME-9.1: Annual report of the Enclosed Coastal Seas, p. 93-103. 69 Malone, T.C. and M. Cole. 2000. Toward a global scale a high diversity of organisms, including commercial and coastal ocean observing system. Oceanography, 13: 7-11. recreational fish populations. They play major roles in sustaining living resources, providing habitat for marine National Research Council. 1994. Priorities for Coastal organisms, maintaining shoreline stability, mitigating the Ecosystem Science. National Academy Press, 106 pp. effect of storm surges and coastal flooding, and controlling the fluxes of nutrients, contaminants and sediments National Research Council. 2000. Bridging Boundaries from land to coastal ecosystems. Thus, changes in these Through Regional Marine Research. National Academy habitats have significant effects on marine biodiversity, Press, 115 pp. fisheries, recreation and tourism, the susceptibility of human populations to extreme weather, the capacity of Nixon, S.W. 1995. Coastal marine eutrophication: A def- coastal ecosystems to assimilate and recycle nutrients inition, social causes, and future concerns. Ophelia, 41: mobilized by human activities, and on the provision of 199-219. aesthetically pleasing environments. The distribution and areal extent of these habitats are affected by both cli- Norse, E.A. 1996. A river that flows to the sea: the marine matic forcings (e.g., patterns of heat flux and rainfall) and biological diversity movement. Oceanography, 9: 5- 9. anthropogenic activities (e.g., excess nutrient inputs, overfishing, sediment inputs). Coral reef bleaching and Nowlin, W.D., Jr., N. Smith, G. Needler and others. increases in the susceptibility of corals to disease are 1996. An ocean observing system for climate. Bull. Am. believed to be related to increases in temperature caused Met. Soc. 77: 2243-2273. by ENSO events and global warming. Overfishing, nutrient enrichment and coastal erosion are also causes of Nowlin, W.D., Jr., M. Briscoe, N. Smith, M.J. McPhaden, coral reef loss. Mangrove forests are being cut down for D. Roemmich, P. Chapman, and J.F. Grassle. 2001. fire wood and to provide space for aquaculture operations Evolution of a sustained ocean observing system. Bull. (e.g., shrimp farming). Losses of sea grass beds occur as Am. Met. Soc. 82: 1369-1376. a consequence of nutrient enrichment, coastal erosion and dredging. Tidal marshes are susceptible to sea level Nowlin, W.D., Jr. and T.C. Malone. 1999. Toward a U.S. rise, subsidence, channelization, invasive species, and Plan for an Integrated, Sustained Ocean Observing land use practices (e.g., coastal development and harden- System, NORLC ing shorelines, water consumption, dams) that affect their (http://www.core.ssc.erc.msstate.edu/NOPPobsplan.html) sediment budgets and pore water chemistry.

Peierls, B.L., N.F. Caraco, M.L. Pace and J.J. Cole. 1991. References: IOC, 2000; Kemp and Boynton, 1997; NRC, Human influences on river nitrogen. Nature, 350: 386-387. 1994; Wilkinson et al., 1999

Wilkinson, C. (ed.) (1998), Status of Coral Reefs of the 3 Biodiverstiy - Of the various levels of biological diversity World: 1998, Australian Institute of Marine Science, 184 pp. (from molecular to ecosystem levels of organization), the most common indices of biodiversity are based on the Wilkinson, C., Lindén, O., Cesar, H., Hodgson, G., number of species and the distribution of abundance Rubens, J. and Strong, A.E. (1999). Ecological and among species. Current estimates (which are most likely socioeconomic impacts of the 1998 coral mortality in underestimates) place the number of marine species at the Indian Ocean: an ENSO impact and a warning of about 200,000 with representatives from 32 phyla, 15 of future change? Ambio, 28: 188-196. which are found exclusively in the marine realm. This is in marked contrast with the terrestrial environment where FOOTNOTES there is an estimated 12 million species, over 90% of which 1 Goods are typically measured in terms of extractable are from two phyla: insects and flowering plants. resources (e.g., fish, oil). Services include nutrient cycling, waste treatment, buffering the effects of extreme The rate of species extinction (terrestrial and aquatic) has events, recreation, food production, and aesthetic value. been estimated to have been about 1 per year prior to the evolution of people compared to the current rate of 100- MARINE ECOSYSTEMS Reference: Costanza et al., 1997. 10,000 species per year. Changes in species diversity are related to large scale changes in the ocean-climate system 2 Habitat modification and loss - Targeted habitats are (e.g., ENSO, NPDO, NAO) and to more local scale changes those of the intertidal (mangrove forests, tidal marshes, such as habitat loss or modification (e.g., coral reef bleach- mud flats, and beaches) and relatively shallow subtidal ing, declines in mangrove forests due to shrimp farming, zones (kelp forests and other attached macroalgae, sea- loss of seagrasses due to nutrient enrichment), oxygen grass beds, coral and oyster reefs). These habitats are depletion, invasions of non-native species, fishing, mass important for recreation and provide food and refugia for mortalities of marine organisms, and harmful algal events. APPENDIX V 70 Reference: Norse, 1996. the effects of such changes on critical fish habitat and the migrations of anadromous fish, it is likely that these 4 Eutrophication - The structure and function of coastal effects are lowering the carrying capacity of ecosystems ecosystems depend on inputs of nutrients (N, P, Si, Fe, for exploitable fish and shellfish stocks. The effects of etc.) from external sources (ocean basins, coastal drainage excess nutrient enrichment can also be exacerbated by basins and the atmsphere). Excess inputs of nutrients overfishing, especially when the exploited species are (nutrient over-enrichment or nutrient pollution), usually filter feeders such as oysters, clams and mussels. forms of nitrogen, phosphorus, or both, result in a phe- nomenon called “eutrophication.” “Excess” is usually Many of the outcomes of excess nutrient enrichment defined in terms of outcomes. These include: described above are treated as phenomena in their own right (habitat loss and modifiction, water clarity, loss of Accumulations of organic matter (usually in biodiversity, harmful algal blooms, growth of non-native the form of algal biomass but also as organic species, changes in the abundance of exploitable living detritus, dissolved organic matter, or some marine resources). This reflects both their importance combination of these) and the fact that changes in these phenomena are often Oxygen depletion of bottom waters and benthic due to forcings other than or in addition to nutrient habitats (where hypoxia is DO < 2 ppm and enrichment. Oxygen depletion of bottom waters is anoxia is complete depletion which is often nearly always a consequence of excess nutrient enrich- associated with the production of hydrogen sulfide) ment, and there is clear and unequivocal evidence that Mass mortalities of marine organisms increases in the frequency and extent (spatial and tem- Decreases in water clarity poral) of bottom water hypoxia are directly related to Increases in bacterial production human activities that increase inputs from both diffuse The loss of sea grass beds and coral reefs and point sources. Thus, the phenomena of eutrophi- Harmful algal blooms (HABs) cation will be quantified here in terms of seasonal and The growth of non-native species interannual accumulations of organic matter and the Loss of biodiversity. frequency and extent of hypoxia in coastal ecosystems.

Although excess nutrient enrichment may promote losses References: (1) Howarth et al., 2000; Kemp and Boynton, in biodiversity, mass mortalities, decreases in water clarity, 1997; Nixon, 1995; Peierls et al., 1991. habitat loss, the growth of HABs, and invasions of non- native species in some ecosystems, changes in these phe- 5 HABs - There is growing evidence that coastal ecosys- nomena are treated separately below for two reasons: (i) tems are experiencing an escalating and disturbing trend they have significant implications in terms of the stability in the incidence of problems associated with harmful and resilience of ecosystems, and (ii) they are often a con- algae, including human illness from contaminated shell- sequence of factors other than over-enrichment. fish or fish, the closure of shellfish beds, mass mortality of cultured finfish, and the death of marine mammals and For the most part, excess inputs of nutrients to semi- seabirds. Increases in harmful algal events may be associ- enclosed bodies of water and nearshore coastal ecosys- ated with the loss of biodiversity in some regions. As a tems (e.g., in waters less that 50 m deep and within 50 result, government agencies responsible for public health km of the coastline) are related to human activities that and industries involved in the harvesting and marketing of mobilize nitrogen and phosphorus and increase their seafood (wild and farmed) are recognizing the need for export from coastal drainage basins and airsheds via more timely detection of HAB events and forecasts of surface and ground water discharges and atmospheric when and where such events are likely to occur. Timely deposition. For example, over the past 100 years, access to such information is required to (1) protect pub- nitrate concentrations in the world’s rivers have lic health; (2) control and mitigate ecological and eco- increased by as much as 20 fold, largely as a conse- nomic impacts; and (3) disseminate relevant, accurate and quence of a rapid increase in the pool of fixed N (due useful information in a timely fashion to coastal commu- mostly to anthropogenic fixation of N for fertilizers) and nities and industries that are impacted or likely to be

MARINE ECOSYSTEMS to related increases in point (sewage) and diffuse (mobi- affected by such events. lization of nitrogen by deforestation, fertilizer use, acid rain) inputs. Increases in anthropogenic inputs are Although harmful algal events are often referred to as reflected in the correlation between riverine N exports harmful algal blooms (HABs) or “red tides”, it must be to coastal ecosystems and the population density of recognized that (1) HAB species represent a broad spec- their watersheds. Evidence is growing that such trum of taxa (dinoflagellates, diatoms, cyanobacteria, increases in N loading are responsible for the loss of raphidophytes, prymnesiophytes, and pelagophytes) and habitat (seagrasses, coral reefs) and for increases in the trophic levels (e.g., autotrophic, heterotrophic,

APPENDIX V occurrence and magnitude of seasonal anoxia. Given mixotrophic) that are referred to collectively as “algae”, 71 and (2) many HAB species cause problems at low cell (Potamocorbula amurensis) has severely limited phyto- densities, i.e., a bloom is not necessarily required for a plankton production in San Francisco Bay. HAB event to occur. There are two general groups of HABs: (1) those that produce toxins that contaminate Reference: Carlton, 1996. seafood, kill marine animals or directly cause human pathologies, and (2) those that cause problems by virtue 7 Diseases and mass mortalities in marine organisms - of their high abundance or biomass (oxygen depletion, Fish, shellfish, marine mammals, turtles and sea birds habitat loss, and starvation, respiratory or reproductive experience mass mortalities and strandings (that typi- failure in marine animals). cally lead to death) that have been related to disease, parasitism, harmful algal blooms, hypoxia, oil spills, For the purposes of the observing system, a harmful diversions of freshwater, and climate change. The num- algal event may be one or more of the following: (1) a ber of such events and assessments of their causes can bloom of a HAB species that is known to produce toxins be considered indicators of the health of marine ecosys- harmful to marine life or to humans; (2) mass mortali- tems and their capacity to support living resources. ties of marine organisms caused by HAB species; (3) non-lethal manifestations such as lesions, increased par- 8 U.S. coastal waters include all semi-enclosed bodies of asite load, or decreased reproductive capacity caused by water and the open waters of the coastal ocean out to HAB species; or (4) the occurrence of human illness the boundaries of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). caused by a HAB species. There are approximately 5000 Regions are based on the boundaries established for the species of microalgae in the world. Of these, about 100 Regional Marine Research Program as follows: Gulf of fall into one or more of the above categories. These Maine, Middle Atlantic Bight, South Atlantic Bight, Gulf species produce a spectrum of toxins that typically fall of Mexico, California Region (southwest), Pacific into one of the following categories: paralytic shellfish Northwest, Gulf of Alaska, and Pacific island States poisoning, diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, amnesic shell- (Hawaii, Guam, American Samoa, Northern Marianas fish poisoning, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, and Islands). Ciguatera fish poisoning. Lesions, respiratory irritation, and memory loss may also occur via contact with water Reference: NRC, 2000 or exposure to aerosolized toxins or irritants. 9 It is important to note that the diversity of issues to be Reference: http://ioc.unesco.org/hab addressed and their complex and interdisciplinary nature underscore the importance of synergy between 6 Invasive species - As the global movement of ships, research programs and the development of the coastal people and commodities has increased, the number of module. Research programs and observing systems are introductions of non-native species has also increased mutually dependent processes that define a continuum (global dispersal). The number of successful new inva- of related activities. The observing system will be of sions (invasive species) appears to have increased dra- limited value if it is not based on sound science and matically during the 1970’s and 1980’s, perhaps as a designed to improve through research and development consequence of the combined effects of global dispersal, (improved understanding, models, sensor technologies, habitat loss and modification, nutrient enrichment and assimilation techniques). Likewise, research is of limit- overfishing in coastal ecosystems. Increases in the ed value if it is not conducted in the context of larger occurrence of invasive species may be a factor in the loss scale observations in both time and space (long term of biodiversity in some regions. The list of recent time-series, synoptic observations on large spatial invaders includes several species of benthic algae, SAV, scales). Although both research programs and observ- toxic dinoflagellates (e.g., Alexandrium catenella in ing systems may have many elements in common, the Australia) , bivalves (e.g., the zebra mussel in the Great development of the observing system is driven by soci- Lakes and the Chinese clam in San Francisco Bay), etal needs while research programs are by scientific polychaetes, ctenophores, copepods, crabs and fish. hypothesis. The purpose of the observing system is to Such invasions can profoundly alter the population and detect and predict patterns of change. In contrast, the

trophic dynamics of coastal ecosystems. For example, purpose of environmental research is to test hypotheses MARINE ECOSYSTEMS the introduction of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi concerning the causes and consequence of environmen- caused the collapse of the anchovy fishery in the Black tal changes. Thus, environmental research programs are Sea by preying on the anchovy’s preferred food, cope- finite in duration while the observing system must be pods; the introduction of the macrobenthic green algae, sustained in perpetuity. These considerations have Caulerpa taxifolia, displaced a diverse community of important implications for the design and implementa- sponges, gorgonians, and other seaweeds over thou- tion the observing system. sands of square meters in the northern Mediterranean; and the introduction of the Chinese clam APPENDIX V 72 National Flood Insurance Program Activity data compiled by FEMA also indicate that coastal counties collectively account for over 70% of repetitive losses (Heinz Center, 2000). Coastal hazards can also have significant impacts on commerce and marine transportation through: 1) obstructing major seaports with debris and siltation, 2) severe weather related delays to shipping, and 3) damage to marine transportation infrastructure.

Natural hazards are beyond our ability to control. APPENDIX V: Mitigating their effects requires developing the predictive understanding, technological capabilities, and societal BACKGROUND PAPERS frameworks necessary for a sustainable society resilient to natural hazards. A predictive capability of environmental 6. MITIGATING NATURAL AND change can arm coastal managers with a powerful tool for ANTHROPOGENIC HAZARDS: A taking a proactive approach to coastal hazards, mitigating or preventing impacts on life, property and critical habi- THEME FOR THE U.S. INTEGRATED tat before they occur. Numerical, empirical, and statistical OCEAN OBSERVING SYSTEM modeling, integrative in situ and remote observations, and multi-disciplinary knowledge are each important Prepared By Margaret Davidson and Greg components in the complex process of developing timely and reliable predictions of environmental changes that Mandt with collaborators Earle Buckley, directly or indirectly affect mitigation of hazards. Noriko Shoji, Leaonard Pietrafesa and Therese Pierce. The successful implementation of an integrated coastal ocean observing system (ICOOS) and the development of predictive capabilities for the impacts of coastal haz- 1. THE THEME ards are not limited by available technologies. Weather events and patterns such as hurricanes, Technological advances in new sensors, new platforms, tsunamis, El Niño/La Niña, sea level rise, climate varia- new communications hardware and software provide tion phenomena, nor’easters, and west coast winter the ability to maintain long-term, accurate measure- storms have been reshaping natural coastlines through- ments of key physical, chemical, and biological parame- out geologic time. High winds, extreme wave action, ters in the coastal ocean (Frosch, 1999). Advances in storm surge, sea and lake ice, and flooding drastically computer power and information technology make it change the shorelines by erosion in some areas, accretion possible to process immense volumes of data and to cre- of sediments in others, creation of new inlets or redirec- ate ever more realistic scientific models to forecast and tion of old inlets. These normal processes can prove mitigate the impacts of natural hazards. Achieving deadly and costly in developed coastal areas, becoming ICOOS is impeded by: in effect coastal hazards and in some cases coastal disas- ters. In addition, there are biological hazards such as Undersampling of the coastal ocean harmful algal blooms and red tides, as well as man-made The lack of an integrated data management hazards like oil and chemical spills, water pollution, and system habitat degradation due to development. Anthropogenic The capabilities (or lack thereof) of existing hazards such as agricultural and urban runoff, unsound models coastal development that promotes beach erosion, air quality degradation, and boat groundings also prove to The National Research Council (1998) emphasized the disrupt the coastal health. As we increase our develop- problem of undersampling as the main impediment to ment and populations in coastal areas, natural and man- improving early warnings of coastal hazards and strong-

NATURAL HAZARDS NATURAL made hazards will continually challenge attempts to ly recommended that the number of stations be signifi- ensure the safety and security of our communities. cantly expanded. Measurements must be made at higher temporal and spatial resolution than currently collected. Today, more than half the population of the United Predictive and dynamic models must be developed to States lives within coastal regions. As these populations provide more reliable means of extrapolating measure- have grown, the nation has experienced increased prop- ments and increasing resolution in areas of special inter- erty losses, dislocation of people, relief costs, interrup- est but with limited observations. An integrated data tion and failure of businesses, loss of life, and damages management system must be created to allow users to APPENDIX V to natural resources as a result of coastal hazards. exploit multiple data sets from a variety of sources. 73 2. SUBGOALS AND PRODUCTS between natural hazards, manmade Among the range of needs for systematic observation of environments and technological systems. the ocean and coastal environment on all scales, there is a subset of goals and associated products and services NATURAL HAZARDS SUBGOAL 2: for mitigation of natural and man-made hazards that Improve modeling capabilities and predictions. Models can be most effectively addressed through the develop- are tools for interpolation, extrapolation, and inference ment of an Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS). of observing system information. Model validation is essential if the observing system is to evolve and Subgoals or supporting goals are intended to fill gaps in progress. Models must be tested against actual data to the present systems. This is the common theme in relat- ensure that the tools used to process information will ing each subgoal to the main goal. Filling the gaps continue to improve. includes: Product NH-2.1: Quantitative prediction of Getting more/better data to better understand tropical cyclones and extratropical systems the physics, biology, and chemistry related to or with respect to formation, track and causing the hazard intensification, landfall intensity (wind and Acquiring the data (strategic sampling) that precipitation), timing and duration, and support the forecast system and predictions – location. these data can be used in models as configuration, constraint, or validation Product NH-2.2: Improved predictive Creating/establishing data gathering networks capabilities with regard to ecosystem response for data that are now missing to physical and biological events. Developing instrumentation that observes the appropriate variables (perhaps never observed Product NH-2.3: Improved fluid mechanic, before) on new space and time scales air-sea-land interactively coupled models of the coastal zone with bays, estuaries and rivers NATURAL HAZARDS SUBGOAL 1: coupled to the open ocean. These are necessary Provide adequate data gathering capabilities at the tem- to make improved storm-surge predictions. The poral and spatial scales required to improve the under- models would also be critical for water quality standing of the physical and biological nature of natural problems. hazards. Product NH-2.4: Improved wind-wave models, Product NH-1.1: Analyses of climate, weather, particularly for shallow coastal waters and bays. and hazard linkages, with special attention to These are required to forecast breaking wave the linkages between weather events and floods heights at the coast and in channels. This and between weather events and storm surges information is required to make more accurate and waves. This will allow for the development predictions of overtopping during storms and of coast-oriented models that can represent the as input to beach and dune erosion and to dynamics and interactions associated with the structural damage calculations. The inclusion complex air-sea-land boundaries (see Subgoal of current effects on waves is also required 2) and better resolve the meteorology at the particularly for wave predictions in channels, scales needed to match the transition zones near inlets, and on major coastal currents. critical to the coast. Product NH-2.5: Improved flooding and Product NH-1.2: Descriptions of the inundation models which couple all the fundamental relationships between ecosystem relevant processes including storm surge, sur- dynamics and natural hazards, including what face waves, rainfall, and topography. For both ecosystem changes precede and contribute to warnings and risk assessments increased natural hazards and how these changes, in turn,

accuracy is needed. Improvements to these NATURAL HAZARDS affect the structure and function of ecosystems models should also address degradation of the and the probability of subsequent events. beach and dune systems, which occurs during The focus is on improved understanding of the major storms and facilitates flooding. causal mechanisms and abatement processes that determine the origin, development, and Product NH-2.6: Improved beach and dune termination of ecological hazards. erosion models. Progress has been made in developing basic technology to accomplish this Product NH-1.3: Analyses of the interactions but it is rudimentary and requires refinement APPENDIX V 74 and validation. Understanding sediment row requirements to the minimum data flows transport patterns along the coast and how necessary to support decisions cost effectively. beaches build and erode is critical to making better models of beach and dune erosion that NATURAL HAZARDS SUBGOAL 4: can be factored into flood and damage warnings Develop new instrumentation to improve the existing and risk assessments. Historical information on systems, i.e., making them workable in wider areas, for long-term beach erosion trends, how weather longer duration, and with higher reliability, safety, and events, particularly storms, and how climate, efficiency. The basic technologies already exist to meas- the integral over weather, are linked to long- ure the parameters necessary to accomplish most tasks term sea level rise, and tectonic effects that for forecasts, prediction models, and risk analysis of raise or lower coastal landmasses is required as coastal hazards. Support for new technologies should be background to assessment of long-term erosion based on their ability to meet a need not filled by those risk. systems already existing or under development, as well as continual R&D to improve existing components like bet- NATURAL HAZARDS SUBGOAL 3: ter transmission of data, equipment longevity, etc. Provide timely dissemination and convenient online access to real-time hazards observations and warnings Product NH-4.1: Improved marine biological as well as complete metadata and retrospective informa- measurements, with new instrumentation that tion on all aspects of natural disaster reduction. can directly measure or sample the biological properties (i.e. chlorophyll vs. fluorescence) Product NH-3.1: Conversion of meteorological and instrumentation for measuring chemical and oceanographic data into useful decision- constituents that affect biological productivity. making information. The information on risk associated with coastal hazard potential Product NH-4.2: Increased efficiency of represents spatially complex patterns covering maintaining observations in the ocean all coastal regions. Observational system data- environment. This could be accomplished with bases should be capable of being interfaced new sensor carriers and automated instrument with local geographic information systems so packages and analysis systems for ocean that the information is directly transferable to chemistry, e.g., a portable, low cost, low power, the maps and other relevant databases used for and non-fouling in situ salinity sensor capable local planning. of measuring salinity to 0.1 accuracy on the Practical Salinity Scale and maintain stability Product NH-3.2: Established national and for a minimum of 6 months. regional databases and information exchanges facilities dedicated to hazard, risk and disaster Product NH-4.3: Determination of the optimal prevention. These will be linked by agreed mix of observations required to cover the communication standards and protocols and complete suite of important weather and supported by adequate mechanisms for the climate variables, broadly defined. To maximize control of scientific quality as well as social and the coverage and minimize the costs, the cultural appropriateness. optimal mix of both necessary and sufficient observing systems, must be established. Product NH-3.3: An established network of Weather events tend to require high frequency, extension and education regimes to ensure end spatially dense sampling, while climate users have the knowledge and training to observations tend to require high precision, collect, manage, and disseminate data, to lower frequency and spatially dense networks. produce products and services, and to apply those results to addressing their needs. 3. RELEVANT VARIABLES AND OBSERVING TECHNOLOGIES

NATURAL HAZARDS NATURAL Product NH-3.4: An established evaluation The basic data that must be continually measured for and feedback mechanism to routinely assess improved forecasts, prediction models, and risk analysis whether or not the observational systems are include meteorological (winds, temperatures, pressures, operating satisfactorily and meeting user humidity, visibility, etc.) physical (waves, water levels, requirements. Lines of communication and currents, coastal topography and bathymetry, sediment dialogue must be established with the principal transport), chemical, and biological parameters. groups and institutions that use coastal ocean Measurements of a core set of these parameters are environmental information for decision-making. needed near the coastal interface with sufficient preci-

APPENDIX V An iterative process of refinement should nar- sion and accuracy on spatial and temporal scales com- 75 mensurate with the variability of the coast. For example, patterns (C-GOOS, 1998). Other parameters to be con- observing and modeling coastal storms and associated sidered are shallow-water bathymetry, sediment type surges requires an observing system that has the capa- and water-column current measurements to model cir- bility of (1) tracking the size and intensity of storms, culation flow in enclosed and semi-enclosed systems. both winds and precipitation, in real time; (2) providing data on sea level, waves and currents in real time; and (3) forecasting the areal extent and depth of flooding based on topography, land type and cover, and runoff

THE VARIABLES NEEDED TO ATTAIN THESE PRODUCTS AND SERVICES INCLUDE PRINCIPALLY: VARIABLE OBSERVING TECHNOLOGIES Air: winds (including wind stress), pressure, temp, Moored systems (includes surface buoys and bottom surface waves mounted instrumentation), satellites Precipitation intensity, type and amount Satellite and radar estimates, ground observations Water Level Fixed platforms, remote Bathymetry Ships, aircraft

Ocean surface currents and waves Moored systems, remote Ocean surface roughness Radars, moored systems Coastal and Estuarine currents Moored systems, fixed platforms Sea surface temperature and salinity Moored systems, AUVs, remote Sea and lake ice: areal coverage and concentration, Satellite, ships, buoys, aircraft extent, thickness, and reflectivity

Color (phytoplankton biomass) Moored systems, AUVs, remote, ships Nutrients Moored systems, ships Suspended solids, turbidity Moored systems, remote, ships

pCO2, O2 Moored systems, ships Plankton species Ships

4. REFERENCES Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC). C-GOOS. 1998. Summary Report: Second Session of the 2000. Strategic Design Plan for the Coastal Component GOOS Coastal Panel, Curitiba, Brazil, 29 October - 1 of the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS). November 1998. National Research Council. 1998. The meteorological Frosch, R. 1999. A National Initiative to Observe the buoy and coastal marine automated network for the Oceans: A CORE Perspective. United States. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 79 pp. NATURAL HAZARDS H. John Heinz III Center for Science, Economics, and the Environment (Heinz Center). 2000. The Hidden National Science and Technology Council. 1996. Costs of Coastal Hazards: Implications for Risk Natural Disaster reduction: A Plan for the Nation. Assessment and Mitigation. Washington, DC: Island Press, 220 pp. APPENDIX V 76 is much further offshore, and/or outfalls are nearer shore, contamination from wastewater outfalls is relatively more likely, although a variety of other factors such as current patterns and water column stratification are also important. In contrast, stormwater contamination enters the nearshore zone directly and can be widespread because sources of contamination are numerous, diffuse, and not well regulated. For example, numerous stormdrains flow to the APPENDIX V: coast in urbanized areas and a recent study showed that shorelines that receive dry weather BACKGROUND PAPERS flows are 10 times more likely to exceed water contact standards than those that are distant 7. ENSURING PUBLIC HEALTH: A from storm drains. In addition, pathogen THEME FOR THE U.S. INTEGRATED contamination can derive from both anthropogenic (leaking septic systems, sewage OCEAN OBSERVING SYSTEM line breaks, illegal connections to stormwater systems, homeless populations, pets) and Prepared By Brock B. Bernstein with col- natural (wildlife, livestock) sources and it can laborator Stephen Weisberg be difficult to distinguish among these. This combination of characteristics makes stormwater contamination much more difficult to understand 1. THE THEME and control than that from treatment plants. Millions of people use the coastal ocean for water-con- Despite widespread public concern and grow- tact activities such as swimming, surfing, and diving, ing management attention, there have histori- and for other recreation such as boating, picnicking, and cally been no nationally, or even regionally, fishing. Such activities add billions of dollars to region- standardized approaches to monitoring and al economies and, in some parts of the country, occur reporting of water quality, exceedances of regu- year-round. In addition, the public consumes seafood latory standards, or health impacts. For exam- caught commercially, by individual sport fishers, or by ple, only one study has ever estimated the num- individual and small-scale subsistence fishers. ber of beach-mile-days exceeding bacteriologi- cal thresholds of concern, and that was a one- There are two primary concerns the public has time research project. While the U.S. EPA has expressed with regard to potential health risks associat- based national monitoring recommendations ed with these activities. 1) Is it safe to swim (with on the Enterococcus indicator, despite its short- “swimming” broadly understood to include all water- comings (see below), these have not been wide- contact activities) in the ocean?, and 2) Is it safe to eat ly implemented. Although all states now have the seafood? at least minimal monitoring programs, only California and (perhaps) Massachusetts have 1.1 Risks from swimming (and other water- mandated weekly monitoring (at high-use contact activities) beaches) and there remain wide differences in Risks from swimming and other water-contact the spatial coverage and temporal intensity of activities stem principally from contamination monitoring. California remains unique in car- of nearshore waters by pathogens that derive rying out more intensive (daily or five days per primarily from two sources: municipal waste week) shoreline monitoring at the most heavily water treatment plants and stormwater runoff used beaches. U.S. EPA is currently developing from the land. There are additional smaller

PUBLIC HEALTH national guidance for beach monitoring and sources such as leaky septic tanks and swimmers reporting, but these have not yet been complet- at beaches. These pathogens can cause minor ed or implemented. illnesses such as sore throats, ear infections, and mild gastroenteritis and, more rarely, The only national summary of beach data that serious illnesses including meningitis, is produced routinely has been the National encephalitis, and severe gastroenteritis. In Resources Defense Council’s “Testing the general, where wastewater outfalls are located Waters,” which is simply a compendium of raw in deep water and/or far offshore, nearshore APPENDIX V beach closure numbers reported by individual 77 contamination is less likely. Where deep water states. These numbers can be very deceiving Though this risk is smaller, in terms of overall because all beach closures are treated equally, relative risk, than that from wastewater and regardless of areal extent, the degree to which stormwater contamination, there are occasional indicators exceeded thresholds, or how long localized events that cause immediate respira- the closures lasted. In addition, there is no tory symptoms in exposed beachgoers. And, allowance for large differences in monitoring though there is a developing national database effort among states, with the result that states for reporting HAB events, and a pilot program such as California, with intensive monitoring, in the Gulf of Mexico (HABSOS), there is cur- report many more closures than states with rently no systematic reporting of either HABs or minimal monitoring. In addition, U.S. EPA in these human health impacts from such events. 1997 began a yearly survey of beach conditions (National Health Protection Survey of Other risks also stem from encounters with Beaches); however, this program has not yet dangerous marine organisms such as jellyfish, resolved the problems identified above. sharks, and stingrays. There is an existing database that tracks reports of shark attacks world- There is also widespread dissatisfaction with wide but there is nothing similar for encounters existing indicators and monitoring methods. with other dangerous organisms. While The most commonly used indicators of con- encounters with sharks are especially traumatic tamination are total coliform bacteria, fecal col- and sometimes lethal, they are rare. There is no iform bacteria, Escherichia coli, and readily available data on the national incidence Enterococcus (both also bacteria). While these of jellyfish blooms, although these can keep indicators are not themselves pathogens, they people out of the water when and where they are abundant in human waste where pathogens occur. There is likewise no available data on such as viruses and parasites also exist. These encounters with other dangerous marine indicators are used in monitoring programs organisms. because they occur in much larger numbers than the actual pathogens themselves and can A final category of risk related to water-contact be measured with much faster and quicker activities stems from exposure to hazardous techniques. Despite these conveniences, they ocean conditions such as riptides and heavy are not necessarily tightly correlated to illness- surf. Fatalities from such events are reported by es, although epidemiological studies have public health agencies and lifeguard agencies shown that Enterococcus tends to be better cor- maintain records of rescues. related with health impacts than the other bacterial indicators. Thus, currently used indica- 1.2 Risks from consuming seafood tors are labor intensive, do not measure Risks from consuming seafood are of three pathogens directly, do not distinguish among kinds. The first is poisoning resulting from eat- different sources of contamination, and take at ing filter-feeding shellfish that concentrate nat- least 24 hours to produce results. Newer meth- ural toxins that are produced by several species ods under development utilize modern micro- of phytoplankton during harmful algal blooms. biological techniques that have the potential to While potentially deadly, this risk is quite low, overcome these shortcomings. These methods with only a handful of isolated cases being have the ability to identify sources more accu- reported in any one year. rately based on their genetic fingerprints and there are efforts underway to develop reliable The second is the risk of illness from consum- methods that would produce results within an ing raw shellfish that are contaminated by hour or two. In addition, some practitioners pathogens from human and/or animal sewage, predict that rapid progress in sensor technolo- as well as natural sources (e.g., Vibrios). This gy will enable the deployment of automated problem is most prevalent along the Gulf and

arrays in the next few years that produce Atlantic coasts where shallow, semi-enclosed PUBLIC HEALTH detailed, real-time data on the presence and coastal waters provide adequate habitat. abundance of specific pathogens. The U.S. EPA maintains a listing (http://map1.epa.gov) of consumption advi- Additional risks to people frequenting or living sories that include shellfish and a similar list- near the shoreline may stem from exposure to ing, the Shellfish Information Management toxins from harmful algal blooms (HABs), System, is maintained by NOAA (http://king either through ingestion or from breathing in mack.chbr.noaa.gov/web_html/sims/ShellprogI seawater aerosols that contain the toxins. nfo.html). In addition, the website of the APPENDIX V 78 Interstate Shellfish Sanitation Commission The Food and Drug Administration also has a (http://www.issc.org) contains relevant infor- Pesticide Residue Monitoring Program that mation. Monitoring is conducted using prima- does include some commercial seafood prod- rily the same indicators discussed in the pre- ucts and periodically conducts a Total Diet ceding section and there are similar problems Study that measures the residues of a wide concerning standardization and reporting. range of contaminants in commercially avail- Monitoring and reporting, as for beach contam- able food products. As with the Pesticide ination, is conducted on a state-by-state basis Residue Monitoring Program, only a small per- and, despite some national guidance, advisories centage of food products analyzed are seafood may be based on different threshold levels in (see http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~comm/tds-toc.html different states. Because, in many cases, only for the 1999 study) and seafood products are the presence or absence of an advisory is con- not linked to specific coastal source areas. tained in the national database (rather than the actual contaminant and threshold levels), it is Finally, EPA distributes the National Survey of not possible to determine the rate of Mercury Concentrations in Fish (www.epa.gov/ exceedance of specific contaminant levels. This ost/fish/mercurydata.html). This survey has situation is directly analogous to that for been discontinued and, even when active, was national reporting of beach closures described plagued by inconsistencies among states in above. As with monitoring of beach contamina- study design, sampling and analysis methods, tion, there is active research into improved and reporting. methods for identifying specific pathogens and their sources. 1.3 Changes to risk due to climate change There is active concern about the possible The third kind of risk is the risk of long-term effects of climate change on human health. illnesses, such as cancer and neurological dam- Such change would not affect human health age, from consuming contaminated finfish. directly but rather through indirect effects on Many coastal environments are contaminated factors such as the distribution of disease vec- with toxic substances such as DDT and PCBs, tors or the spread of contaminants. For exam- and mercury is widespread in the marine envi- ple, it is possible that increased rainfall would ronment. Because they bioaccumulate, these lead to higher runoff and suspended loads and compounds can reach levels that are harmful to that these in turn could increase the loading of humans, especially in larger fish that are at or contaminants to the nearshore zone. Similarly, near the top of the foodchain, or that feed pref- changes in coastal temperature regimes could erentially on bottom organisms in highly con- affect the distribution, intensity, and frequency taminated environments. As with shellfish of HAB events. Monitoring related to the cate- beds, there is national guidance, provided by gories of risk discussed above would adequate- U.S. EPA, on how to conduct risk assessments ly capture changes over time in risk levels. and establish consumption advisories, and a Associating such changes with climate change national directory of such advisories is main- would require data from other programs on tained at http://map1.epa.gov. trends in potential forcing functions (e.g., ocean temperature, rainfall, runoff) that are However, individual states are responsible for more directly related to climate change. collecting the monitoring data needed for risk assessments, for conducting the assessments, 1.4 Beneficial uses and for establishing consumption advisories. In addition to the risks described above, the There is no national system for collecting data ocean may play a positive role in human health on contaminant levels in seafood, although through the identification and utilization of there are some piecemeal efforts currently in organisms that produce compounds with bene-

PUBLIC HEALTH place. The Food and Drug Administration has ficial pharmacological properties, that can serve the authority to conduct sampling and meas- as models for human biomedical research, or urement of levels of a wide range of contami- that provide useful insights into bioengineered nants in seafood, to remove contaminated com- materials. While there is no systematic moni- mercial fish from interstate commerce, and to toring of the proportion of medically useful block imports of contaminated fish from natural products that derive from the ocean, a abroad. However, these inspections are not con- periodic assessment of such contributions ducted systematically and there is no integrated could be a valuable element in establishing the

APPENDIX V national reporting of findings. importance of maintaining marine biodiversity. 79 1.5 The Great Lakes and drinking water Product PH-1.1: Assessment and prediction of The coastal waters of the Laurentian Great risk from microbial pathogens. Lakes supply drinking water to over 15 million people. The purity of those waters and the Variables required: security of supply system infrastructures are Microbiological Indicator and/or Pathogen major public health and national security con- Levels at beaches around the country cerns. The adverse socioeconomic and public Measure of how many people are health impacts of failed or inadequate monitor- swimming ing and security systems are potentially Reports of swimming warnings and the immense. Despite its importance for this exceedances these are based on region, and the fact that the Great Lakes are Anecdotal measures of illness rates related often included in the definition of “coastal,” to exposure to contaminated waters this group chose not to include the drinking Nearshore Circulation water issue for two reasons. First, the Great Discharge to the Coastal Zone Lakes are not a part of the coastal marine environment focused on by the rest of the work- Product PH-1.2: Assessment and prediction of shop. Second, this issue is a regional one and risk from HAB exposure. therefore does not fit the organizers’ criteria of broad national relevance to the marine coastal Variables required: zone (because marine waters are not a source of Concentration of HAB and HAB products drinking water). Measure of how many people are exposed Reports of human illness due to HABS 2. SUBGOALS AND PRODUCTS Anecdotal measures of illness rates related There are two major subgoals to the theme of Ensuring to exposure to HABs Public Health. These are described below, giving for Proxy measures such as fish kills each the key products needed to meet the subgoals. The Sea Surface Temperature subgoals, products, and associated variables reflect a Nearshore Circulation systematic risk assessment approach to the public Chlorophyll health issue. This has the following main features: Product PH-1.3: Assessment and prediction of Describing historical patterns of risk risk from dangerous marine animals. Assessing overall risk from present conditions Predicting risk from specific sets of conditions Variables required: likely to occur in the future Distribution and Density of dangerous Measuring exposure of human populations to marine organisms factors related to risk Incidence Rates of deaths and injuries due Calculating risk from measures of exposure and to contact with dangerous marine estimates of dose-response relationships. organisms

The variables necessary for carrying out this risk assess- Product PH-1.4: Assessment and prediction of ment approach are interrelated; that is, the assessments risk from hazardous ocean conditions. and predictions of risk require the full suite of variables. Variables required: The measurement program described below (Section 3) Occurrence of Hazardous Ocean includes all of these elements except for the last; it is Conditions assumed that the calculation of dose-response relation- Incidence Rates of drownings and/or ships would be a one-time or infrequent activity (e.g., rescues epidemiological study) that would not be a direct part of PUBLIC HEALTH SUBGOAL 2: an ongoing measurement program. PUBLIC HEALTH Obtain nationally standardized measures of the risk of PUBLIC HEALTH SUBGOAL 1: illness from consuming seafood. Obtain nationally standardized measures of the risk of illness or injury from water contact activities in coastal Product PH-2.1: Assessment and prediction of waters (microbiological pathogens, harmful algal bloom risk from pathogens in seafood. toxins, encounters with dangerous marine organisms, and hazardous ocean conditions). Variables required:

Microbiological contamination in the water APPENDIX V 80 in shellfish growing areas Microbiological Contamination in shellfish tissue Shellfish Consumption, including data on key demographic groups and geographic regions Number of shellfish beds closed Number of reported illnesses

Product PH-2.2: Assessment and prediction of risk from HAB toxins in seafood

Variables required: HAB contamination in the water in shellfish growing areas HAB Toxins in shellfish tissue Shellfish Consumption, including data on key demographic groups and geographic regions Number of shellfish beds closed Number of reported illnesses

Product PH-2.3: Assessment and prediction of risk from anthropogenic contaminants in seafood.

Variables required: Chemical Contamination in the water Chemical Contamination in seafood tissue Seafood Consumption, including data on key demographic groups and geographic regions PUBLIC HEALTH APPENDIX V 81 response to a mandate from the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. The general mission of GOOS is: i) to "establish a system that provides the information needed by governments, private enterprise, science and the public to deal with marine-related issues and problems and ii) to do this through the development of an integrated global network that systematically acquires and disseminates data and data products in a timely fashion." (UMCES, 1999). The international "GOOS is being developed through APPENDIX V: two related and convergent modules: i) a global ocean module concerned primarily with the role of the ocean BACKGROUND PAPERS in the earth’s climate system and ii) a coastal module concerned primarily (but not exclusively) with changes 8. A DATA AND COMMUNICATIONS in coastal environments and their impacts on society INFRASTRUCTURE FOR THE U.S. and the goods and services provided by coastal marine and estuarine systems." (Malone, 2002). The INTEGRATED OCEAN OBSERVING Integrated Sustained Ocean Observing System (IOOS) is SYSTEM the U.S. coordinated national contribution to GOOS, and the U.S. coastal observing module. The specific Prepared by Steve Hankin (WG Chair), goals of IOOS, within this international framework, are: Lowell Bahner, Landry Bernard, Phil Bogden, Roz Cohen, Peter Cornillon, Detecting and forecasting oceanic components Lee Dantzler, Scott Glenn, Fred Grassle, of climate variability David Legler, Worth Nowlin, Tim Orsi, Ben Sherman, Malcolm Spaulding, Facilitating safe and efficient marine operations Susan Starke Ensuring national security (Note: This revised background paper incorporates material prepared by participants in the Data and Managing resources for sustainable use Communications (DAC) Working Group at the Ocean.US Workshop, March 10-15, 2002) Preserving and restoring healthy marine ecosystems Abstract: The Integrated Sustained Ocean Observing System (IOOS) is the U.S. contribution to the interna- Mitigating natural hazards tional Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS), and the U.S. coastal observing module. The Data and Ensuring public health Communications subsystem of IOOS will knit together the distributed components of IOOS, and function as a The IOOS is envisioned as a federation of quasi-inde- unifying component within the international GOOS pendent components, within a national integrating framework. The DAC subsystem consists of the follow- framework, consisting of: i) regional observing systems, ing key functional elements: data transport; quality con- each tuned to the needs of its region and using the trol; data assembly; limited product generation; meta- strength of its regional community; and ii) an open data management; data archeology; data archival; data ocean/climate component. IOOS will consist of three discovery; and administration functions. A design plan essential subsystems: i) the observing subsystem (meas- to integrate these elements is proposed, including urement); ii) the communications network and data implementation of a “middleware” level of connectivity management subsystem (integration); and iii) the appli- – a common set of standards and protocols that con- cations, modeling and product services subsystem (pre-

nects heterogeneous data sources to diverse user com- diction) (IOC, 2000). This paper addresses the com- DATA AND COMMUNICATIONS munities. Finally, a process is recommended for devel- munications network and data management subsystem oping a phased implementation plan for development of of the IOOS (hereafter referred to as Data and the DAC subsystem. Communications, DAC) which will perform the essential integrating functions for the overall system.

1. INTRODUCTION The following sections describe the components which In 1992 an international consensus was reached to constitute the DAC subsystem, a suggested conceptual develop a Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS), in system design to integrate these elements and their APPENDIX V 82 functions, and a process that results in a detailed DAC ted (in real-time, near-real-time, and delayed modes) subsystem implementation plan. directly to users, as well as to the applications and data- assimilating models that process these measurements 2. THE DATA AND COMMUNICATIONS into maps, plots, forecasts, and other useful forms of SUBSYSTEM COMPONENTS information. While the DAC vision recognizes that data The Data and Communications (DAC) subsystem of the products, rather than raw data, are typically required by IOOS will both knit together the distributed compo- users, the development of most data products will be the nents of IOOS into a nationwide whole, and function as responsibility of the applications, modeling, and prod- a unifying component within the international GOOS uct services subsystem of the IOOS. The responsibilities framework. The vision for the DAC subsystem is not of the DAC, per se, with respect to product generation limited to the collection of data; it includes the data and are: i) to ensure that the needs of product generators are communications components needed to move data met for timely delivery of quality-controlled data; ii) to among systems and users in a distributed environment. provide accurate and thorough metadata accompanying The DAC subsystem will be required to link observa- the data; and iii) to provide a uniform guaranteed mini- tions collected from a broad range of platforms: buoys, mum level of geo- and time-referenced graphical browse drifters, autonomous vehicles, ships, aircraft, satellites, capability for all classes of data. The guarantee of and cabled instruments on the sea floor. Observation assured data discovery and minimal browsing capability types include biological and geological specimens and are aspects of descriptive metadata, ensuring that the sample data, point measurements, continuous measure- data are readily intelligible to users. ments, movies, photographs, and imagery. The many millions of individual measurements anticipated to be We envision that the DAC subsystem will consist of the obtained daily by the sensor networks will be transmit- following key elements:

TABLE 1. ESSENTIAL IOOS DATA AND COMMUNICATIONS COMPONENTS

ELEMENT FUNCTION

Data transport Collection/transmission of data from sensor subsystems to assembly centers, users, and archive centers in real-tim and delayed mode, for operational, and research and product generation applications.

Quality control Assurance that data are of known documented quality. QC operations are a partnership among data observa tion/collection components, processors, analysts, other users, and the DAC.

Data assembly Aggregation and buffering of data streams over useful spans of time and space. Data assembly allows users to mor easily exploit real-time data, especially data from distributed sensor arrays.

Product generation Products include data products such as assimilation-friendly real-time measurements, model nowcasts and forecasts, GIS layers and climatological reference fields; graphical products such as scientific plots and maps; and text products such as written forecasts and numerical tables. Most product generation is of the Modeling, Data Assimilation subsystem of IOOS.

Metadata management Establishment of simple, clear guidelines and extensible standards for metadata requirements; ensure that the link ages between data and metadata are maintained with great reliability; provide for communication of metadata between components of the system; provide training and tools to help users conform to them; increase users capacity in metadata generation and management.

Data archeology Rescue, digitize, and provide access to legacy/historical data sets; retrieve data in danger of loss due to: deterio rating media, out-of-date software, non-digital format, etc. Data archeology activities can be regarded as an add tional source of data, akin to the measurement subsystems.

DATA AND COMMUNICATIONS DATA Data archival Provision for the long-term archive and stewardship for IOOS data sets; conform to national archive standards, a well as IOOS standards and user requirements.

Data discovery Provision of means for determining what data are available within the IOOS based upon user queries. Seamless integration of Data Discovery with data and metadata access functions provided by the Data Transport and Metadata Management components, respectively.

Administrative functions Provision of oversight mechanisms for IOOS DAC fault detection and correction; security; monitoring and eval-

APPENDIX V uation of system performance; providing for system extensibility; establishing and publicizing policies for data 83 availability; soliciting and responding to user feedback; establishing and maintaining international linkages. 3. THE DATA AND COMMUNICATIONS the FGDC standard, alone, does not guarantee that the SUBSYSTEM DESIGN required interoperability will be achieved. Standards- In the previous section the functional elements of the generating activities are needed to determine which spe- DAC subsystem are identified. In this section, a design cific FGDC fields must be populated and to define con- plan is proposed that integrates these components. The trolled vocabularies for variable names, units, etc. to be basic concept underlying the plan is to implement a entered into these fields. "middleware" level of connectivity for the IOOS – a common set of standards and protocols that connects Figure 1 is a pictorial representation of the integrated heterogeneous data sources to heterogeneous user com- system. Elements of the National backbone of the IOOS munities. Suppliers of data (including instrument sub- Observing Subsystem are shown in cyan; elements of systems) will be responsible for translating their the National backbone of the IOOS Data and "native" data and metadata encodings into the middle- Communications Subsystem are shown in red; elements ware standards. Users may optionally choose to trans- supplied by cooperating IOOS entities are shown in late out of the middleware standards into "legacy" pink; elements of other data systems are shown in blue; encodings or may work directly with the middleware and the user community is depicted by the white circle standards. The uniformity provided by the middleware at the center of the diagram. The red and blue concen- permits all of the components related to data transport tric circles with attached lines leaving the diagram to the to be interoperable at the machine level, (i.e., data can right represent the Web. The blue circle represents be moved from one component of the system to anoth- transfers on the Web which do not adhere to the DAC er retaining complete syntactic and semantic meaning middleware standards – the documents, images, user without human interaction). interface forms, etc. that are typical today. The red circle represents data transfers made using the middleware Data transport on the World Wide Web (Web) involves standards adopted by IOOS . protocols at a variety of levels. The foundation of transport on the Internet is TCP/IP, which handles the rout- Several user interfaces are shown between the user cir- ing of "packets" of information between source and des- cle and the Internet: a Web browser accessing data prod- tination hosts. At the next level up, a variety of proto- ucts (graphics, ASCII tables, etc.) that are generated by cols are used: FTP, HTTP , SMTP, etc. These protocols a Web server functioning as a gateway from the IOOS; a are supported on a very wide range of computers and Web browser running a Java Applet or "plug-in" that operating systems, and any one of them can be used to can access the middleware data directly; and a desktop move data over the network as part of the IOOS. There application that can access the middleware data directly. is, however, no uniform syntactic and semantic meaning The small red squares on the figure represent the com- that is guaranteed for data communicated via these puter code that translates from the middleware adopted transfers and therefore no guarantee of interoperability by IOOS to the "native" or "legacy" encodings expected at the machine level. This is the role of the middleware. by the components connected to the system. The Web server which functions as a gateway is worth special Several (often discipline specific) middleware solutions note, as this is the means by which many data products do exist for the syntactic description of binary data, will be delivered to users. In this configuration the serv- however none is universally accepted. The most broader requires two (virtual) connections to the Web, one ly tested and accepted of these in oceanography is using unrestricted HTTP and the other using the IOOS OPeNDAP, which underlies the National Virtual Ocean middleware. The web server requests and receives data Data System (NVODS). The authors of this report rec- from the IOOS system via the middleware standard, ommend that OPeNDAP be considered as the preferred converts them to a picture or an ASCII data stream, and middleware solution to achieve the goals of the DAC returns that product via unrestricted HTTP to the user. subsystem in a rapid and cost-effective manner. Data acquisition and processing elements are shown Considerable progress in the encoding of ocean biolog- outside of the concentric circles. The cyan boxes are ical data has also been demonstrated in the OBIS 5 data representative of data sources: satellite data systems, system – an area largely outside the current scope of ship-based systems, moorings, buoys, shore-based oper-

NVODS. Modifications to accommodate OBIS standards ations, etc., including non-real time shore-based meas- DATA AND COMMUNICATIONS may be required in OPeNDAP. urements such as laboratory chemical assays and fish landing counts that provide data. The observing net- In addition to a syntactic description of the data, work also includes data collected by participating machine-to-machine interoperability within the DAC regional systems. This regional participation is indicat- subsystem also requires a consistent semantic descrip- ed by the cyan portion of the sample system shown. tion of the data. The authors of this report recommend Data enter the IOOS Data and Communications the FGDC standard for this purpose in the IOOS. It Subsystem from data collection subsystems via a trans- must be noted, however, that recommending the use of lation process indicated by the small red squares. The APPENDIX V 84 translation will often be performed by dedicated servers encourages multiple data discovery components, but that translate from the "native" format used within the the authors of this report recommend that the NOAA’s subsystem to the IOOS middleware standards. The National Coastal Data Development Center be designat- required semantic metadata must also be available via ed as a primary data discovery facility. The authors also this server for the data to be IOOS-compliant. (Data recommend that the network data transport protocol for formats and transfers that occur within the observation data discovery search parameters and search results subsystem prior to translation lie outside of the DAC should be HTTP, as indicated by the blue line connect- subsystem and are under the control of those responsi- ing this element to the network. No translations are ble for that subsystem.) necessary in this case.

The IOOS Data and Communications Subsystem con- The IOOS Data and Communications Subsystem also tains a data discovery element. The system design contains a data assembly (a.k.a. "aggregation") element,

FIGURE 1. IOOS DATA AND COMMUNICATIONS SUBSYSTEM IOOS Data and Communications Subsystem

SATELLITE DATA SHIP WEB DATA SERVER

ATMOS DATA SYSTEM

REGIONAL WEB OBSERVATION BROWSER SYSTEMS

WEB BROWSER USERS DATA DISCOVERY

ANALYSIS DATA PROGRAM ARCHIVE LAND DATA SYSTEM DATA AND COMMUNICATIONS DATA

QUALITY DATA SET CONTROL AGGREGATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS OBSERVATION SUBSYSTEM PRODUCT GENERATION DATA & COMMUNICATION

COOPERATING APPENDIX V 85 OTHER DATA SYSTEMS and a "deep" archive for the system. The data assembly White Papers. The four Expert Teams will be: components will acquire the data on-the-fly from local storage at the various observational subsystems and 1 Data Transport facilitate easy access of the aggregated data to the user. 2 Data Discovery / Metadata The methods of achieving aggregation include the use of 3 Applications relational data bases, of simpler file formats that address 4 Data Archival specific needs, and of "aggregation servers", which create virtual data sets from multiple (possibly distributed) The Outreach Teams will provide guidance and critical files or other sources. As with data discovery, the sys- feedback from established National and Regional data tem design encourages multiple data assembly ele- centers and from stakeholding user groups that have ments, but the authors of this report recommend the serious interests in ocean data products in the areas of: GODAE Data Server be designated as a primary center for real-time assembly. Until the data of interest have 1 Data Facilities Management been moved to the "deep" archive, at least one assembly 2 User Outreach center or local storage center must maintain the data. Coordination of these activities will be an important We recommend that the DACSC consist of i) the Chairs administrative function of the DAC subsystem. from the Outreach Teams; ii) the Chairs of the Expert Teams; and iii) other persons as appointed by Ocean.US. Quality control (QC) is shown as a separate function, To ensure continuity of the planning process at least two but in fact it will be performed by several components – of the DACSC members should be drawn from the at the observing subsystem, at the real-time data assem- Ocean.US Workshop (March 10-15, 2002) DAC bly centers, at the delayed-mode (climate) data assem- Working Group. bly centers, and often again at the product generation sites. The development metadata (not shown) reflecting Figure 2 outlines the basic timeline and activities that these QC operations must occur in lock step. will result in the DAC Implementation Plan. The DACSC, the four Expert Teams and the two Outreach 4. THE NEXT STEPS: A PROCESS TO Teams will convene, beginning in April-May, 2002. DEVELOP A PHASED IMPLEMENTATION Based upon the consensus documents developed at the PLAN FOR THE DATA AND Ocean.US Workshop the DACSC will assign the Expert COMMUNICATIONS SUBSYSTEM Teams with areas of responsibility that must be We recommend that the Process begin with the creation addressed and guidance on specific aspects of the by Ocean.US of a Data Aand Communications Steering assigned topics. The Expert Teams will meet in person Committee (DACSC) that will be supported by four and by conference calls to develop White Papers that Expert Teams and two Outreach Teams. The Expert thoroughly address their assigned topics by September Teams will have the task of evaluating available tech- 1, 2002. nologies and making recommendations in the form of

FIGURE 2. TIMELINE FOR PLAN DEVELOPMENT

Establish SteeringCommittee, Workgroups and Teams Draft Plan developed Plan Delivered

APR MAY AUG OCT NOV DEC DATA AND COMMUNICATIONS

Workgroups and Teams meet, Public Review of Plan collaborate, and develop White Paper APPENDIX V 86 In parallel with the Expert Teams the Outreach Teams Commission. IOC/INF- 1146, GOOS Report No. 90. 99 will also meet in person and/or by conference calls. Each pp. + annexes. Outreach Team has the task of consulting with its respective communities in order to develop Community Issues Malone, T., W. Boynton, J. Cloern, R. Jahnke. 2002. Lists representing the areas of concern that the Data And Preserving and Restoring Healthy Ecosystems. Communications Plan should address. Should issues Background Paper for the Ocean.US Workshop held in arise in the Outreach Team discussions that might Warrenton, VA, Mar. 10-15, 2002. 9 pp. impact the technical conclusions of the Expert Teams, the Outreach Team chairs should promptly bring these Note: This revised background paper incorporates issues to the attention of the DACSC (which includes the material prepared by participants in the Data and Expert Team Chairs). The DACSC will meet as required Communications (DAC) Working Group at the in person or by telephone to resolve these issues. Final Ocean.US Workshop, March 10-15, 2002 versions of the Community Issues Lists should also be delivered to the DACSC by September 1, 2002. FOOTNOTES Following receipt of the White Papers and Community 1 Syntactic Metadata: metadata objects that describe the Issues Lists the Steering Committee must meet in per- syntax of a data set - the atomic data types in the data set son and/or by telephone and email to write the Plan by (binary, ASCII, real, etc), the dimensionality of data October 1, 2002. The Plan will be circulated for review arrays (T is a 90 by 180 by 25 by 12 element array), the and comment during October, followed by a meeting to relationship between variables in the data set (lat is a map be hosted by Ocean.US in November to review the Plan vector for the first dimension of T), etc. in a public forum. The DACSC should deliver the Plan in final form to Ocean.US in December, 2002. 2 Semantic Metadata: metadata objects that describe the semantics of the data contained in the data set - the As a practical matter there is a need for rapid deploy- meaning of variables (T represents ocean temperature), ment of the DAC subsystem; the streams of ocean meas- the units used to express variables (multiply T by 8 and urements are already in a state of rapid growth both add 4 to obtain the temperature in degrees Celsius), nationally and internationally. To address this time-crit- special value flags (a value of –1 means missing data, 0 ical need several pilot projects are recommended to be land,...), descriptions of the processing or instrumenta- undertaken in parallel with the planning process. The tion used to obtain the data values, etc. pilot projects will be conducted on a volunteer basis; other projects may be added as the planning proceeds. 3 When using a web browser one makes use of http. The DACSC should monitor the progress of these pilot efforts and provide feedback accordingly to the Expert 4 The Open source Project for a Network Data Access Teams. The intent is that the pilot projects will provide Protocol, a non profit corporation formed to develop valuable feedback to the planning process, while also and maintain the syntactic data access protocol used in shortening the overall time required to achieve opera- the NOPP funded National Virtual Ocean Data System tional status for the DAC subsystem. (NVODS).

A more detailed version of this process, describing the 5 The Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS) responsibilities of the groups identified, charging them is an on-line, open-access, globally-distributed network with specific tasks, and providing guidance on their of systematic, ecological, and environmental informa- activities, was submitted as a separate Workshop deliv- tion systems. Collectively, these systems operate as a erable. dynamic, global digital atlas to communicate biological information about the ocean and serve as a platform for REFERENCES further study of biogeographical relationships in the C-GOOS. 1999. Challenges and Promise of Designing marine environment. (http://marine.rutgers.edu/OBIS/) and Implementing an Ocean Observing System for the

DATA AND COMMUNICATIONS DATA U.S. Coastal Waters. A U.S. Coastal-Global Ocean 6 The Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC): an Observing System (C- GOOS) Report. Workshop: May interagency committee, organized in 1990, that pro- 23-26, 1999. Solomons, Maryland. 48 pp. motes the coordinated use, sharing, and dissemination of geospatial data on a national basis. (http://www.fgdc.gov/) IOC. 2000. Strategic Design Plan for the Coastal Component of the Global Ocean Observing System 7 OPeNDAP modified to accommodate OBIS data (GOOS). UNESCO/ Intergovernmental Oceanographic objects with the IOOS required semantic metadata in APPENDIX V 87 FGDC containers

8 The “deep” archive refers to the long term commitment to maintain the data and associated metadata. DATA AND COMMUNICATIONS APPENDIX V 88 Additional research is needed to obtain reasonable estimates of the benefits accruing to a number of sectors from IOOS data and products will differ from those currently available, their incremental costs, how the information is used in decision making, and how that information improves outcomes in economic activities. Ranking IOOS products according to their net benefit is one useful tool to help prioritize investments in improved ocean observing infrastructure. APPENDIX V: BACKGROUND PAPERS 2. BACKGROUND: RATIONALE FOR FEDERAL SUPPORT OF IOOS 9. ECONOMICS OF A U.S. IOOS produces economic value when information INTEGRATED OCEAN OBSERVING derived from IOOS data is made available in a timely manner to those who can use it in economic decisions. SYSTEM This sort of information has some of the characteristics of what economists refer to as a “public good.” In par- Prepared by Hauke Kite-Powell, ticular, once it is produced, information is now almost Charles Colgan, and Rodney Weiher costless to distribute (e.g., via the Internet), and the total benefit derived from the information is greatest when it is made available to anyone who can make use 1. INTRODUCTION of it. In some instances – for example, severe marine The United States has long made significant investments weather warnings – it is also difficult (or ethically prob- in ocean research, monitoring and forecasting. lematic) to exclude potentially affected parties from Nonetheless, ocean phenomena remain under-observed obtaining the information, whether they have paid for it compared to observations of atmospheric conditions, or not. Finally, some information produced by IOOS and there has been little high-level coordination of ocean may improve long-term public policy decisions that data collection. Observations from ships and buoys are affect everyone in the country (or the world). sparse compared to onshore environmental monitoring, and satellite data are pervasive but not comprehensive. These public good characteristics suggest that private Large expanses of the oceans remain unobserved, by ship investment is likely to produce less information about or satellite, for substantial periods of time. the oceans than is socially optimal. The direct incentive for any individual or business to invest in generating the Development of an Integrated Ocean Observing System information is limited to the value they themselves (IOOS) is a major shift in the approach to ocean obser- receive. Many potential beneficiaries may not invest at vation. By systematically collecting data and integrating all, preferring to take advantage of information provid- hundreds of thousands of measurements from the ed by others. Moreover, the transaction costs involved world’s oceans in conjunction with mathematical mod- in negotiating private cooperative agreements to realize els, a more sophisticated understanding of ocean-related the full benefits of IOOS are likely to be formidable. All systems becomes possible. This will improve short-term these problems are largely resolved by public invest- weather forecasts, seasonal weather forecasts, marine ment in IOOS and wide dissemination of (some) result- forecasts, environmental assessments, and opportunities ing information products. for basic research, thereby producing benefits for people and businesses throughout the US economy and inter- The public good characteristics of IOOS thus argue for nationally. federal support in order to achieve the full benefits of this system. However, the fact that there is a compelling The evidence from benefit studies to date suggests

ECONOMICS case for public involvement does not mean that any that, nationally, a major benefit of ocean observa- investment should be made. The investment should be tions is to improve weather and climate forecasts made only if the benefits of the system can be reason- that are used throughout the economy and produce ably expected to exceed its costs. This can only be hundreds of millions of dollars in annual benefits to determined if a reasonable estimate of costs can be the United States and to the world economy. Benefits made, and if both the uses of the data, and the value of beyond those counted for weather and climate fore- that use, can be reasonably estimated. casts have been demonstrated at the regional level

APPENDIX V through preliminary studies in the Gulf of Maine. 89 3. BENEFITS AND COSTS 4. AN ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK Benefits. Ocean observation has economic benefits FOR PLANNING IOOS because the data are used to derive products, such as At a simple level, IOOS will consist of a network of sen- forecasts, that are used by decision makers to make sors and platforms that feed observations into a data choices that affect economic well-being. To estimate the management system. The data system in turn feeds a benefits that may accrue from an investment in IOOS, it variety of models that generate forecasts, nowcasts, and is necessary to compare the outcome of these decisions other decision support tools, and also supplies data sets under two scenarios: the baseline situation (currently for scientific research. An economic approach to plan- available information and products) and the hypotheti- ning investment in IOOS begins at the “product and cal future situation with IOOS data and products. The user” end of the system. It assigns to each product (for new information products enabled by IOOS data will example, an ENSO forecast) a measure of benefit (mar- alter decisions made in industry, recreation, and public ginal increase in social surplus) and cost (marginal cost administration, changing the economic outcome from of collecting and processing the data). Subtracting cost these activities, and thereby affecting economic well- from benefit yields the net benefit of the product. being. The difference in outcome under the two sce- Different products can then be ranked by their net ben- narios is the benefit derived from IOOS. efit, and IOOS investments structured to produce first those products with the greatest net benefit. The most accurate measure of this benefit is the marginal increase in consumer and producer surplus. Because of the time value of money, benefits are worth Consumer surplus is the difference between what con- more if they are received sooner rather than later. For sumers are willing to pay and what they actually pay. example, it is useful to distinguish benefits that derive Producer surplus is the difference between the price from routine operational decisions in the short run received for a good or service sold and the costs of pro- (whether to route the ship north instead of south), ben- ducing that good or service. Because this surplus is efits that are realized in the longer term from improved often difficult to estimate, we also use other measures of investment decisions (how to design a breakwater), and benefit, such as the change in value added, or reduction benefits that accrue over very long periods of time (gen- in cost to achieve the same level of output, although eral economic growth due to better scientific and tech- these are less precise estimates of true social surplus. nical knowledge). Usually, these measures are estimated as annual values at the level of a firm or other economic unit, and then Some benefits are easier to estimate than others. In par- aggregated over geographic regions and industries to ticular, the long-term benefits from a general increase in estimate total annual benefits. scientific and technical knowledge are substantial and well understood, but (by definition) almost impossible Costs. Benefits represent only one side of the economics to predict at the level of specific investments such as of IOOS. To estimate net benefits, or rates of return, it is components of IOOS. The economic case for IOOS will necessary to have information on costs as well. There are focus on those products for which we are able to quan- two categories of costs: the funding for IOOS data collec- tify benefits clearly, but the system’s contribution to sci- tion, processing, and archiving; and the costs of generating ence and technology benefits to overall economic the products from IOOS data that decision makers ulti- growth must be noted. mately use. The second component includes activities carried out by both public and private sector organizations. The overall cost of IOOS is an incremental accumula- As with benefits, we are interested in the marginal increase tion of the costs of its products, but it is far less than the in annual costs, or the difference between costs under the sum of the costs of individual products. This is an current scenario and expected costs under IOOS. important efficiency that results from the integrated nature of the system. Individual observed variables will Current federal support for ocean research is about $600 feed multiple products at little additional cost, and indi- million a year, some portion of which supports activities vidual sensors will share platforms at little additional that may become part of IOOS. Cost estimates for IOOS cost. It will help make the case for IOOS to show these

specifically have been difficult to generate because the efficiencies explicitly by estimating the full cost of indi- ECONOMICS system itself is not yet fully defined. Rough estimates of vidual products and then illustrating the savings possi- additional costs to implement a coherent US ocean ble by an integrated multi-product system. observing system have been on the order of $100 million annually. According to preparatory documents for We show below a simple example of how economic the 1992 Rio Conference, the project annual operating information can inform the IOOS system design cost of a fully implemented Global Ocean Observing process. We have taken a sample of 12 IOOS “products” System, of which IOOS will be a part, was thought to be or “subgoals” defined at the March 2002 Ocean.US approximately $2 billion. IOOS workshop and qualitatively rated their incremen- APPENDIX V 90 tal cost and benefit (see table below). Incremental cost according to the frequency of the event (number of peo- is rated according to whether significant new observa- ple affected, for example) and the magnitude of the eco- tions and/or significant new modeling/processing effort nomic effect in each event. Note that this example is is needed to provide the product. Benefits are rated for illustrative purposes only; no real significance

INCREMENTAL COST BENEFIT TIMING OF B MORE MORE FREQUENCY UNIT SHORT LON OBS. MODELS OF EFFECTS MAGNITUDE TERM TE SST variability HIGH LOW X

ENSO prediction X HIGH HIGH X X

sea level X HIGH HIGH X

HAB prediction X X HIGH LOW X

anthropogenic contaminants X X LOW HIGH X

safe & efficient marine ops X X HIGH HIGH X X

SAR and spill response X LOW HIGH X air & waterborne contaminant distribution and dispersion X X LOW HIGH X

risk measures for swimming X HIGH LOW X

risk measures for seafood consumption X LOW LOW X

fisheries stock assessments X X HIGH LOW X X

natural hazard prediction (storms, etc.) X X HIGH LOW X X

should be attached to this simple assessment of ben- fit/cost framework as shown in the following table. efits and costs, or to the resulting ranking. At the Ideally, the benefit and cost dimensions should be in very least, a preliminary quantitative estimate of costs (order of magnitude) numerical dollar terms. In this and benefits should be developed before such a ranking illustration, we define cost as “low” if a product requires is given serious weight in system design decisions. neither significant new data nor new modeling, “medi- From these ratings, products can be sorted into a bene- um” if it requires one but not the other, and “high” if it BENEFITS LOW MEDIUM HIGH 3 6 9 SST variability Low

2 3 6 risk measures: seafoodSAR & spill response ENSO prediction Medium risk measures: swim sea level ECONOMICS

1 2 3 HAB predition safe & eff. marine ops anthropo. contaminats High air/water contam. disp. stock assessments

Incremental Incremental Costs hazard predictions APPENDIX V 91 requires both. Benefit is defined as “high” if both fre- A comprehensive list of industrial, recreational, quency and unit magnitude are high, “medium” if only and public administration activities that use one is high, and “low” if neither is high. For simplicity, products derived (in part) from ocean we ignore the timing of benefits at this stage. observation Information about how these activities use The number in the top left corner of each field repre- ocean observation products (at present and, sents a numerical approximation of net benefit (benefit hypothetically, under IOOS) to make economic minus cost) of products in this field. Ranking the prod- decisions ucts by these values leads to the following rough order- Information about how these decisions affect ing (note that the order of products within each net the (economic) outcome of their operations benefit level is arbitrary): APPENDIX: 6 SST variability Recent Work on Benefits from Ocean Observations ENSO prediction Two areas in which the benefits of ocean observation sea level have been shown to be significant are seasonal forecasts for agriculture and hydroelectric generation, and the use 3 SAR & spill response of ocean data in coastal management. Seasonal forecasts risk measures for swimming are one area where good estimates of the value of infor- safe & efficient marine operations mation exist, while coastal management problems have a tangible impact on the daily lives of millions of 2 risk measures for seafood Americans who either live near the coast or visit the HAB prediction coast for recreational activities. anthropogenic contaminants air/waterborne contaminant dispersion In agriculture, many decisions could be improved with a fisheries stock assessments reliable seasonal weather forecast. One recent study hazard prediction found that by incorporating El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) forecasts into planting decisions, farmers in the All of these products are worthwhile in the sense that all United States could increase agricultural output and pro- are likely to produce positive net benefits. If resources duce benefits to the US economy of $275- 300 million per are limited and it is not possible to invest in producing year. Another study estimated that the value to society of all of them at once, this ranking can provide guidance ENSO forecasts on corn storage decisions in certain years on how to prioritize the investments. Some general may be as high as $200 million—or one to two percent of guiding principles for IOOS investment planning are: the value of U.S. agricultural production. A third study on the costs and benefits of ENSO forecasts concluded that Invest first in products that provide the highest for agricultural benefits alone, the real internal rate of net economic benefit, and then work toward return for federal investments in ocean observation for products with lower (but positive) net benefit. ENSO prediction is between 13 and 26 percent. Net benefits are likely to be highest when: While precipitation and temperature depend on the ENSO A product leads to multiple sources of phase, they also depend on two other less-understood phe- benefits (multiple uses), and/or nomena—the North Atlantic Oscillation, and the Pacific Benefits accrue sooner rather than later. Decadal Oscillation. IOOS would help improve understanding of these two phenomena; if this led to better pre- Use economic guidance in conjunction with dictive capabilities, substantial improvements in seasonal assessments of technical impact/feasibility and forecasts would follow. This is an instance of direct evi- political priorities to make the ultimate system dence (in contrast to inferred evidence) that the incremen- design decisions. tal benefits of IOOS would be substantial, possibly of the same order of magnitude as those of the ENSO forecasts.

To develop useful economic characterizations of IOOS ECONOMICS products and ultimately conduct a more complete Because hydroelectric power generation is significantly assessment of the economics of IOOS, it will be neces- affected by seasonal precipitation that differs across sary to develop: ENSO phases, an ENSO forecast should have significant Data parameters and cost estimates for IOOS value in managing water use for electricity production. itself, and for value-added products to be For example, in the largest Tennessee Valley Authority derived from IOOS, including the means of reservoirs, winter stream flows in El Niño years can be distributing these products to users, and how as much as 30 percent above normal, allowing efficien-

the IOOS data and products differ from what is cy gains by switching from thermal to hydro power. APPENDIX V presently available Moreover, the benefits of seasonal forecasts for hydro- 92 electric production, like those for agriculture, will from improved ocean observation in the Gulf of Maine increase if the North Atlantic Oscillation and the Pacific are on the order of $30 million per year. Decadal Oscillation can be forecast reliably. Other sources of economic benefits include the preven- There are a number of other areas where economic ben- tion of damage and deaths from storms, the ensuring of efits from IOOS data may be significant, both from high safety in design of offshore oil platforms, the facilitating seas and coastal ocean observations. of Naval operations, and monitoring and understanding the processes of global climate change. Improved Public Health. Protective management of the U.S. understanding of ocean processes may also lead to coastal zones requires accurate information about improved management of fishery resources, increasing contaminant flows in order to develop policy regard- long-term potential output. Important values are at ing wastewater treatment and disposal, trash disposal, stake in most of these activities. airborne pollution control, beach closures, and public health restrictions on seafood consumption. For The contribution to the U.S. economy of industries and example, a new outfall pipe for treated sewage from other activities that have been identified as likely benefici- the metropolitan Boston area is designed to shift waste aries of IOOS products is on the order of one trillion dollars. inputs from Boston Harbor to Massachusetts Bay. However, the prospect of nutrient loading in the Bay REFERENCES has raised concerns about possible effects on marine Adams, R.M, M. Brown, C. Colgan, N. Flemming, H. life and environmental conditions along the heavily Kite-Powell, B. McCarl, J. Mjelde, A. Solow, T. Teisberg, used beaches of Cape Cod Bay. To address these con- and R. Weiher. 2000. The economics of IOOS: benefits and cerns, extensive ocean monitoring is necessary to the rationale for public funding. Office of Policy and characterize marine environmental conditions in Strategic Planning, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Massachusetts Bay and Cape Cod Bay prior to and Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, after the utilization of the new outfall. IOOS would Washington D.C. provide this kind of monitoring capability and help to Adams, R.M., C.J. Costello, S. Polasky, D. Sampson, and predict or assess the consequences of alternative waste A.R. Solow. 1998. The value of El Niño forecasts in the disposal decisions. management of salmon: a stochastic dynamics approach. American Journal of Agricultural Economics Coastal Management also includes the protection of 80:765-77. beaches and public safety in beach use. Millions of Americans use coastal beaches throughout the year as a Boskin and Lau. 1996. Contributions of R&D to eco- major source of recreation, and thousands of jobs in nomic growth. In: Smith and Barfield (eds), Technology, almost every coastal state depend on access to safe, clean R&D and the Economy. The Brookings Institution and beaches. Threats to these beaches are directly connected American Enterprise Institute, Washington. to the movement of ocean waters. In California and Braden, J.B. and C.D. Kolstad (eds). 1991. Measuring the much of the east, combined sewer overflows can tem- demand for environmental quality. North Holland, New York. porarily close beaches when high levels of untreated sewage are pumped into the sea following storms. Brown, M. 1999. Economic evaluation and IOC activities. Draft report produced for the International Oil spills are another threat that can damage beaches Oceanographic Commission. email: for months or years. In each of these cases, a thorough [email protected]. understanding of nearshore ocean circulation, which is Chen, C. and B. McCarl. 2000. The value of ENSO influenced by larger ocean patterns, is essential to information to agriculture: consideration of event knowing when and where the pollutants will go. In the strength and trade. Department of Agricultural case of oil spills, deployment of clean-up equipment and Economics, Texas A&M University. strategies depends heavily on oceanographic models that in turn rely on the kind of ocean circulation data Chen, C., B. McCarl, and R. Adams. 2000. Economic

ECONOMICS that does not exist but that IOOS may provide. While implications of potential climate change induced ENSO ocean data cannot eliminate beach closures or prevent frequency and strength shifts. Department of oil spills, reliable data, analysis and interpretation can Agricultural Economics, Texas A&M University. help reduce unnecessary precautionary beach closures, Cline, W.R. 1992. The Economics of Global Warming. reduce the duration of closures, and minimize the Institute for International Economics. Washington D.C. potential damages from oil spills. Though direct estimates of the value of ocean data are not available, there Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). 1994. More- is good reason to believe that this value is significant. precise weather forecasts may help utilities manage sup-

APPENDIX V For example, preliminary estimates of possible benefits ply systems. EPRI Journal 19 (March 1994):35. 93 Glantz, M. et al. 1997. Food security in southern Africa: implementing the first steps of a U.S. plan. Washington, assessing the use and value of ENSO information. D.C., December 1999. Boulder, Colorado: Environmental and Societal Impacts Nicholls, J.M. 1996. Economic and social benefits of cli- Group, National Center for Atmospheric Research. matological information and services: a review of exist- Global Climate Observing System (GCOS). 1995. Socio- ing assessments. World Meteorological Organization, economic value of climate forecasts: literature review Geneva, Switzerland. WMO/TD-No. 780. 38 pp. and recommendations. GCOS-12 WMO/TD-No. 674. Office of Management and Budget, United States World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Government. 1992. Guidelines and discount rates for ben- Switzerland, 34 pp. efit-cost analysis of federal programs. OMB Circular A-94 http://www.wmo.ch/web/gcos/gcoshome.html (revised), 29 October 1992. Hales, S., P. Weinstein, Y Souraes, and A. Woodward. Peck, Stephen C. and Thomas J. Teisberg. 1993. “Global 1999. El Niño and dynamics of vectorborne disease Warming Uncertainties and the Value of Information.” transmission. Environmental Health Perspectives 10. Resource and Energy Economics 15: 71-97. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Sassone, P.G. and R.F. Weiher. 1999. Cost benefit analy- 1995. Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate sis of TOGA and the ENSO observing system. In: R. Change. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK. Weiher, ed. Improving El Niño forecasting: the potential economic benefits. Office of Policy and Strategic Kite-Powell, H.L. and C.S. Colgan. 2001. The potential Planning, National Oceanic and Atmospheric economic benefits of coastal ocean observing systems: Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, the Gulf of Maine as an example. NOAA report available Washington D.C. Pages 47-57. from R. Weiher (emailto: [email protected]). Solow, A.R., R.F. Adams, K.J. Bryant, D.M. Legler, J.J. Kite-Powell, H.L., S. Farrow, and P. Sassone. 1994. O’Brien, B.A. McCarl, W. Nayda, and R. Weiher. 1998. Quantitative estimation of benefits and costs of a proposed The value of improved ENSO prediction to U.S. agricul- coastal forecast system. Report to NOAA’s National ture. Climatic Change 39:47-60. Ocean Service. Marine Policy Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Stel, J.H. and B.F. Mannix. 1997. A benefit-cost analysis of a regional Global Ocean Observing System: Seawatch Lewis, N., M. Hamnett, et al. 1998. Climate, ENSO and Europe. Marine Policy. health in the Pacific: research in progress. Pacific Health Dialog 5:187-190. Timmermann, A., J. Oberhuber, A. Bacher, M. Each, M. Latif, and E. Roechner. 1999. “ENSO Response to Manne, A.S. and R. Richels. 1992. Buying Greenhouse Greenhouse Warming.” Nature: 694-97. Insurance. MIT Press. Cambridge MA. Weiher, R., ed. 1999. Improving El Niño forecasting: the McNew, K. 1999. The value of El Niño forecasts in agri- potential economic benefits. Office of Policy and Strategic cultural commodity markets: the case of U.S. corn stor- Planning, National Oceanic and Atmospheric age. Email: [email protected], University of Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, Maryland. Washington D.C. Mjelde, J.W., H.S.J. Hill, and J. Griffith. 1998. A review Weyant, John P. and Jennifer Hill. 1999. “Introduction of current evidence on climate forecasts and their eco- and Overview.” Special Issue: The Costs of the Kyoto nomic effects in agriculture, with emphasis on ENSO. Protocol: A Multi-Model Evaluation. The Energy American Journal of Agricultural Economics 80: 1080- Journal. 1095. Wilks, D.S. 1991. Forecast value: prescriptive decision Mjelde, J.W., S.T. Sonka, and D.S. Peel. 1989. The studies. In: Economic value of weather and climate fore- socioeconomic value of climate and weather forecasting: casts, R. Katz and A. Murphy, eds. Cambridge University a review. Research Report 89-01. Midwestern Climate Press. pp. 109-149. Center, Climate & Meteorology Section, Illinois State

Water Survey, Champagne, Illinois. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) Marine ECONOMICS Policy Center and Coastal Research Center. 1993. National Oceanographic Partnership Program (NOPP). Preliminary analysis of benefits and costs of a proposed 1999. Toward a U.S. plan for an integrated, sustained coastal forecast system. Report on a workshop at WHOI ocean observing system. A report prepared on behalf of in June 1993. Marine Policy Center, Woods Hole the National Ocean Research Leadership Council. Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Washington, D.C. National Oceanographic Partnership Program (NOPP),

Ocean Research Advisory Panel (ORAP). 1999. An APPENDIX V Integrated Ocean Observing System: a strategy for 94 and improve NWP models and to calibrate satellite measurements, including SST, surface air temperature, sea level atmospheric pressure, precipitation, solar and longwave radiation, relative humidity, precipitation, and wind velocity time series at selected sites River Discharge Rates Heat and Freshwater Transports on transocean sections and in selected straits APPENDIX VI: COLLATED Upper Ocean Temperature and Salinity Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide, LIST OF SUBGOALS, Chlorophyll, Beam C, DIC, DOC, and PROVISIONAL PRODUCTS selected samples of 13C/12C ratio in sur- AND VARIABLES face waters Sea Surface Color, Chlorophyll and other (Note: For further explanation of material below see phytoplankton products from the water individual background papers.) column Sea Ice Concentration, Thickness, Velocity, CLIMATE CHANGE and Age CLIMATE CHANGE SUBGOAL 1: Obtain improved estimates of surface fields and surface CLIMATE CHANGE SUBGOAL 2: fluxes. Document variability and change and obtain improved Product CC-1.1: Estimates of the global sea ocean analyses and predictions on seasonal and longer time scales. surface temperature (SST) field and its variability on monthly, seasonal, interannual, and longer Product CC-2.1: Global analyses of upper time scales. ocean temperature and salinity distributions at monthly intervals. Product CC-1.2: Estimates of global distributions of the surface flux of momentum Product CC-2.2: ENSO prediction. (wind stress) on monthly, seasonal, interannual, and decadal time scales. Product CC-2.3: Global descriptions of upper ocean variability and climate predictions on Product CC-1.3: Estimates of global seasonal to interannual time scales. distributions of surface fluxes of heat and fresh water on monthly, seasonal, interannual, and Product CC-2.4: Oceanic inventories of heat, decadal time scales. fresh water, and carbon on large space and long time scales. Product CC-1.4: Descriptions of the global distribution of sources and sinks for Product CC-2.5: Estimates of the state of the atmospheric carbon dioxide and the carbon ocean circulation and transports of heat, fresh exchanges within the interior ocean. water, and carbon on long time scales. Product CC-1.5: Descriptions of the extent, Product CC-2.6: Estimates of global and concentration, volume, and motion of sea ice regional sea level. on monthly and longer time scales. Variables required for Climate Change Subgoal 2 include: Variables required for Climate Change Subgoal 1 include: SST, Surface Wind Stress, and Air-Sea Heat Flux (products from Subgoal 1) SST Surface Wind Stress Upper Ocean Temperature and Salinity, including Mixed Layer Depth Surface Gravity Waves SSS Sea Surface Salinity and/or Air-Sea Surface Air Temperature freshwater flux (particularly in regions where salinity is known to be critical) Flux Estimates from analyses of atmospheric observations by NWP models Global Sea Level by altimetry and in situ APPENDIX VI observations (including sea level pressure) 95 Surface Weather Measurements to verify Surface Currents and selected Subsurface CLIMATE CHANGE SUBGOAL 4: Currents in the tropical oceans Establish and maintain infrastructure and techniques to Subsurface Profiles of Temperature, ensure that information is obtained and utilized in an Salinity, DIC, and DOC efficient way. Over the Water Column Time Series of T, S, This will require the following actions and resulting and carbon related variables at select sites products: Transocean Sections measuring T, S, 14C, Action CC-4.1: Providing improved global and selected tracers climatologies (means and variances) of key Repeat Hydrographic Sections in critical ocean variables such as temperature, salinity, regions for water mass formation velocity, and carbon, especially for the purpose Sea surface Elevation from precision of validating probabilistic climate modeling and altimeter, including Marine Geoid mission simulations at decadal and longer time scales. Suite of Geocentrically Located Tide Gauges Freshwater discharge from land Action CC-4.2: Providing the system Upper Ocean Heat and Freshwater Content management and communication facilities (product 2.1) necessary for routine monitoring, analysis, and Surface Wind Stress and SST prediction of the ocean from monthly to long (from Subgoal 1) time scales. Sea ice Concentration, Thickness, and Drift (from Subgoal 1) Action CC-4.3: Developing the facilities for processing assembled data sets and providing Improved products could be obtained by: timely analyses, model interpretations, and Measurement of inter-basin exchanges model forecasts. Boundary current monitoring Sea ice thickness monitoring Action CC-4.4: Providing the system with Sea surface fluxes of freshwater, heat, and sufficient bandwidth. carbon monitoring (from Subgoal 1) Sea surface salinity and pCO2 monitoring Product CC-4.1: Climate quality data. The (from Subgoal 1) data system needs to ensure that a) the data are collected and b) they are properly maintained CLIMATE CHANGE SUBGOAL 3: so that the observational data, products, and Detect and assess the impact of ocean climate change on analyses are of sufficient quality for detecting the coastal zone. climate changes, validating climate models and Product CC-3.1: Ocean state estimates tailored climate forecasting. to provide offshore boundary conditions for high(er) resolution coastal models. Product CC-4.2: Available long records. Climate variability requires long time series of Product CC-3.2: Benchmark statistics for the parameter of interest. In the early years of higher resolution local observing systems IOOS this can only be achieved with the (sparse, high-quality time series observations). historical record. This requires access to existing historical data, long-term maintenance Product CC-3.3: Routine analyses of regional of these data, and recovery of data that have sea level change. been collected but are not available in digital form or are not accessible directly. Variables required for Climate Change Subgoal 3 include: Product CC-4.3: The model and data Currents, U(z) assimilation systems and data delivery systems Density Profiles T(z), S(z) necessary to synthesize observations into Bathymetry products and analyses for the purpose of Nutrients climate monitoring and prediction, e.g. ocean O2 model/analysis systems, hardware-computers, Air/Sea Exchanges and data delivery/product delivery C02 Flux infrastructure. Density Profile Currents, including Tidal Currents The effectiveness of the observing system in meeting GPS receivers at tide gauges Subgoal 4 through these needed actions will have

Air Pressure direct consequences on its ability to meet Subgoals APPENDIX VI 96 1-3. A more effective methodology for interpolating, Pressure extrapolating, and drawing inferences from a meas- Air urement system will usually imply a reduced Temperature reliance on any one particular observation. Wind Ultimately this synthesis will be performed by ocean Bathymetry/Topography general circulation model data assimilation systems Ice Concentrations that will combine all information from the surface, Ice Thickness upper ocean, and deep ocean to produce a multi- Salinity variate description of the global ocean circulation. Ocean temperature This system does not yet exist, so we now rely on a Current variety of simpler tools. Sea Surface Temperature Directional Wave Spectra MARINE OPERATIONS Precipitation Amount MARINE OPERATIONS SUBGOAL 1: Precipitation Intensity Maintain navigable waterways. Maintenance of navi- Precipitation Type gable waterways is a requirement of the safe and effi- Sea Level cient use of our coastal areas for transportation, offshore Current Profile industry and recreation. Geotechnical Hazard Locations Manmade Hazard Locations Product MO-1.1: WATER LEVEL: Real-time, River Discharge referenced water level in the coastal area, and Sediment Load its variability on 0.1 hour to interannual and Bottom Type longer time scales. MARINE OPERATIONS SUBGOAL 2: Product MO-1.2: BATHYMETRY: Monitor Improve search and rescue and emergency response coastal bathymetry and its variability on capabilities. Short-term trajectories of hours to days are monthly, seasonal, interannual and longer time required in conjunction with hazards in the water in scales. order to assess location and survivability. Timeliness of products, as real-time, historical and forecast fields are Product MO-1.3: ESTUARINE/COASTAL mission critical. CURRENTS: Real-time currents and the variability on 0.1 hourly to interannual and Product MO-2.1: SURFACE AND SUBSUR- longer time scales. FACE CURRENTS: Real-time products are critical as is access to forecast fields up to 12 Product MO-1.4: ICE: Ice in the coastal area hours in the future, and historical fields for the and icebergs in the open ocean and the 30 days previous. accumulation of ice on vessel superstructures, and the variability on daily, weekly, monthly, Product MO-2.2: SURFACE WINDS: Real- seasonal, interannual and longer time scales. time products are critical, as is access to forecast fields up to 12 hours in the future, and Product MO-1.5: NATURAL HAZARDS: historical fields for the 30 days previous. Monitor the susceptibility of the coastal area to natural hazards such as extreme weather Product MO-2.3: SEA SURFACE events, flooding and tsunamis. TEMPERATURE: Real-time for survivability models. Product MO-1.6: SURFACE WAVES: Monitor the wave climate to enable assessment of Product MO-2.4: SEA STATE: Directional wave sediment transport. information is required for capsizing/swamping modules and drift trajectories of large vessels. Product MO-1.7: RIVER FLOW AND SEDIMENT LOAD: River outflow and sediment Product MO-2.5: TOXIC/DANGEROUS loading can affect the bathymetry. MARINE ORGANISMS: Abundance and distribution of organisms which might affect The variables required for Marine survivability. Operations Subgoal 1 include: Dew point Product MO-2.6: METEOROLOGY

APPENDIX VI Humidity AFFECTING DETECTION: Weather conditions 97 can affect the ability to locate a target. Humidity Cloud Amounts (low/mid/high) The variables required for Marine Pressure Operations Subgoal 2 include: Air Temperature Aerosol Type Wind Average Upper Layer Temperature Bathymetry/Topography Average Upper Layer Dewpoint Ice Concentration Boundary Layer Elevation Ice Thickness Cloud Base Height Salinity Cloud Density Ocean Temperature Cloud Type Currents Dew Point Sea Surface Temperature Humidity Directional Wave Spectra Cloud Amounts (low/mid/high) Precipitation Amount Pressure Precipitation Intensity Air Temperature Precipitation Type Wind Sea Level Ice Concentration Current Profile Ice Thickness Geotechnical Hazard Locations Currents Manmade Hazard Locations Sea Surface Temperature River Discharge Directional Wave Spectra Sediment Load Precipitation Amount Bottom Type Precipitation Intensity Heat Flux Components Precipitation Type Geolocation Type

MARINE OPERATIONS SUBGOAL 3: Ensure safe and efficient marine operations and activities. NATIONAL SECURITY (Note: The term “coastal” below refers to both “denied” Product MO-3.1: Observations, nowcasts and areas around the world, and areas accessible to U.S. in forecasts of open ocean, coastal and estuarine situ observations, including the U.S. homeland.) 4D fields available for real-time operations. Fields include winds, waves, currents, temper- NATIONAL SECURITY SUBGOAL 1: ature, salinity, visibility, humidity, water levels, Improve the effectiveness of maritime homeland securi- and ice. ty and warfighting effectiveness abroad, especially in the areas of mine warfare, port security, amphibious war- Product MO-3.2: Geotechnical hazards data on fare, special operations and antisubmarine warfare. slope instabilities, hydrates, and bottom-type characterization. Product NS-1.1: Estimates/predictions of near- surface currents on hourly to seasonal Product MO-3.3: Maps of fixed subsurface (i.e. climatological) time scales. structures and hazards Product NS-1.2: Estimates/predictions of Product MO-3.4: Updated bathymetry near-bottom currents on hourly to seasonal time scales. Product MO-3.5: Monitoring of drifting hazards to navigation Product NS-1.3: Estimates/predictions of tidal period, sea level/water level and velocity The variables required for Marine fluctuations. Operations Subgoal 3 include: Aerosol type Product NS-1.4: Estimates/predictions of near Average Upper Layer Temperature water clarity on hourly to seasonal time scales. Average Upper Layer Dewpoint Cloud Base Height Product NS-1.5: Estimates/predictions of Cloud Density sediment transport on hourly to seasonal time Cloud Type scales.

Dew Point APPENDIX VI 98 Product NS-1.6: Estimates/predictions of Bathymetry acoustic performance, especially on the Wind Vectors continental shelf on daily to seasonal 3-D Vector Currents timescales. Ice Concentration Ice Thickness Product NS-1.7: Estimates/predictions of Atmospheric Visibility acoustic detection capability. NATIONAL SECURITY SUBGOAL 3 Variables required for National Security Establish the capability to detect airborne and waterborne Subgoal 1 include: contaminants in ports, harbors, and littoral regions at 3-D Vector Currents home and abroad, and to predict the dispersion of those 3-D Water Temperature contaminants for planning, mitigation, and remediation. 3-D Salinity 3-D Suspended Sediment (for density) Product NS-3.1: Background levels of nuclear, Flux Estimates of Momentum, Heat, biological and chemical (NBC) contaminants. Moisture/Freshwater, and Radiation Wind Vectors Product NS-3.2: Analyses and predictions of Water Temperature NBC concentrations on scales from the sub- Air Temperature hourly to weekly. Humidity Long-Wave Radiation Variables required for National Security Solar Radiation Subgoal 3 include: Precipitation Amount 3-D Vector Currents River Discharge Wind Vectors Bathymetry Water Contaminant Observations (both Sea Level/Ocean-Sea Surface Height initial conditions and real-time updates) Bottom Characteristics (type, vegetation, Bottom Characteristics (sediments sediment composition and thickness, composition) acoustic stratigraphy) Ambient Noise NATIONAL SECURITY SUBGOAL 4: Nutrients Support environmental stewardship Bioluminescence Optical Properties Product NS-4.1: Physiological descriptions of Ocean Color sensitivity to and utilization of acoustic signals Surface Roughness by classes of marine mammals.

NATIONAL SECURITY SUBGOAL 2: Product NS-4.2: Real-time and climatological Improve safety and efficiency of operations at sea. marine mammal/protected species distributions.

Product NS-2.1: Improved wave forecasts at Product NS-4.3: Real-time velocity fields in the 3-7 day range, especially for storms and locations of hazardous material spills or tropical cyclones. potential spills.

Product NS-2.2: High-resolution (to include Variables required for National Security variability at scales of meters) shallow-water Subgoal 4 include: wave and surf forecasts, especially in denied Marine Mammal Abundance areas. All variables listed for Subgoals 1 and 3.

Product NS-2.3: Real-time near-surface National Security Subgoal 5: velocity estimates and forecasts for search and Improve at-sea system performance through more accu- rescue. rate characterizations and prediction of the marine boundary layer. Product NS-2.4: Improved navigational products. Product NS-5.1: Improved prediction of electromagnetic/electro-optic propagation Variables required for National Security through the marine boundary layer in support

APPENDIX VI Subgoal 2 include: of strike warfare, antiaircraft warfare, and anti- 99 Directional Wave Spectra submarine warfare. Product NS-5.2: Improved prediction of near- Product ME-1.1: Estimates of the SST field and surface visibility its variability on monthly, seasonal, interannual and decadal time scales for the coastal ocean Variables required for National Security within 25 km of the shoreline. (Here and in the Subgoal 5 include: following, 25 km is thought to be an arbitrary Water Temperature (especially sea distance and within any region it likely surface temperature) corresponds to the continental shelf and shelf Humidity break.) Marine Boundary Layer Height Product ME-1.2: Estimates of the SSS field and Directional Wave Spectra its variability on monthly, seasonal, interannual (especially wave height) and decadal time scales for the coastal ocean Aerosols within 25 km of the shoreline. Atmospheric Visibility Product ME-1.3: Estimates of surface DIN, P and Si fields and their variability on monthly, MARINE RESOURCES seasonal, interannual and decadal time scales Note: The following subgoals, agreed to by the Marine for the coastal ocean within 25 km of the shore- Resources Working Group on March 11, 2002, represent line. a consolidation of several earlier subgoals identified in the group’s working paper and one additional concern Product ME-1.4: Estimates of the chl-a field related to monitoring the status of endangered species, and its variability on monthly, seasonal, inter- marine mammals and seabirds. annual and decadal time scales for the coastal ocean within 25 km of the shoreline. MARINE RESOURCES SUBGOAL 1: Measure fluctuations in harvested marine species and Product ME-1.5: Estimates of the abundances improve predictions of abundance, distribution, recruit- of HAB species and their variability on monthly, ment and sustainable yield. seasonal, interannual and decadal time scales for hot spots (sites where repeated HAB events MARINE RESOURCES SUBGOAL 2: have occurred). Measure and detect changes in spatial extent and condition of habitat, production and biodiversity. Variables required for Marine Ecosystems Subgoal 1 include: MARINE RESOURCES SUBGOAL 3: SST Predict effects of fishing and other human activities on SSS habitat and biodiversity Surface Concentrations of DIN, DIP, and DISi MARINE RESOURCES SUBGOAL 4: Surface Chl-a Concentration Improve knowledge of spatial distribution of habitat Cell Densities of HAB Species and of living marine resources. MARINE ECOSYSTEMS SUBGOAL 2: MARINE RESOURCES SUBGOAL 5: Obtain more timely detection of changes in the areal Improve measurements of abundance and impacts extent and physiological state of biologically structured (environmental, human) on endangered species, marine habitats (coral reefs, submerged attached vegetation, mammals and seabirds. mangroves, and tidal marshes)

At the March workshop, products related to these Product ME-2.1: Annual report of areal subgoals, variables required for measurement, and distribution (GIS) of biologically structured methods of observation were identified and placed habitats by region and for U.S. coastal waters as within the matrix format used by all working groups. a whole (specifically as tidal marsh, mangrove stands, seagrasses, macrobenthic algae, coral MARINE ECOSYSTEMS reefs, deep-water hard bottom, and shellfish MARINE ECOSYSTEMS SUBGOAL 1: beds as appropriate to the region. For each region, establish ecological “climatologies” for sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface salinity Variables required for Marine Ecosystems (SSS); surface dissolved inorganic N, P and Si; surface Subgoal 2 include: chlorophyll-a concentration and the abundance of Seagrass Bottom Area Cover harmful algal (HAB) species. Minimum and Maximum Seagrass Depth APPENDIX VI Seagrass Canopy Height 100 Seagrass Plant Density Variables required for Marine Ecosystems Seagrass Species Composition Subgoal 4 include: Atmospheric Deposition MARINE ECOSYSTEMS SUBGOAL 3: Surface And Groundwater Discharges and Obtain more timely detection of changes in species associated inputs of organic C and N and diversity of marine and estuarine flora and fauna. Dissolved Inorganic N, P and Si SST Product ME-3.1: Annually updated inventories SSS of species at reference sites and representative Surface Chlorophyll-A Fields stations for the following groups: macrobenthic Vertical Profiles of Temperature animals and plants, microphytoplankton Salinity (> 20 um), macrozooplankton (> 200 um), fish, TOC mammals and birds. TN Chlorophyll-A Product ME-3.2: Annually updated reports of Dissolved Inorganic N, P, And Si the number of marine and estuarine species Dissolved Oxygen legally defined as at-risk that are increasing, decreasing or stable by region and for U.S. MARINE ECOSYSTEMS SUBGOAL 5: coastal waters as a whole. Obtain more timely detection and improved prediction of the presence, growth, movement, and toxicity of Variables required for Marine Ecosystems toxic and noxious algal species. Subgoal 3 include: Species composition and abundance based Product ME-5.1: Annual report of the frequency on monthly (plankton), seasonal (fish, of harmful algal events (blooms of toxic birds and mammals), and annual (sub-tidal species, HAB induced fish kills and illness in and intertidal macrobenthose observations humans) that have high, medium, and low intensity in terms of both spatial and temporal MARINE ECOSYSTEMS SUBGOAL 4: extent for each region and U.S. coastal waters. Obtain more timely detection and improved prediction of coastal eutrophication measured in terms of accumu- Product ME-5.2: For hot spots (areas and lations of organic matter and oxygen depletion of bot- seasons that have a history of HAB events), tom waters on ecosystem and regional scales for coastal weekly reports on the distribution and marine and estuarine ecosystems. abundance of selected HAB species.

Product ME-4.1: Improved estimates of Product ME-5.3: For hot spots, weekly episodic and seasonal inputs of freshwater, N, P forecasts (updated daily) of the formation and and Si from coastal drainage basins and trajectory of HABs and where and when the airsheds into semi-enclosed systems and to the bloom is likely to affect beaches, shellfish beds coastal ocean within each region. and aquaculture operations.

Product ME-4.2: Seasonal inventories of total Variables required for Marine Ecosystems organic C, total organic N and P, and subgoal 5 include: chlorophyll-a content of representative Inputs of freshwater sediments and semi-enclosed bodies of water and of the nutrients (surface and groundwater dis- coastal ocean within 25 km of the coast line. charges, rainfall) Surface Currents and Waves Product ME-4.3: Annual estimates of the Incident and Downwelling PAR volume of water that experiences hypoxia (DO Vertical Profiles of Salinity, Temperature, < 2 ppm) for 1 month or more in representative Dissolved Inorganic Nutrients, Dissolved semi-enclosed systems and for the coastal Organic Carbon and Nitrogen ocean (EEZ) in each region. Surface and Vertical Distributions (abundance, biomass) of HAB Species and Product ME-4.4: Annual predictions of the Toxin Concentrations temporal and areal extent of seasonal bottom Shellfish Bed Closures and Fish Kills water hypoxia for selected semi-enclosed and caused by HAB species continental shelf systems based on predictions Incidence of human illness caused by the

APPENDIX VI of monthly river and stream flows and the consumption of seafood contaminated by 101 predicted effectiveness of nutrient control efforts. HAB species or by exposure (skin contact, inhalation) to HAB toxins structured and abiotic (hard and soft bottom substrates, mud flats) habitats. MARINE ECOSYSTEMS SUBGOAL 6: Obtain more timely detection of non-native species and Product ME-8.2: Annual report of the improved predictions of the probability they will distribution and abundance of marine and become invasive species. estuarine species that have been legally identified as at-risk relative to the distribution Product ME-6.1: Annual report on the of biologically structured and abiotic (hard and occurrence of non-native species in soft bottom substrates, mud flats) habitats. semi-enclosed bodies of water for each region where occurrence is measured in terms of both Variables required for Marine Ecosystems surface area affected and number of species Subgoal 8 include: relative to the number of native species. Species Composition and Abundance based on monthly (plankton), seasonal (fish, Variables required for Marine Ecosystems birds and mammals), and annual (sub-tidal Subgoal 6 include: and intertidal macrobenthos) observations Number and Distribution (abundance) of Area of Biological Structured and Abiotic native and non-native species per unit area Habitats Temporal and Spatial Extent of Hypoxia MARINE ECOSYSTEMS SUBGOAL 7: Obtain more timely detection and improved predictions Marine Ecosystems Subgoal 9: of diseases in and mass mortalities of fish, marine mam- Monitor anthropogenic contaminants and their effects mals and birds. on the ecosystem.

Product ME-7.1: Annual report on the Product ME-9.1: Annual report of the frequency of strandings and mass mortalities of distribution and levels of anthropogenic marine organisms for each region and U.S. contaminants. coastal waters. Product ME-9.1: For hot spots (areas and Product ME-7.2: For hot spots (areas and seasons that have a history of contaminations), seasons with a history of fish lesions), weekly weekly (daily) reports on the distribution and updates on the incidence of skin lesions in fish levels of anthropogenic contaminants. populations from semi-enclosed bodies of water. Variables required for Marine Ecosystems Subgoal 9 include: Product ME-7.3: For hot spots, weekly updates Concentrations of Heavy Metals, Endocrine on infection rates of Dermo and MSX in oyster Disrupters, PCBs and Toxins, Marine populations. Debris, Pesticides, Noise, Hydrocarbons, Antibiotics, and Pathogens. Variables required for Marine Ecosystems Subgoal 7 include: NATURAL HAZARDS Location and Number of organisms NATURAL HAZARDS SUBGOAL 1: involved in each mortality and stranding Provide adequate data gathering capabilities at the tempo- event ral and spatial scales required to improve the understand- Number of fish species and percent of each ing of the physical and biological nature of natural hazards. population with skin lesions Number of oysters infected Product NH-1.1: Analyses of climate, weather, and hazard linkages, with special attention to MARINE ECOSYSTEMS SUBGOAL 8: the linkages between weather events and floods Obtain improved predictions of the effects of habitat and between weather events and storm surges modification and loss on species diversity. and waves.

Product ME-8.1: Annual report of the species Product NH-1.2: Descriptions of the composition and diversity of macrobenthic fundamental relationships between ecosystem organisms, macrozooplankton, fishes, dynamics and natural hazards, including what mammals and birds in semi-enclosed bodies of ecosystem changes precede and contribute to

water relative to the distribution of biologically natural hazards and how these changes, in turn, APPENDIX VI 102 affect the structure and function of ecosystems those results to addressing their needs. and the probability of subsequent events. Product NH-3.4: An established evaluation Product NH-1.3: Analyses of the interactions and feedback mechanism to routinely assess between natural hazards, manmade whether or not the observational systems are environments and technological systems. operating satisfactorily and meeting user requirements. NATURAL HAZARDS SUBGOAL 2: Improve modeling capabilities and predictions. NATURAL HAZARDS SUBGOAL 4: Develop new instrumentation to improve the existing Product NH-2.1: Quantitative prediction of systems, i.e., making them workable in wider areas, for tropical cyclones and extratropical systems longer duration, and with higher reliability, safety, and with respect to formation, track and efficiency. intensification, landfall intensity (wind and precipitation), timing and duration, and Product NH-4.1: Improved marine biological location. measurements, with new instrumentation that Product NH-2.2: Improved predictive can directly measure or sample the biological capabilities with regard to ecosystem response properties (i.e. chlorophyll vs. fluorescence) to physical and biological events. and instrumentation for measuring chemical constituents that affect biological productivity. Product NH-2.3: Improved fluid mechanic, air- sea-land interactively coupled models of the Product NH-4.2: Increased efficiency of coastal zone with bays, estuaries and rivers maintaining observations in the ocean coupled to the open ocean. environment.

Product NH-2.4: Improved wind-wave models, Product NH-4.3: Determination of the optimal particularly for shallow coastal waters and bays. mix of observations required to cover the complete suite of important weather and Product NH-2.5: Improved flooding and climate variables, broadly defined. inundation models which couple all the relevant processes including storm surge, sur- Variables Required for Natural Hazards face waves, rainfall, and topography. Subgoals 1-4 include: Winds (including wind stress) Product NH-2.6: Improved beach and dune Air Pressure erosion models. Air Temperature Surface Waves NATURAL HAZARDS SUBGOAL 3: Water Level Provide timely dissemination and convenient online Bathymetry access to real-time hazards observations and warnings Ocean Surface Currents and Waves as well as complete metadata and retrospective informa- Ocean Surface Roughness tion on all aspects of natural disaster reduction. Coastal and Estuarine Currents Sea Surface Temperature Product NH-3.1: Conversion of meteorological Sea Surface Salinity and oceanographic data into useful decision- Sea and Lake Ice: areal coverage and making information. concentration, extent, thickness, and reflectivity Product NH-3.2: Established national and Color (phytoplankton biomass) regional databases and information exchanges Nutrients facilities dedicated to hazard, risk and disaster Suspended Solids, Turbidity prevention. pCO2, O2 Plankton Species Product NH-3.3: An established network of extension and education regimes to ensure end users have the knowledge and training to PUBLIC HEALTH collect, manage, and disseminate data, to PUBLIC HEALTH SUBGOAL 1: produce products and services, and to apply Obtain nationally standardized measures of the risk of APPENDIX VI 103 illness or injury from water contact activities in coastal Product PH-2.1: Assessment and prediction of waters (microbiological pathogens, harmful algal bloom risk from pathogens in seafood. toxins, encounters with dangerous marine organisms, Variables required for Product PH-2.1 and hazardous ocean conditions). include: Microbiological Contamination in the water Product PH-1.1: Assessment and prediction of in shellfish growing areas risk from microbial pathogens. Microbiological Contamination in shellfish tissue Variables required for Product PH-1.1 Shellfish Consumption, including data on include: key demographic groups and geographic Microbiological Indicator and/or Pathogen regions Levels at beaches around the country Number of shellfish beds closed Measure of how many people are Number of reported illnesses swimming Reports of swimming warnings and the Product PH-2.2: Assessment and prediction of exceedances these are based on risk from HAB toxins in seafood. Anecdotal measures of illness rates related to exposure to contaminated waters. Variables required for Product PH-2.2 Nearshore Circulation include: Discharge to the Coastal Zone HAB Contamination in the water in shellfish growing areas Product PH-1.2: Assessment and prediction of HAB Toxins in shellfish tissue risk from HAB exposure. Shellfish Consumption, including data on key demographic groups and geographic Variables required for Product PH-1.2 regions include: Number of shellfish beds closed Concentration of HAB and HAB products Number of reported illnesses Measure of how many people are exposed Reports of human illness due to HABS Product PH-2.3: Assessment and prediction of Anecdotal measures of illness rates related risk from anthropogenic contaminants in to exposure to HABs seafood. Proxy measures such as fish kills Sea Surface Temperature Variables required for Product PH-2.3 Nearshore Circulation include: Chlorophyll Chemical Contamination in the water Chemical Contamination in seafood tissue Product PH-1.3: Assessment and prediction Seafood Consumption, including data on of risk from dangerous marine animals. key demographic groups and geographic regions Variables required for Product PH-1.3 include: Distribution and density of dangerous marine organisms Incidence rates of deaths and injuries due to contact with dangerous marine organisms

Product PH-1.4: Assessment and prediction of risk from hazardous ocean conditions.

Variables required for Product PH-1.4 include: Occurrence of hazardous ocean conditions Incidence rates of drownings and/or rescues

PUBLIC HEALTH SUBGOAL 2: Obtain nationally standardized measures of the risk of illness from consuming seafood. APPENDIX VI 104 minology across all four matrix working groups), the list from each working group has been sorted by priority by each working group.

The sorted variables have been assigned a ranking based on their prioritization by each working group. The variable with the highest priority has been assigned the highest rank (e.g., the highest ranked variable of the list of 35 has been assigned a ranking of 35, the second highest ranked variable of the list has been assigned a APPENDIX VII: ranking of 34, etc.). MATRIX RANKING Once each variable in each list was assigned a ranking, the average score of that variable was determined. Following the deconfliction of the variables (ie., making Example: salinity had a ranking of 28 in Matrix WG 1, sure the same variables are identified by the same ter- 33 in Matrix WG 2, 27 in Matrix WG 3, and 28 in Matrix WG 4. The average rank was 29. The average MATRIX 1 DECONFLICTED RANKED LIST

MATRIX 1 GRP RANK BIN RANKPHYS/BIO VECTOR CURRENTS 16 3 1 WATER TEMPERATURE 15 3 1 OCEAN COLOR 14 2 2 WIND VECTOR 14 3 1 DIRECTIONAL WAVE SPECTRA 13 3 1 BATHYMETRY/TOPOGRAPHY 12 3 1 SEA LEVEL 12 3 1 SURFACE HEAT FLUX 12 2 1 SUSPENDED SEDIMENTS 12 2 2 DISSOLVED OXYGEN 11 2 2 ICE CONCENTRATION 11 2 1 NUTRIENTS 11 2 2 SALINITY 11 3 1 OPTICAL PROPERTIES 9 2 2 SEDIMENT CONTAMINANTS 9 2 2 WATER CONTAMINANTS 9 2 2 FISH ABUNDANCE 8 2 2 FISH SPECIES 8 2 2 PRECIPITATION AMOUNT 8 2 1 BOTTOM CHARACTERISTICS 7 3 1 PHYTOPLANKTON SPECIES COMPOSITION 7 3 2 RIVER DISCHARGE 7 3 1 AIR TEMPERATURE 6 1 1 BENTHIC ABUNDANCE 6 1 2 BENTHIC SPECIES 6 1 2 PCO2 6 1 2 SEAFOOD CONTAMINANTS 6 1 2 ZOOPLANKTON ABUNDANCE 6 1 2 ZOOPLANKTON SPECIES 6 1 2 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE 5 1 1 BIOACOUSTICS 5 1 2 HUMAN PATHOGENS: WATER 5 1 2 HUMAN PATHOGENS: SEAFOOD 5 1 2 HUMIDITY 4 1 1 APPENDIX VII SEAFLOOR SEISMICITY 2 1 1 105 be ht a rne o ol tre it, h average the lists, three3. by multiplied be would score only on ranked was that able four WG lists, the final score was 116 all (29*4). For a on vari- appeared it salinity,since For on. appeared able was then multiplied by the number of lists that the vari- *****inclusive of wetlands of *****inclusive warnings health consumption, seafood usage, ****beach etc. ***organics,metals, **freshwater,CO invasive protected, unexplointed, *exploited, EIETCONTAMINANTS TYPE SEDIMENT GEAR BY EFFORT AND CATCH BIOMASS BACTERIAL TOTAL ABUNDANCE ZOOPLANKTON SPECIES ZOOPLANKTON CONTAMINANTS SEAFOOD PATHOGENS SEAFOOD SPECIES BENTHIC MATRIX 2 DECONFLICTED RANKED LIST RANKED DECONFLICTED MATRIX2 SURFACE SEAFOOD IN PATHOGENS HUMAN WATER IN PATHOGENS HUMAN COMPOSTION SPECIES PHYTOPLANKTON CARBON NUTRIENTS ETI ABUNDANCE BENTHIC PROPERTIES OPTICAL CARBON RA XETO OSA WETLANDS COASTAL OF EXTENT AREAL USAGE BEACH CONSUMPTION SEAFOOD IRRADIANCE SPECTRAL SURFACE VISIBILITY ATMOSPHERIC OXYGEN DISSOLVED CONTAMINANTS WATER SPECIES FISH CONCENTRATION ICE TOPOGRAPHY BATHYMETRY SPECTRA WAVE DIRECTIONAL HABITAT THE OF CHARACTERIIZATION PHYSICAL LEVEL SEA FLUX HEAT SURFACE VECTORS WIND CURRENTS VECTOR TEMPERATURE WATER SALINITY MATRIX2 - - OA ORGANIC TOTAL INORGANIC TOTAL & RUDAE INPUT GROUNDWATER // IHABUNDANCE FISH 2 , nutrients, air pressure,humidity relativeair nutrients, , / BIOMASS *** (UV & VIS) & (UV aibe ih ihs pirt ars al or working four groups. all across priority highest with variable the considered was score highest the with variable The 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 3 1 2 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 3 2 1 3 1 3 3 3 3 4 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 5 5 5 6 GRP RANK GRP BIN RANKPHYS/BIO BIN 2 2 2 2 106 APPENDIX VII 107 APPENDIX VII OCEAN PHYTOPLANKTON SPECIES PHYTOPLANKTON NON IHABUNDANCE FISH MAMMALS MARINE PRECIPITATION OCEAN NUTRIENTS WATER IN PATHOGENS HUMAN OXYGEN DISSOLVED SPECIES FISH AIR CONTAMINANTS SEAFOOD HUMIDITY TEMPERATURE AIR PRESSURE AIR LEVEL SEA COLOR OCEAN TEMPERATURE WATER CONTAMINANTS WATER SPECTRA WAVE DIRECTIONAL CURRENTS VECTOR HTPAKO ABUNDANCE PHYTOPLANKTON UFC PCRLIRRADIANCE SPECTRAL SURFACE PROPERTIES OPTICAL CARBON CHARACTERISTICS BOTTOM TOPOGRAPHY BATHYMETRY DISCHARGE RIVER SPECIES ZOOPLANKTON SALINITY VECTORS WIND MATRIX3 LIST RANKED DECONFLICTED MATRIX3 OPAKO ABUNDANCE ZOOPLANKTON HABITAT OF CHARACTERIZATION PHYSICAL P MAMMALS MARINE CONCENTRATIONS ICE SEDIMENT SUSPENDED NOISE AMBIENT CO - EOO TYPE AEROSOL - 2 AIESPECIES NATIVE ( ( - WATER COASTAL INCLUDING OA ORGANIC TOTAL - - AMOUNT OUNICUIGCOASTAL INCLUDING COLUMN - / BIOMASS PRODUCTIVITY : : OTLT EVENTS MORTALITY ABUNDANCE / BIOMASS ) / BIOMASS SURFACE UV AND - HO A CHLOR VIS )-TN 6 2 2 2 2 2 36 2 35 1 34 2 34 2 33 2 32 2 32 2 31 2 29 2 25 2 24 2 21 2 21 1 20 2 20 2 15 1 14 1 13 2 14 2 13 1 12 1 11 1 1 12 1 11 1 10 2 10 2 10 1 9 2 8 1 7 1 8 1 7 2 6 1 6 1 5 4 3 2 2 1 GRP RANK GRP PHYS/BIO BENTHOS CHARACTERISTICS BOTTOM SPECIES ZOOPLANKTON MATRIX 4 DECONFLICTED RANKED LIST RANKED DECONFLICTED MATRIX4 SEABIRDS VISIBILITY ATMOSPHERIC CLOUDS MAMMALS MARINE AIR SPECIES FISH OPAKO ABUNDANCE ZOOPLANKTON CONTAMINANTS CONTAMINANTS BENTHOS CONTAMINANTS SEAFOOD ICE SPECTRA WAVE DIRECTIONAL VECTORS WIND NUTRIENTS CURRENTS VECTOR LEVEL SEA SALINITY TEMPERATURE WATER AIEMAMMALS MARINE PATHOGENS ICE PRESSURE ATMOSPHERIC SEABIRDS OCEAN OXYGEN DISSOLVED CONTAMINANTS ABUNDANCE FISH COLOR OCEAN FLUX HEAT SURFACE PRECIPITATION DISCHARGE RIVER PATHOGENS PROPERTIES OPTICAL PROPERTIES OPTICAL BATHYMETRY MATRIX2 - - - TEMPERATURE THICKNESS CONCENTRATION -SSH : : : - -- LOW SPECIES SPECIES ABUNDANCE ABUNDANCE : : / WATER SEAFOOD TOPOGRAPHY , - MID AMOUNT : : : WATER SEDIMENTS SEAFOOD / BIOMASS : : , OTLT EVENTS MORTALITY ABUNDANCE IHAMOUNTS HIGH / BIOMASS 411 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 34 1 1 33 2 1 32 2 1 1 28.5 2 1 28.5 2 1 28.5 2 1 28.5 1 1 28.5 1 1 27 2 1 26 2 1 25 1 1 24 1 1 23 1 2 23 2 2 22 2 2 22 2 2 22 1 2 21 1 2 20 1 1 2 19 2 2 18 1 2 17 1 2 16 1 2 15 1 3 14 3 1 14 3 13 3 12 3 11 3 10 3 9 3 8 6 5 4 2 1 GRP RANK GRP BIN RANKPHYS/BIO BIN 2 2 108 APPENDIX VII 109 APPENDIX VII CLOUDS CONSUMPTION SEAFOOD CARBON HUMIDITY PATHOGENS HUMAN SPECIES BENTHIC CONTAMINANTS SEDIMENT ABUNDANCE BENTHIC AMOUNT PRECIPITATION ABUNDANCE ZOOPLANKTON COMPOSITION SPECIES PHYTOPLANKTON OXYGEN DISSOLVED RA XETO OSA WETLANDS COASTAL OF EXTENT AREAL USAGE BEACH PRODUCTIVITY PHYTOPLANKTON P SEISMICITY SEAFLOOR SEA DISCHARGE RIVER FLUX HEAT SURFACE PROPERTIES OPTICAL SPECIES ZOOPLANKTON ABUNDANCE FISH SPECIES FISH NUTRIENTS CONTAMINANTS WATER CONCENTRATION ICE CURRENTS VECTOR SPECTRA WAVE DIRECTIONAL LEVEL SEA AIEMAMMALS MARINE ABUNDANCE MAMMALS MARINE PATHOGENS SEAFOOD IRRADIANCE SPECTRAL SURFACE AIR SUSPENDED HABITAT OF CHARACTERIZATION PHYSICAL AC N FOTB ERTYPE OCEAN GEAR BY EFFORT AND CATCH BATHYMETRY TEMPERATURE WATER HTPAKO ABUNDANCE PHYTOPLANKTON UA PATHOGENS HUMAN PRESSURE ATMOSPHERIC CHARACTERISTICS BOTTOM COLOR OCEAN TEMPERATURE AIR OCEAN BIOMASS BACTERIAL TOTAL THICKNESS ICE VISIBILITY ATMOSPHERIC NOISE AMBIENT WIND SALINITY VARIABLE MATRIXLIST-FINALRANKING MASTER CALCULATIONS AND B NON OCEAN CARBON INPUT GROUNDWATER AND SURFACE CO IOACOUSTICS - F - EOO TYPE AEROSOL O CONTAMINANTS OOD 2 AIESPECIES NATIVE V - SSH - - - : - - ECTOR AE COLUMN WATER A CHLOR SURFACE OA INORGANIC TOTAL ORGANIC TOTAL LOW S / EDIMENTS / TOPOGRAPHY MID : / : : OTLT EVENTS MORTALITY IHAMOUNTS HIGH SEAFOOD WATER - TN - / BIOMASS 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 4 1 0 2 7 0 0 0 8 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 16 8 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 6 0 0 5 0 0 12 0 0 13 0 0 17 0 0 16 19 0 0 16 0 5 0 0 0 22 0 0 17 0 13 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 0 28 0 20 16 1 0 5 0 0 20 0 3 14 10 0 10 17 7 15 17 0 23 0 0 10 19 21 17 2 22 17 7 6 21 25 12 6 0 0 26 0 16 26 8 0 19 0 11 12 15 11 3 0 9 22 19 20 25 18 14 11 21 18 23 23 20 5 24 18 24 18 24 29 31 20 14 25 28 9 9 27 10 27 11 29 16 26 13 32 27 30 35 33 32 30 31 34 33 28 ARX1MATRIX3 MATRIX1 MATRIX2 .5 02 5 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 59 2 57 58 56 2 1 55 2 2 52 54 0.25 2 53 2 0.5 0.25 0.5 49 2 1 51 0.5 48 50 2 0.75 2 1 0.75 2 1 1 45 47 2 1 1 1.25 43 2 46 1 2 1.75 2 1 2 44 2 40 0.25 1 2 2.25 42 39 1 0.25 1 41 0.5 3 2.75 37 2 0.5 1 2 4 1 3.75 1 0.5 1 38 1 1 0.75 2 35 4.25 0.75 36 2 5 0 4.75 1 1 5 0 1.25 2 34 0 1 1.75 2 32 8 33 2 0 2 7.5 1 2 1 31 2 29 2 1 2 10 0 8.5 2.25 30 1 0 2 2 1 2 0 2.75 16.5 1 5 1. 5 16.5 25 1 3.75 19 27 28 0 2 4 2 19 0 24 26 21 4.25 19.5 1 0 2 4.75 2 2 0 23 2.5 22 2 11 5 2 1 21.75 1 25.5 20 2 32 3.75 2 2 0 4 1 31.5 2 0 33 21 4.25 1 2 3 0 3 5 2 17 0 37 19 8.25 38 2 0 2 18 8.25 0 3 2 42 14 1 9.5 3 3 38.25 4 16 9.5 3 3 15 6.5 13 1 3 4 42.75 7 12 1 48 1 0 42.75 4 10 4 0 7.25 11 0 8.5 48.75 1 52 9 3 8 0 10.5 51.75 1 8 3 1 0 1 11 55 4 7 9.25 3 62 7 6 4 5 9.5 3 68 10 65 13 12.75 14 3 74 4 4 88 15 3 3 9 14.25 1 2 0 14.25 4 91 102 104 6 12 4 4 16.25 4 4 12 17.25 111 13 8 4 115 4 13.75 116 20 115 17 15.5 4 14 16.25 4 4 16 17 21 18.5 4 4 22 4 9 22.75 4 4 18 25.5 19 26 25 27.75 10 28.75 22 28.75 26 29 23 27 30 29 24 28 MATRIX4 AVERAGE HITS RANKFINAL RANKPHYS=1/BIO=2 RANKFINAL HITS AVERAGE 110 APPENDIX VII 111 APPENDIX VII CLOUDS CONSUMPTION SEAFOOD UA PATHOGENS HUMAN SPECIES BENTHIC CONTAMINANTS SEDIMENT ABUNDANCE BENTHIC AMOUNT PRECIPITATION ABUNDANCE ZOOPLANKTON COMPOSITION SPECIES PHYTOPLANKTON OXYGEN DISSOLVED CARBON HUMIDITY RA XETO OSA WETLANDS BIOACOUSTICS COASTAL OF EXTENT AREAL USAGE BEACH PRODUCTIVITY PHYTOPLANKTON UA PATHOGENS HUMAN PRESSURE ATMOSPHERIC CHARACTERISTICS BOTTOM COLOR OCEAN TEMPERATURE AIR CONTAMINANTS SEAFOOD DISCHARGE RIVER FLUX HEAT SURFACE PROPERTIES OPTICAL SPECIES ZOOPLANKTON ABUNDANCE FISH SPECIES FISH NUTRIENTS CONTAMINANTS WATER CONCENTRATION ICE CURRENTS VECTOR SPECTRA WAVE DIRECTIONAL LEVEL SEA P AIR MAMMALS MARINE ABUNDANCE MAMMALS MARINE PATHOGENS SEAFOOD IRRADIANCE SPECTRAL SURFACE SEDIMENTS SUSPENDED HABITAT OF CHARACTERIZATION PHYSICAL AC N FOTB ERTYPE GEAR OCEAN BY EFFORT AND CATCH HTPAKO ABUNDANCE PHYTOPLANKTON OCEAN BIOMASS BACTERIAL TOTAL THICKNESS ICE VISIBILITY ATMOSPHERIC NOISE AMBIENT BATHYMETRY TEMPERATURE WATER VECTOR WIND SALINITY VARIABLE MATRIXVARIABLERANKING NON OCEAN CARBON INPUT GROUNDWATER AND SURFACE S CO EAFLOOR - EOO TYPE AEROSOL - 2 AIESPECIES NATIVE -SSH - - AE COLUMN WATER A CHLOR SURFACE : - - OA INORGANIC TOTAL ORGANIC TOTAL LOW S EISMICITY / TOPOGRAPHY / MID : / IHAMOUNTS HIGH : : OTLT EVENTS MORTALITY SEAFOOD WATER -TN / BIOMASS 9 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 59 2 58 1 57 2 56 2 55 2 54 2 53 1 52 1 51 2 50 2 49 2 48 2 47 2 46 1 45 2 44 2 43 2 42 1 41 2 40 1 39 2 38 1 37 2 36 2 35 2 34 2 33 1 32 2 31 2 30 2 29 2 28 1 27 1 26 2 25 1 24 2 23 1 22 1 21 2 20 2 19 2 18 2 17 2 16 2 15 1 14 1 13 1 12 1 11 1 10 1 9 1 8 1 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 RANKDISCIPLINE 2=BIO/CHEM 1=PHYS/MET PROCESSES VARIABLESPROCESSES VARIABLERANKING-PHYSICAL-METEOROLOGICAL-COASTALMASTER UFC PCRLIRRADIANCE SPECTRAL SURFACE HABITAT OF CHARACTERIZATION PHYSICAL HUMIDITY AMOUNT PRECIPITATION PRESSURE ATMOSPHERIC CHARACTERISTICS BOTTOM TEMPERATURE AIR DISCHARGE RIVER FLUX HEAT SURFACE CONCENTRATION ICE CURRENTS VECTOR SPECTRA WAVE DIRECTIONAL LEVEL SEA OCEAN THICKNESS ICE VISIBILITY ATMOSPHERIC CLOUDS S BATHYMETRY TEMPERATURE WATER VECTOR WIND SALINITY VARAIBLE EAFLOOR -SSH : LOW S EISMICITY / TOPOGRAPHY / MID / IHAMOUNTS HIGH 55 51 46 45 39 35 33 31 26 21 20 18 16 15 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 RANK 112 APPENDIX VII 113 APPENDIX VII BIOACOUSTICS WETLANDS COASTAL OF EXTENT AREAL USAGE BEACH PRODUCTIVITY PHYTOPLANKTON CONSUMPTION SEAFOOD CARBON PATHOGENS HUMAN SPECIES BENTHIC CONTAMINANTS SEDIMENT ABUNDANCE BENTHIC ABUNDANCE ZOOPLANKTON COMPOSITION SPECIES PHYTOPLANKTON OXYGEN DISSOLVED P AIR MAMMALS MARINE ABUNDANCE MAMMALS MARINE PATHOGENS SEAFOOD SEDIMENTS SUSPENDED AC N FOTB ERTYPE OCEAN GEAR BY EFFORT AND CATCH HTPAKO ABUNDANCE PHYTOPLANKTON OCEAN BIOMASS BACTERIAL TOTAL NOISE AMBIENT UA PATHOGENS HUMAN COLOR OCEAN CONTAMINANTS SEAFOOD PROPERTIES OPTICAL SPECIES ZOOPLANKTON ABUNDANCE FISH SPECIES FISH NUTRIENTS CONTAMINANTS WATER VARIABLE HEALTHVARIABLEVARIABLERANKING-BIOLOGICAL-CHEMICAL-PUBLIC MASTER NON CARBON INPUT GROUNDWATER AND SURFACE CO - EOO TYPE AEROSOL - 2 AIESPECIES NATIVE - - AE COLUMN WATER A CHLOR SURFACE - - OA INORGANIC TOTAL ORGANIC TOTAL : : : OTLT EVENTS MORTALITY SEAFOOD WATER -TN / BIOMASS 59 58 57 56 54 53 52 50 49 48 47 44 43 42 41 40 38 37 36 34 32 30 29 28 27 25 24 23 22 19 17 14 13 12 11 10 9 OVERALL RANK OVERALL APPENDIX VIII-A: BIO/CHEM/PUBLIC HEALTH TECHNIQUE CATEGORIZATION VARIABLE OVERALL GROUP OPERATIONAL PRE-OPERATIONAL PILOT R & D RANK WATER CONTAMINANTS 9 Human Mussel Watch; Grab samples In situ filtering; Semi Electrochemical Sediment (water) permeable membranes probes; Fluorescence; grab samples Gene probes; Phytotoxics NUTRIENTS 10 Chem Moorings, discrete samples, Ships of Opportunity UV detection of (DISSOLVED INORG) underway sampling Nitrate AUVs / Gliders FISH SPECIES 11 Species ship-based physical AUVs (?) Ships of Opportunity ship-based optical collection; ship-based systems (H); ship- acoustics based laser/LIDAR (H) FISH ABUNDANCE 12 Species ship-based physical ship-based AUVs (?) acoustic lens collection acoustics (?) technology (H) ZOOPLANKTON SPECIES 13 Species ship-board net sampling; ship- ship-board optics moored system- biochemical species board CPR/UOR (ships of (dedicated) (H) optical (?); AUVs identification (?) opportunity) optic/acoustic (?) OPTICAL PROPERTIES 14 Optics Satellites: reflectance Satellite a and bb Bulk inversion (IOP, Fluorescence (l) Ships/Moorings: AOPs: k, CDOM, detritus, phyto, [CDOM excitation- PAR, Ed (l), UV, Visible, inorganic particles) ; emission matrices] ; IR), IOPs: a,b,c,bb, Satellite AOP (k, PAR), Fast repitition rate Fluorescence, solar visibility ; Satellite IOP fluor.; Laser linesheets inversions (CDOM, phyto) ; LIDAR SEAFOOD 17 Human Fishery independent Sample seafood Sample catches of CONTAMINANTS surveys (shellfish); processors; Sample subsistence fishers; Mussel Watch retail markets; Sample catches of Fishery independent recreational fishers surveys (finfish) OCEAN COLOR 19 Optics 1 km will be available 300 m resolution High spatial for next 20 years needs commitment resolution sensor HUMAN PPATHOGENS: 22 Human Indicators by culture Runoff Indicators by genetics; WATER Indicators by immunoassay; Pathogens by culture; Pathogens by genetics; Chemical indicators; Pathogens by immunoassay HUMAN PATHOGENS: 22 Human Indicators by culture Runoff Indicators by genetics; WATER Indicators by immunoassay; Pathogens by culture; Pathogens by genetics; Chemical indicators; Pathogens by immunoassay DISSOLVED OXYGEN 23 Chem Moorings, discrete samples, Ships of Opportunity AUVs/Gliders, optical underway sampling sensors PHYTOPLANKTON 24 Optics HAB counts/State In situ hyperspectral Moored flow cytometry; SPECIES COMPOSITION warning systems ; Underwater imaging; Ships Genetic tagging ZOOPLANKTON 25 Species ship-board net sampling ship-board optics moored system - ABUNDANCE (dedicated); ship-board CPR and acoustics optical (M); AUV (ships of opportunity); (dedicated) (H) acoustic/optic (?) moored systems - acoustics BENTHIC ABUNDANCE - 27 Species aerial hyperspectral aerial LIDAR (H) manned sub discrete CORALS, SEAGRASSES, imaging; aerial visible sampling (?) MACROALGAE photography; manual discrete sampling BENTHIC ABUNDANCE - aerial hyperspectral imaging; manned sub discrete aerial LIDAR (H) SEAFLOOR MEGA-, EPI-, aerial visible photography; sampling (?) AND INFAUNA manual discrete sampling SEDIMENT 28 Human Contaminant chronologies; CONTAMINANTS Bulk; Biological measure of chemicals; Pore water; Equilibrium based BENTHIC SPECIES - 29 Species ship-based samples; ship- AUV - photography CORALS, SEAGRASSES, based photography; ship-based (H) MACROALGAE acoustics (multibeam); ROV & manned sub photography; manual discrete

sampling (divers) APPENDIX VIII 114 115 APPENDIX VIII BIO/CHEM/PUBLIC HEALTH TECHNIQUE CATEGORIZATIONHEALTHTECHNIQUE BIO/CHEM/PUBLIC SUSPENDED SEDIMENTS SUSPENDED SEAFOOD PATHOGENSSEAFOOD pCO MORTALITYEVENTS MAMMALS: MARINE ABUNDANCE MAMMALS MARINE CARBON-TOTALORGANIC OVERALL SEAFOOD PATHOGENS:HUMAN INFAUNAAND EPI-, MEGA-, SEAFLOOR - SPECIES BENTHIC VARIABLE SEAFOOD CONSUMPTION SEAFOOD TYPE GEAR CATCHEFFORTBY AND A CHLOR OCEAN-SURFACE TYPE AIR-AEROSOL WATERINPUT SURFACEGROUND- AND COASTALWETLANDS OF EXTENT AREAL USAGE BEACH PRODUCTIVITY PHYTOPLANKTON ABUNDANCE/BIOMASS PHYTOPLANKTON NON-NATIVESPECIES OCEAN-WATERCOLUMN-TN BIOMASS TOTALBACTERIAL NOISE AMBIENT INORGANIC CARBON-TOTAL 2 RANK 6Human Moorings and Ships 36 Optics 34 38 Species observation during observation Species 38 visual transect ship Species 37 sampling Discrete Chem culture; by Indicators Human 32 30 40 Chem Moorings, discrete Moorings, Chem 40 58 aerial photography; aerial reports Lifeguard (discrete) R/V 58 survey USDA Optics 57 Human to a (Chl Conversions 56 Optics 54 53 non- for monitoring sampling Discrete Species Chem 52 50 self- observers; at-sea Species shelf); (basin, Satellite Optics 49 epifluorescence Ships Optics 48 47 sampling, Discrete 44 Chem 43 42 41 GROUP OPERATIONAL PRE-OPERATIONAL PILOT R & D & R PILOT PRE-OPERATIONAL OPERATIONAL GROUP (stranding networks) (stranding counts shore (fishing); operations marine pinnipeds) turtles, (birds, counts onshore manatees); turtles, (cetaceans, counts visual seabirds); (cetaceans, counts ships. and moorings from Discrete LIST); OBS, (ADCP,transmissometer, discharge ToxinsRiver (HAB); (divers) pling sam- discrete manual photography; - subs manned and ROVs photography; ship-based samples; ship-based sampling underway samples, discrete sampling discrete manual imagery; satellite abundance) to Species biomass; inspections customs itoring; mon- biological tional opera- aquaculture; to related species native (effort) monitoring vessel electronic sales); (landings, monitoring dockside books); reporting(log Ships moorings; Stationary microscopy sampling flow-thru underway aerial transects aerial (cetaceans) (H) (cetaceans) frequency low - acoustics passive reflectance) (backscatter, Satellites recording(H) video on-board Drifters (coastal); Satellite Ships of Opportunity of Ships surveys Phone surveys; Field situ In Aircraft(coastal) ; Gliders Satellite (models) Satellite data; Phone surveys Phone data; commerceof Chamber permits; use Beach AUV with sensors with AUV genetics by Pathogens culture; by Pathogens hyperspectral Video high frequency (H) frequency high - acoustics passive immunoas by Indicators genetics; by Indicators immunoas by Pathogens (H) photography - AUV size spectra size and inversion Optical (education) naturalists volunteer of netwo (H); hulls ship & wat ballast of inspection opportunity of Animals hybridization Moored ; cytometry Flow ; analysis Image sampler moored Automated Satellites advertiser aircraft;Aerial Dedicate cameras; Fixed tags; lot parking of Sales FRR Fl, stimulated Solar AUVs / Gliders / AUVs in si in IFA GROUP SUMMARY – BIO-CHEM-PUBLIC HEALTHBIO-CHEM-PUBLIC – SUMMARY GROUP IFA ZOOPLANKTON SPECIES ZOOPLANKTON FISH ABUNDANCE FISH FISH SPECIES FISH PRODUCTIVITY PHYTOPLANKTON SEAFOOD PATHOGENS:HUMAN ABUNDANCE/ BIOMASS ABUNDANCE/ PHYTOPLANKTON CONTAMINANTS SEDIMENT CHLOR A CHLOR SURFACEOCEAN- WATER PATHOGENS:HUMAN BIOMASS TOTALBACTERIAL CONTAMINANTS SEAFOOD SUSPENDED SEDIMENTS SUSPENDED COLUMN- TN COLUMN- WATEROCEAN- SPECIES COMPOSITION SPECIES PHYTOPLANKTON INORGANIC CARBON-TOTAL OCEAN COLOR OCEAN pCO OPTICAL PROPERTIESOPTICAL CARBON-TOTALORGANIC SEAFOOD CONSUMPTION SEAFOOD DISSOLVEDOXYGEN SEAFOOD PATHOGENSSEAFOOD OVERALL NUTRIENTS COMMENT GENERAL VARIABLE 2 RANK 13 12 11 6Optics 56 0Human 30 3Optics 53 8Human 28 8Optics 48 2Human 22 7Optics 47 7Human 17 4Optics 34 0Chem 50 4Optics 24 2Chem 42 9Optics 19 0Chem 40 4Optics 14 Chem 32 4Human 54 Chem 23 6Human 36 Chem 10 GROUP ASSESSMENTS SUMMARY ASSESSMENTS GROUP Species Species Species Chem Proven; mix of spatial and temporal resolution and size classes that is of value. of is that classes size and resolution temporal and spatial of mix Proven; option. best are UOR CPR/ with opportunity of ships and nets with ships dedicated of Mix other observations. Net provides samples for other analyses. other for samples provides Net observations. other numerous for platform provides Ship net. the to accessible species many on info simultaneous Provides systems. operational many employed; routinely is collection physical based Ship- other observations. Net provides samples for other analyses. other for samples provides Net observations. other numerous for platform provides Ship net. the to accessible species many on info simultaneous Provides systems. operational many employed; routinely is collection physical based Ship- to ground- truth. ground- to ships from uptake 14 C- discrete with etc., satellites by measured as a chlorophyllfrom Derived more quickly and also measure pathogens directly and quickly.and directly pathogens measure also and quickly more indicators measure that methods new of development ongoing the of acceleration recommend Wetimelags. fromsuffer and indirect being by limited are methods Present seafood. consuming of humans to risk assessing for Needed humans. infect that seafood in pathogens to refers This and size spectra but this is still R& D. R& still is this but spectra size and inversions optical from Possible ratio. conversion of uncertainty with but operational are ratio) vol C: (needs volume cell from or ratio) chl C: (needs fluorescence a chl from Conversions describing spatial patterns and temporal trends. temporal and patterns spatial describing for good very are methods the but interpretation biological the about disasgreement is There its continuity.its assure and imagery satellite resolution m 250- for community international aircraft.fromAccess sensors for especially waters 2 Case for algorithms upgrade to importance High drifters. and gliders onto sensors move to priority high a Place fluorescence. via measuring Ferries) VOS, V,(R/ ships and existing), (onto moorings scale), shelf- (basin, satellite of combination a Utilize be available in a few years and will be of high feasibility and high impact. high and feasibility high of be will and years few a in available be will platforms quickly.and and buoys directly for pathogens measuresuitable also Systems and quickly more indicators measure that methods new of development ongoing the of acceleration Wetimelags. fromrecommendsuffer and indirect being by limited are methods Present present. Mooredstandard. are analysis image or microscopyepifluorescence and samples discrete with moorings Ships/ programs. Need more funding stability.funding more Need programs. state on emphasis the with programs, federal and state of standardization and integration on based be should variable This accelerated. be should that toxins for methods new arethere and adequate are methods Chemical seafood. eating of humans to risks calculating for Needed samples from ships and moorings are best operational techniques currently.techniques operational best are moorings and ships from samples discrete with along moorings, on ADCPs and tranmissometer,LIST) g., OBS, (e. sensors Optical for loading estimates. loading for high impact analyses, of largenumbers generating for inefficient samples, discrete on Depends technology/ approach is similar and applicable to a variety of platforms. of variety a to applicable and similar is approach technology/ differentregionally,are signals species; of resolution in but limited though feasible Taxapromising.aircraftaremoderately are space/ methods from detection new other or tags genetic with sensors but D, R& or pilot in all are techniques Higher-impact systems. warning HAB state some in effectively used and standard is samples discrete on analysis Microscopic are more problematicmoreare systems sampling moored and underway requiredof precisionprecision,have samples Discrete A commitment needs to be made to support satellites with 300 m resolution. m 300 with satellites support to made be to needs commitment A minimum. a at years, 20 next for available be will resolution km 1 with data producing Satellites platforms. flexible and feasible more become will D R& with gliders AUVs/ years. 3 within ready be will or ready either is technology the and effective cost more be will sensors moored term long the In and boundary conditions for the new- generation coupled biological- physical models. physical biological- coupled generation new- the for conditions boundary and assimilation, initialization, provide to critical aremeasurements These etc. sediments, CDOM, detritus, phytoplankton, as such products derive to possible as wavelengths many as at AOPs) & properties(IOPs optical apparent and inherent on measurements optical Make drifters. and gliders onto sensors move to priority high a properties.Place optical measuring Ferries) VOS, V,(R/ ships and existing), (onto moorings scale), shelf- (basin, satellite of combination a Utilize impact low analyses, of largenumbers generating for inefficient samples, discrete on Depends and are best be done at the local level. local the at done be best are and intensive However,labor are surveys. these field from come data best the and work Methods platforms. flexible and feasible more become will D R& with gliders AUVs/ years. 3 within ready be will or ready either is technology the and effective cost more be will sensors moored term long the In Same as "human pathogens: seafood" pathogens: "human as Same platforms. flexible and feasible more become will D R& with gliders AUVs/ years. 3 within ready be will or ready either is technology the and effective cost more be will sensors moored term long the In depths for most sensors most for depths (terrestrial,multiple regional/inputs atmospheric); arealhigh areas targeting of for arrays of with platforms, moorings/ instrumented ~500 is system national the of backbone the Assumes in situ in flow cytometer or hybridization are promising but less feasible at feasible less but promisingare hybridization or cytometer flow 116 APPENDIX VIII 117 APPENDIX VIII other organism mortality organism other AIBEOVERALL ABUNDANCE ZOOPLANKTON VARIABLE * USAGE BEACH NOISE AMBIENT TYPE AEROSOL AIR- MACROALGAE) SEAGRASSES, (CORALS, ABUNDANCE BENTHIC COASTALWETLANDS OF EXTENT AREAL EPIFAUNA,INFAUNA) MEGAFAUNA,(SEAFLOOR ABUNDANCE BENTHIC BIOACOUSTICS MACROALGAE) SEAGRASSES, (CORALS, SPECIES BENTHIC EPIFAUNA,INFAUNA) MEGAFAUNA,(SEAFLOOR SPECIES BENTHIC ABUNDANCE MAMMALS MARINE MORTALITYEVENTS* MAMMALS: MARINE GEAR TYPE GEAR CATCHEFFORTBY AND NON-NATIVESPECIES WATERINPUT SURFACEGROUND- AND IFA GROUP SUMMARY – BIO-CHEM-PUBLIC HEALTHBIO-CHEM-PUBLIC – SUMMARY GROUP IFA Marine mammal and mammal Marine RANK 44 43 25 57 27 59 58 27 29 29 37 38 49 41 52 GROUP ASSESSMENTS SUMMARY ASSESSMENTS GROUP Species Species Species Species Species Species Species Species Species size is extremely high and, at the least, if deemed unreliable, does representperceptualdoes importanceunreliable, deemed if least, the at and, high extremely is size Sampe effort. observational past with contiguous trends and status on insights valuable provide morbidity,of occurrence) (non- validity statistical mortality,for or occurrence can disease and of information anecdotal the even present At coast. the saturate already networks observation the because entry) event for portal web (single gaps system for compensate cheaply proxies these because high both are feasibility and impact The priority). D R& (a events disturbance mortality mass future of biosensors living as species status protected charismatic those to superior more prove even may physiology,species upon tagged Depending legislatively portals). non- some (web time real near sensing in interested most are we disturbances very the for indicators representproxythat (observations) measurementsregionalcross- total the assembling for system unified a organizationsneed baykeeper riverkeeper/ and (GMNET) Network Monitoring Aquatic Mexico of Gulf as such Volunteerreportingnetworks informal professional and accounts. newspaper peer-review,the reported in presently events such and for literatureregimes) gray (disturbance frequency establish and priorities geographic set help to Pacific) and Lakes Great (except zone coastal the reportedin events disturbance marine such all on literature the retrospectivelymined instance for program MD HEED The sense. to variables importantare realizedpreconception without and neglected unintenionally have we what up picks biology their because regime (device) monitoring based technology- continuous faux discreetly) 7" “24/ seemingly a in gaps present ever the fill changes to concert in react to evolved co- and sensitive species marine The deployed. eventually is systems sensing remote and physical of network a when Even nothing). to opposed (as sensed are chemistry and physics water in changes significant which for means the presentlyare dependents and wildlife marine on impact the and events disturbance Marine Proven; mix of spatial and temporal resolution and size classes that is of value. of is that classes size and resolution temporal and spatial of mix Proven; option. best are UOR CPR/ with opportunity of ships and nets with ships dedicated of Mix out for phone surveys. phone for out carried be should studies pilot Additional surveys. telephone by enhanced be could and web the on nationally available are data Lifeguard activities. contact water of risk calculating for Needed improve species identification. species improve to necessary is D R& but coverage spatial increase to potential great have imaging hyperspectral and LIDAR coverage. spatial limited has but method established well- a is sampling Manual resolution. In both cases, manual discrete sampling in needed for ground truthing. ground for needed in sampling discrete manual cases, both In resolution. spatial necessary the on depending used be should imagery satellite and photography Aerial multibeam. calibrated on based maps classification habitat waters) shelf US (all scale broad- have to is goal photography.and samples physical on The calibration for heavily depends Multibeam acoustics. beam multi- and photography with sampling physical combining system based ship- is option Best improve species identification. species improve to necessary is D R& but coverage spatial increase to potential great have imaging hyperspectral and LIDAR coverage. spatial limited has but method established well- a is sampling Manual calibrated multibeam. calibrated on based maps classification habitat waters) shelf US (all scale broad- have to is goal photography.and samples physical on The calibration for heavily depends Multibeam acoustics. beam multi- and photography with sampling physical combining system based ship- is option Best Three operational techniques are available and necessary for the range of species of importance. of species of range the for necessary and available are techniques operational Three increased. be should operations marine during Observations working. and place in systems Operational real- time communication of environmental observations in addition to monitoring fishing. monitoring to addition in observations environmental of communication time real- fo potential tremendous has monitoring vessel Electronic in. buy- and education with improved be reportingcould Self- impact. high with used, widely are monitoring dockside and observers sea At- R& D is required to make it feasible. it make requiredto is D R& but prevention for powerful be could water ballast of Inspection established. been has invasion the which to degree the to related is however,feasibility species; its native non- to applicable also is species native for designed monitoring biological Operational reportingsystem. monitoring/ a with degree some to mitigated be could that problem known a areaquaculturefromIntroductions BENTHIC SPECIES ABUNDANCE: SPECIES BENTHIC IMPACT IMPACT LOW MEDIUM HIGH LOW MEDIUM HIGH photo (species) photo Hyperspectural photography Aerial LIDAR (abundance) sampling discrete Submersible (species) sampling discrete Submersible hybridization Moored cytometry flow Moored (abundances) LIDAR Aerial O MEDIUM LOW O MEDIUM LOW in situ in BACTERIA FEASIBILITY FEASIBILITY (image analysis) (image microscopy) (epifluorescence samples discrete Ship- (abundance) photgraphy Aerial (abundance) photography Hyperspectal CORALS, SEAGRASSES, MACRO-ALGAE SEAGRASSES, CORALS, (Abundance) Sampling Discrete Manual/ (Species) Sampling Discrete Manual/ HIGH HIGH BENTHOS (SEAFOOD-MEGA, EPI, INFAUNA) EPI, (SEAFOOD-MEGA, BENTHOS IMPACT out. carried be should studies pilot Additional \surveys. telephone by enhanced be could & web the on nationally available are data *Lifeguard IMPACT LOW MEDIUM HIGH LOW MEDIUM HIGH species) + (abundance AUV's permits use Beach Satellites Aircraft Dedicated cameras Fixed O MEDIUM LOW O MEDIUM LOW BEACH USE BEACH FEASIBILITY FEASIBILITY species) + (abundance photographic w/ ROV's Submersions/ Parking lots Parking analysis) (image microscopy) (epifluorescence samples discrete Ship- species) (abundance/ Dredge Grab/ Shipboard species) + (abundance sampling discrete Manual commerce of Chambers species) + (abundance photographic Shipboard Aerial advertisers Aerial network Lifeguard (abundance) acoustics other and multibeam Shipboard Phone surveys Phone HIGH HIGH 118 APPENDIX VIII 119 APPENDIX VIII

IMPACT MARSHES) (MANGROVE, AREA COASTALWETLANDS: IMPACT LOW MEDIUM HIGH LOW MEDIUM HIGH (f1, AOP) (f1, Opportunity of Animals (f1, AOP) (f1, Aircraft(coastal) O MEDIUM LOW MEDIUM LOW FEASIBILITY FEASIBILITY CHLa Mobile (active Mobile Satellite imagery Satellite discrete) IOP,(f1, AOP, (RV,ferries) VOS, used) be should ships all (* SHIPS forecasts -f1, AOP -f1, forecasts -algorithm, improved systems existing into -tap coastal) (250M Satellite Drifters) passive & AUV sampling discrete Manual f1, AOP,f1, IOP) moorings: existing (enhancing shefl basin, -coastal, Moorings Stationary AOP -f1, shelf) (basin, Satellite Aerial Photography Aerial HIGH HIGH ~ 500 platforms w/ all 3 of these variables measured variables these of 3 all w/ ~platforms 500 IMPACT IMPACT

LOW MEDIUM HIGH (RESOURCES) SHELLFISH AND FISH LOW MEDIUM HIGH DISSOLVED OXYGEN, INORGANIC NUTRIENTS INORGANIC DISSOLVEDOXYGEN, species) and (Abundance Vehicles (Species) Acoustics Shipboard AUV/ gliders AUV/ discrete +D) (R Detection V.U. 3 NO species) and (Abundance Technology Lens Acoustics LIDAR (visual) Optics O MEDIUM LOW O MEDIUM LOW (DIN, DIP,pCO (DIN, AND Fe) DSI, FEASIBILITY FEASIBILITY w/ electrode) w/ contained (Self- O surface for opportunity of Ship contained) (self- mapping nutrient surface for opportunity of Ship (Abundance) Acoustics Shipboard Niskin or pumping by vertical shipboard, 3. CTD profiles,vertical, shipboard, 2. towed shipboard, 1. 2 2 surface pCO but depths, Multiple cities) rivers incl. ocean coasta to coming input the of most whereareas some targetnetwork nationwi in 500 (~ ( Moored Species) & (Abundance DREDGE NETS/ Shipboards

HIGH HIGH

2 in situ in , just , ) IMPACT SPECIES ENDANGERED MORTALITY& MAMMALS IMPACT LOW MEDIUM HIGH LOW MEDIUM HIGH operations Fishing observations Video Shipboard FISHING CATCH AND EFFORT CATCHAND FISHING O MEDIUM LOW O MEDIUM LOW FEASIBILITY FEASIBILITY At Sea Observers Sea At monitoring (effort) monitoring logbooks) g. (e. (Landings only) (Landings monitory Stranding network Stranding fishing) g. (e. operators marine during Observations Electronic vessel Electronic reportingSelf- Dockside HIGH HIGH IMPLEMENTATION MONITORING IN EXISTS GAP HOWEVER PROTECTION ADEQUATEPROVIDES HEALTHSYSTEM PUBLIC EXISTING bioassay mouse out phase accelerated, needs development methodology assay Chemical ** indicator than better detetection pathogen *Direct HUMAN PATHOGENS: SEAFOOD + SEAFOOD PATHOGENSSEAFOOD PATHOGENS:+ HUMAN SEAFOOD

IMPACT IMPACT BIRDS SPECIES, ENDANGERED MAMMALS, LOW MEDIUM HIGH LOW MEDIUM HIGH (mammals) acoustics Passive O MEDIUM LOW O MEDIUM LOW FEASIBILITY FEASIBILITY manatees) turtles, (cetaceans, counts Aircraftvisual immunoassay by Pathogens *6. genetics by Pathogens *5. culture by Pathogens *4. immunoassay by Indicator 3. genetics by Indicator 2. Visualcounts 8. River discharge River 8. seabirds) (cetaceans, counts visual Shipboard ** 7. Toxins7. ** (HAB) culture by Indicators 1. pinnepids) turtles,(birds, HIGH HIGH 120 APPENDIX VIII 121 APPENDIX VIII

IMPACT IMPACT LOW MEDIUM HIGH LOW MEDIUM HIGH PHYTOPLANKTON ABUNDANCE PHYTOPLANKTON ballest water ballest of Inspector and size spectra size and inversion Optical abundance -----> species Converstion Species) Phytoplankton (See O MEDIUM LOW MEDIUM LOW NON-NATIVESPECIES FEASIBILITY FEASIBILITY volunteer of Network Monitoring Biological Operational naturalists Custom inspector Custom in aquaculture in species native non- Monitoring abundance CHLA------> Conversion CHLA) (see HIGH HIGH and will be high feasibility and high impact. high and feasibility high be will and years few a in available be will platforms and buoys for suitable Systems opment. deve under are quickly and directly pathogens measure that methods New lags. time fromsuffer and indirect being by limited are methods *Present ASSESS HUMAN HEALTH RELATED TO WATER CONTACT AND SEAFOOD CONSUMPTIO HEALTHWATERSEAFOOD RELATEDHUMAN CONTACTTO AND ASSESS IMPACT PATHOGENS:(HUMAN T WATER)SICK PATHOGENS(NEEDED HUMANS THATMAKE IMPACT LOW MEDIUM HIGH LOW MEDIUM HIGH O MEDIUM LOW O MEDIUM LOW OCEAN COLOR OCEAN FEASIBILITY FEASIBILITY immunoassay by Pathogens cultureVirusesby immunoassay by Pathogens cultureVirusesby immunoassay by Indicators genetics by Indicators -oceansat shelf) (coastal Resolution 300M genetics by Pathogens culture by Bacteria Chemical indicato Chemical culture runoffculture by Indicators D -FYI- C -FYI- shelf) basin, ( (unicallibrated) resolution 1km -NPOES -MODIS -SeaWIFS shelf) (basin, Resolution 1km HIGH HIGH IMPACT DERIVED) WEEKLYSCALES ON 3-D (IN PRODUCTIVITY IMPACT LOW MEDIUM HIGH LOW MEDIUM HIGH of beach goers beach of imagaing ICONIS opportunity or Animals Laser- line sheets Laser-line Aircraft(coastal) O MEDIUM LOW O MEDIUM LOW OPTICAL PROPERTIES OPTICAL FEASIBILITY FEASIBILITY Discrete samples Discrete fluoraometer) rate repetition (fast FRR , 14 C Ships Ships shelf) (basin, Satellite drifter) passive- AUV,(active- Mobile coastal) (300M Satellite moorings, coastal moorings, Stationary shelf) (basin, Satellite HIGH HIGH at the low concentrations that exist in the water column. water the in exist that concentrations low the at space and time across integrating for present at method feasible highly *No water in conditions of indicative readilymoreare sediments & watch Mussel health. public for environment marine the in variable effective an Not IMPACT TOXINS & WATERCHEMICALS CONTAMINANTS– IMPACT LOW MEDIUM HIGH LOW MEDIUM HIGH Genetic tagging Genetic cytometers Moored imaging (HPLC) Phytotoxics Underwater Gene Probes Gene PHYTOPLANKTON SPECIES PHYTOPLANKTON O MEDIUM LOW O MEDIUM LOW FEASIBILITY FEASIBILITY taxa from space from taxa Aircraft/satellite* spectral* situ In sampler autonomous situ In counts) + tows (net Ships samples grab Sediment (water) samples Grab membranes Permeable Semi- Situ In (PAH,aromatics) Fluorescence Mussel watch Mussel only) (metals probes Electrochemical systems warning state counts/ HAB- hyper filtering HIGH HIGH 122 APPENDIX VIII 123 APPENDIX VIII stability funding more Need programs. state on emphasis primary the with programs federal and state of standardization and integration on based be *Should IMPACT EATINGSEAFOOD) FROM HUMANS TO RISK CALCULATIONOF FOR (NEEDED IMPACT LOW MEDIUM HIGH LOW MEDIUM HIGH SEAFOOD CONTAMINANTS – CHEMICALS & BIOTOXINS & CHEMICALS CONTAMINANTS– SEAFOOD Video SUSPENDEND SEDIMENT SUSPENDEND O MEDIUM LOW MEDIUM LOW FEASIBILITY FEASIBILITY samples mooredDiscrete Discrete systems) (ADCP,optical Ships Satellites fisheries Subsistence markets Retail Mussel WatchMussel surveys independent Fishery fishers Recreational transmissometer) (ADCP, Moorings Stationary Seafood processors Seafood HIGH HIGH RECOMMENDATION: Need scientifically defensible criteria RECOMMENDATION:defensible scientifically Need statement interpretation SUMMARY:biological over disagreementtrends, for Great

IMPACT IMPACT CONTAMINANTS(IMPORTANTECOSYSTEM SEDIMENT INDICATOR OF LOW MEDIUM HIGH LOW MEDIUM HIGH HEALTH, CONTAMINANT SOURCES, AND WATERHEALTH,QUALITY) AND CONTAMINANT SOURCES, 2. Porewater 2. SEAFOOD CONSUMPTION SEAFOOD O MEDIUM LOW O MEDIUM LOW FEASIBILITY FEASIBILITY (SEM/ AVS)(SEM/ Based Equilibrium 3b. Phone Surveys Phone chronologies Contaminant 4. Field Surveys Field Food survey Food (?) USDA (organic)based Equilibrium 3a. chemicals of measure Biologica Bulk 1. HIGH HIGH IMPACT LOW MEDIUM HIGH and species) and (Abundance optics acoustics/ w/ AUV species) and (Abundance ship Dedicated and species) and (Abundance optics Ship ship Dedicated O MEDIUM LOW ZOOPLANKTON FEASIBILITY and Species) and (Abundance Sampling Net ship Dedicated abundance) and (Species optical Mooring (Abundance) acoustics Moored CPR/ VOR CPR/ VOS HIGH 124 APPENDIX VIII 125 APPENDIX VIII • Phyto Productivity Phyto • Biomass Abundance/ Phyto • a ChloroSurface Ocean • TotalBiomass Bacterial • Sediments Suspensed • Composition Species Phyto • Color Ocean • Properties Optical • OPTICS Usage Beach • Consumption Seafood • Pathogens Seafood • Seafood - Pathogens Human • Contaminants Sediment • Water- Pathogens Human • Contaminants Seafood • IMPACTS/HUMAN RISKS • Most biology/ chemical sensors/ measurements require significant training requiremeasurementssignificant sensors/ chemical biology/ Most • poor data - Chemistry / Biology • Temporalmonthly,requirements- annual seasonal, • - etc. platforms, moorings, locations, 500 - Measurements Chemical • ASSUMPTIONS/ NOTES/GROUNDRULES/ETC. not equally spaced - selected regions targetedregions selected - spaced equally not • Non- native Species native Non- • TypeGear and Catch • Mammals Marine • (fauna) Species Benthic • macro.) grass, (corals, Species Benthic • (fauna) Abundance Benthic • Abundance Benthic • Abundance Species/ Zooplankton • Abundance Species/ Fish • SPECIES WaterTotalColumn Nitrogen TotalInorganicCarbon Dioxide PressureCarbon Partial TotalOrganicCarbon Oxygen Dissolved NUTRIENTS CHEMISTRY (abundance, mortality event) mortality (abundance, macro.) grass, (corals, Beach Usage Beach Consumption Seafood Pathogens Seafood Seafood - Pathogens Human Contaminants Sediment Water- Pathogens Human Contaminants Seafood D R& Pilot Operational Dioxide PressureCarbon Partial Oxygen Dissolved Nutrients HUMAN IMPACT/RISKSHUMAN MEASURES CHEMISTRY new sensor types sensor new sampling underway discrete, - VOS - - Autonomous vehicles Autonomous - - Moorings, - R& D R& assessment of selected components selected of assessment D R& etc. routine, tained, sus- proactive, than rather Reactive Pilot Operational WaterTotalColumn Nitrogen Total(TIC) InorganicCarbon TotalOrganicCarbon(TOC) sampling (TIC) sampling - Autonomous (moored - TIC) - (moored Autonomous - - VOS (pCO VOS - possibilities for near real- time real- near for possibilities - discrete, underway discrete, - 2 ) 126 APPENDIX VIII 127 APPENDIX VIII * 1. 2 SUBGROUP BIO-CHEM * * PLATFORMSOF DIVERSITY 3. 2. Definition of operational differs: “Ph. D. involvement in the measurement” the in involvement D. “Ph. differs: operational of Definition - spatial scale needed for coastal zone vs. open ocean open vs. zone coastal for needed scale spatial - based space scaling) T S/ and servicing of frequency (issues: Some content was lost in the translation from the 2D matrix to 1D table 1D to matrix 2D the from translation the in lost was content Some -gliders- moorings - autonomous place in programs sampling & networks many NB: - observations eyeball board on- nets, samples, water –> boats and ships - (divers) fins or sampling) (intertidal feet - involvement: human direct 7” “24/ vs. techniques across or groups among consistent not were ” able “operational- vs. “operational” for Criteria

-drifters-

-AUV- biological/ chemical data? chemical biological/ collect autonomously and systematically to systems sampling underway or systems profiling into incorporated be could that sensors robust of suite a there Is IMPACTSHIPS? THE OF MAXIMIZE TO HOW tools? statistical and models via largerareas to up scaled be to pling) that would enable biological/ chemical observations from one site (mooring or ship sam- 1’sGroup make list) operational measur physical of suite a there Is RESULTS?UP” “SCALE TO HOW ements that should be made at all sites (that did not did (that sites all at made be should that 128 APPENDIX VIII 129 APPENDIX VIII Catch and Effort by Gear TypeGear by Effort and Catch species invasive or native Non- Zooplankton Fish ABUNDANCE AND SPECIES Mammal Mortality Mammal Mammals Marine ABUNDANCE AND SPECIES Benthos electronic monitoring of vessels of monitoring electronic monitoring; dockside books; log observers; sea at – manual high) is abundance when detected (usually inspections customs alert;aquaculture monitoring; networks stranding via counts shore operations marine other during observations AUVs) smartlidar, detection; acoustics, optical on D R& acoustics and nets) & (trawls collection physical based) (ship- manual counts manual manual sampling & visual species identification species visual & sampling manual acoustics beam multi- Lidar; photography and imaging hyperspectral infauna epifauna, megafauna, seafloor macroalgae seagrasses, corals, biochem. optic, acoustics, D R& acoustics; & sampling net (satellite, aircraft, ship- based, AUV,based, aircraft,ship- (satellite, ROV, divers) (ship- based, both dedicated and opportunistic) and dedicated both based, (ship- (ship, shore, airplane) shore, (ship, (ship and shore) and (ship ** NB: optics is ready to go all platforms: satellites, ships, mooring, gliders, drifters gliders, mooring, ships, satellites, platforms: all go to ready is optics NB: ** sediments, phytoplankton, Sensors: Optical color ocean Satellite OPTICS** Bacteria ABUNDANCE AND SPECIES Primary Productivity Primary Phytoplankton Fluorescence UV,spectral sensors radiation IR VIS, meters scattering and absorption spectral production organics,primary dissolved sediments fields; a Chl operational be to needs m 300- operational; km 1- R& D satellite and fluorescence approachesfluorescence and satellite D R& discrete ( discrete sensors optical – biomass a chlorophyll systems warning state HABs; for typically counts microscope – samples discrete species approachrevolutionize will techniques molecular new counts microscope – samples discrete (total community biomass) community (total 14 C) 130 APPENDIX VIII APPENDIX VIII-B: PHYS/MET/GEOLOGICAL TECNIQUES CATEGORIZATION TECHNIQUE OPERATIONAL PRE-OPERATIONAL PRE-OPERATIONAL PILOT R & D VARIABLE (HIGH IMPACT) (MEDIUM IMPACT) SALINITY Profiling floats (B+ C) Ship: Temp- Salinograph (B+ C) Shipboard CTD (C) Satellite SSS (B) Shipboard CTD (B) Moorings (B+ C) Aircraft SSS (C) XCTD (B) Profiling mooring ( Drifters (B) WIND VECTORS SAT Scatterometer (B) Hi- Res moorings (C) moorings (C) Hi- Res moorings (B) SAT SAR (SPEED PLUS Hi- Res surface drifters w/ shore sites (C) moorings (B) MODEL) pressure (B) Hi- Quality VOS (B) VOS (B) surface drifters w/ pressure (B) passive microwave (B) WATER Profiling floats (B+ C) Hi- Res moorings (C) XBT (C) CTD (C) Drifting Temperatur TEMPERATURE XBT (B) CTD (B) moorings (C) moorings (B) Chain (C) (WATER COLUMN, surface drifters (B) Hi- Res XBT (C) moorings (C) moorings (B) SEA SURFACE) *AVHRR+ GOES (B+ C) Ship: Temp- Salinograph (B+ C) Ship: hull- mounted temp (B+ C) Surface Drifters (C) *Microwave radiometer (B) *Airborne radiometer (C) BATHYMETRY/ >12kHz Multibeam Sonar LIDAR Bathymetry (C) Land- based video (C, F) Synthetic Aperature Sonar TOPOGRAPHY Satellite Altimetry (B) Satellite Multispectral (C) Echo sounder (C) [Hi Res] (C) Interferometic Side Scan (C) Interferometric Side Scan (B) Side Scan (C, F) Sidescan (B) Multibeam Sonar (C, F) Airborne video (C) SAR (C, F) Multispectral (C) Multibeam (B) SEA LEVEL Tide Gauges (C) *Bottom Pressure (B) [for Delay- Doppler SAT (REFERENCED, Precision Tide Gauges (B) Tsunami] Altimetry (C) GEOLOCATED) Precision SAT Altimetry (B) Bottom Pressure (C) Airborne Altimetry ( *not referenced GPS Reflectometry ( DIRECTIONAL Bottom- mounted ADCP (C) Pitch- and- Roll buoy (B+ C) moored currents (B+ C) Platform- based SURFACE WAVES Hi- Res Pitch- and- Roll platform- based 1- D meas (C) arrays (C) (WAVES PLUS buoy (B+ C) SAT Altimeter (B) Bottom- mounted arra DIRECTIONS) moored accelerometers (B+ C) HF Phased Radars ( VECTOR Hi- Res Fixed sensors (C) Fixed (ADCP or point) HF Radar (C) CURRENTS Hi- Res surface sensors (C) Fixed ADCP or point (WATER COLUMN, drifters (B) surface drifters (B) sensors (B) SEA SURFACE) floats (B) geostrophy (B) Hi- Res surface drifters (C) ICE Satellite Microwave Satellite Visible CONCENTRATION Satellite SAR Aircraft Visible SURFACE HEAT Indirect measurement: High Quality VOS (B+ C) FLUX Moored buoys (B+ C) High Resolution Numerical Fixed platforms (C) Weather Prediction (B+ C) RIVER DISCHARGE Hi- Res (more stations) USGS Measurement Horizontal ADCP Acoustical measured USGS measurement network Network bending AIR TEMPERATURE Moored (B+ C) High Quality VOS (B+ C) Shore Station (C) Surface Drifters (B) BOTTOM Interferometric Side Scan Multispectral Satellite (C) Seabeam Hyperspectral Satellite (C) CHARACTERIZATION (C) Line- scan Laser (C) Multichannel Seismic (B+ C) XBP: Expendable bottom Chirp (C) penetrometer (C) Video (B+ C) Instrumented Bore Hole Core, Grab sample (B+ C) (B+ C) Offshore Drilling Program (B) ATMOSPHERIC Moored (C) Shore Station (C) PRESSURE Surface drifters (C+ B) Moored (B) VOS PRECIPITATION Point Gauges (B+ C) TRMM (B) Ambient Noise (B+ Doppler Radar (C) HUMIDITY Shore Station (C) High quality VOS Mooring (B+ C) SUSPENDED Satellite MS+ Color Aircraft MS+ Color Bottom mounted or SEDIMENTS moored Acoustic/ Optics SEAFLOOR SOSUS (B) OBS: Ocean Bottom Real- time seismometers/ SEISMICITY International Monitoring Seismographs (B) arrays (B+ C) System (IMS) Borehole seismometers (B) Hydrophones (B) Real- time hydrophones/ arrays (B+ C) ATMOSPHERIC Satellite Visible/ Infrared VISIBILITY (C+ B) Visual (C) ICE THICKNESS Submarine sonar UUV Sonar Moored sonars Satellite Laser Drilling CLOUDS Satellite Visible/ Infrared (B+ C) Visual (B+ C) APPENDIX VIII 131 IMPACT IMPACT LOW MEDIUM HIGH LOW MEDIUM HIGH O MEDIUM LOW MEDIUM LOW AIR TEMPERATUREAIR HUMIDITY FEASIBILITY FEASIBILITY High quality VOS quality High (B) Drifters Surface C) (B+ VOS Quality High Mooring (B+ C) (B+ Mooring (C) Station Shore (C) Station Shore C) (B+ Moored HIGH HIGH

IMPACT IMPACT LOW MEDIUM HIGH LOW MEDIUM HIGH ICE CONCENTRATION(BASIN) ICE sonar looking Upward LIDARs (C) LIDARs O MEDIUM LOW O MEDIUM LOW CLOUDS FEASIBILITY FEASIBILITY Altimetry Satellite ceilometers (C) ceilometers looking Upward- VOS Visual (B+ C) Visual(B+ C) (B+ Infrared Visible/Satellite AircraftVisible VisibleSatellite Satellite SAR Satellite Microwave Satellite HIGH HIGH 132 APPENDIX VIII 133 APPENDIX VIII IMPACT IMPACT LOW MEDIUM HIGH LOW MEDIUM HIGH Divers (C) Divers Satellite (C) Satellite Hyperspectral BOTTOM CHARACTERIZATIONBOTTOM ATMOSPHERICPRESSURE O MEDIUM LOW MEDIUM LOW FEASIBILITY FEASIBILITY Bore Hole (B+ C) (B+ Hole Bore Instrumented (C) penetrometer bottom Expendable XBP: (C) Laser scan Line- (C) Satellite Multispectral seismics (C) seismics channel Single Seabeam Moored (B) Moored (C) Station Shore Program (B) Program Offshore Drilling C) (B+ sample Grab Core, C) Video(B+ (C) Chirp C) (B+ Seismic Multichannel (C) Scan Side Interferometric VOS B) (C+ drifters Surface (C) Moored HIGH HIGH

IMPACT IMPACT TOPOGRAPHY BATHYMETRY& LOW MEDIUM HIGH LOW MEDIUM HIGH Satellite Laser Satellite Sonar UUV [Hi Res] (C) Res] [Hi Sonar Aperature Synthetic Submarine sonar Submarine O MEDIUM LOW O MEDIUM LOW ICE THICKNESS ICE FEASIBILITY FEASIBILITY Aircraft Drilling sonars Moored Multispectral (C) Multispectral Satellite (C) Bathymetry LIDAR (‘F’ INCICATES“FEATURES)(‘F’ (C) waves frominferred photography,Aerial (B) sounder Echo Multibeam (B) Multibeam (C) Multispectral (C) video Airborne (B) Sidescan (B) Scan InterferometricSide (C) sounder Echo F) (C, video based Land- SAR (C, F) (C, SAR F) (C, Sonar Multibeam F) (C, Scan Side (C) Scan InterferometicSide (B) Altimetry Satellite Sonar Multibeam >12kHz HIGH HIGH IMPACT IMPACT

LOW MEDIUM HIGH GEOID; ELLIPSOID, THE TO REFERENCED (ALL LEVEL SEA LOW MEDIUM HIGH GEOLOCATED; WITH SOME METEOROLOGY; EXCEPT *) METEOROLOGY;EXCEPT SOME GEOLOCATED;WITH SURFACE SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE SPECTRAL SURFACE Altimetry (B) Altimetry Airborne B) (C+ Reflectometry GPS (C) Altimetry Airborne SAT(C) Altimetry Doppler Delay- C) (B+ sensors Point O MEDIUM LOW O MEDIUM LOW FEASIBILITY FEASIBILITY (B) PressureBottom (C) PressureBottom Tsunami][for Pressure(B) *Bottom Tide Gauges (B) TideGauges Altimetry (B) Altimetry SATPrecision (B) Gauges TidePrecision (C) TideGauges HIGH HIGH

IMPACT IMPACT LOW MEDIUM HIGH LOW MEDIUM HIGH Satellite SSS (C) SSS Satellite (B) AircraftSSS (C) Drifters C) Titration(B+ Shipboard (C) mooring Profiling (C) AircraftSSS (B) SSS Satellite arrays (B+ C) (B+ arrays hydrophones/ time Real- (B) seismometers Borehole C) (B+ arrays seismometers/ time Real- O MEDIUM LOW O MEDIUM LOW SEAFLOOR SEISMICITY SEAFLOOR SALINITY FEASIBILITY FEASIBILITY UUVs (C) UUVs (B) Drifters (B) XCTD C) (B+ Moorings (C) CTD Shipboard (B) CTD Shipboard C) (B+ floats Profiling Salinograph (B+ C) (B+ Salinograph Temp-Ship: (B) Seismographs Bottom Ocean OBS: Hydrophones (B) Hydrophones (IMS) System Monitoring International (B) SOSUS HIGH HIGH 134 APPENDIX VIII 135 APPENDIX VIII IMPACT IMPACT LOW MEDIUM HIGH LOW MEDIUM HIGH RIVER DISCHARGE (COASTAL)DISCHARGE RIVER Flux (B+ C) (B+ Flux TubulentDirect color Ocean bending ray measured Acoustical O MEDIUM LOW MEDIUM LOW SURFACE HEATFLUX SURFACE FEASIBILITY FEASIBILITY Prediction (B+ C) (B+ Prediction Weather Numerical Resolution High C) (B+ VOS Quality High (C) platforms Fixed C) (B+ buoys Moored measurement: Indirect network measurement USGS stations) (more Res Hi- ADCP Horizontal Prediction (B+ C) (B+ Prediction WeatherNumerical Network Measurement USGS HIGH HIGH DIRECTIONAL SURFACE WAVES:SURFACEDIRECTIONS WAVES DIRECTIONAL + IMPACT IMPACT LOW MEDIUM HIGH LOW MEDIUM HIGH (B) Salinity Surface C) (B+ Noise Ambient (B+ C) (B+ Reflectivity GPS C) SAT(B+ SAR C) (B+ sensors Airborne (C) Radars Phased HF (C) arrays mounted Bottom- (C) arrays based Platform- O MEDIUM LOW O MEDIUM LOW PRECIPITATION FEASIBILITY FEASIBILITY Infrared (B) Infrared Microwave+ Satellite B) TRMM( shipborne radar shipborne C) (B+ currentsmoored (B+ C) (B+ buoy Roll and- Pitch- Res Hi- (C) ADCP mounted Bottom- VOS: visual VOS: (B+ C) (B+ accelerometers moored SAT(B) Altimeter (C) meas D 1- based platform- C) (B+ buoy Roll and- Pitch- (C) Radar Doppler C) (B+ Gauges Point HIGH HIGH WATER TEMPERATURE WATER COLUMN, SEA SURFACE (1M)(*SKIN TEMPERATURE) ATMOSPHERIC VISIBILITY High Hi- Res Profiling floats Satellite Visible/ moorings (C) (B+ C) Infrared (C+ B) CTD (B) XBT (B) Visual (C) Hi- Res XBT (C) surface drifters (B) *AVHRR+ GOES (B+ C) Drifting CTD (C) XBT (C) Temperature moorings (B) moorings (C) Chain (C) moorings (B) moorings (C) Ship: hull- Ship: Temp- mounted temp Salinograph (B+ C) (B+ C) Surface Drifters (C) *Microwave IMPACT radiometer (B) IMPACT *Airborne radiometer (C) Drifting UUV (C) Ship: bucket Temperature UUV (C) (B+ C) Chain (C) Ship: intake (B+ C) LOW AXBT MEDIUM (B+ C) HIGH LOW MEDIUM HIGH * Shipborne radiometer (C+ B) LOW MEDIUM HIGH LOW MEDIUM HIGH FEASIBILITY FEASIBILITY

VECTOR CURRENTS: WATER COLUMN, SEA SURFACE TURBIDITY/SUSPENDED SEDIMENTS (COASTAL)

Satellite MS+ HF Radar (C) Hi- Res Fixed Color sensors (C) Hi- Res surface drifters (B)

Fixed ADCP or Fixed (ADCP or Bottom mounted Aircraft MS+ point sensors (B) point) sensors (C) or moored Color floats (B) surface drifters (B) Acoustic/ Optics geostrophy (B) Hi- Res surface drifters (C) IMPACT IMPACT

Lowered ADCP Hi- Quality VOS Surface drifters (C) Shipboard (B+ C) ADCP (B+ C) sampling XCP (B+ C) open- ocean Secchi Disk UUV+ ADCP (C) image analysis LOW near- MEDIUM shore HIGH (B) image analysis LOW MEDIUM HIGH (C) LOW MEDIUM HIGH LOW MEDIUM HIGH FEASIBILITY FEASIBILITY APPENDIX VIII 136 137 APPENDIX VIII IMPACT MODEL PLUS SPEED (SURFACE): VECTOR WIND LOW MEDIUM HIGH SATSAR HF Radar (C) Radar HF C) (B+ noise ambient B) (C+ Reflectivity GPS C) (B+ anemometers w/ drifters surface Windsat(B) moorings (B) moorings Res Hi- High O MEDIUM LOW FEASIBILITY VOS (C) VOS (B) VOS (B) moorings w/ pressure(B) w/ drifters surface Res Hi- (C) moorings Res Hi- (C) SATScatterometer (C) VOS Quality Hi- (B) microwave passive pressure(B) w/ drifters surface (B) VOS Quality Hi- (C) sites shore (C) moorings (B) SATScatterometer HIGH (also did Suspended Sediments 34) * Done in parallel by geology group geology by parallel in Done * 34) Sediments Suspended did (also • Edits, inputs, cleanups after dinner after cleanups inputs, Edits, • 35pm 6: at Finished • results Categorization on checks sanity Did • Techniquesof PreparedCategorization • methodology Categorization on Agreed 51 • 38pm! 5: at variables all Finished • done when plenary to returned variables; 3 with parallel in out brokegroup Geology 46 • groups! thematic from techniques use NOT Did • tools learning as Sediment Suspended and Level Sea used Plenary: 55 • 45 39 Process amounts high mid/ low/ clouds: SSH ocean- MET,PHYSICAL, GEOLOGICAL 31 thickness ice visibility atmospheric 33 18 Seismicity *Seafloor habitat 21 of characterization physical 20 26 35 16 15 Temperature 8 Air irradiance spectral surface Characteristics *Bottom 7 5 Pressure Atmospheric dischargeRiver amount Precipitation Flux Heat Surface Humidity concentration Ice VectorCurrents 6 1 2 WaveDirectional Spectra 3 Level Sea 4 Topography *Bathymetry/ Watertemperature WindVector Salinity MET,PHYSICAL, GEOLOGICAL 138 APPENDIX VIII 139 APPENDIX VIII • Routinely found “diagonal” pairs: Med Impact could go to High Impact with more with Impact High to go could Impact Med pairs: “diagonal” found Routinely • Feasibility,High clearly necessarily was not operational currentlybut Something • surface and column water separate to Had • basin and coastal separate to Had • • Acoustic tomography to get ocean temperatures did not make it through the filters the through it make not did temperatures ocean get to tomography Acoustic • it keep monitoring; needs time, with changes framework; the fit DOES Seismicity • • Geological variables do not cleanly fit into the “sustained, continuing” framework continuing” “sustained, the into fit cleanly not do variables Geological • #2 Issues MET,PHYSICAL, GEOLOGICAL • Some confusion on “Impacts,” less so on “Feasibility” on so less “Impacts,” on confusion Some • #1 Issues MET,PHYSICAL, GEOLOGICAL been already demonstrated? already been sampling, but Feasibility would then drop a category a drop then would Feasibility but sampling, sampling) spatial inadequate to due (often Impact High – Suggest treating as preparatory phase, early effort early phase, preparatory as treating Suggest – rarelyrepeated or “once,” done be to needs near-relativelyonly shore except but variables, critical as Needed answer? traditional the answer,just right or the this is axis); Feasibility the (especially variable “real” a as –Example: – Secondary problem: did High Impact mean it might it mean Impact High did problem: Secondary – Impact High were techniques our of few meant program… National the to scalability problem: Main – bathymetry,characteristics bottom be possible, or it had to have to had it or possible, be • All else was “WatchWait”was and else All • Feasibility Low Impact, Medium as D” “R& Defined • Operational Pre- than feasible less category one as Program” “Pilot Defined • Operational from away category one as Operational” “Pre- Defined • • Defined “operational” as meaning “operationable,” or “could be operational now” operational be “could or “operationable,” meaning as “operational” Defined • MET,PHYSICAL, GEOLOGICAL IMPACT – Used High Impact, High Feasibility High Impact, High Used – Watch and Wait and Watch Pilot Program Pilot PHYSICAL, MET,PHYSICAL, GEOLOGICAL R&D FEASIBILITY Watch and Wait and Watch Pre-operational Pilot Program Pilot category Watch and Wait and Watch Pre-operational Operational 140 APPENDIX VIII 141 APPENDIX VIII • SOSUS and IMS hydrophones (for seismicity) (for hydrophones IMS and SOSUS • salinity) and temp (for floats Profiling • SATice) (for SAR • pressure)air (for VOS • Contenders moorings Coastal • SATaltimeter,winds, SST • Drifters Surface • XBT • TopTechniquesOperational cut) (cross- MET,PHYSICAL, GEOLOGICAL • Phased arrays (for directional surface waves) surfacedirectional (for arrays Phased • discharge)river (for Acoustics • precipitation) (for noise Ambient • SATice) (for laser • ice) (for sonar UUV • issue) skin vs (bulk radiometer Shipborne • (robustness) chains temperature Drifting • TopTechniquesD R& needing MET,PHYSICAL, GEOLOGICAL • Secchi disks Secchi • Winner: time all- the And seismics channel Single- • NWP from fields Cloud • waves surface for eyeball I Mark • Ship’stemperatures intake • temperatures Bucket • Variablesoperational Post- MET,PHYSICAL, GEOLOGICAL 142 APPENDIX VIII 143 APPENDIX IX WORKING GROUP 1: GROUP WORKING IOOS IMPLEMENTATIONAN PHASED OF FOR SCENARIOS IX: APPENDIX PLATFORMPLAN BASED • Tide gages Tide • based Shore- • surveys Aerial • Satellites • Gliders • Ships • buoys Moored • platforms) throughapproached but - goal were models (Forecast MOORED BUOYS • Enhanced NDBC array – 500 stations (60 now), ~150 mi spacing • Existing Package – Surface Meteorology • Enhancement Package – water temperature, salinity, current profile, optical properties, directional waves, dissolved oxygen, zooplankton (by ADCP), nutrients, over- water air quality (1 yr) • Additional Enhancements – Temperature profile, Fluorometer, Artificial livers, nutrients (3 yr), mussels

MOORED BUOYS • Cost – Standard Buoy • 200k initial • 50k/ year to maintain – Enhancement Package • 100k • R& D needed for Enhanced Buoy • New buoy operation paradigm required – Existing buoys visited every 2.3 years • Implementation – phased over 3- 5 years APPENDIX IX 144 145 APPENDIX IX • System Enhancements System • SHIPS • Event- driven response capability response driven Event- • Map Habitat National • transects shelf cross- national Repeated • Vessels)(Research package sensor “Fish” Standard – sonars Vessels Researchmultibeam with outfitted – – Natural, anthropogenic events anthropogenic Natural, – AUV and Multibeam – periodically Repeated – topography,habitats, Benthic features bottom – VOS HQ or UNOLS Dedicated – surveys Fisheries existing enhance Takeof/ advantage – instruments enhanced Use – years 5 to month Periodic – coasts both spacing, mi 300 (O) – zooplankton and fish for ADCPs • public engage to • already have some ship, $500k/ • yr) 2 (1- packages sensor Standard – • 1 ship/ yr/ coast @ $3M = $6M/ yr (2 coasts) (2 yr $6M/ = $3M @ coast yr/ ship/ 1 • opportunity of Ships • ResearchVessels • – Pilot: 10 packages @ $100k ea / year? / ea $100k @ packages 10 Pilot: – mounted hull or through flow- telemetered, Integrated, – 50k $50k+$ @ ships 25 – mounted hull or through flow- & profiling Enhanced – • Include access to SAR for ice (1 yr) (1 ice for SAR to access Include • yr) 10 (5- Altimeter Doppler Delayed • yr). 2 (1- data m 300 of measurement Sustained • accessible more data SeaWIFFS km 1 Make • data coastal gather to "constellations" existing Augment • yr) (3 data access to "place" one Establish • SATELLITES Implementation • Project Pilot • GLIDERS – Preprocessed (1 yr). Preprocessed(1 – yr) (1 countries other from possibly – ice waves, solids, SST,suspended SSH, chlorophyll, wind, – many? How – glider $100k/ – years 5 3- – $5M (hardware)= 1M $2M+$ @ Pilots 2 – frame time year 3 1- – (e. g. 1- km resolution data) resolution km 1- g. (e. 146 APPENDIX IX 147 APPENDIX IX Costs • sensors additional for sites Potential • reference. absolute to brought Gauges All • plan out build NOS at Look • system national enhanced Desire • GAUGES TIDE • $3M/ yr for aerial surveys aerial for yr $3M/ • yr) (1 surveys aerial of use current Assess • " comprehensive with sync in Accomplished • resourcetracking periodic for Use • Opportunity of Aircraft of use Enhance • Types Sensor • SURVEYSAERIAL – to be determined by NOS by determined be to – number Expand – Wouldsuffice? it – – Seagrass mapping, reference surveys (2- 3 yr) 3 (2- reference surveys mapping, Seagrass – yr) 5 (3- D R& Start – package sensor compact Standard – aircraftpatrolcommercial, state flights, training Navy – photography, IR Hyperspectral – in situ in " measurements " • National Seafood Monitoring Seafood National • operate to yr $5M/ cost, capital $20M • HF Range Long with country Ring • yr $4M/ @ Pilots 4 or 3 • systems multiple operation, 7 24/ Demonstrate • radar frequency High • yr) Watchyr,3 Mussel 3M/ 1- ($ Program • monitoring inflows) water (fresh discharge River • yr) 5 (1- system package Standard • SHOREBASED – Enhance/ Standardize programStandardize Enhance/ – Data Existing Consolidate – yr) (10 network Nationwide – yr) (5 projects Pilot – sediments. contaminated for cores & grabs Surface – sampling time and space of Enhancement – yr) (5 monitoring contaminant – yr) 3 (1- system USGS enhanced – through flow or cabled – 148 APPENDIX IX 149 APPENDIX IX • Part of capacity building role for National backbone is backbone National for role building capacity of Part • level Governance at with dealt be to data of Aggregation • office operational Interagency • GOVERNANCE • Include Alaska, Gulf of Mexico, Pacific Island & Great Lakes!!! Great & Island Pacific Mexico, of Gulf Alaska, Include • outreach and Education • archive "deep" or "national" a to moved be to data Regional • systems regional of Entrainment • purpose dual has backbone National • researchersall to transparent data All • use multi- be to Platforms • PRINCIPLES NECESSARY partners of involvement sustained about Concern • Agencies by with dealt liability: about Concerns • – Possible cost to consider (5 %) (5 consider to cost Possible – facilitate to support $ some Requires – all for data More – researchdata for quality upgrade requiresystem May – Researchand Operations – sustainability inclusion, Regional – must data Included – specification. sensor calibrations, include Standards – (NIC) Center Ice National after Modeled – establishment of standards. of establishment meet standards meet Dt 10% 50% 15% centers regionalfrom data include also to has since low probably % Data Note: 5% Outreach Education/ 20% • Data • Technologydevelopment • M O& • D R& • BREAKDOWN COST HYPOTHESIZED …… more much and • plan implementation Phased • TotalCost • products User • Design System • GOOS to linkages or GOOS Consider • requirements mapping geophysical Infrequent • DO NOT DID – Spatial/ temporal coverage temporal Spatial/ – (e. g. bathymetry) g. (e. 150 APPENDIX IX 151 APPENDIX IX • This fact emphasizes the importance of the Regional Programs Regional the of importance the emphasizes fact This • included not program measuring wave coastal Corps • DISCUSSED NOT CONCERNS ADDITIONAL – Regional issues not discussed in our group our in discussed not issues Regional – than importantmore or important, as systems regional for Funding Sustained – coast! the at are Benefits User – included PORTSnot NOS similarly – requirementnational a has Corps but – regional Its – to the National Program National the to national backbone national EDUCATION/OUTREACH DATA DEVELOPMENT TECHNOLOGY M O& AERIAL SURVEYSAERIAL SHOREBASED R& D R& DONE NOT DATABASES LTOMVRAL/ENQE/RCDRSISE TIMELINE VARIABLE/TECNIQUES/PROCEDURES/ISSUES PLATFORM 1-IMPLEMENTATIONTIMELINE GROUP PLAN WORKING MOORED BUOYS MOORED GLIDERS GAUGES TIDE SATELLITES SHIPS User products User maps multibeam (especially to engage public) engage to (especially multibeam with equipped ResearchVesselsbe should (UNOLS) Ref surveys Ref photography,HSI, IRI, resourceVOA, tracking, maybe measurements, " comprehensive with sync in Accomplished enhanced instruments enhanced with years, 5 to month periodic mi, 300 of order the on shelf across transects national Repeated river discharge and contaminant monitoring contaminant dischargeand river monitoring river enhanced monitoring beach enhanced USGS dischargeriver cabled or flow through standard package system package standardthrough flow or cabled monitoring seafood national information- background national sediments. contaminated for watch mussel with maybe cores sediment and grabs surface radar HF of network nationwide pilot RADAR HF technology) use (dual radar frequency High program watch mussel time and space of enhancement and continuing disc packages) disc multi (enhanced zooplankton and fish for ADCPS opportunity of ships for package standard R& D to add modular sensor packages to buoys to packages sensor modular add to D R& Enhancements quality air dis- contamination/ airborne waves, directional nutrients, ADCP), (by zooplankton oxygen, solved properties, optical rents, cur- salinity, temperature, water pkg, meteorology Implementation packages? necessary sensor sufficient and with integrated fully they Are reference. requireabsolute Gauges out build NOS at Look Glider pilot project pilot Glider suspended solids, waves, ice) waves, solids, suspended (Temperatureheight water chlorophyl wind data. access to "place" one Establish Access to SAR for Ice for SAR to Access Altimeter Doppler Delayed data m 300 of measurement Sustained (1) easier made be should SeaWIFFS km 1 to Access (1) countries other from possibly resolution)- 1Km g. (e. data coastal gather to "constellations" existing Augment Benthic habitats/ topography/ relief/ multibeam relief/ topography/ habitats/ Benthic event- driven response (natural, manmade) man- (natural, response driven event- Artificial livers Artificial Fluorometer Temperatureprofiles in situ in " GIVEN TIMELINE NO 5 10 20 50 1 5 to 10 to 5 Years2 - 1 3 15 10 years 5 to 3 5 5 to 1 1 3 1- 3 years 3 1- years 5 to 3 5 to 10 years 10 to 5 3 to 1 1 1 3 1 periodic and repeated (YEARS) 20 coast per year per ship 1 2 ~ 500 ~ 500 QTY 3 6 4 243.5 20 0.5 3 OBE 3 100 4 (MILLION) COST 100 10 6 applications) (all cost use Satellite Annual OA PACKAGES TOTAL high quality VOS quality high ships, dedicated ships UNOLS of use routine ships cruise CO_ 2 10: 100K 10: 2 CO_ Waves10, 14, CTD 10, nutrients, 5, optic 5, O 20, ADCPS 2 pilots 2 hardware/1M ops/ 2M 152 APPENDIX IX 153 APPENDIX IX WORKING GROUP 2: GROUP WORKING • Build a coastal component of the observing system that will: that system observing the of component coastal a Build • GOOS of module climate global international, the to Contribute • OBSERVINGSYSTEM OCEANOGRAPHIC NATIONALA OF PURPOSE Consider • Identify • timeline implementation a Build • plan game – scenario a Implement • AFTERNOON/EVENING THIS FOR CHARGE • The governance of the coastal component of the system the of component coastal the of governance The • system national a from benefit may system regional a how • management) and tech (e.g., needs building capacity system End-to-end • accessibility data and monitoring in Gaps • scale national a on changes and events of coherence information Provide • scale of economics provide and duplication, minimize systems, regional Benefit • observations scale coastal and global Link • and exchange data measurements, for protocols & standards accepted Establish • sites and stations sentinel referenceand of network a Provide • management WHERE WE ARE NOW Identified Goals/Products Identifed Important Variables Identified and Classified Techniques

Impact/Feasibility (operational,pre-op, etc) Began the Framework for Data Design/ Management Began the Framework for Economics Strawman IOOS Implementation Plan

STRAWMAN IMPLEMENTATION PLAN (THREE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF A “SYSTEM”)

• IOOS Management

• Data Management, Design, and Dessimination

• Monitoring/Measurements APPENDIX IX 154 155 APPENDIX IX • Governance Governance • regional versus National • ISSUES Authority,strawman? responsibility,the document CORE the is accountability: • cooperation/funding local state, fed, Multi-layered • one- and measures sentinel referenceand of backbone a provides National • stop shopping stop WORKING GROUP 3: GROUP WORKING that will benefit from linkages and data exchange data and linkages from benefit will that observations resolution high (very) areas/problemsrequiring into *Connection Scenarios Synergies (Network)* Systems Support vs. Solve SCALE • All defined vision for National Backbone National for vision defined All • regarding action immediate for recommendations Made • Backbone National of elements Defined • the and IOOS from see to wanted we product a identified All • PROCESS “Cross Instrumentation” of platforms of Instrumentation” “Cross techniques & data for standards national scale; of Economies supported be will many backbone; national the by solved be won't problems Most elements supported it group user 156 APPENDIX IX 157 APPENDIX IX Weeklyupwelling of map • examples: Three GROUPS USER AND PRODUCTS • Standardizations and Infrastructure and Standardizations • RS based shore- and Satellite • platforms Mobile • Mapping • Moorings • IMPORTANTELEMENTS NATIONALTHE BACKBONE: Waveforecasts • seafood in contamination Chemical • • Fishing safety, Fishing Surferscontrol,Erosion • industry, Seafood Consumers • modeling Ecosystem agencies, Fisheries • • Create data portals rather than data centers data than rather portals data Create • environments diverse in sites key Select • system global of context in Backbone National Keep • refinements sampling define help to models Use • CONSIDERATIONS…OTHER m); (300 resolutionimprove coasts: for optimized Satellites • of variety on used be to sensors of package Standard • radar HF and gliders for programs Pilot • servicing and biology for surveys Ship • cross- 150+ ultimately system, mooring existing Enhance • OPINIONS INDIVIDUAL 14 OF CONSENSUS A VISION: OUR more frequent views frequent more R/V) moorings, (VOS, platforms communication real-time and sensors automated with moorings shelf 158 APPENDIX IX 159 APPENDIX IX MOORINGS IMMEDIATE- TIMELINE ACTIONS SATELLITES AND SHORE- BASED RS SATELLITESBASED SHORE- AND IMMEDIATE– TIMELINE ACTIONS PPRE-OP data. satellite existing utilize and (assemble) Integrate OP PORTSsystems. existing Support Backbone. National PRE-OP as these codify standards); meet any and NDBC g., (e. moorings existing Network OP that validation. resolution, m 300 gain g., e. region, coastal to applicable more data satellite Make areas. new to PORTSEnhance resolution. depth have to NDBC Support areas. new cover to program mooring Augment for surface currents.surface for radar HF Develop EEZ. for satellite staring Develop systems Cabled etc.). fresh, polar,coral, deep, g., (e. environments of variety Testa in sensors PILOT PILOT R&D R&D moorings. for sensors and locations discuss to groups user with meetings regional Host MOBILE PLATFORMSMOBILE IMMEDIATE– TIMELINE ACTIONS MAPPING IMMEDIATE- TIMELINE ACTIONS PPRE-OP resolution. high at areas key in surveys multibeam Conduct OP PPRE-OP NMFS. CalCOFI, g., e. surveys shipboard existing Optimize OP system. VOS Optimize wide. nation- assessments stock Intensify selected areas). selected at video then first, (bathymetry biology of maps bottom develop to technology Nested recommend gliders. recommend properties;optical physical/ of surveys spatial autonomous for Pilot assessments. stock for technologies newer Develop PILOT PILOT R&D R&D LIDAR. bathym., mapping, aerial definition, SST,shoreline assessments, habitat optics, Aircraftfor crawler bottom- Autonomous 160 APPENDIX IX 161 APPENDIX IX STANDARDIZATIONSINFRASTRUCTURE AND IMMEDIATE- TIMELINE ACTIONS PPRE-OP DOD. to system Iridium of assessment Provide OP application. sea at- for system communication cellular global like Iridium- Testdevelop and platforms. of variety on used be can that package sensor standard Develop PILOT R&D (esp O (esp sensors Make bio-fouling). to resistant g., (e. operational more nutrients) 2 and WORKING GROUP 4: GROUP WORKING • Modeling water column ecosystems in nearshore and nearshore in ecosystems column water Modeling • vegetation coastal of Mapping • endangered resourcesand marine living Quantifying • contact human for safety water Warningfor system • level sea coastal of Predictions • models regional support to model circulation coastal D 3- • Waves • users recreational for Weatherconditions marine and • IMPLEMENTATIONFOR: DEVELOPED PLAN of education the to Contributes • to impacts anthropogenic Minimizes • species endangered and rare Protects • yields fisheries Improves • in swim not do people that Assures • fun and safe tourism Makes • predictions weather Improves • safety navigation Improves • SYSTEM THAT:SYSTEM INTEGRATEDAN OBSERVINGOCEAN offshore areas offshore species marine our citizens our systems coral and plant coastal waters unsafe • Data, maps and models available on available models and maps Data, • macroalgae seagrass, coral, Mapping • turtles mammals, marine Surveying • populations fisheries Mapping • bacteria of Monitoring • conditions ocean of Predictions • fluxes of Models • currents,tides, waves, of Predictions • the Internet the distribution marsh and level sea 162 APPENDIX IX 163 APPENDIX IX models resolution Higher data time real for capabilities Communication gaps current addressingprojects Pilot new,programs. parallel with gaps regional Fill THREE YEARS FROM NOW FROM YEARS THREE

IMPROVE INFRASTRUCTURE, TRAINING, EDUCATION NOW INTEGRATED OCEAN OBSERVING SYSTEM

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT existing programs. existing intercalibrateand coordinate Link, technology improved and new Implement technology improved and new Implement • 500 aircraft days/ year to quantify marine mammals, marine quantify to year days/ aircraft 500 • resourcesfisheries quantify to year days/ ship 6,000 • stations monitoring level sea 1,000 • year per month) (3 moorings meter current fixed 40 • year per buoys drift 50 • buoys meteorological 200 • models resolution high • component educational strong • personnel trained well- • instrumentation inter-calibrated • system integrated highly a • technology) new (extensive system automated highly a • buoys, vessels, planes, (satellites, infrastructure robust • users of list extensive an • program (sustainable) funded well a • NOW FROM YEARS TEN turtles, etc turtles, 3,000) (current database and platforms) 164 APPENDIX IX 165 APPENDIX X n hs eot w otie vso fr Dt and Data a for vision the addresses a that subsystem outline (DAC) Communications we report, this In now.functioning are that elements system of cacy effi- and efficiency the improve as well as system present tribution. The Plan must redress major deficiencies of the dis- and release data on statement policy a on agreement path for introduction of new technologies, and consensus formance and incorporating user feedback, definition of a continued oversight,processes forevaluatingsystemper- issues, including cost estimates, mechanisms for allowing a include phased approach must for addressing Data Plan and Communications The 2002. in Congress to mitted sub- be Plan a that requires (IOOS) System Observing Ocean Sustained and Integrated the of Implementation INTRODUCTION. OBSERVINGSYSTEM INTEGRATEDSUSTAINEDAND OCEAN COMMUNICATIONSTHE OF SUBSYSTEM IMPLEMENTATIONDATATHE OF AND PHASED AND DESIGN THE FOR PLAN A OF DEVELOPMENT THE FOR PROCESS A COMMUNICATIONSREPORT DATAX: AND APPENDIX TOPEE CA OSA YTM LAND System. Observing Ocean Sustained and Integrated the of Components 1. Figure COASTAL& SYSTEMS OCEAN ATMOSPHERE SYSTEM OBSERVING SUBSTAINEDOCEAN INTEGRATEDAND THE OF COMPONENTS Applications, Modeling, and Product Services Subsystem Services Product and Modeling, Applications, Data and Communication Subsystem Communication and Data Observing Subsystem Observing INTERNET IOOS in aaeet ytm ht tlzs xsig and existing utilizes that system management tion print for establishing a nationwide, distributed informa- blue- a provide will Process the completion its At ered. an overall operational system can be designed beforeand deliv- developed and/or assessed be to building need however, as possible as widely components, key Some system. IOOS new the of blocks as used be will these in and systems, exist national research,and alreadyacademic, regional, vision the of pieces the of technolo- Many gies. emerging and current on guidance provide groups. It will draw upon technical experts to assess and institu- management tions and centers. It will draw input from data users and user and systems existing upon future the for design IOOS rational system. The Process will be inclusive. detailed, It will build a into vision this turn will that Process the define we report, this In ocean global international plans. observing with seamlessly works se. The vision is global in scope, linking US coastal net- products, provide for decision-making and education, rather than data per to need requireinformation who users to essential the so are which embraces vision the environment.distributed Finally,a in users and systems among data the move to needed Communications and Data includes it data; of collection the to limited not is vision The near-real-time,real-time,delayed-mode. in and imagery, and photographs, movies, continuous measurements, measurements, point samples, and imens observations will include biological and geological spec- The platforms floor). sea the on instruments cabled of aircraft, and satellite, ships, range vehicles, autonomous broad drifters, a (buoys, from observations link to need the embraces vision The assurance. quality and metadata for consideration includes that manner ized standard- a in users and activities, activities, product-generation modeling operational to the data observational is subsystem DAC carrying – IOOS the of component integrating essential The above. identified issues emerging technologies, which have gained acceptance DACSC members should be drawn from the Ocean.US for communications, data, and commerce. Workshop (March 10-15, 2002) DAC Working Group.

The “Data and Communications Subsystem” is envi- The DACSC, the four Expert Teams and the two virtual sioned to provide the data management and communi- Outreach Teams will begin work in April-May, 2002 cations to support the “Observing Subsystem” and the (Figure 2). Based upon the consensus documents “Application, Modeling, and Product Services developed at the Ocean.US Workshop the DACSC will Subsystem”. The three subsystems collectively compose assign the Expert Teams with areas of responsibility that the IOOS (Figure 1). must be addressed and guidance on specific aspects of the assigned topics (summarized below). The Expert A PROCESS LEADING TO A PLAN Teams will meet in person and by conference calls to The Process begins with the appointment by Ocean.US develop White Papers that thoroughly address their of i) a Data And Communications Steering Committee assigned topics, by September 1, 2002. (DACSC), ii) four Expert Teams, and iii) two virtual Outreach Teams led by rapporteurs. Each Outreach Team rapporteur has the task of consulting with their respective communities in order to The Expert Teams will have the task of evaluating avail- develop Community Issues Lists representing the areas able technologies and making recommendations in the of concern that the Data And Communications Plan form of White Papers. The four Expert Teams will be the: should address. Should issues arise in the Outreach 1 Data Transport Expert Team Team discussions that might impact the technical con- 2 Data Discovery / Metadata Management clusions of the Expert Teams, the Outreach rapporteurs Expert Team should promptly bring these issues to the attention of 3 Applications Expert Team the DACSC (which includes the Expert Team chairs). 4 Data Archival Expert Team The DACSC will meet as required in person or by telephone to resolve these issues. Final versions of the The virtual Outreach Teams will be established to pro- Community Issues Lists should also be delivered to the vide guidance and critical feedback to the DACSC, DACSC by September 1, 2002. through the rapporteurs, from established National and Regional data centers and from stakeholding user groups Following receipt of the White Papers and Community that have serious interests in ocean data products: Issues Lists the Steering Committee must meet in per- 1 Data Facilities Management Team son and/or by telephone and email to write the Plan by 2 User Outreach Team October 1, 2002. The Plan will be circulated for review and comment during October, followed by a meeting to The DACSC will consist of i) the Rapporteurs from the be hosted by Ocean.US in November to review the Plan Outreach Teams, ii) the Chairs of the Expert Teams, and in a public forum. The DACSC should deliver the Plan iii) other persons as appointed by Ocean.US. To ensure in final form to Ocean.US in December, 2002. continuity of the planning process at least two of the

TIMELINE FOR PLAN DEVELOPMENT

Establish SteeringCommittee, Workgroups and Teams Draft Plan developed Plan Delivered

APR MAY AUG OCT NOV DEC

Workgroups and Teams meet, Public Review of Plan collaborate, and develop White Paper APPENDIX X Figure 2. Timeline for Plan Development 166 As a practical matter there is a need for rapid deployment Expert Teams’ responsibilities are to evaluate the status of the DAC subsystem because the streams of ocean and trends of the technology areas named below in the measurements are already in a state of rapid growth both context of guidance to be provided: nationally and internationally. To address this time-critical need several pilot projects are recommended to be DATA TRANSPORT EXPERT TEAM undertaken in parallel with the planning process. The Responsibilities: pilot projects will be conducted on a volunteer basis; Conventions for encoding metadata other projects may be added as the planning proceeds. Diversity of data types The DACSC should monitor the progress of these pilot Scientific Information System – Geographic efforts and provide feedback accordingly to the Expert Information System interoperability Teams. The intent is that the pilot projects will provide One or more data transport protocols valuable feedback to the planning process, while also Multi-protocol interoperability gateways shortening the overall time required to achieve opera- Subsystem performance tional status for the DAC subsystem. Special data types (video, acoustic, complex data structures) THE DAC STEERING COMMITTEE AND Server functionality TEAMS – RESPONSIBILITIES, GUIDANCE, Subsetting AND PILOT PROJECTS Aggregation GENERAL Metrics to calibrate usage of the system and Sensitive (classified or proprietary) data may require specifications of how ongoing tracking can be special management considerations in this system. achieved Standards developed within the IOOS framework should be consistent as far as practical with those devel- Guidance: oped by international elements of GOOS. Where neces- XML is the Ocean.US workshop recommendation sary standards do not exist IOOS should work in coor- for transport of metadata dination with international groups to help develop these The National Virtual Ocean Data System (NVODS) standards. is the Ocean.US workshop recommendation for transport of data with consideration for alterations THE STEERING COMMITTEE (DACSC): as necessary to accommodate the needs of Responsibilities: biological data that have been identified through Oversight of the planning process the Ocean Biological Information System (OBIS). Oversight of initial pilot projects (described under Interoperability with Open GIS (OGIS) data Pilot Projects, below) and possible identification/ transport is essential (though it is recognized that initiation of new ones OGIS is not sufficient for many classes of ocean Providing areas of responsibility, and guidance data) verbally and in writing to the Expert Teams There is a requirement for operational, mission- Assigning issues, and guidance verbally and in critical data “push”. Primary candidate technologies writing to the Outreach Teams include GTS, next-generation GTS, and the Internet Assigning consultation to both the Expert Teams Data Distribution (IDD) system. and the Outreach Teams as needed during their Clarification: The DAC subsystem will not address deliberations problems of platform-specific telemetry for sensors Consideration of cross-cutting issues including (e.g. getting ARGO data to shore). We define this security, standards, design tradeoffs, networks, communications step as an aspect of the sensor sub- existing systems, interoperability, maintainability, system. flexibility, cost, system administration functions, system performance monitoring Pilot Projects: Designing and writing the draft Plan Pilot project: Recommend an NVODS and Circulating the draft Plan widely for public review OBIS/GBIF exchange standard. Presenting and discussing the draft Plan at the Pilot Project: Transport data from NDBC Hub (70 Public Review Meeting moored buoys and 60 C-MAN shore sites- Modifying the Plan as appropriate based upon feed- transporting hourly observations) via NVODS and back received during the review process, in order to provide metadata access/data discovery via the achieve a reasonable consensus solution NCDDC portal Writing the final Plan and presenting it to Ocean.US by December 2002 DATA DISCOVERY / METADATA MANAGEMENT Addressing the issues of Governance of the IOOS EXPERT TEAM

APPENDIX X DAC subsystem Responsibilities: 167 Controlled vocabulary Semantic keywords and data dictionaries Pilot Projects: Existing standards and standards frameworks Pilot project: The US Global Ocean Data Adaptive metadata – merged data, products, etc. Assimilation Experiment (GODAE) server, which is Metadata for non-traditional data types co-located with US Navy Fleet Numerical Metadata as data Meteorology and Oceanography Center (FNMOC) Portal concept in Monterey, California, should be regarded as a Maintainability of system pilot project within the IOOS for the assembly of Metadata versioning strategy real time observations in support of operational modeling. Guidance: FGDC is the Ocean.US workshop recommendation DATA ARCHIVAL EXPERT TEAM for a metadata content standard (with the option of Responsibilities: defining formal profiles). Data duplication between centers and within centers The metadata requirements for data providers to Complete disciplinary archives participate in the IOOS must be clear and simple. Metadata completeness Operational resources Pilot Projects: Incentives for users to submit data Pilot project: A pilot project is encouraged that will Coordination between Centers begin to provide for a catalog and data access portal Capability for real-time acquisition at NOAA’s National Coastal Data Development Model input and output data Center. Archeology and mining of external data

APPLICATIONS EXPERT TEAM Guidance: Responsibilities: The Ocean.US workshop recommendation is Quality Control “Initially, don’t look back!” Data of known quality Emphasize pilot projects to introduce new Some level of quality requirements for each approaches to archiving data data type Need data maps to ensure data that are Pilot Projects: expected are available Define pilot projects at existing archive centers after Feedback from users on data quality and IOOS standards are defined system integrity Online data entry forms to improve data DATA FACILITIES MANAGEMENT TEAM quality Data Assembly Responsibilities: Data in distributed locations must be made Encouraged to provide inputs and issues to parallel in format and quality technical teams Version control for assembled data collections Keep team informed of progress on a regular basis Software interfaces must assist data assembly Consider pilot projects that would begin process implementation of the Plan Product Generation Solicit inputs to the Plan Data products that will be the responsibility of the DAC are related to DAC operations (i.e. USER OUTREACH TEAM data inventories, procedures, standards, Responsibilities: process, standards) Recommend to DAC Steering Committee Technical products are the responsibility of the requirements of users, represented by centers “application subsystem” producing products and services Keep team informed of progress on a regular basis Guidance: Consider pilot projects that would begin Clarification: The DAC subsystem is responsible for implementation of the Plan delivering input data for models and delivering Solicit inputs to the Plan model output as data to users. It is not responsible, Make recommendations to the DACSC on a structure however, for the running of models or the that ensures ongoing communications between production of numerical data products. IOOS DAC managers and user groups – identifying Clarification: QC procedures must be developed as new user needs and providing feedback on a partnership between the operations, and DAC. inadequacies within the system. APPENDIX X 168 APPENDIX XI: ECONOMICS REPORT

ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS IN BUILDING OCEAN OBSERVING SYSTEMS

MAJOR ECONOMIC QUESTIONS

• Do the benefits of the system exceed the costs?

• Among those elements where the benefits exceed the costs, which should have highest priority?

• What products have the greatest net economic benefit? Benefits • Costs • Timeliness APPENDIX XI 169 NOMTO DECISIONS INFORMATION Value Added Raw Data Raw ValueAdded Increases in Scientific and Technicaland Scientific Knowledge in Increases Current Data New Data New Data Current A SIMPLE COST FRAMEWORK COST SIMPLE A (Planning and Investment Decisions) Investment and (Planning Costs=Incremental Costs Costs=Incremental TechnicalOutputs Change (Operational Decisions) (Operational Economic Users Economic Costs Higher Processing= Higher Short Run Outputs Run Short Long Run Outputs Run Long 170 APPENDIX XI 171 APPENDIX XI ulcHat X X X X X X X H H L X H L X H H Other L H Health Public L Energy H L Trans Res Living Recreation ER & SAR FRAMEWORK BENEFITS A Services and Goods Cost Lower • Services and Goods Increased • Surplus Social in Changes • BENEFITS ECONOMIC • • • Net Change in Economy in Change Net pay actually they what less pay to willing be would consumers What • Surplus Consumer produce to costs it what less receiveproducers What • Surplus Producer PSRLRTCQP 5 Improve measurements Improve 5 fluctuations Measure 1 standardized Nationally 2 standardized Nationally 1 Modeling 2 Airborne/waterborne 4 Emergencyand SAR 3 navigable Maintain 2 and safe Ensure 1 Anthropogenic 9 Detection/prediction 5 sea Global/regional 2.6 variability/ ocean Upper 2.3 prediction ENSO 2.2 variability SST 1.1 EVALUATIONPRODUCT OF EXAMPLE impacts and abundance of species marine harvested in consumption measures/seafood risk measures/swimming risk uncertainty capabilities/predictions/ prediction and distribution contaminant Response Spill waterways activities and ops marine efficient Contaminants species algal harmful of level predictions climate OT BENEFITS COSTS d’ b Apo rqui [$] $ unit freq VAproc obs add’l X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH LOW LOW LOW HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH LOW? LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH? HIGH HIGH LOW? HIGH HIGH HIGH IHSHORT& HIGH SHORTRUN SHORTRUN RUN LONG SHORT& RUN LONG SHORT& RESPONSE EFFECTIVE COST-MORE RUN LONG SHORT& RUN LONG SHORTRUN RUN LONG LONG RUN LONG SHORT& RUN LONG SHORT& 172 APPENDIX XI 173 APPENDIX XI AN EXAMPLE OF A BENEFIT/COST MATRIXBENEFIT/COST A OF EXAMPLE AN

INCREMENTAL COSTS nagrdSeis2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 6 3 6 3 6 9 Swimming Health Public Species Endangered PredictionHazard Air/WaterContam Contam Anthropogenic Prediction HAB Seafood Health Pub SAR/EmergencyResponse Assessment Stock Marine Safe/Eff Climate Ocean Upper Waterways Navig Level Sea Prediction Enso Variability SST AN EXAMPLE OF A RANKING A OF EXAMPLE AN MEDIUM HIGH LOW BY NET BENEFITS NET BY NET BENEFITS NET LOW Pub Health Seafood Health Pub BENEFITS 1 2 3 MEDIUM Endangered Species Endangered PredictionHazard Air/WaterContam Contam Antropogenic Prediction HAB Swimming Health Public Response SAR/Emergency 2 3 6 HIGH Stock Assessment Stock Marine Safe/Eff Climate Ocean Upper Navig WaterwaysNavig Level Sea PredictionFore VariabilitySST 3 6 9 • Economic screening adds to, does not replace screening replace not does to, adds screening Economic • benefits economic lower provide that productstowards Build • when: highest be to likely are Benefits Net • first benefit economic net high a have which products Produce • PRINCIPLES GUIDING SOME • • • on: based m are There • Policy Imperatives Policy Scientific/TechnicalFeasibility and Impact later than rather sooner makers decision to gets Information ultiple sources of benefits of sources ultiple 174 APPENDIX XI 175 NOTES ADCP Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler JCOMM Joint Technical Commission for Oceanography and ADEOS Advanced Earth Observing Satellite Marine Meteorology AOP Apparent Optical Properties LMR-GOOS Living Marine Resources panel within GOOS ASAPP Automated Shipboard Aerological Programme Panel MPERSS Marine Pollution Emergency Response Support ATSR Along Track Scanning Radiometer System AUV Autonomous Underwater Vehicle NAO North Atlantic Oscillation AVHRR Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer NDBC National Data Buoy Center CalCOFI California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries NOPP National Oceanographic Partnership Program Investigation NORLC National Ocean Research Leadership Council CDOM Colloidal Dissolved Organic Matter NPDO North Pacific Decadal Oscillation C-GOOS Coastal component of GOOS NRC National Research Council CLIVAR Climate Variability and Predicability Programme NVODS National Virtual Ocean Data System (part of WCRP) NWS National Weather Service CPR Continuous Plankton Recorder OBIS Ocean Biogeographic Information System CTD Conductivity-Temperature-Depth OBS Ocean Bottom Seismographs DAC Data and Communications OOPC Ocean Observations Panel for Climate DACSC Data and Communications Steering Committee OOSDP Ocean Observing System Development Panel DBCP Data Buoy Cooperation Panel OPeNDAP Open source Project for a Network Data Access DIC Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Protocol DIN Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen ORAP Ocean Research Advisory Panel DM Data Management PA Program Area DO Dissolved Oxygen pCO2 Partial Pressure of CO2 DOC Dissolved Organic Carbon PORTS The Physical Oceanographic Real-Time System EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone QC Quality Control EOS Earth Observing System ROV Remotely Operated Vehicle EXCOM Executive Committee RS Remote Sensing FGDC Federal Geographic Data Committee SAR Synthetic Aperture Radar FNMOC Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography SC Steering Committee Center SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol FOFC Federal Oceanographic Facilities Council SOOP Ship of Opportunity Program FTP File Transfer Protocol SOOPIP Ship of Opportunity Program GBIF Global Biodiversity Information Facility Implementation Panel GCOS Global Climate Observing System SOSUS SOund SUrveillance System GIS Geographic Information System SSH Sea Surface Height GLOSS/GE The Group of Experts on the Global Sea-Level SSS Sea Surface Salinity Observing System SST Sea Surface Temperature GMNET Gulf of Mexico Aquatic Monitoring Network TAO Tropical Atmosphere Ocean project GODAE Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment TIC Total Inorganic Carbon GOES Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite TOC Total Organic Carbon GOOS Global Ocean Observing System TOGA Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere HAB Harmful Algal Bloom TN Total Nitrogen HABSOS Harmful Algal Blooms Observing System TRITON Triangle Trans-Ocean Buoy Network HOTO Health of the Ocean TRMM Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission HSI Hyper Spectral Imagery UNCED UN Conference on Environment and Development HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol UNFCC United Nations Framework Convention IFA Impact-Feasibility Analysis on Climate Change ICSU International Council of Scientific Unions USGSC U.S. GOOS Steering Committee IMS International Monitoring System UUV Unmanned Underwater Vehicle IOC Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission VOS Voluntary Observing Ship IODE International Oceanographic Data and Information WCRP World Climate Research Program Exchange WMO World Meteorological Association IOP Inherent Optical Properties WOCE World Ocean Circulation Experiment IOOS Integrated and Sustained Ocean Observing System XCTD Expandable Conductivity, Temperature and IRI International Research Institute for Climate Prediction Depth profiling system IWG Interagency Working Group XSV Expendable Sound Velocimeter ACRONYMS