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VLIV DISPERZE NA STRUKTURU SPOLEČENSTEV VODNÍCH BROUKŮ (COLEOPTERA) IZOLOVANÝCH SLATINIŠŤ Diplomová Práce Bc

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VLIV DISPERZE NA STRUKTURU SPOLEČENSTEV VODNÍCH BROUKŮ (COLEOPTERA) IZOLOVANÝCH SLATINIŠŤ Diplomová Práce Bc MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA ÚSTAV BOTANIKY A ZOOLOGIE VLIV DISPERZE NA STRUKTURU SPOLEČENSTEV VODNÍCH BROUKŮ (COLEOPTERA) IZOLOVANÝCH SLATINIŠŤ Diplomová práce Bc. Tomáš Havlík Vedoucí práce: prof. RNDr. Michal Horsák, Ph.D. Konzultant: Mgr. Jan Sychra, Ph.D. Brno 2017 Bibliografický záznam Autor: Bc. Tomáš Havlík Přírodovědecká fakulta, Masarykova univerzita Ústav botaniky a zoologie Vliv disperze na strukturu společenstev vodních Název práce: brouků (Coleoptera) izolovaných slatinišť Studijní program: Ekologická a evoluční biologie Studijní obor: Zoologie Vedoucí práce: prof. RNDr. Michal Horsák, Ph.D. Akademický rok: 2016/2017 Počet stran: 62+26 Klíčová slova: vodní brouci; prameniště; slatiniště; společenstva; minerální gradient; disperze; let 1 Bibliographic Entry Author Bc. Tomáš Havlík Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Department of Botany and Zoology Effect of dispersal on structuring aquatic beetle Title of Thesis: (Coleoptera) assemblages in isolated spring fens Degree programme: Ecological and Evolutionary Biology Field of Study: Zoology Supervisor: prof. RNDr. Michal Horsák, Ph.D. Academic Year: 2016/2017 Number of Pages: 62+26 Keywords: water beetles; spring; fen; assemblages; poor-rich gradient; dispersal; flight 2 Abstrakt Tato práce se zabývá druhovou bohatostí a skladbou společenstev vodních brouků na prameništních slatiništích v Západních Karpatech a letovými schopnostmi této skupiny. Hlavními cíli této práce bylo zjistit, jaké environmentální faktory stojí za druhovou bohatostí a strukturou společenstev vodních brouků v tomto biotopu a pomocí indikátorové analýzy odhalit, zda mohou mít některé druhy indikační funkci pro čtyři minerální typy lokalit a tři kategorie lokalit vymezené na základě přítomnosti tůní. Dále na základě studia utváření letových struktur (letové svaloviny, křídel a subalárních disků) popsat letové schopnosti 11 vybraných druhů čeledi Dytiscidae a Hydrophilidae. Vzorky byly odebrány na 27 lokalitách na území Slovenska a České republiky. Odběry byly zaměřeny na imaga i larvy vodních brouků a použita byla semikvantitativní (imaga) i kvantitativní (imaga a larvy) metoda sběru. Do analýz tedy vstupovaly tři datové soubory s druhovými daty. Na studovaných lokalitách bylo doloženo celkem 69 druhů vodních brouků z osmi čeledí. Ve složení společenstva byly zastoupeny typické krenofilní druhy, převážnou většinu však – podobně jako v bakalářské práci – tvořily druhy běžné, vyskytující se prakticky ve všech typech sladkovodních biotopů. Zjištěno bylo rovněž několik ochranářsky významných druhů (např. Hydrocyphon deflexicollis či Eubria palustris). Počet druhů vodních brouků signifikantně rostl s faktorem přítomnosti tůní. Vliv tohoto faktoru na strukturování tohoto společenstva byl následně potvrzen přímou ordinační analýzou (db-RDA). Kromě tohoto faktoru byly nalezeny další tři proměnné se signifikantním vlivem – suma koncentrace vápníku a hořčíku, otevřenost lokality a celková anorganická frakce substrátu. Výsledky indikátorové analýzy naznačují, že bioindikační hodnota vodních brouků je v tomto biotopu vzhledem k velkému počtu eurytopních druhů a nízké abundanci specialistů poměrně nízká. Studiem letových struktur bylo zjištěno, že měřené morfometrické znaky se vlivem tělesných proporcí mezi čeledí Dytiscidae a Hydrophilidae značně liší. Tyto rozdíly byly patrné i mezi jednotlivými rody. Výsledky byly však až na výjimky v souladu s publikovanými údaji a zdá se, že studované druhy vodních brouků na prameništních slatiništích v Západních Karpatech vykazují na základě studia morfologicko- anatomických znaků stejné letové schopnosti jako v jiných biotopech. 3 Abstract This study deals with species richness and composition of water beetle assemblages of the Western Carpathians spring fens and their ability to fly. The main objective of this study was to determine, which environmental factors contribute to species richness and compositon of water beetle assemblages in this habitat. Species indicator analysis was also performed to determine potential bioindicator species of the four mineral types of fens and four categories defined by the presence of pools. Based on investigation of the structures associated with flight (flight muscles, wings and subalar discs) describe the flight abilities of 11 selected species from the families Dytiscidae and Hydrophilidae. Samples were collected on 27 sites in Slovakia and the Czech Republic. Sampling was focused on adults and larvae of water beetles. Samples were obtained by semi- quantitative (only adults) and quantitative (adults and larvae) methods. Three species datasets were therefore used for further analyses. In total, 69 species of water beetles from eight families were found in the study area. The assemblage were composed of crenophilic species, but the vast majority – similarly to the bachelor thesis – consisted of eurytopic species inhabitating various types of freshwater habitats. Species of high conservation value were found as well (e.g. Hydrocyphon deflexicollis or Eubria palustris). Species richness of water beetles was significantly correlated with the presence of pools. Significant effect of this factor on composition of this assemblage was confirmed by constrained ordination (db-RDA). Apart from this factor, three other significant variables were found – sum of the concentration of calcium and magnesium, site openness and total anorganic fraction of the substrate. Result of the species indicator analysis suggests that large number of eurytopic species together with low abundance of specialists makes the bioindicative value of water beetles rather low in this habitat. 4 Investigation of the structures associated with flight revealed that measured morphometric features differ significantly between families Dytiscidae and Hydrophilidae because of differences in body proportions. Those differences were found also among individual genera. The results were, however (with exceptions), consistent with published data. Based on the investigation of morphological and anatomical features it seems that the investigated water beetle species found in the Western Carpathians spring fens have the same flight abilities as in any other habitats. 5 6 7 Poděkování Na tomto místě bych rád poděkoval svému školiteli Michalovi Horsákovi za užitečné školitelské rady, pomoc při složitějších analýzách a zejména trpělivost a čas, který mi věnoval. Rád bych poděkoval také svému konzultantovi Janovi Sychrovi za cenné připomínky a bezednou trpělivost při determinaci problematických druhů. Dále děkuji Jindřišce Bojkové za poskytnutí hodnot proměnných prostředí pro studované lokality a velké části vzorků, bez kterých by tato práce nemohla vzniknout, Michalovi Strakovi za determinaci zástupců čeledi vodanovitých, Marcele Růžičkové za obrovskou ochotu při poskytnutí laboratorního materiálu a samozřejmě všem, kteří se se mnou podíleli na terénní práci, protože bez jejich pomoci bych to jen stěží zvládl, jmenovitě Michalovi Horsákovi, Janovi Sychrovi, Vítovi Syrovátkovi, Veronice Horsákové, Lence Hubáčkové, Vandě Rádkové, Janě Zajacové a Zuzaně Lizoňové. V neposlední řadě bych rád poděkoval také své rodině a přátelům za shovívavost, velkou podporu a vytvoření příjemné atmosféry pro vznik této práce. Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem svoji diplomovou práci vypracoval samostatně s využitím informačních zdrojů, které jsou v práci citovány. Brno 3. května 2017 ……………………………… Tomáš Havlík 8 OBSAH 1. ÚVOD ...................................................................................................................... 10 2. EVOLUCE AKTIVNÍHO LETU U HMYZU ........................................................ 11 2.1 Teorie vzniku křídla .............................................................................................. 12 3. MORFOLOGIE A ANATOMIE LETOVÝCH STRUKTUR BROUKŮ .............. 15 3.1 Křídla a jejich připojení k pterothoraxu ................................................................ 15 3.2 Letová svalovina a pohyb křídly ........................................................................... 16 4. CÍLE VÝZKUMNÉ ČÁSTI .................................................................................... 19 5. MATERIÁL A METODIKA .................................................................................. 20 5.1 Studované lokality ................................................................................................. 20 5.2 Sběr dat.................................................................................................................. 22 5.2.1 Sběr kvantitativních vzorků ............................................................................ 22 5.2.2 Sběr semikvantitativních vzorků .................................................................... 22 5.3 Determinace .......................................................................................................... 24 5.4 Studium letových struktur ..................................................................................... 25 5.5 Analýza dat ............................................................................................................ 26 6. VÝSLEDKY ............................................................................................................ 30 6.1 Výsledky I ............................................................................................................. 30 6.2 Výsledky II ............................................................................................................ 44 7. DISKUZE ...............................................................................................................
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