Physico-Chemical Properties of Soils Around Aqua Ponds in Guntur District of Andhra Pradesh, India Tebesi Peter Raliengoane
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© 2021 JETIR July 2021, Volume 8, Issue 7 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) Physico-chemical properties of soils around aqua ponds in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh, India Tebesi Peter Raliengoane Department of Environmental Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Andhra University Visakhapatnam-530003, Andhra Pradesh, India Abstract Physico-chemical properties of soil around aqua ponds were studied during 2018-19 (pre and post-monsoon) to assess the extent of soil pollution due to aquaculture in three different mandals namely Karlapalem, Nizampatnam and Repalle of Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh. For estimating status of soils of mandals under study, the parameters studied were pH, electrical conductivity, CEC, exchangeable sodium percentage, organic carbon, available nitrogen, available phosphorus available potassium, available sulphur, calcium, magnesium, micronutrients (Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu) and heavy metals (Cr, Pb, Cd). The present investigation revealed that all soil samples collected in three mandals studied did not show any sign of soil pollution except soil salinization and excess sodium. Keywords: Soil pollution, physico-chemical properties and aquaculture Introduction those former farms remained hypersaline/acidic Aquaculture deals with the interaction of soil, and eroded (Rodr´ıguez-Valencia et al., 2010). water and biota. It is one among the fastest The application of lime and other chemicals used growing food sectors in the World contributing to in aquaculture to treat the soil can also modify its nearly 50% of the total fish per capita physico-chemical characteristics (Martínez- consumption. China is leading in aquaculture Córdova et al., 2009). Rice farms are the favoured production throughout the World followed by sites for conversion into aqua ponds because they India with an annual fish production of about 9.06 pose several characteristics well suited for million metric tonnes. About 16 million people are aquaculture (Siddique et al., 2012). directly or indirectly dependent on this sector Transformation of rice fields into shrimp farms (DoF, 2014). There are 11.1 million hectares of has changed the land use or land coverage of the aquaculture ponds globally. Aquaculture ponds densely populated coastal areas in tropical Asia cover an area of 0.79 million hectares in India. and Latin America (Flaherty et al., 1999). Andhra Pradesh has a coast line of 970 km with Material and methods vast scope for production of fish, prawn and other The soil samples were collected from three sea products. It also has 181 aqua clusters mandals viz., Karlapalem, Nizampatnam and covering 1.27 lakh hectares area. Repalle. A total number of 120 soil samples were Andhra Pradesh ranks first in total fish and shrimp collected at the rate of 60 samples during pre- production and contributes more than 70% of monsoon and 60 samples post-monsoon season cultured shrimp produced in India according to and were processed for analysis. The samples Socio Economic Survey 2017-18 conducted by were collected following the procedure given by Planning Department, Government of Andhra Jackson (1973). ‘V’ shaped pit was made to a Pradesh. depth of 15 cm and the 4 sub samples were Rapid growth of shrimp and prawn farming in collected at random in a zig zag manner on the India lead to short and long-term negative farmers field. All sub samples representing environmental impacts which were causing farmer’s field area were pooled and mixed increased soil salinity, land degradation and together and reduced to one kg by following sedimentation. Salinization of soil in nearby quaternary technique. The samples thus collected agricultural land is one of the major environmental were shade dried, powdered and grounded with a issues in aquaculture areas (Jayanthi et al., 2004). wooden hammer and passed through a 2 mm The shrimp farming, delivers high volume of sieve. Finally, the samples were transferred to air organic and inorganic effluents and toxic tight polythene bags and were labelled with chemicals to the ecosystem resulting in high soil information like sample number, place and depth toxicity (Flaherty et al., 1999). Aquaculture farms of sampling, GPS coordinates etc. Soil samples were sometimes abandoned and the soil from were analysed for various parameters like pH, JETIR2107459 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org d528 © 2021 JETIR July 2021, Volume 8, Issue 7 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) Electrical Conductivity, CEC, Organic Carbon, Exchangeable sodium percentage was computed Available Nitrogen, Available Phosphorous, by analyzing exchangeable Na+ and CEC as Available Potassium, Available Sulphur, Calcium, proposed by Rashidi and Seilsepour (2008). Magnesium, Micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) Na+ and Heavy Metals (Cr, Pb and Cd). Exchangeable ESP (%) = × 100 Sodium Percentage values were computed. pH, CEC EC, Available potassium and Available calcium and magnesium were determined following Results and discussion method given by Jackson (1973). CEC was The results of all the parameters studied in 3 determined by Bower`s method as described by mandals have been demonstrated in Table 1 & 2. Jackson (1967). Organic Carbon was estimated by Among 3 mandals studied, the highest mean pH the wet digestion method (Walkely and Black, values were recorded in Karlapalem, followed by 1934). Available nitrogen was determined by Repalle and Nizampatnam. The minimum and alkaline potassium permanganate method as maximum pH recorded in 3 mandals studied was developed by Subbiah and Asija (1956) using 6.80 in Nizampatnam and 9.04 in Karlapalem Kelplus automatic digestion and distillation unit. respectively. The pH of 3 mandals ranked from Available phosphorus was extracted from soil by neutral (6.5 to 7.5) to strongly alkaline (8.5 to using Olsen’s extractant (0.5N sodium bicarbonate 10.0). The results of the present investigation with pH 8.5). The phosphorus content in the agree with the findings of Mahajan and Billore extract was determined by ascorbic acid method (2014) who recorded maximum pH of 8.92 in (Watanabe and Olsen., 1965). The available Nagchoon pond, Khandwa, MP, India. Similarly, sulphur was extracted by calcium chloride Shaikh (1996) reported the high pH of 9.1 at dihydrate as suggested by Williams and Bilawali Tank, Indore. There was a decrease in pH Steinbergs (1959). The Available micronutrients in post-monsoon season from all 3 mandals under viz., Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in soil samples were investigation. extracted with DTPA extractant solution of pH 7.3 The highest electrical conductivity was recorded (Lindsay and Norwell, 1978), whereas, the content in Repalle followed by Nizampatnam and of DTPA extractable heavy metals viz., cadmium, Karlapalem respectively. The electrical conductivity values recorded in soils from 3 chromium and lead in soil were estimated using -1 1:2 soil extract ratio using Atomic Absorption mandals studied ranged from 0.08 to 13.77 dSm . Spectrophotometer. Therefore, the electrical conductivity ranked from low salinity (< 0.25 dSm-1) to very high salinity (> 2.25 dSm-1). The electrical causes high content of salt deposition when conductivity value of soil samples collected from compared to clay soils. Repalle (1.14 to 13.77 dSm-1) indicated that they The minimum and maximum CEC in soils from 3 were extremely saline in nature, whereas electrical mandals studied was recorded from Repalle conductivity of soils from Karlapalem (0.21 to mandal only i.e., 25.02 and 61.72 meq l-1 2.16 dSm-1) and Nizampatnam (0.08 to 2.03 dSm- respectively. High CEC was recorded in Repalle 1) were low to moderate. The results of the present (61.72 meq l-1) followed by Karlapalem (55.84 investigation agree with the results of Singh et al. meq l-1) and Nizampatnam (54.76 meq l-1). Similar (2015), Joseph et al. (2003) and Das (1971). to the present results, Singh et al. (2015) recorded Venkaiah (1999) elucidated that the variation in high CEC value (67.15 and 79.19 meq l-1) in the the spread of salts may be attributed to the EC of soils adjacent to aqua ponds at Dhanti-Umbharat the pond water, slope of the soil, nature of the sub Research Station, Navsari, India. Soils with high soil and the management practices around the clay content usually have high CEC (Munsiri et aqua ponds. He also stated that low spread of salts al., 1995 and Brady and Weil, 1999). might be due to presence of deep drainage channel Exchangeable sodium percentage values in 3 by the side of the pond which prevents the spread mandals studied were high in Repalle soils of salts. Satyanarayana et al. (1990) and followed by Karlapalem and Nizampatnam. The Narasimha Rao & Narasimha Rao (1987) reported exchangeable sodium percentage in soils collected salt accumulation around fish ponds in Guntur from 3 mandals decreased in post-monsoon district of Andhra Pradesh. The discharge of salt season. The minimum and maximum water from shrimp farms caused salinization in exchangeable sodium percentage in soils from 3 adjoining rice and other agricultural lands mandals studied was recorded from Repalle (Primavera, 2006 and Briggs, 1993). Raghuram et mandal only i.e., 11.64 to 55.37% respectively. al. (2015) reported that seepage is very high in Therefore, the exchangeable sodium percentage of sandy soil and moves to more distance which 3 mandals ranked between none to slight sodic (< JETIR2107459 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org d529 © 2021 JETIR July 2021, Volume 8, Issue 7 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) 15%) and high to very high sodic (50 to 70%) The results of the present investigation fall within according to FAO. The results of the present the range of the results of Krishnani et al. (2011) investigation coincide with the result of Singh et who recorded organic carbon ranging from 0.22 to al. (2015) who recorded maximum exchangeable 3.74% in shrimp fields of Kerala and they also fall sodium percentage of 54.52% at Dhanti-Umbharat within the range of results recorded by Rama et al.