COLLOQUE SCIENTIFIQUE Et HISTORIQUE OBERKAMPF ET LA TOILE IMPRIMÉE XVIIIE–XIXE SIÈCLES PRODUCTION, CRÉATION, CONSOMMATION

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COLLOQUE SCIENTIFIQUE Et HISTORIQUE OBERKAMPF ET LA TOILE IMPRIMÉE XVIIIE–XIXE SIÈCLES PRODUCTION, CRÉATION, CONSOMMATION COLLOQUE SCIENTIFIQUE ET HISTORIQUE OBERKAMPF ET LA TOILE IMPRIMÉE XVIIIE–XIXE SIÈCLES PRODUCTION, CRÉATION, CONSOMMATION L'objectif de cet ouvrage n'est pas de proposer aux lecteurs un « énième » ouvrage sur la toile de Jouy1, sur cette manufacture2, ni même sur son célèbre fondateur3, mais de multiplier les points de vue concernant l'industrie textile de l'impression. Les nombreuses contributions permettent d'envisager l'industrie des toiles imprimées à l'échelle européenne, dans des processus d'échanges et de circulations, depuis la première globalisation à l'époque moderne jusqu'à la révolution industrielle en Europe au XIXe siècle. Oberkampf n'est pas le sujet de ce livre, mais sa personnalité est présente en filigrane dans les contributions rassemblées qui touchent aux questions industrielles et techniques, commerciales et artistiques, jusqu'au phénomène de patrimonialisation des toiles avec la constitution des collections textiles depuis la fin du XIXe siècle ou comment la toile de Jouy est entrée au musée. En faisant le point sur l'histoire de la toile imprimée, cet ouvrage contribue à prolonger les commémorations autour de la figure d'Oberkampf qui ont jalonné l'année 2015 à l'occasion du bicentenaire de sa mort. 1. Voir la publication récente de Gril-Mariotte, Aziza, (2015) Les toiles de Jouy, histoire d'un art décoratif (1760–1821), Rennes : Presses Universitaires de Rennes, publié avec le soutien du Musée de la Toile de Jouy. 2. Voir l'histoire économique retracée par Chassagne, Serge, (1980) Oberkampf, un entrepreneur capitaliste au Siècle des lumières, Paris : Aubier, réédition 2015. 3. Voir le récit proposé par Mallet, Etienne, (2015) Oberkampf, vivre pour entreprendre : Journal de l'inventeur de la Toile de Jouy (1738–1815), Paris : ed. Télémaque. Pour commémorer le bicentenaire de la mort de Christophe-Philippe Oberkampf, le Musée de la Toile de Jouy avait organisé, en octobre 2015, un colloque international qui a donné lieu à cet ouvrage collectif, rassemblant des contributions sur l'histoire technique et artistique de cette industrie en Europe aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles. Pour en faciliter l'intelligence, trois ensembles sont proposés aux lecteurs : l'industrie des indiennes en Europe au XVIIIe siècle (de Mulhouse à Barcelone ou Copenhague, en passant par Paris) ; les transferts et les innovations de l'industrie coton- nière (de l'importation de l'indigo des Antilles à l'impression à la planche de cuivre, puis au rouleau, jusqu'aux « couleurs » des Mascareignes ou à l'itinérance d'un chimiste italien au XIXe siècle), tous aspects typiques d'une première mondialisation de cette activité, comme Patrick Verley l'a naguère montré ; enfin le devenir muséal des toiles issues de la manufacture de Jouy, en France certes, mais aussi en Amérique du Nord (il eut sans doute fallu ici recenser tous les musées outre-Atlantique, de Toronto à Cleveland, de New-York à Baltimore, où l'on peut voir des productions d'Oberkampf et de ses concurrents français, anglais et américains), sans compter les nombreux collectionneurs privés. Comment mieux signifier que deux siècles après sa disparition, au terme d'un carrière de cinquante-cinq ans, les toiles imprimées d'Oberkampf jouissent toujours d'une réputation inégalée, qui ont fait du village de Jouy un lieu de mémoire universellement connu. Serge Chassagne Sommaire 9 Présentation des auteurs 10 L'industrie du coton en Île-de-France 11 La manufacture de Jacques Daniel Cottin à l'Arsenal Martine Lefèvre 16 Les domaines textiles de la famille Oberkampf illustrés par Julie Feray Anne de Thoisy-Dallem, Karine Crainic, Jeanine Jung et Jacques Bassot, Groupe de Recherches Historiques de Jouy-en-Josas 24 Le centre de production des installations essonniennes (Les Bordes et Chantemerle) : évolution et organisation, XVIIIe–XIXe siècle Karine Berthier 39 Chronologie de la production de la manufacture Oberkampf à partir des chefs de pièces et numéros de dessin Michel Perrier & Xavier Petitcol 56 Innovations et transferts techniques dans l'industrie cotonnière 57 Les Mascareignes, îles privées de la Compagnie des Indes, terres d'expérimentation dans la quête de la chimie de la couleur au XVIIIe siècle Sophie Patte 65 La qualité des indigos dans l'indiennage français au dix-huitième siècle : un enjeu de l'approvisionnement des manufactures Marguerite Martin 70 Entente cordiale: Anglo-French exchange among calico printers Philip A. Sykas 79 L'impression et la teinture du coton dans les études et dans la vie d'un chimiste italien du XIXe siècle Ezio Ritrovato 87 Histoire industrielle 88 L'impression sur étoffes, moteur de l'industrialisation à Mulhouse au XVIIIe siècle Isabelle Bernier 93 The division of labour and salary skills in the Barcelona's indianas manufactures in the second half of the XVIIIth Century Roberto Rossi 104 Plaque ou cylindre de cuivre ? L'évolution de l'impression sur toile des motifs figuratifs ou toile de Jouy, entre innovation technologique, contrainte économique et velléité artistique (XVIIIe–XIXe siècle) Aziza Gril-Mariotte 115 Cotton printing at the European fringe: the case of Denmark Vibe Maria Martens 124 Évolution artistique 125 Two newly discovered Indian chintzes “copied” at the Oberkampf manufactory ca. 1774: Preliminary investigations into design, origins, and context William De Gregorio 141 Toile de Jouy and the Garde-Meuble de la Couronne during the French Revolution Ji Eun You 145 Histoire des collections 146 Destins croisés : les toiles imprimées de Jouy et de Mulhouse dans l'ameublement du château de Fontainebleau Danièle Véron-Denise 154 Les toiles de Jouy dans la collection des Arts Décoratifs Véronique de Bruignac - La Hougue Présentation des auteurs Bernier Isabelle Docteur en histoire, chercheur associé CNRS UMR 5136 FRAMESPA – Toulouse II Chassagne Serge Professeur émérite d'histoire, Université Lyon II, LARHA. Coquery Natacha Professeur d'histoire moderne à l'université de Lyon II, LARHA, membre de l'Institut Universitaire de France De Gregorio William PhD Candidate, Bard Graduate Center, New York Gril-Mariotte Aziza Maître de conférences en histoire de l'art – Université de Haute-Alsace, CRESAT EA3436 Bruignac -La Hougue Véronique de Conservateur en chef, Musée des Arts décoratifs Lefèvre Martine Conservateur en chef honoraire à la bibliothèque de l'Arsenal Martens Vibe Maria PhD Researcher University Institute Florence Martin Marguerite Université Paris I Panthéon Sorbonne Monteil Esclarmonde Conservatrice du musée de la toile de Jouy (2013–2018) Patte Sophie Musée des arts décoratifs de l'Océan Indien (La Réunion) Perrier Michel Collectionneur d'étoffes anciennes Petitcol Xavier Expert en étoffes anciennes Ritrovato Ezio Università di Bari Aldo Moro Rossi Roberto Dept of Economics and Statistics, University of Salerno Sykas Philip A. PhD, Research associate, Manchester school of Arts, Manchester University Thoisy-Dallem Anne de Conservatrice du Patrimoine You Ji Eun Ph.D candidate, University of North Carolina Véron-Denise Danièle Conservateur en chef honoraire du patrimoine 9 1 L'industrie du coton en Île-de-France 10 La manufacture de Jacques Daniel Cottin à l'Arsenal Martine Lefèvre, Conservateur en chef honoraire à la bibliothèque de l'Arsenal La manufacture de toiles teintes de Jacques Daniel Cottin accorda pour six ou neuf ans à Cottin et Cabannes une grande est surtout connue grâce à l'un de ses ouvriers les plus célèbres, pièce donnant sur la cour des Princes2 ainsi que deux chambres le jeune Oberkampf. Néanmoins, cette fabrique mérite d'être au second étage, donnant sur le Mail. étudiée en tant que telle, tant les témoignages de son activité, À une date indéterminée, mais après 17563 et avant 17584, principalement conservés aux Archives Nationales1, éclairent Cottin se vit attribuer une autre grande pièce donnant sur le les premières années d'un métier où les aspects économiques Mail5. Le 11 août 1760, quand un procès-verbal6 est dressé des et sociaux ne sont pas moins importants que les aspects lieux composant la manufacture, Cottin déclare : artistiques. « Monsieur le comte d'Eu et depuis Monsieur le comte En mai 1753, le Bureau du commerce avait décidé que les d'Argenson lui avaient ci devant donné pour logement de sa toiles teintes « à la réserve » n'étaient pas prohibées. D'autre manufacture deux très grandes et très vastes salles au pre- part, l'Arsenal faisait partie des « enclos privilégiés » où les mier étage donnant sur la cour des Princes et sur le mail dans commis des Fermes ne pouvaient exercer leurs visites. Maison lesquelles salles il a fait pour plus de sept mil livres de répara- royale, l'Arsenal était la demeure du grand maître de l'artillerie, tions pour former des planchers où il en manquait. » Le 18 mars mais abritait aussi gens de guerre et particuliers que le roi vou- 1758, un certain Girardet trouve à son retour de voyage un trou lait protéger, notamment de nombreux artistes. C'est dans ce percé dans la cloison qui sépare son appartement des locaux contexte qu'un banquier du nom de Cottin fonda avec plusieurs de la manufacture. Après enquête, il s'avère que ce trou a été associés une manufacture de toiles teintes en 1754. percé pour étayer un cylindre, sans doute utilisé pour l'apprêt des toiles. La pièce, ouverte à tous les vents, sert de séchoir 1. Les lieux : aux étoffes7. Le texte renseigne également sur la méfiance des habitants de l'Arsenal à l'égard des ouvriers de la manufacture, La manufacture de Cottin occupa deux emplacements suc- qui pour la plus grande partie « sont des étrangers et gens sans cessifs, qu'il est possible d'identifier, au sein de l'enclos de aucun domicile, n'ayant ni feu ni lieu ». l'Arsenal. Le premier était situé dans le bâtiment des grands À une date inconnue, Cottin doit quitter ces deux grandes maîtres de l'artillerie et correspond à des pièces qui existent pièces et reçoit un autre logement en compensation du pre- toujours dans l'actuelle bibliothèque de l'Arsenal.
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