Personalized Automatic Estimation of Self-Reported Pain Intensity from Facial Expressions
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The American College of Rheumatology Preliminary Diagnostic Criteria for Fibromyalgia and Measurement of Symptom Severity
Arthritis Care & Research Vol. 62, No. 5, May 2010, pp 600–610 DOI 10.1002/acr.20140 © 2010, American College of Rheumatology ORIGINAL ARTICLE The American College of Rheumatology Preliminary Diagnostic Criteria for Fibromyalgia and Measurement of Symptom Severity FREDERICK WOLFE,1 DANIEL J. CLAUW,2 MARY-ANN FITZCHARLES,3 DON L. GOLDENBERG,4 ROBERT S. KATZ,5 PHILIP MEASE,6 ANTHONY S. RUSSELL,7 I. JON RUSSELL,8 JOHN B. WINFIELD,9 10 AND MUHAMMAD B. YUNUS This criteria set has been approved by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) Board of Directors as Provisional. This signifies that the criteria set has been quantitatively validated using patient data, but it has not undergone validation based on an external data set. All ACR-approved criteria sets are expected to undergo intermittent updates. As disclosed in the manuscript, these criteria were developed with support from the study sponsor, Lilly Research Labora- tories. The study sponsor placed no restrictions, offered no input or guidance on the conduct of the study, did not partici- pate in the design of the study, see the results of the study, or review the manuscript or submitted abstracts prior to the submission of the paper. The recipient of the grant was Arthritis Research Center Foundation, Inc. The authors received no compensation. The ACR found the criteria to be methodologically rigorous and clinically meaningful. ACR is an independent professional, medical and scientific society which does not guarantee, warrant or endorse any commercial product or service. The ACR received no compensation for its approval of these criteria. Objective. To develop simple, practical criteria for clinical diagnosis of fibromyalgia that are suitable for use in primary and specialty care and that do not require a tender point examination, and to provide a severity scale for characteristic fibromyalgia symptoms. -
Evaluation of Toothache Severity in Children Using a Visual Analogue
Scientific Article Evaluation of Toothache Severity in Children Using a Visual Analogue Scale of Faces Eliane de Paula Reis Barrêtto, BDS, MSc Efigênia Ferreira e Ferreira, BDS, PhD Isabela Almeida Pordeus, BDS, PhD Dr. Barrêtto is pediatric clinician, pediatric dentistry, and Drs. Ferreira and Pordeus are senior lecturers, Dental School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (FO-UFMG), Minas Gerais, Brazil. Correspond with Dr. Barrêtto at [email protected] Abstract Purpose: Pain is a frequent symptom of oral disease. It is difficult to measure, however, due to its subjectivity, especially among children. The purpose of this study was to verify the utility and applicability of a visual analogue scale of faces (VASOF), adapted for 8- to 9-year-olds, to measure the severity of toothaches. Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken, which included 601 boys and girls ran- domly selected from state and private schools in the city of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. They were interviewed and clinically examined, and a VASOF was applied. Results: The VASOF’s application revealed a high percentage of intense/very intense pain in the sample (39%). The presence of this pain intensity was accompanied by a high incidence of children who cried, were awakened by the pain, and were unable to carry out habitual tasks. Furthermore, this severe pain was strongly associated with less- privileged economic groups and the presence of oral pathology (P≤.05). The scale was well understood by children, independent of gender or economic group. Conclusions: A VASOF was found to be capable of measuring toothache severity expe- rienced by school-age children. -
Assessment and Measurement of Pain and Pain Treatment
2 Assessment and measurement of pain and pain treatment Section Editor: Prof David A Scott 2 2.1 | Assessment Contributors: Prof David A Scott, Dr Andrew Stewart 2.2 | Measurement Contributors: Prof David A Scott, Dr Andrew Stewart 2.3 | Outcome measures in acute pain management Contributors: Prof David A Scott, Dr Andrew Stewart 5th Edition | Acute Pain Management: Scientific Evidence 3 2.0 | Assessment and measurement of pain and pain treatment Reliable and accurate assessment of acute pain is necessary to ensure safe and effective pain management and to provide effective research outcome data. The assessment and measurement of pain is fundamental to the process of assisting in the diagnosis of the cause of a patient’s pain, selecting an appropriate analgesic therapy and evaluating then modifying that therapy according to the individual patient’s response. Pain should be assessed within a sociopsychobiomedical model that recognises that physiological, psychological and environmental factors influence the overall pain experience. Likewise, the decision regarding the appropriate intervention following assessment needs to be made with regard to a number of factors, including recent therapy, potential risks and side effects, any management plan for the particular patient and the patient’s own preferences. A given pain ‘rating’ should not automatically trigger a specific intervention without such considerations being undertaken (van Dijk 2012a Level IV, n=2,674; van Dijk 2012b Level IV, n=10,434). Care must be undertaken with pain assessment to avoid the process of assessment itself acting as a nocebo (see Section 1.3). 2.1 | Assessment The assessment of acute pain should include a thorough general medical history and physical examination, a specific “pain history” (see Table 2.1) and an evaluation of associated functional impairment (see Section 2.3). -
Pain Module 2: Pain Assessment and Documentation Module 3: Management of Pain and Special Populations
Foundations of Safe and Effective Pain Management Evidence-based Education for Nurses, 2018 Module 1: The Multi-dimensional Nature of Pain Module 2: Pain Assessment and Documentation Module 3: Management of Pain and Special Populations Adapted from: Core Competencies for Pain Management: Results of an Inter--professional Consensus Summit: Pain Med 2013; 14(7) 971-981 Module 2: Pain Assessment and Documentation Objectives a. Understand the multidimensional features of pain assessment. b. Use valid and reliable tools for assessing pain and associated symptoms. • Initial Screening • Ongoing Assessments (Including Discharge Assessment) c. Assist patients in setting realistic acceptable pain intensity levels. d. Identify tools for assessing acute and persistent pain and for patients unable to self-report pain. e. Discuss the importance of empathic and compassionate communication during pain assessment. f. Discuss the inclusion of patient and others, in the education and shared decision-making process for pain care. ASPMN (2017-08-02). Core Curriculum for Pain Management Nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. Patient Screening, Assessment and Management of Pain (Policy and Procedure #30327.99) A. Perform a Pain Screening during the initial assessment • Determine the presence of pain or history of persistent pain. • Identify whether the patient is opioid tolerant. B. Perform an Initial Comprehensive Pain Assessment if the Initial Pain Screening indicates pain. C. Perform Pain Screening at a frequency determined by individual patient need with consideration of patient’s condition, history, risks and treatment or procedures likely to cause pain. (Note: Assessing pain as the 5th Vital Sign is no longer a regulatory requirement) A. Perform Ongoing Pain Assessment with any report of pain and as determined by individual patient clinical condition/need. -
Gabapentin for the Management of Chronic Pelvic Pain in Women
Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics (2019) 300:1271–1277 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-019-05272-z GENERAL GYNECOLOGY Gabapentin for the management of chronic pelvic pain in women M. A. AbdelHafeez1 · A. Reda1 · A. Elnaggar1 · H. EL‑Zeneiny1 · J. M. Mokhles1 Received: 4 March 2019 / Accepted: 8 August 2019 / Published online: 21 August 2019 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract Background Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is a frequent presenting symptom in gynaecology outpatient clinics. Neuromodulator pharmacological agents could be an option for treatment based on its efcacy in treating chronic pain in other conditions. Purpose This study aimed at evaluating the efcacy of oral Gabapentin to alleviate pain in women with CPP. Methods In a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial, 60 women sufering from chronic pelvic pain were ran- domly divided into two equal arms. The study group received Gabapentin 300 mg three times daily initially (900 mg), with 300 mg weekly incremental dose till pain was controlled, severe side efects occurred or maximum daily dose of 2700 mg was reached. The Primary outcome was the pain score improvement of CPP, defned as a 30% reduction in the pain score assessed by the 10-cm Visual Analogue Scale compared to baseline score. Results In Gabapentin group, pain was signifcantly reduced at 12 and 24 weeks (mean = 5.12 ± 0.67 and 3.72 ± 0.69, respec- tively) than in placebo group (mean = 5.9 ± 0.92 and 5.5 ± 1.13, respectively); this diference was signifcant. At 24 weeks, there was signifcantly higher proportion of patients reporting 30% or more reduction in pain scores; 19 out of 20 patients (95%) in Gabapentin group compared to 8 out of 14 patients (57.1%) in placebo group. -
The Faces Pain Scale ± Revised: Toward a Common Metric in Pediatric Pain Measurementq
Pain 93 (2001) 173±183 www.elsevier.nl/locate/pain The Faces Pain Scale ± Revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurementq Carrie L. Hicksa, Carl L. von Baeyera,b,*, Pamela A. Spafforda, Inez van Korlaarc, Belinda Goodenoughc aDepartment of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada bDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada cSchool of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Received 28 April 2000; received in revised form 26 February 2001; accepted 12 March 2001 Abstract The Faces Pain Scale (FPS; Bieri et al., Pain 41 (1990) 139) is a self-report measure used to assess the intensity of children's pain. Three studies were carried out to revise the original scale and validate the adapted version. In the ®rst phase, the FPS was revised from its original seven faces to six, while maintaining its desirable psychometric properties, in order to make it compatible in scoring with other self-rating and observational scales which use a common metric (0±5 or 0±10). Using a computer-animated version of the FPS developed by Champion and colleagues (Sydney Animated Facial Expressions Scale), psychophysical methods were applied to identify four faces representing equal intervals between the scale values representing least pain and most pain. In the second phase, children used the new six-face Faces Pain Scale ± Revised (FPS-R) to rate the intensity of pain from ear piercing. Its validity is supported by a strong positive correlation (r 0:93, N 76) with a visual analogue scale (VAS) measure in children aged 5±12 years. In the third phase, a clinical sample of pediatric inpatients aged 4± 12 years used the FPS-R and a VAS or the colored analogue scale (CAS) to rate pain during hospitalization for surgical and non-surgical painful conditions. -
Needle-Free Electroacupuncture for Postoperative Pain Management
Hindawi Publishing Corporation Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Volume 2011, Article ID 696754, 7 pages doi:10.1155/2011/696754 Research Article Needle-Free Electroacupuncture for Postoperative Pain Management Daniel Lee,1 Hong Xu,1 Jaung-Geng Lin,2 Kerry Watson,1 Rick Sai Chuen Wu,2 and Kuen-Bao Chen2 1 School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia 2 Department of Anesthesiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan Correspondence should be addressed to Hong Xu, [email protected] Received 17 January 2011; Accepted 24 March 2011 Copyright © 2011 Daniel Lee et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This study examined the effects of needle-free electroacupuncture, at ST36 on postoperative pain following hysterectomy. Based on a double-blind, sham and different intervention controlled clinical experimental design, 47 women were randomly allocated to four different groups. Except for those in the control group (Group 1, n = 13), a course of treatment was given of either sham (Group 2, n = 12), high-frequency stimulation (Group 3, n = 12), or low-frequency stimulation (Group 4, n = 10). All groups were assessed during the postoperative period for 24 hours. The Visual Analogue Scale was used to determine the amount of perceived pain felt by each subject. Differences were found between the means postoperatively at three, four, eight, 16 and 24 hours. Post hoc comparison tests indicated that Group 4 was significantly different from Groups 1, 2, and 3 at 24 hours. -
The Use of Box-Counting Method in the Interpretation of Visual Analogue Scale Scores
The use of box-counting method in the interpretation of Visual Analogue Scale scores Thamer Ahmad A.K. Altaim1*, A.A. LeRoux2 1 Physiotherapy Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Qurayyat, Jouf University, Post code: 77454, Saudi Arabia. 2Longhand Data Limited, Wellburn, York, YO60 7EP, United Kingdom. Correspondence: Thamer Ahmad Abdul Kareem Altaim. Physiotherapy Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Qurayyat, Jouf University, Post code: 77454, Saudi Arabia. Email: [email protected]. ABSTRACT Clinicians in their clinical practices face great amounts of difficulties interpreting scores obtained from the pain outcome measures. In spite of long-standing critiques of visual analogue scales (VAS) for pain, no alternative method of measurement has been proposed, and researchers and clinicians have had no alternative to continue using this scale. This study proposed a method which would provide valid measurements on a VAS, one of the most commonly used outcome measures with a particular reference to the 10-cm version of VAS for pain. The method was the box-counting method. The integration of this new method in the interpretations of a patient’s sensation of pain would not only enable clinicians interpret measurements, but also it would help in planning or delivering treatments. The proposed method provided the certainty of the accuracy of a clinical interpretation of a score on the scale. Keywords: Pain outcome measure, visual analogue scale, box-counting method. using the 10-cm Visual Analogue Scale for Pain. Problems in Introduction doing so arise from the uncertainty of the accuracy of a clinical interpretation of a score on the scale. -
Comparative Pain Scale 0 – 10 Pain Scale Lucile Packard Children's
Comparative Pain Scale 0 No pain. Feeling perfectly normal. Very light barely noticeable pain, like a mosquito bite or a Minor 1 poison ivy itch. Most of the time you never think about the Very Mild pain. Does not interfere with Minor pain, like lightly pinching the fold of skin between the most activities. 2 thumb and first finger with the other hand, using the Able to adapt to Discomforting fingernails. Note that people react differently to this self- pain test. psychologically Very noticeable pain, like an accidental cut, a blow to the and with nose causing a bloody nose, or a doctor giving you an 3 medication or injection. The pain is not so strong that you cannot get used Tolerable devices such as to it. Eventually, most of the time you don't notice the pain. cushions. You have adapted to it. Strong, deep pain, like an average toothache, the initial pain from a bee sting, or minor trauma to part of the body, such as stubbing your toe real hard. So strong you notice the pain 4 all the time and cannot completely adapt. This pain level can Moderate Distressing be simulated by pinching the fold of skin between the thumb and first finger with the other hand, using the fingernails, and squeezing real hard. Note how the simulated pain is Interferes with initially piercing but becomes dull after that. many activities. Requires Strong, deep, piercing pain, such as a sprained ankle when lifestyle 5 you stand on it wrong or mild back pain. Not only do you changes but Very notice the pain all the time, you are now so preoccupied with patient remains Distressing managing it that you normal lifestyle is curtailed. -
Pain Assessment and Documentation (Adult)
Department: PATIENT CARE Policy/Procedure: PAIN ASSESSMENT AND DOCUMENTATION (ADULT) Refer to policy MC.E.48 for neonatal to pediatric pain assessment and management. Definition: Pain can be described as an unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual and potential tissue damage, disease, trauma, surgery or certain therapeutic procedures. Policy: 1. Patients and their families shall be educated and informed that pain management is an important part of their care. Education should include pain assessment process, pain plan of care, and the importance of effective pain management 2. Each patient shall have the right to pain management through assessment, intervention and reassessment. Each patient has the right to expect his/her report of pain to be accepted, to have the pain assessed and reassessed, to have interventions provided and to achieve and maintain an optimal level of pain relief. The patient's self-report will be the primary means to determining pain. Torrance Memorial Medical Center (TMMC) employees shall assess and report the patients' pain across the continuum and intervene, as appropriate. 3. Ability to understand pain shall be assessed using an age or condition specific assessment tool. See Appendix B and C. 4. Pain assessments: a. A comprehensive pain assessment will be performed during the admission process and will include: a physical examination, patient’s acceptable level of pain, pain history (including acute and chronic pain identification and assessment), medication, and non-medication pain interventions used at home or in the past. b. A routine pain assessment will include time, intensity of pain (level of pain) or behavior scale score, quality of pain (pain type) and location. -
0-10 Pain Scale Complaints for Head Injured and Orthopedic Patients
Paper Presentation to the American Psychological Association 2000 National Convention 0-10 Pain Scale Complaints For Head Injured And Orthopedic Patients Daniel Bruns, PsyD Health Psychology Associates Greeley, Colorado www.healthpsych.com and John Mark Disorbio, EdD Integrated Therapies Lakewood, Colorado 2 0-10 Pain Scale Complaints for Head Injured and Orthopedic Patients Introduction Measures of patient’s pain complaints have been developed and used in clinical studies and research for decades (Gatchel & Turk, 1999). However, it has been noted that there has been little normative information available for such instruments (Turk & Melzack, 1992). They note that: The appropriateness of norms of tests has rarely been considered in the pain literature. In the absence of normative information, the raw score on any test is meaningless. To observe that a patient with a migraine headache scores a 10 on a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) of intensity conveys little or no information. However, if it is known that the average pain severity for 100 migraine headache patients is 5.4 with a standard deviation of 1.0, this information would permit the conclusion that this patient is expressing a very high level of pain relative to other migraine sufferers. Turk and Melzack go on to state that general medical norms are not helpful. They noted that it would be of little value to compare the pain level of a migraine sufferer to the average pain level of cancer patients. This is, in effect, comparing apples with oranges. Such norms would be of no benefit in determining whether or not a particular migraine sufferer’s headache complaints were unusual. -
11 Abstract Efficacy of Transcutaneous Electrical
EFFICACY OF TRANSCUTANEOUS ELECTRICAL NERVE STIMULATION (TENS) IN TREATMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETIC NEUROPATHY Anjan Desai1, Khushbu Desai2 ijcrr 1SPB Physiotherapy College, Surat, Gujarat Vol 04 issue 09 2Nanduba Medical Centre, Surat, Gujarat Category: Research Received on:12/04/12 Revised on:16/04/12 E-mail of Corresponding Author: [email protected] Accepted on:20/04/12 ABSTRACT Introduction: Diabetic Neuropathy is a peripheral nerve disorder caused by diabetes that leads to pain in periphery. Many patients are limited in their physical activity by pain. The study conducted to assess the effect of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) application for reduction of pain in patients with diabetic neuropathy. Aim of study: The main objective of this study is to compare the effect of TENS on Diabetic Neuropathy patients in reduction of pain and improving single limb stance. Materials and Methodology: Study Design: An experimental comparative study. Sample Selection: A sample of 30 patients diagnosed as diabetic neuropathy were taken from after giving due consideration to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Sample size: Total 30 including Control Group (Group A): The patients in this group were given therapeutic exercise training only and Experimental Group (Group B): The patients in this group were given treatment with TENS application and therapeutic exercise training. Inclusive Criteria: Patients of diabetic neuropathy affecting unilateral lower limb defined as ≥ 50% loss of strength and sensation of foot relative to non-affected side and complain of pain duration ≥ 5 months. Exclusion Criteria: Patients with age group between the 50-60 years and Patients with other pathological conditions of foot i.e.