Tfl f Gca ird in N t 1Ti ica
GeorgeL.Armistead ABSTRACT andfall appearances to "misorientation," both Thispaper summarizes extralimita] records, phenomenathat are wall documented in simi- 1216Clarion Street includingbreeding records beyond the core larspecies. range,of GrayKingbird (Tyrannus dominicen- In thecompilation of recordsaway from Philadelphia,Pennsylvania 19147 sis) in North America, almostall of which are corerange, we find clear patterns of vagrancy fromcoastal areas along the Atlantic and Gulf Bothspring and fall records out of core range (email:[email protected]) Coasts.Most recordsof vagrantsare over- showbimodality. The bimodalityin spring whelminglylikely to be from migratory popu- maybe attributableto differentialmigration lations,but specimens ofvagrants are few and bysex, while the fall bimodality may pertain thetaxonomy atthe subspecific level remains to differentmigrations by ageclasses. Spring MarshallJ. Iliff unsettledenough that positive identification vagrantrecords span the species'normal ofthe source population(s) has not been feasi- migrationwindow. as doesthe earlierfall 246East 16th Street, Unit B ble.Likewise, the dearth of data on migratory peak,but a separate,later fall peak involves pathwaysof GrayKingbird precludes exten- birdsthat appear up toa monthlater than the CostaMesa, California 92627 sive speculationon probablecauses of latest individuals have wtthdrawn from other (email:[email protected]) vagrancy. though here we attributespring portionsof its rangein the UnitedStates. appearancesout of rangeto "overshooting" ]-houghthe displacement of some birds may be affectedby weather,no strongcorrelation betweenpatterns of wind andweather and the vagrancyof thisspecies could be estab- lishedin thissummary. Thereare very few records of vagrants dur- ingsummer (late June through mid-August), and none exist duringwinter awayfrom Floridaand Mississippi. Records of vagrants arechiefly coastal, with just 19from the con- tinent'sinterior. While partially a productof observerbias, the distribution of records illustratesthis species'strong affinity for coastalenvironments. This paper documents an increasein the numberof vagrantGray Kingbirdsrecorded since the 1970s,due in partto a minorrange extension but primarily to the sharpincrease in thepopularity of amateurornilhology in theEast.
INTRODUCTION '[he charismaticGray Kingbird(Tyrannus dominiccrisis)is one of eightspecies in its genusthat regularlybreeds in continental NorthAmerica north of Mexico (Figure 1). As humanshave continually reshaped the land- scapethroughout its range. the Gray Kingbird has establisheditself as one of the most ubi- Figure1. AGray Kingbird, probably ajuvenile based onthe brown cast and neat pale margins tothe upperwing coverts,hangs out at Buxton,North Carolina 21 October1993. The Carolinas have hosted almost half of the quitousbirds in its corerange in the West continentsvagrant Gray Kingbirds inthe past 100 years, and the Outer Banks of NorthCarolina have held Indies.An open-countryspecies, it hasbene- mostof those, including atleast one nesting pak. Photograph byStephen J.Dinsmore. fitedfrom the clearing of forestsand the cre-
148 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS • UNITED STATESi , _ ) ATLANTIC
x, / CUBA-...... B•A•AMAS'• - ...... ,.,. blue. hne' . indicates' ' \ ( • • ".-' PUERTO -.._ w•ntenngrange '"x k,. ,J .t JAMAICA•; - ,-.... • -.•½o, '%. "'"'-- -""-'•J---r•V,-..... '•'; HAITI
PACI FI C
ationof moreopen spaces. In breedingseason, savanna;Monroe and Barron 1980, Lock- essentiallyresident, although some birds are itsboisterous, twittering call is heardcontinu- wood 1999), Sulphur-belliedFlycatcher believed to winter south to northern South ously,variously described as "pit-teer-rrry" or (Myiodynastesluteiventris), Ash-throated Fly- America(Ridgway 1907, A.O.U. 1957,Iray- "pe-cheer-ry"(Peterson 1980), and it enjoys catcher(Mylarthus cinerascens), Variegated 1or 1979, Rodnetet al. 2000). Differencesare an uncommonaffection among humans, evi- Flycatcher(Empidonomus varius; Abbott and slightand poorlycharacterized, but T. d. dencedby thevariety of colloquialnames fas- Finch 1978), and others. We believe that voraxis saidto averagelarger with a larger tened to it, most of which relate to its call: errantGray Kingbirds occur in thespring pri- bill,and darker gray upperparts, with axiltars Petchary,Chinchary, Pitirre, Pitirre AbeFro, marily as "overshooting"northbound andunderwing coverts less strongly yellow- Iitirre, Pestigre,Pipirite, Pick-Peter, Chris- migrants,whereas fall vagrants are presumed ish (Ridgway1907). Geographicvariation tomarie,and Fighter (Bond 1993). to be misorientedbirds engaging in "reverse withinthe species was examined by Brodkorb Gray Kingbirdsbreed from the coastal migration.• In our analysisof records,we (1950) and Habermanet al. (1991), and both southeasternUnited States(Alabama to South havenot been able to establisha strong posi- foundthat sedentary populations were gener- Carolina)south throughout the WestIndies tivecorrelation between particular patterns of allylarger-billed and shorter-tailed. Neverthe- to northern South America (Venezuela;west windor weatherand the out-of-range occur- less,because significant sexual &morphism probablyto Colombiaand perhaps Panama; fencesof Gray Kingbird,although southerly existsin bill lengthand wing shape (Haber- Ridgelyand G•vynne 1989, A.O.U. 1998, Hihy or southwesterlywinds sometimes precede manet al_1991), identification to onegroup 2003). Northern populations--including appearancesof the speciesout of rangein or the otherrequires ascertaining the sex, those in the United States, the Bahamas, bothspring and fall; in oneinstance, a hurri- whichis not possiblein the field.Brodkorb Cuba,the Ca)qnanIslands, and Jamaica-- canehas been credited with the d•splacement (1950) dividedthe speciesinto five sub- wintersouthward from Hispaniola and Puerto of a vagrant, though such is essentiall) species,but thesewere never widely recog- Rico to northern South America (increase in impossibleto demonstrateconclusively. nized,and no differenceswere seen by Mon- numbersdetected fall throughwinter in roe (1968). Habermanet al. (1991) found NethedandAntilles and Irinidad and lobago, TAXONOMYAND THE SUBSPECIFIC significantmorphometric differences among for example;Voous 1983, ffrench 1991). IDENTIFICATIONOF VAGRANTS populationsexamincd by them, with two In thisreview, we consider"vagrant" Gray Determinationof the sourcepopulation of broadgroups discernible: migratory and non- Kingbirdsto be individualsdocumented vagrantswould be of interest,but apparently migratorypopulations. Although a changein awayfrom Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and individualsare not diagnosible to population taxonomywas suggested by Habermanet al. coastalGeorgia. Gray Kingbirdis proneto or subspeciesin the fieldor perhapseven in (1991)and adopted by Pyle (1997), the study long-distancevagrancy, as are several species hand.Ihe Gray Kingbirdhas traditionall)' wasnot specificall)' designed to addresstaxo- of migratorytyrannids, including Iropical beendivided into two subspecies,nominate nomicissues. For example,they did not Kingbird(Tyrannus melancholicus; Mlodinow T..d. dominicensisover most of therange and examinetype specimens or specimensfrom 1998), Fork-tailed Flycatcher(Tyrannus T. d. vorax in the LesserAntilles, which is typelocalities and did not evaluateplumage
VOLUME 57 (2003) NUMBER 2 149 GrayKingbird was first noted in SouthCar- olina in 1832by J. J. Audubon(Smith and Jackson2002). It wasconsidered byPost and Gauthreaux(1989) to be a "veryrare vagrant andcasual breeder on thecoast." The only recentbreeding record for SouthCarolina is of a pair that summeredat DebidueBeach, GeorgetownCounty, and producedat least onefledgling, which was seen 13 July 1993 (Davis1993). The last prior breeding record forSouth Carolina was in 1896,though a pair wasseen in suitablenesting habitat on Fripp Island,Beaufort County 11-13 May 1984 (McNair and Post 1993). The firstGray Kingbird record for North Carolinawas noted in March 1957 (Funder- burgand Soots1959), and that summer,the speciesapparently nested at Southport village, BrunswickCounty ¾he sightings are chroni- cledby Chamberlain (1957): "A group of Gray Kingbirdsspent some weeks around Southport village.The first was nottxl, June 28, on a w•re, by WatersThompson; on Aug. 21, fourwere presentat thissame site and one of thosewas examinedclosely by CecdAppleberry, who thoughtthat the head shading was not so dark Figure3. AGray Kingbird welloffshore isa rare sight: this bird landed onthe oil-drilling platform Exxon Green Canyon 18, as the birds he had seen in Florida;he sus- some130 km south of the Louisiana coast, on 22 May 2000 and remained through 25May. These platforms, likeremote islands,aremagnets forweary migrants andare good places todetect vagrants. Photograph byBrian L.Sullivan. pectedit mightbe a birdof theyear. Again on the 22nd,three were present (Mrs. A.)." The detailsof the record suggest nesting, especially coloration,including characters said to differ- Statesfrom the Florida panhandle west to M•s- giventhat four birds would be unlikely to be entiate I.. d. vorax. sissippiand north along the Atlantic Coast to togetherin a groupunless as a familyunit, and Vagranttymnnids, like mostvagrant land- Georgia.In Florida,the birdsare especially we suspectthat this group rcpresented a first birds,appear to be consistentlyfrom migra- commonin theKeys. They breed north along North Carolinanesting. Gray Kingbirds tory populationsor taxa(see, for example, both coaststhrough Duval County on the returnedto thesame area in 1958,1959, 1962, analysisof recordsfor Fork-tailed Flycatcher, Atlantic side and to Wakulla and Franklin and 1995,but the sightingswere of single Lockwood 1999), and thus it seemsthat the Counties on the Gulf. North and west of these birds,with no furtherindications of nesting most likely sourceof North Americanand counties,breeding is lessfrequent but still observed.The next indication of nesting in the Bermudianvagrants are from the northern, occurs,especially on barrier ishnds. Nesting is statewas in 1996,a fewkilometers away at migratorypopulations. It is impossible,how- irregularwest of Floridaand into Alabama Fort Caswell,Brunswick County A single ever,to determinethe geographic provenance (Smithand Jackson 200l). In Mississippi,it GrayKingbird seen 18 Maywas joined by a of thefew specimen records, but it ispossible nestsreguhrly in smallnumbers on someoff- secondbird 1 June,and a nestwas found later thatsome proportion of the vagrantrecords shoreislands, most notably Horn Island, where in the month,but therewere no published of GrayKingbird involve individuals from the theywere seen annually 1963-1967 but not reportsindicating whether eggs were laid or migratorypopulations in Cuba, the lsla de notedagain after the 1969hndfall of Hurri- youngwere successfully reared (Davis 1997a, Pinos,and/or Jamaica. To our knowledge, the caneCamille until 1974 (S. J. Peterson,pers. Davis1997b). A pairreturned to the same area severalspecimens of vagrantGray Kingbirds comm.).Nesting was first confirmed in Missis- thefollowing year, with one bird seen sitting havenot beenidentified to populationor sippion HornIsland in 1976(Weber and Jack- on a nest 18 May (Davis1997c) and a nest subspecies,and of the 204 Gray Kingbirds son1977), and at leastfive pairs were present with two eggsphotographed 21 June (Davis loggedas banded in theBird Banding Labora- therein 1979(S. J. Peterson,pets. comm.). It 1998).A sightingat CaswellBeach 5 June tory'sdatabase. none has produced a return hasnested just onceon themainhnd in Mis- 1999 may havereferred to a memberof the or recovery(fide M. KathleenKlimkicwicz). sissippiat Biloxi,Harrison County, where one nestingpair returningtwo yearslater (Davis pairsuccessfully nested in 1998and returned 2000), and it is possiblcthat the birdswere DISTRIBUTIONAND MIGRATION in at leastthe two subsequent years (S.J. Peter- presentin 1998and not reported. son, pers.comm.).Ihere are more than 15 Breeding additionalrecords from mainland Mississippi Migrationand Wintering A strictlycoastal species, the Gray Kingbird is (SJ.Peterson, pers. comm.), mostly correspon- Whileresident in themore southerly portions seldomfound bretxling more than a fewkilo- dingto thespring and fall migration peaks. of its range,Gray Kingbirds from the north- meters from the coast (Stevensonand Ander- Gray Kingbirdbreeds very sparinglyin ern part of the breedingrange--the United son1994), except in SouthAmerica, where it Georgiaand is a very rarebreeder in South States,the Bahamas,Cuba, the lsla de Pinos, hasbred up to 400 km inlandin theVenezue- Carolinaand North Carolina. In Georgia,it is the Caymans,and Jamaica--are fully migra- lan llanosnorth of the OrinocoRiver (Hiliy notedas "a rare transient and very local sum- tory (Habermanet al. 1991,Smith and Jack- 2003).Common as a breederthroughout the merresident on [the]coast...nesting sporad- son1001). MigrantGray Kingbirds winter Caribbeanand peninsularFlorida, it breeds icallyon St. Simonsand Sea Ishnds, Jekyll fromHispaniola south through the Caribbean sparinglyalong the Gulf Coastof the United Islandand Brunswick"(Beaton et al. 2003). to Panama,and east throughColombia,
150 NORTH AMERICAN BIROS Venezuela,Guyana, Suriname, French 60 birds(Pranty 2001, 2002). In the spring, Islands,Puerto Rico, and theBahamas Io the Guiana,and Brazil (Smith and Jackson 2002) migrantGray Kingbirds begin to appearhack west of Florida. the recent studies of bird It is notknown how different breeding popu- on thebreeding grounds in lateMarch, with migrationbased on oil-drillingpfatforrns off lationsapportion the winter range. migrantshaving been noted as earlyas 16 Florida,Iexas, and Louisianain the Gulf of There are few winter records from Florida Marchin theKeys. By mid-April, most of the Mexicohave detected small numbers of Gray (Stevensonand Anderson1994). Smith and breedershave arrived in northernpart of their Kingbirdsduring spring, most apparently Jackson(2002) note that Gray Kingbirds may breedingrange in Horida(Smith and Jackson birds off course,but a few possiblybirds strayinland more often in thewinter, and two 2002).Later birds arrive on territoryas fate as returningto nestingareas on theGulf Coast Floridaspecimens taken m winter--atMadi- earlyJune. In Jamaica,Gray Kingbirds typi- (Figure3). Ihere arevery few data on migra- son(11 February1889) and at Lakeport(30 callyarrive in fateMarch and depart in early tion for this species,so futureobservations January 1945; Stevensonand Anderson October(Downing and Sutton 1990). Garrido hereand elsewhere could prove valuable. 1994)--illustratethis point. Stevensonand andKirkconnell (2000) notea rangeof dates Anderson(1994) mention five coastal reports between19 Februaryand 6 Octoberon Cuba, VAGRANCY in winter:Paradise Key, 26-28 December 1917; thelsfa de Pinos, and the offshore cays. Recordsof vagrantGray Kingbirdsin the TampaBay, 28 November--ll December Ihe birdsbreeding on the peripheryof U.S.A. and Canadathrough 31 December 1940;near Coot Bay, 12 February1956; West rangein Georgia,the Carolinas, Mississippi, 2000were compiled from a literaturereview Palm Beach,30 December1964; and Fort andAlabama apparently undertake their fall comprisingnumerous sources, including Lauderdale,7 January and I February1965. migrationbeginning in mid-August.Birds studies of bird distribution in various states Approxinmtelya dozen other winter reports breedingin southernFlorida are on the move (e.g., Levine1998, Veit and Petersen 1993), existfor Florida,but thereis litde extantinfor- laterin Septemberor earlyOctober (Smith journalsof ornithologicalrecord (e.g., North mation to supportthem (Stevensonand andJackson 2002). October migrants in the AmericanBirds and its predecessors;Chat) Anderson1994). There is one winter record Bahamasat Nassauwere noted to stopfor a andother sources when deemed reliable (e.g., fromMississippi: one at HornIsland, Jackson few hoursto feed,refuel, and restbefore con- certainRare Bird Alerts, and personalcom- County,22 February1976 (Weber and Jack- tinuingmigration later in theday (Brudenell- munications). For states with established son1977; S. J. Peterson,pers. comm.). Bruce1975). Floridfanfall migrantshave recordscommittees that reviewsightings of Aswith otherspecies in the genusTyran- beenseen to movein aneasterly direction off GrayKingbird, we used those records that had nus,migration is diurnal and perhaps crepus- of Florida (Stevensonand Anderson 1994) beenreviewed and accepted by theappropri- cufar.Gray Kingbirdsover land appearto andBahamian birds in a southeasterlydirec- ate slaterecords committee. In othercases, as migrateprimarily coastally, but thereis at tion (Brudenell-Bruce1975). Whether the with historicalrecords never reviewedby leastsome inland dispersal in Florida(Sprunt routestaken by thesemigrants involve a committeesbut traditionall), included in state 1954). In CentralAmerica, it is a casualor directcrossing of the Gulf of Mexicoor a monographs,we usedour own discretion. veryrare spring (mid- to lateMarch) and fall seriesof shorter flights from one island to the Datapresented in thetext do nol distinguish (earlySeptember to earlyOctober) migrant next remainsunknown (Smith and Jackson betweenwell-documented sight records and alongthe immediateCaribbean coast of 2002), but it seemslikely that theyisland- recordssupported by photographicevidence Costa Rica, where it is most often seen hop throughthe LesserAntilles, the Virgin continuedon page 154 migratingwith EasternKingbirds (Tyrannus tyrannus;Stiles and Skutch 1989). In Panama,Wetmore (1972) consideredit an uncommonspring (March; latest dates in late April)and fall (September; earliest records in late August)migranl and winter resident alongthe Caribbean coast. Wetmore (1972) furthernoted that while wintering birds were usuallyfound singly, migrant individuals typ- icallyoccurred in smallflocks. Away from centralPanama, where the speciesregularly winters (and possibly breeds) aroundPanama City (Ridgelyand Gwynne 1989),there is but onesight record from the Pacific Coast of Central America: one at Jimenez,Costa Rica, •n May(Stiles and Skutch 1989). Howelland Webb(1995) consideredit an uncommon to rare transient on Caribbean islandsoff Belizeand QuintanaRoo, Mexico, a rare transienton the adjacentcoasts, and a probablerare transientin Honduras.They noted no recordsfrom the northern or western sides of the Yucatan Peninsula (states of Yucatanand Campeche),although vagrant individualsmust surely occur there, especially in fall. Stevensonand Anderson (1994) note I thatGray Kingbird movement in Floridausu- Figure4. Unikethe case with other vagran tyrands, records ofvagrant Gray Kinbirds along the Ariantic coast diminish ally occursin smallflocks along the coast, withalmost mathematlc precision away from core range. This bird at Kiptopeke, Virginia on14 November 2000 provided numberingas manyas 20 individuals.Fall oneof a eight records from the state's Eastern Shore; the Carolinas have ten times that many records, whereas islands and roostshave recently been noted involving 50- peninsulastothe north on the coast can claim only 23 total from Maryland toMassachusetts. Photo9ra• byBrian L.Sullivan.
VOLUME 57 (2003) ß NUMBER 2 151 GR •h KI:'GBIRD
TABLE 1. ALL RECORDSOF VAGRANTGRAY KINGBIRDS, AS DEFINEDBY THIS PAPER,BY LOCATIONAND DATE,THROUGH DECEMBER 2000. DATE(S) LOCATION NOTES 26Apr 1975 MoreheadCity, Chat39:79 CarteretCo.,NC CapeBeal, BC 30Apr 1994 Stacy,Carteret Co.,NC Chat59:79 299-10SepOct1889 VancouverOldLyme, Otd Island,Tyme Twp., CT • *imm.,ph ZeranskiGodfrey 1986&Bapt]st 1•90 early Apr SunsetBeach, ph ChatS8.•5 1974 1993 BrunswickCo.,NC 8-22Nov GreenwichPt.,Greenwich Szantyretal. 1996 9 May- CapeLookout, nesting?,possibly Chat63:41 1992 Twp.,CT 2Ju11998 CarteretCo.,NC twoon 2 Jul 1._.5May1999 Carlyle_L.•,ClintonCo.,IL ph(NAB 53:343) NAB53:286, 343 16May 1978 AtlanticBeach, Chat42:87 10-19Apr GrandIsle, Jefferson Par.,LA J.V.Reinsen pen. comm. CarteretCo.,NC 1986 18May 1973 CapeHatteras, Buxton Chat37:109 20Apr 1994 GrandIsle, Jefferson Par.,LA J.V.Reinsen pen. comm. WoodsTrail, Dare Co., NC 25Apr 1964 Creole•1mi.south ofCameron, J.V.Reinsen pers. comm. 18May 1985 EagleI.,nrW•mington, Chat49:104 CameronPar., LA BrunswickCo,NC 30Apr 1984 GrandTerre, I• ß J.V.Reinsen pers. comm. 18May- Ft.Caswell, Brunswick nesting;onnestin Chat61:63,125 30Apr- offshore,20kmoffshore from J.V.Bemsen pers. comm. lateJun 1996 Co.,NC Junebut success or 1May 1995 MississippiRiverdelta, failurenot doc'd, first PlaqueminesPar.,U• birdpresent from 1May 1970 PevetoBeach Woods, *? J.V.Reinsen pers. comm. 18May, second bird CameronPar., LA anfved1 Jun 3 May1954 GrandIsle, Jeffersoo Par.,LA J.V.Reinsen pers. comm. 18May- Ft.Caswetl, Brunswick nesting,returned to Chat61:286, 62:45 3May 1995 Grandhie, Jefferson Par.,LA J.V.Reinsen pers. comm lateJun 1997 Co.,NC FLCaswell,"where 4 May1995 moulhBapliste Collette, J.V.Reinsen pers. comm. onebird was found CameronPar., LA sittingon a nest May 5 May1990 St.Bernard, St.Bernard Par., LA J.V.Remsen pers. comm. 18";phofnest w/2 9-13MOy GrandIsle, Jefferson Par.,LA ph J.V.Reinsen pers. comm. eggsby Wayne irvin; 1984 nestsuccess was not tl MOy1948offshore,Gulf ofMexico, 32 J.V.Remsenpers. comm. determined.One bird railess.of the mouth of the continueduntil at MississippiRiver,LA least6/21/1997. 18May 1994 GrandIsle, Jefferson Par.,LA J.V.Remsen pers. comm. 19May 1986 PeaI.Coast Guard Stn, Chat51:55 18May 2000 LafourchePar.,LA NAB54-293 DareCo.,NC 22-25May offshore,Exxon platform ph B.L.Sullivan pers. comm. 19May 1•8 southofAvon, Dare Co., NC Chat53:48 2000 GreenCanyon 18A, ca. 20May 1999 CapeHatteras, DareCo.,NC Chat63:188 130km S Morgan City, 22May 1988 BogueBanks, Chat 53:75 TerrebonnePar.,LA CarteretCo., NC 26May 1991 GrandIsle, Jefferson Par.,LA J.V.Reinsen pers. comm. 23May 1980 Ft.Fisher, New Chat44:116 28tday 1984 Ft.Jackson, Plaquemines Par.,LA J.V.Reinsen pers. comm. HanoverCo., NC 30MOy 1985 offshore,20mi. SSE ofSW J.V.Remsen pors. comm. 24-25May PortsmouthI., Chat58:65 passofMississippi River,LA 1993 CarteretCo.,NC 23Oct 1987 nrThomwell, Jefferson *? J.V.Remsen pers. comm. 26-28May Buxton,Dare Co.,NC Chat61:286 DavisPar., LA 1997 7 Hov- PlaqueminesPar.,LA J.V.Reinsen pers. comm. 27May 1991 BodieI.Lighthouse, Chat56:67 5 Dec1993 DareCo.•C 9 Sep1988 Squibnocket,Marthas ph(at Mass. Veit& Petersen 1993 29May 1959 Southport,Brunswick probablyareturning Funderburg Vineyard,Dukes Co., MA AudubonSOc) Co.,NC birdfrom nesting pair & Soots1959 23Oct 1869 Lynn,Essex Co.,MA *(BMS17432) Wit& Petersen 1993 of1957-58, possibly 22Nov 1931 WestNewbury, Essex Co.,MA *(PMS6315) Wit& Petersen 1993 remainedto nestbut 3May 1983 AnneArundel Community ph Peterjohn&Davis 1996 notreported again College,Anne Arondel Co.,MD 29May 1999 CedarLFerry terminal, Chat63:188 14Jun1975 Girdletree,Worcester Co.,MD ph Peterjohn&Davis 1996, CarteretCo.,NC Holmes1975 31May 1982 BodieI.,Dare Co.,NC Chat46:120 20Jun1998 •meron,Saint ph(FN 52:444) MD/OCRCfile# (1998•31}, 31May1982 CapeHatteras, Dare Co. NC Chat46:120 Mory'sCo., MD ABAFN52:444 1Jun 1994 Buxton,Dare Co., NC Chat59:79 22Jul1995 PointLookout S.R, Saint + MD/DCSCfile# (1995-035} 3Jun 1977 At]anticBeach, Carteret Co., NC Chat41:100 Mary'sCo., MD 4Jun1994 Pt.Lookont, Carteret Co.,NC Chat59:.79 14-18Oct oceanaCo., MI McPeek&Adams 1994 5Jun1994 Frisco,Dare Co.,NC Chat59:.79 1984 5Jun1999 CaswellBeach, Brunswid( Cc•,NC nesting Chat64:30 12MOr 1957 Buxton,Oare Co.,NC Parnell&Quay 1962 7Jun1982 TopsailI.,Pender Co.,HC Chat47:30 16Apr 1959 WilliamB.Ums•ad SP, Foundinan Funderburg&Soots 1959 10Jun1995 BatteryI.,nr Southport, nesting Chat60:75 WakeCo., NC extensivetraCt of BrunswickCo.,NC matureupland oak- 13Jun 1975 Topsa•Beach, Pender Co.NC Chat39'27 hickoryclimax forest 22Jun 1981 northeastofAt]autic, Chat46:23 du6ngasignificant CarteretCo.,NC migrantwave 25Jun1999 CapeHatteras, DareCo.,NC Chat64:30 27Jun1985 FortMacon SP, Carteret Co.,NC Chat50:26
152 NORTH AMERICAN BIRD "•8Jun-m•mm•outhport, BrunswickCo.'•..NC•st,ng' Funderburg&Soots 1959 =•8Apr1966mHiltonHeadl.,BeaufortCo.SC Potter1966 23Aug 19'557 29Apr1979 AwendawL.,nrChadeston,another or the same Chat 43:99 2.5Jul 1962 Southport,Battery I., nesting Parnell&Ouay 1962 ChadestunCo.,SC wasseen later in the Brunswickœo.,NC weeknear McClellanville .5Aug 1966 N.Wdkesboro,Wilke5Co., Chat30:11 5May EdistoBeach, Colleton Co.,S Chat32:80 3 Sep1973 PeaI.NWR, DareCo.,NC Chat38:28 11-13 FrippI.,Beaufort Co.,SC pair McNOir& Post1993 22Sep 1989 Ft.Fisher, New Hanover Co.,NC Chat54.'95 May1984 28Sep 1974 NorthRiver Marsh, nr Chat40:20 13May 1961 EdistoBeach, Colleton Co.,SC Chat25:96 MoreheadCity,Carteret Co.,NC 15May 1997 SavannahSpoil Site, JasperCo.,SC Chat61:286 6Oct 1979 CapeHatteras lighthouse, ph •at 44:50 19-30 EdistoBeach, Colleton Co.,SC Chat27:82 DareCo.,NC May1963 20-21 Buxton,Dare Co.,•C imm.,ph Chat.58:13,5 20May 1975 McClellanville,(•adestonCo.,SC Chat39:97 Oct 1993 20May 1979 Sullivan'sI.,Chadeston Co.,SC Chat43.•9 spring- Southport,BrunswickCo.,NC nestingpair, probably Grey1964 21May 1974 Sullivan'sI.,Chadestun Co.,SC Chat38:97 summer19,58 returningpairfrom 19,57 24May1962 HuntingI.,Beaufort Co.,SC •at 26:81 30May 1923 CapeMay Point, Halliwellet al.2000 24May 1962 PanisI.golf course, Beaufort Co.,SC Chat26:81 CapeMay Co.,NJ 25May 1997 EdistoBeach, Colleton Co.,SC Chat61:286 9 5ep1993 BrigantineNWR, Halliwellet al.2000 15Jun 1962 FollyI.,Chadeston Co.,SC Chat26:81 AtlanticCo., NJ 20Jun1968 Isleof Palms, Charleston Co.,SC Chat32:63 185ep1946 PointPleasant, Bull1964 ??Jun- DebidueBeach, nesting,pair and imm. Davis1993 OceanCo., NJ 13Jul 1993 GeorgetownCo.,SC presentatleast 13 Jul 185ep1988 S,Cape May Meadows, + (NJBRC) Halliwellet al.2000 21Jull%2 BeaufortCO.,SC Chat26:1;03 CapeMay Co., NJ 31Jul 1980 nrGeorgetown, SC Chat45:52 29Sep & S.CapeMay Meadows, ph Halliwellet al.2000 7Aug 1976 nrL. Moultrie, Berkeley Co,SC Chat41:54 3 Oct1993 CapeMay Co., NJ 22Aug 1996 BuckhallLanding Campground, Chat61:214 30Sep 1982 Bc•ndBrook, Somerset Co.,NJ + (NJBRC) Halliwelletal.2000 Awendaw,Chadeston Co.,SC 7 Oct1991 SandyHook, Monmouth CO.,NJ ph NAB52:38 28Aug 1997 HiltonHead I., Beaufort, SC Chat62:136 !9 Apr1921 Orient,Suffolk Co., NY adfem,*(NYSM 2,5091J- Bd11974 18Sep 1999 AikenCo.,SC possib•aftwed with Bailey2001 7 Jun1930 JonesBeach, Nassau Co.,NY Bu111974 Hunicaneœ1oyd 22Aug 1930 LongIsland, Dyker Beach, BUII1974 26Sep 1926 nolocation data,SC Post& Gauthreaux1989 KingsCo.,NY 26Sep 1976 KiawahI.,Chadeston CO.,SC Chat41 :.54 11-125ep Tobay,John EKennedy Wildlife LevJne199•Kingbird 250ct1980 SanteeNWR, Clarendon Co.,SC Chat45:.52 1976 Sanctuary,Nassau Co.,HY 26:204 27-28 Greeleyville,Williamsburg Co.,SC MeNair& Post1993 J18-19 WesthamptonBeach, followingHurricane Bu111974 Oct1989 Sep1960 SuffolkCo., NY Donnaof12 Sep 28Oct_2•000 James I.,Chadeston Co.,SC Chat65:79 255ep1989 Monta•Suffolk Co.,NY staying"afewdays" Levine1998, Kingbird eady Moore'sLanding, Charleston Co.,SC Chat58:135 4O:56 Oct1993 28Oct- TomhannockBes., Levine1998, Kingbird 19Nov 1956 SavannahBiver Plant area, Odumand Nonis 1957 4Nov1992 RensselaerCo.,NY 43:72 AikenCo.,SC 31Oct- Tyre,Seneca Co, NY Levine1998,NYSARC 1988 24Apr 1974 WestGalveston I., ph(TPRF 323) AB28:824 4 Nov1987 GalvestonCo.,IX ??.•. 1874 Setauket,Suffolk Co.,NY * lost;according to Griscom1923, Bull 1974 23May- CorpusChristi, Nueces Co.,IX ph(TPRF 1982) TBRC1992-74, Griscom(1923:228) 1 Jun1992 AB46:449 "onewas taken...but is 31Aug 1951 Rockport,Aransa5 Co.,TX TBRC1988-218, AFN withoutfurther details." 6:27,Oberholser 1974 Bull(1964) gives 1874 28Apr t990 •Virginia 8each, VA AB44:409 asthe year 18May 1978 ChesapeakeBay ph Kain1987 26Jul 1986 P•iut'PeleeNational Park, reportedasjuv. Worming[oni987 Br•dge-Tunnel,VA EssexCo.,ON 2 Jul1977 ChincoteagueNWR, Kain1987 4 Oct1994 HawkCliff, Elgin Co., ON imm.,ph(Ffi 49:.43) Pittaway1995 AccomackCo.,VA 5 Oct1996 SturgeonCreek, nrPt. Pelee, imm. Bobos1997 19Sep 1999 nrLynnhaven Inlet,Virginia Beach, VA NA854:39 EssexCo., ON 24Sep 1994 ChincoteagueNWR, ph FN49:32 29Oct 1970 HayBay, nr Kingston, Lennox imm. Hughes1971 AccomackCo.,VA andAddington Cos.ON 30Sep 1997 BackBay NWB, Virginia ph,w/a Western R.Simpson pers. comm. 31Oct 1982 Ottawa-CadetonRegional ph James1984 Beach,VA Kingbird Municipality,nrOttawa, 2 Oct1984 ChincoteagueNWR, KainT987 OdetunCo.,ON AccomackCo,,VA 31Mar 1977 Isleof Palms. Charleston Co.,SC Chat41:100 10Oct 2000 Nof Capeville onRte. 600, NAB.5.5:38 9 Apr1964 EdJstoBeach, Colleton Co.,SC Chat28 (2) NorthamptonCo.,VA 17Apr 1973 Sullivan'sI.,Chadeston Co.,SC Chat37:88 29Oct 1999 SunsetBeach, Northampton NAB.54:39 2birds seen together Chat27=58 ß Co.,VA BeaufortCo., SC 12-14Nov Nof Kipropeke SP, imm.,ph FN49:32 23Apr 1972 Charleston,Mt.Pleasant, Chat36:83 1994 NorthamptonCo.,VA CArmisread1995) CharlestonCo.,SC 13-25Nov 1.4km N of EasternShore of imm.,ph,video NAB55:38 23Apr 1992 Georgetown,Georgetown Co.,SC Chat 57:60 2000 VirginiaNWR, Northampton Co.,VA
VOLUME21Apr1963 Hunting57 Island(2003) State Park, NUMBER 2 153 TaM •' birdsmaking over-water movements. These areasrepresent the first potential landfall for migrantbirds flying over the openocean. Consequently,these areas have produced a plethoraof records of vagrantlandbirds along ...... Tot•inumber ...... the EastCoast. Records of coastalspecies State of records Springrecords Fall records suchas Gray Kingbird would seem especially likelyto clusterat suchcoastal concentration Massachusetts 3 0 3- Sep,Oct, Nov points.The bulk of GrayKingbird records Connecticut 2 0 2 - Oct,Nov north of South Carolina hail from the Outer NewYork 9 2 - Apr,Jun 6 - Ang,Sep (3), oct (•) Banksof NorthCaroliua (25), the Virginia NewJersey 7 1- May 6 - SOp(5), oct EasternShore (8), CapeMay, New Jersey (3), andLong Island, New York (5). The number Maryland 4 3- May,Jun (2) 1 •Jul of GrayKingbird records by state appears to Virginia 11 2- Apr,May 9 - Jul,Sop (3), oct (3), Nov (2) correspondstepwise to eachof thesebarriers NorthCarolina '43 36- Mar,Apr (4), 7- Jul,Aug,,Sep (3), alongthe EastCoast: south of the Outer May(19),Jun (12) Oct(2) Banks,the species has been a nearlyannual vagrantsince 1960, from CapeHatteras to SouthCarolina 35 22- Mar,Apr (7). 13-Jul (2),Aug (3), SOp (3), LongIsland there have been 26 recordssince May(11),Jun (3) Oct(4), Nov (1) 1950,while north of LongIsland there have Louisiana 20 18- Apr(5),May (13) 2 -Oct, Nov beenjust threerecords since 1950. On the Gulf Coastof Louisianaand Texas,barrier Texas 3 2- Apr,May 1-Aug ishndsand peninsulas jutting into the Gulf Ontario 5 0 5 - Jul;Oct (4) have also producedmost of the records. Illinois 1 1- May 0 Grand Isle, Louisiana, one of the more Michkjan 1' 0 t -Oct renownedvagrant traps in thai state,has BritishColumbia 1 0 1 - Sep enjoyedthe greatestnumber of GrayKing- birdrecords for a singlesite (7). It is note- Bermuda 31+ 12- Mar,Apr (6;8 birds), 19- Sep(9; 10 birds), worthy,too, that extremely limited coverage May($) Oct(9; 11 birds), Nov of offshoreoil platforms,which serveas ishndsto migratingbirds, has produced an additional four records. T&ble3, Inl•' , •agrantGray Kingbirds through 2000• • •--e. Observereffort, the location of population State/ProvinceNumber of records Springrecords Summerrecords Fall records centers,and the easeof accessto coastalareas playa majorrole in whenand where vagrant Georgia 1 0 0 1 - Oct birdsare detected, and it isworth noting that SouthCarolina 5 0 1- Aug 1- Sep,2 - Oct, the state-by-statecoverage is far fromuni- 1 -Nov formin theserespects. Coastal New Jersey, NorthCarolina 2 1- Apr i - Jul 0 New York, Connecticut,and Massachusetts NewYork 2 0 0 2- Oct havehad exceptionally good coverage over theyears and have long ornithological histo- Ontario 5 0 t - Jul 4-Oct riesbeginning in thelate 1800s. By contrast Illinois 1 1- May 0 0 the coastsof Maryland,Delaware, and Vir- Michigan 1 0 0 1 - Oct giniahave been rdatively poorly covered but havebeen given increased attention in recem BritishColumbia 1 0 0 1 - Sep years.This uneven coverage may be one addi- tionalreason for thedisproportionately high continuedfrom page151 herein,including 78 fromthe Caroliuas,all numberof recordsin NewJersey and New or specimen,but the levelof documentation but 19 havebeen along the immediate coast York,but it is worthnoting that those states can be foundin Table 1. Gray Kingbird or within a few kilometers of the immediate alsohave extensive coastlines that are easily recordsby stateare listed in detailin Table1 coast. We do not consider the three records accessed.The majority of theAtlantic coast- andare summarized in Table2. A published from Maryland'sChesapeake Bay shore to linein Maryland(64 kin) andVirginia (176 recordfor Wisconsin (A.O.U. 2000) is appar- represent inland occurrencesand have kin) is protectedby barrierislands that are emly in error,as there are no recordsor instead included those with other coastal accessibleonly by boat; the 6400 km of reportsfrom that state (L Semo,IV[. Korducki, individuals.Individuals moving northward ChesapeakeBay coastline is alsolargely pri- J. Frank, R. Domagalski,pets. comm.). alongthe coastmay be reluctantto cross vatelyowned and difficult of access.Along Althoughsome have been published, addi- ChesapeakeBay and hug the Western Shore, theGulf Coast, coverage is more even geo- tional reportsfrom Nova Scotia(2), New bringingthem far into Chesapeake Bay graphicallybut less consistentbetween Brunswick(1), Maine (1), and Delaware(1) The geographyof the EastCoast would springand fall. Therehas been tremendous wereconsidered inadequately documented, as appear to influence the distributionof recentinterest in witnessingthe trans-Gulf were additionalrecords from Ontario (1), vagrantGray Kingbirds (Tables 1, 2, 3). Cape migrationduring April and May, but coverage NewJersey (1), Virginia(2), andTexas (1). Hatteras,Long Island, Cape Cod, southern of the Gulf Coastmigrant traps drops off Vagrant Gray Kingbirdsoccur almost Nova Scotia,and Newfoundland(and to a sharplythereafter, and fall coverageis com- exclusivelyalong the immediate coast (Table lesserextent, Cape May) project well to the parativelypoor in theseareas. By contrast, 1). Of the 165 vagrantrecords compiled east,forming east-facing fronts to intercept coveragealong the East Coast may be biased
154 NORTHAMERICAN BIRDS • I ß ß ß w GRAY KINGBIRD
towardsincreased coverage in the fall, with currenttrend towardglobal warming may justone day, while the other 5 birdshad stays lesscoverage in spring. alsohave loosened the climatologicalcon- of 2-5 days(mean:2.6). Of the 22 records In addition to records from Brazil and straintson breedingrange, allowing birds to between 11 October and 5 December,nine Jimenez,Costa Rica, there is a recordof Gray breedmore often at morenortherly latitudes. havestayed for morethan one day and four Kingbirdfrom PuertoPitahaya, El Oro, havestayed one week or more (mean=7.4 Ecuador,16 April 1993(Ridgely and Green- Lengthof stay days),three of thosein November.Two of field2001). The paucityof recordsin other VagrantGray Kingbirds are conspicuous and the longestlingerers have also been the lat- partsof theAmericas is likelyattributable to tendto attractsignificant attention from bird- est:13-25 November 2000 in Virginiaand 7 comparativelysparse coverage in equatorial ers, thusit is unlikelythat a vagrantGray November to 5 December 1993 in Louisiana. Brazil,northeastern Mexico, and alongthe Kingbirdwould not be foundby birdersin Thetendency for late-season vagrants to stay Pacific Coast of Central America. However, ensuingdays unless it hasmoved on or died. for longerperiods is probablydue to their Gray Kingbirdis a frequentvagrant to Thedate of initialappearance is always less generallylower migratoryfitness al that Bermuda. The Bermudas' location in the mid- certain,as any given bird may have been pres- time.Insect food is muchscarcer by Novem- dle of the North Atlantic Ocean makes the entin thearea for days or evenweeks prior to ber,and a vagrantmay have a muchmore archipelagoa classic vagrant trap, and to date its discovery.However, given how few birds difficulttime rebuilding fat reservesfrom a thereare at least31 recordsof GrayKingbird remainfor extended periods (see below), it is longmigratory flight. which may even have (E.Amos, A. Dobson,pets. comm.). Specific probablethat manyGray Kingbirds,espe- involvedreorientation after beingcaught dates available for 31 Bermuda records better ciallythose in springand early fall, are in fact overopen water at dawn. fit theoverall pattern for the EastCoast (cf. presentfor just one day Of the 72 springrecords, just ninebirds Figure9), whereearly-fall records predomi- Excludingrecords of breedingbirds, those have been noted on more than one day nate,in contrastto thepattern for the Caroli- of collectedbirds, and the two recordsbefore (mean=6.7days), and all havebeen Carolina nas(cf. Figure8). Thissuggests that the pat- 1900,just 24 birdshave been noted on more or Gulf Coastrecords (three from Louisiana, tern is more consistentwith long-range thanone day. Of the60 fallvagrant records, one from Texas).The 1986 Grand Isle bird, vagrancyrather than the short-rangeover- 14 recordshave spanned more than one day, whichwas seen for 10 days,was notably the shootingthat predominates in the Carolinas all of themEast Coast occurrences (except earliestspring arrival (other than an 1850 (to which breedersfrom northernFlorida and for singleLouisiana and Michigan records). Bermudarecord), perhaps suggesting that the Georgiapresumably arrive, having overshot In general,vagrants on the EastCoast are morestressful early-season conditions pro- theirbreeding grounds). rarelyseen for more than one day in theearly hibitedthe bird fromcontinuing its migra- Recordsof vagrantGray Kingbirdshave part of the fall but regularlyremain for tion.Other records, especially from the Car- beenincreasing with time (Figure5). This longerstays later in the season,especially olinas,may pertain to prospectingnesters. increasein thenumber of records may be due afterOctober (E E. Lehman,pers. comm.). primarilyto thegrowth in popularityof bird- This patternis evidentin Gray Kingbird Seasonaldistribution of records ing(Cordell and Herbert 2002) and to refine- vagrancy.Of the31 vagrantrecords between VagrantGray Kingbirds tend to occurin two mentsin seekingout unusualand vagrant 22 Augustand 10 October,26 (84 %) stayed primaryperiods: spring (late March to early species.The marked increase in thenumber of recordsbeginning in the 1970sis concur- rentwith thefirst significant increases in the popularityof birding.It is probablyimpossi- ble to tell if this increase in records over the yearsreflects the growthin the numberof field observers or reflects an actual increase in theoverall numbers of GrayKingbirds. While Gray Kingbirdrecords along the Atlantic Coast north of North Carolina have been accumulatingslowly, there appears to be a flood of records in North and South Carolina beginningaround 1958. Gray Kingbird has sincebeen foundalmost annually in those states.The first modernbreeding record in SouthCarolina in 1993and the first breeding records in North Carolina in 1957-1958 and 1996-1997may be a hint of a minorrange extensionalong the AtlanticCoast. Online densitymaps shownby J. Price (1995;
Kingbirdhas declinedwithin Floridaas a 1850s 60s 70s 80s 90s 1900s 10s 20s 30s 40s 50s breederin recentdecades, noting a declinein Decade two of the three(Plantation Key and Boca Raton)Breeding Bird Surveyswhere it was recorded more than once. At the third (Fort Figure 5. Annualdistribution ofrecords: number of twentieth-century records ofvagrant Gray Kingbirds, graphed WaltonBeach), it hasnot beenrecorded since bydecade. The sharp increase inrecords inthe final third of the century islargely attributable tothe rise of birding's 1994(Smith and Jackson 2002). Finally, the popularityduring the same period but may also reflect the minor expansion inthe species's range.
VOLUME 57 (2003) NUMBER 2 155 June)and fall (lateAugust to mid-Novem- (e.g., Stevensonand Anderson1994, Wet- laterthan the migration peak in otherparts of ber).These peaks correspond strongly with more1973, Smith and Jackson 2002). Steven- the species'range. The fall peakshows a migrationpeaks reported by otherauthors. sonand Anderson (1994) even note laggard bimodalitysimilar to thatshown in spring, Fouranomalous records in Julyand early individualsmigrating through the first week of withthe mid-September peak dropping off to Augustdo not fit well with known patterns of Junein Florida.Three July records outside the amid-October nadir, before rising abruptly in movementin thisspecies. Carolinasare anomalous. Note that the spring late October,when thereare 11 records.The Dataconcerning the age of vagrantsmight peakis divided into a lateApril to earlyMay bimodalityof the fall peakis muchmore proveuseful for understandingcauses of peakand a lateMay peak. Both the spring and stronglydefined and could very well be due theirvagrancy. Unfortunately, ageing of Gray fallpeaks are bimodal, which may suggest dif- to juvenilesundertaking a latermigration Kingbirdis relativelydifficult. The shapeof ferentialmigration timing by birds of different thanadults. It ispossible that the September thesixth through tenth (p10 outermost) pri- sex,age classes, or populations.Since it iswell recordsrepresent predominantly adult birds, mariesdiffers by ageand sex, being narrow knownthat males of many species migrate ear- whilethe October records (especially those in and taperedin juveniles(August through lierthan females in spring,it ispossible that late October)refer primarily to juveniles, March) and distinctlynotched in adults thissuggestion ofa bimodalpeak is due to the althoughwe havelimited supporting data. (moreso on adultmales; Pyle 1997). This earliermigration peak of malesversus females Thefive fall records with ageing information requiresexcellent views to ascertainbut is (butnote that the early 29 April1921 record are juveniles 4 October to 25 November. sometimespossible in thefield especially by fromLong lsland was of an adultfemale). Given that 8 out of 11 inland records viewingthe far wing of a birdsitting on a tele- Interestingly,one bird of theFort Caswell, NC occurredafter 21 October(and 10 of 11 fall phonewire. Buff tips to primarycoverts, or nestingpair had arrived by 18 May,while the after29 September)--andthat juveniles are especiallyworn primarycoverts (January otherindividual was not noted until 1 June. It wellknown for making the more egregious throughNovember) should be indicativeof is alsopossible, and perhaps likely, •hat the navigationalerrors--it seems likely that these second-yearindividuals (Pyle 1997). We bimodalspring pattern reflects birder activity. late-seasoninland birds are predominantly wereable to obtainageing information for Onthe North Carolina coast, there is certainly juveniles.Observers of Gray Kingbirds out of only eightvagrant Gray Kingbird records. a majorinflux of birdersover Memorial Day rangecan help to clarifythis suspicion by Those recordsincluded: one adult female col- weekend,when pelagic birding trips are popu- ageingthe birds they find. lectedat OrientPoint, NY 29 April 1921 lar andshorebird migrants are widespread. (Levine1998), and six juveniles from 4 Octo- Perhapsadditional records will helpto clarify Regionalexaminations ber through25 November.A final record, whetherthis appearance of a bimodalspring Whenthe recordsare examined regionally, from PointPelee, ON 26 July 1986 was peakis a functionof observereffort or a true somesignificant departures from the overall reportedas a juvenile by Wormington naturalphenomenon. patternare apparent. Figure 7 showsrecords (1987),but the date is well-enough removed Fall vagrantsoccur between late August fromLouisiana and Texas, Figure 8 shows fromthe other juveniles that reassessment of andmid-November (one exceptional bird in recordsfrom North and South Carolina, and thedocumentation may be warranted. Louisianaremained to earlyDecember), with Figure9 showsrecords from the EastCoast Springvagrants (n=72) occur from late the strongestpeak from mid-September to andinland areas. The majority of thespring Marchto mid-June,with the strongest peak late October(Figure 6). This peak corre- recordshail from the Gulf Coast (Figure 7), fromlate April to lateMay (Figure6). Fall spondsdosely with thefall migration of the whilemost fall records(Figure 9) arefrom vagrants(n=60) spanthe periodfrom late species.As is the casefor many other the East Coast or inland. The Carolinasshow Augustto lateNovember, with a strongpeak vagrantson the EastCoast---e. g., Rufous a patternmost closely matched by the Gulf frommid-September to late October (Figure Hummingbird(Selasphorus rufus) and Ash- Coast,with predominantly spring records but 6). Thesepeaks correspond well with the throatedFlycatcher (Myiarchus tineras- significantfall vagrancy as well. springmigration peak noted by otherauthors certs)the peak vagrancy season issomewhat Of 23 recordsfrom Louisianaand Texas, 20 arefrom the spring (10 Aprilto 30 May). Thereare just three fall records (31 August, 23 October,7 Novemberto 5 December). There are no Gulf Coast records for mid- summerwest of Mississippi.Ihe spring recordspeak from late April to lateMay and mirrorthe bimodal peak shown by the over- allpattern, with a primarypeak in lateApril andearly May, a nadirin mid-May,and a sec- onclarypeak in lateMay (Figure 7). The 72 recordsfrom the coastalCarolinas include 10 records of birds that we consid- erednesters, or probablenesters, which were excludedfrom the analysis.Ihese include threerecords from Fort Caswell,NC (1996, 1997,1999), five records [rom SouthportJBat- tery Island, NC (1957, 1958, 1959, 1962, 1995), and one [rom DebidueBeach, SC (1993).One of theremaining records (Fripp Island,SC, in 1984)involved a pair and may havepertained to nestingbirds but is consid- Figure6. Temporal distribution ofrecords ofvagrant Gray Kingbirds, graphed bythirds ofmonths. Each month is eredhere with the migrant birds. The remain- separatedintothree periods (date ranges 1-10,11-20, and21 to month's end), and records arearranged bydate of ing 62 recordsinclude 45 [romspring (12 firstappearance. (Birdsremaining forextended periods aregraphed only on the date of first appearance.) Marchto 7 June).Ihese spring records sug-
156 NORTH AU'œ'Ri'•:-ANBIRDS gest the bimodalpeak noticedin other regions,but the patternis lesspronounced, perhapsbecause the vagrantrecords are obscuredby occasionalrare breeders. The 10 mid-summerrecords between 13 Juneand 7 Augustmay represent nesting birds, unpaired breedingbirds, or simplywandering birds. Surelythe speciesbreeds in the Carolinas morefrequently than has been noted, and we suspectthat numerousnestings by this specieshave gone undetected in thesestates, especiallygiven the relative inaccessibility of someof the barrierislands that provide the mostfavorable breeding habitat. It may be, however,that some proportion of thesemid- summerrecords represent wandering sum- mer birds, especiallygiven the far-flung ! __1.1 vagrantsthat haveoccurred at thoseseasons in Virginia,Maryland, and Ontario. Still, we feel that these mid-summer records are better Figure 7. Temporaldistribution ofrecords ofvagrant Gray Kingbirds along the westem Gulf Coast (Louisiana and Texas). consideredmembers of a very low-density breedingpopulation unless it canbe shown that theyrepresent summer wanderers. The 12 fallrecords peak much earlier than those fromfarther north along the AtlanticCoast, withfive records from 22 Septemberthrough 5 October,and just two later records.It is notable that North Carolina• Outer Banks regiondoes not havemore records from late Octoberand early November, especially g•ven thefour records from coastal Virginia during thissame period; this may be an artifactof differencesin observercoverage. Thereare 36 recordsalong the Atlantic Coastnorth of the Carolinas.Just six records arefrom spring, and these fall in a somewhat narrowerwindow from 28 April to 7 June. Eventhis small sample suggests the bimodal !! springpeaks, though, with half of therecords 28 April 3 May and the other three 18 Month May--7 June.Four are from mid-summer, including,curiously, three of Maryland•four Figure8. Temporaldistribution ofrecords ofvagrant Gray Kingbirds incoastal North and South Carolina. records(14 June,20 June,22 July)and one justto thesouth in Chincoteague,¾A (2July). Theserecords, combined with the anomalous 26 July recordfrom Ontario,suggest that GrayKingbirds continue to wandereven out- sideof theirprimary migration seasons. Awayfrom the Atlanticand Gulf coasts, therehas been a totalof 18 records,though onlyeight have been away from the south- easternUnited States(Georgia, South Car- olina,and NorthCarolina). The two spring recordsinclude one 16 April in WakeCounty, NC and one 15 May in ClintonCounty, IL. Three anomalous summer records hail from PointPelee, ON 26July, Berkeley County, SC 7 August,and Wilkes County, NC 5 August. Most inland records come from the fall (mostlythe latefall), with 13 recordsspan- ning18 September--19 November. Of those, all arein Octoberexcept for singlesin Aiken County,SC and British Columbia. The Octo- Month ber records all fall between 14 and 31 Octo- ber, with sevenoccurring in the l 1-day Figure 9. Temporaldistribution ofvagrant Gray Kingbirds along the East Coast north of North Carolina.
VOLUME 57 (2003) NUMBER 2 157 period21-31 October.Three of the October (Passerinacyanea), Blue Grosbeak(P CentralAmerica and the Yucatan,those birds recordsare from the southeasternstates, but caerulea),and, rarely, Painted Bunting (P toomay account for someproportion of the othersare amongthe farthest-flungGray ciris).The former two species turn up annu- springrecords along the GulfCoast. It is not Kingbirdsever recorded:one in Oceana allywell north of their breeding range in New knownif nestersalong the Florida Gulf Coast County,Michigan, 14-18 October 1984; sin- Englandand AtlanticCanada, especially transectthe Floridapeninsula, encircle the glesin upstateNew York at Tomhannock alongthe coastand on offshoreislands, tip of Florida,or originatefrom populations Reservoir 28 October to 4 November 1992 wherefavorable conditions occasionally pro- that winter in the western Caribbean and andSeneca County 31 Octoberto 4 Novem- ducefallouts of thesespecies (Veit and movenorthward along the coastof Central ber 1987; and four of Ontario'sfive records. Petersen1993). The extent to which weather Americaand the Yucatan to theirbreeding One record that stands alone--and is far patternsare responsiblefor suchfallouts is areas.Indeed, it maybe thatthese western and awaythe mostremarkable episode of unclear;a numberof speciesof wood-war- Caribbeanbirds produce the majorityof vagrancyin Gray Kingbird--involvesthe blers,vireos, and flycatchers share this pat- recordsalong the Gulf Coast. Such a birdthat lone individual that has reached the West tern.Coastal individuals may turn up far to missesits target and finds itself over the open Coast,collected at CapeBeal, Vancouver the northby reorientingthemselves incor- waterof theGulf of Mexicomay be likely to Island,British Columbia 29 September1889 rectlyafter drifting offshore overnight. Simi- fly downwinduntil it makeslandfall, and (Fannin 1891, Brooksand Swarth 1925, larly,both Mississippi Kite (Ictmia mississip- someproportion of birdsthat reorient in this Campbellet al. 1997).As Mlodinow(2000) piensis)and Swallow-tailedKite (Elanoides mannerwould then undoubtedly appear in points out, this individual,"was 3800 km forficatus)have a longhistory as spring over- Louisianaand/or Texas. This is a questionin from[its] usual range [and] about 3200 km shootsalong the Atlantic Coast, especially at needof study;our speculationsmight be from the next nearestrecord." This is a mon- coastalareas and promontoriesthat face strengthenedbymigration data from western umentalnavigational error. Late September north (e.g., Fort SmallwoodPark, Anne Cuba or bandingrecoveries that indicate correspondswell with the fall vagrancy peak ArundelCounty, MD), east (e.g., Cape Hat- wherethe various island populations ofGray shownelsewhere, primarily along the East teras,NC), or south(e.g., Cape May, NJ). Kingbirdmigrate or spendthe winter. Coastof NorthAmerica (Table 2; Figure8). Unfortunately,comparatively little is Thestrong coastal affinities of thisbird as knownabout the migratory pathways ofGray abreeder probably account for the scarcity of CAUSESOF VAGRANCY Kingbird,which could shed considerable inland records at this season. The most The GrayKingbird peaks above match two lighton the episodes of spring overshooting exceptional records of thisgroup involve sin- well-knowncauses of vagrancy:spring over- outlinedabove. It isbelieved that most Gray gleinland individuals in WakeCounty, NC shootingand autumn180 ø misorientation. Kingbirdsmove east-southeast along the 16April 1959 and in ClintonCounty, IL 15 Interestingly,these same patterns are seen in Caribbeanisland chain during the fall and May 1999. The latter recordmay be an TropicalKingbird, which occurs on the Gulf returnwest-northwest toward Cuba, Jamaica, extremeexample of one of the western Coastprimarily as a springovershoot and on the Bahamas,and Floridavia the sameroute. Caribbeanwintering birds that began migra- the PacificCoast (and to a lesserextent, the It is unknownif breedersin northernFlorida, tionon favorable southerly winds but missed AtlanticCoast) almost exclusively from mid- Georgia,and the Carolinasfly overwater its breedinggrounds (in Cuba?)and contin- Septemberto mid-November(Mlodinow fromthe Lesser Antilles or fly to theFlorida uedflying downwind over the Gulf of Mex- 1998) as a result of 180ø misorientation. coastand thence move up thecoast to their ico,eventually being transported well inland breedingareas. The west-northwesterly tra- in the process.It is possiblethat cloudy Spring jectoryin thespring might bring an individ- and/orrainy conditions prevailed when the Themajority of recordsalong the Gulf Coast ual to the Carolinacoast should it stray birdneared the coast, as this might cause it to (Louisianaand Texas)and the coastalCaroli- slightlynorth of its course. Spring overshoot- continuewith its migrationinto inlandIlli- nas occur in spring, and these records ingalong the Atlantic Coast is consistentwith noisrather than setting down at a coastalsite. undoubtedlyare the resultof springover- thispattern. The vastmajority of Atlantic shooting.Spring overshooting isa recognized Coastrecords in spring(n=45) hail from the Fall andwell-documented pattern of vagrancyin Carolinas,which are only slightly beyond the Veitand Petersen (1993) summarize work by landbirdsand is especiallywell documented breedinggrounds for thisspecies and only DeSante(1973, 1983), which distinguishes in theBritish Isles (Vinicombe and Cottridge slightlyoff-course for a birdon a west-north- between disoriented birds and misoriented 1996).In discussingspring overshooting in westerlycourse from a PuertoRican stopover birds. Disoriented birds are those that have Britain,Vinicombe and Cottridge (1996) con- siteto Floridabreeding grounds. The pre- failedto inheritany means of navigation and sidershort-range overshooting and long- dominantweather pattern in springand sum- tendto dispersein randomdirections. Mis- rangeovershooting separately, They consider meris a stablehigh-pressure feature over the oriented birds are those that have inherited short-rangeovershooters tobe birds that miss SargassoSea area ("Bermuda High"), which faultynavigational systems, forexample birds theirbreeding grounds by a smallmargin, producessoutherly or southeasterly winds in that confuse east with west or north with usuallybecause of followingwinds. They this area.Such winds might steer an off- south.DeSante (1973) andRoberson (1980) believethese birds are usually second-calen- coursekingbird towards the Carolinacoast. stressthat mirror-imagemisorientation, dar-yearbirds on their first northward migra- Thesix spring records from farther up the whichinvolves birds confusing east and west tion. In contrast,long-range overshooters AtlanticCoast, including two from Virginia, compassbearings, is a majorfactor in passer- involvemuch greater distances (up to 1500 onefrom Maryland, one from New Jersey, and inevagrancy to theWest Coast. North Amer- km)beyond their breeding range, clearly the twofrom Long Island, NY, show that on rare ican passerinesthat fly north duringfall resultof a physiological malfunction. perhaps occasionthis species can turn up even farther migrationand turn up north of their breeding failureto "turnoff' themigratory impulse at outof rangein spring.Similarly, a bird that rangeare believed to be birds affected by 180 ø theproper time. Interestingly, they note thai missesits targetwhile headingto Florida misorientation.What is looselytermed suchbirds are most often males. Along the fromHonduras might make its nextlandfall "reversemigration" (various kinds of move- EastCoast, some of the betterexamples of in easternLouisiana. If someproportion of mentin thedirection opposite that of the pri- springovershooting involve Indigo Bunting Cubanbreeders moves along the east coast of marymigrational direction of thespecies) is
158 NORTH AMERICAN BI'•DS well documentedin a numberof speciesof typesof misorientations.The early-seasonBritish Columbiaat this season,and the dis- landbirds (McLaren 1981, Roberson1980, vagrants(mid-August tolate September) may tanceinvolved is so great that weather-related Cottridgeand Vinicombe1996, Mlodinow referto adultsdisplaced along their normal vagrancywould appear extremely unlikely. 1998, Lockwood1999); we use the term migrationroute by windor a slightlyerro- "180ø misorientation"to refer specifically to neousnavigational system. The late-fall Midsummerrecords the movementof migrantpassefines in the vagrants(late September to late November) The severalmid-summer records of Gray fall and follow DeSante (1973, 1983) in almostsurely refer primarily to juveniles Kingbirddescribed above do not fit anyobvi- assumingthat the causes for this misorienta- (especiallyafter mid-October) with 180 ø mis- ouspattern of dispersalor vagrancyOther tionlie in thebird's navigational system. orientations.Few age data exist for vagrant speciesof flycatcher(e.g., Tropical Kingbird, Flycatchersin particular seem to be espe- recordsof GrayKingbird, but of theindivid- WesternKingbird [Tyrantres verticalis], and ciallyprone to 180ø misorientation.Tropical ualsthat have been aged as juveniles five of Scissor-tailedFlycatcher [Tyrantms forf icarus l) Kingbirdshows a well-defined pattern of this sixhave occurred in thefate-fall period from showsimilar tendencies to wander,on a very typeof misorientationalong the Pacific Coast 5 Octoberto 25 November(North Carolina, limitedbasis, during this same mid-June to (andto a lesserextent along the Atlantic Coast; Virginia,Connecticut, and Ontario), suggest- mid-Augustperiod. These records primarily Mlodinow1998). Other southern flycatchers ing thatinexperienced hatch-year birds are involveadults, perhaps failed nesters. The thatmatch this pattern in fallinclude: Greater theones making these navigational errors. PointPelee record was reported as an "imma- Pewee(Contopus pertinax: 34 California It is noteworthythat a 180ø misorientafion ture,"which may indicate apost-fledging dis- recordsof migrantor winteringbirds, all 11 fora GrayKingbird that would normally take persalif it wasin facta hatch-yearbird, September--10April); Sulphur-bellied Fly- an east-southeasterlytrack would lead the thoughthis is rarely a causefor long-distance catcher(13 Californiarecords, 12 from 13 Sep- misorientedbird to the interior southeastern vagrancyin passefines. It would be especially tember-20 October;five EastCoast records UnitedStates, rather than along the Atlantic helpfulif observersin the Carolinas kept care- 21September--13 November); Vermilion Fly- Coast.Note, however, that a birdthat confuses ful dataon whetherbirds seen in thisperiod catcher(Pyrocephalus rubinus: 11 EastCoast northwith south could perhaps still correctly werebehaving as migrants or potential breed- recordsof migrantsfrom 24 September--25 orientitself along the east-west axis. I[ thisis ers,and what age classes they represented. October); Dusky-capped Flycatcher thecase, Gray Kingbirds that would normally (Myiarchustuberculifer: 60California records of flysoutheastward in fall may occasionally mis- Theimportance ofweather winteringand migrant birds 4 November20 orient toward the northeast,towards the The degreeto whichweather influences May);and Thick-billedKingbird (Tyrantms Atlantic Coastas far north as Massachusetts.It vagrancyhas been the subject of considerable crassirosttis:15 Californiarecords, 14 from 19 is not clear at all that this phenomenon debate.In someinstances, the influenceof October--10May). Instances ofthis 180 ø mis- accountsfor any East Coast records, however, weatherpatterns with arrivalsof vagrant orientationare believed to primarilyinvolve as the muchstronger pattern suggested by landbirdshas been very well demonstrated hatch-yearindividuals. In California, however, TropicalKingbird on theWest Coast (Mlodi- (Elkins 1979, Heil 1981, McLaren 1981, a significantproportion of tyrannids has win- now 1998) suggestsa true I80ø misorienta- McLaughlinand Curry2000). Most cases, tered successfully,and somebirds have tion.It is possibleinstead that a 180ø-misori- however,are not nearly as clear-cut. It seems returnedfor subsequentyears (e.g., four entedGray Kingbird would still utilizethe likelythat a certainpercentage of migrants is recordsof returningThick-billed Kingbids, coastas a leadingline in itsmigration. misoriented as described above and that the fiverecords of returning Greater Pewees). The If Gulf Coastrecords indeed pertain to influenceof weatheris morea secondaryfac- patternshown by the mostfamous reverse western Caribbean(Cuban and Jamaican) tor thatdoes not carryaimless birds out of migrant,Fork-tailed Flycatcher, is somewhat breeders,then it maybe that the eight interior rangebut ratheraids or guidesalready mis- morecomplex. Individuals of this species that records14-31 October represent these birds as oriented birds in their travels. One record in reachNorth America in fall,presumed to be well. A Floridabreeder meant to migrateto particularwas noted as possiblybeing the largelyrepresentatives of the nominate South the south-southeastmight misorient to the resultof the passageof a hurricane:one at Americansubspecies (Lockwood 1999), west-northwest,bringing it on a vectorwell WesthamptonBeach, Long Island, Suffolk clearlyseem to be misorientedtowards the south of the extreme northern records in County,NY 18-19September 1960. Hurri- northinstead of the south. However, given that Michigan,Ontario, and upstateNew York. canesare well knownfor theirpropensity to a numberof adult birds are involved, and given Perhapsthese birds represent Cuban breeders displaceseabirds but have been implicated in thatthese birds will have already (presumably) thatmight head due south but instead have comparativelyfew instancesof landbird successfullymigrated north to spendthe aus- misorientedin a northerlydirection and vagrancyNonetheless, Bull (1964, 1974) tral summerin northernSouth America, this flownto the GreatLakes region. suggestedthat this record may have been the patterndoes not fit wellwith the 180 ø misori- The exceptionalrecord from British resultof stormdisplacement, as Hurricane entation discussedabove. Columbiais especiallyinteresting. The dis- Donnapassed offshore of LongIsland 12-13 Thepattern shown by Gray Kingbird infall tancefrom the Floridapanhandle (the most September1960 (Buckley 1960). is more consistent with 180 ø misorientation. northwesterlyregular breeding area) to Duringthe fall migration period, Gray King- Trinidad (the most southeasterlyregular Acknowledgments birdshave appeared along the length of the breedingarea) is about3840 kin, a shorter Theauthors wish to thankHenry T. Armistead, AtlanticCoast as well asfar inland.It is pri- distance than that from Florida to Vancouver Giff Beaton,Louis Bevier,Becky Browning, marilythese misoriented fall individuals that Island. If this bird was misorientedto head to ChristineBush, Andrew Dobson, Robert Doma- turnup in the moreremote localities: Vir- the northwest instead of to the southeast,its galski,Richard A. Erickson,Jim Frank, John ginia,New Jersey, Long Island in NewYork, track would lead essentiallystraight from Getwin,Matt Hafner,M. KathleenKlimkiewicz, Connecticut,Massachusetts, Nova Scotia, Floridato VancouverIsland. Although some Mark Korducki,Greg W. Lasley,Harry E. inlandto upstateNew York, Ontario, and kindsof stormsystems are known to trans- LeGrand,Jr., Paul E. Lehman,Tony Leukering, Michigan,and once to British Columbia. The portseabirds and other species great distances StacyJ. Peterson,Ron Pittaway, J. Van Remsen, slightlybimodal peak (Figure 2) duringthis in thefall, it is essentiallyinconceivable that KeithRussell, Larry Semo, and MatthewE periodmay distinguishbetween differing anystorm track would move from Florida to Sharpfor their contributions to this paper.
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160 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS CommitteeReport for 1994.Ontario Birds ninae.Pp. 186-229 in Check-listofbirds of Voous,K. H. 1983.Birds of theNetherland 13: 46-65. theworld. Volume 8 (M. A. Traylor,Jr., Antilles.De WalburgPress, Curacao. Post,W. and S. A. Gauthreaux,Jr. 1989. ed.).Museum of ComparativeZoology, Weber,W. C., andJ. A. Jackson.1977. First Statusand distribution ofSouth Carolina Cambridge,Massachusetts. nestingrecord of GrayKingbirds in Mis- birds.The CharlestonMuseum, Veit,R. tL 2000.Vagrants as the expanding sissippi.Mississippi Kite 7: 10-12. Charleston,South Carolina. fringeof a growingpopulation. Auk 117: Wetmore,A. 1972.The Birds of theRepublic Pranty,B. 2001.The fall migration: Florida 242-246. ofPanamd, Part 3 (Passeriformes).Smith- Region.North American Birds 55: 42-45. Veit, R. tL, andW. tL Petersen.1993. Birds sonianInstitution Press, Washington, D.C. ---. 2002.The fall migration:Florida ofMassachusetts. Massachusetts Audubon Wormington,A. 1987.Ontario Birds Region.North American Birds 56: 44-47. SocietyLincoln, Massachusetts. RecordsCommittee Report for 1986. Post,W., andS. A. Gauthreaux,Jr. 1989. Vinicombe,K., andD.M. Cottridge.1996. Ontario Birds 5:42-63 Statusand distribution ofSouth Carolina Rare Birds in Britain and Ireland: A Photo- Zeranski,J. D., andT.R. Baptist. 1990. birds.The CharlestonMuseum, graphicRecord. Harper Collins Publishers, ConnecticutBirds. University Press of New Charleston,South Carolina. London,England. England,Hanover, New Hampshire. • Potter,E. E 1966.Spring Bird Count - 1966. Chat 30: 76-87. Pyle,P 1997.Identification Guide to North AmericanBirds: Part 1. SlateCreek Press, Bolinas,California. Raffaele,H., J. Wiley,O. Garrido,A. Keith, TM andJ.Raffaele. 1998. A Guideto thebirds of theWest Indies. Princeton University Press,Princeton, New Jersey AviSys Version 5 Ridgely,ILS., andP J. Greenfield.2001. 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•-V*•'•L•'• ME'•7 ' ( •0 0 3 ) •NUMBER 161